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Relevant bibliographies by topics / First-aid

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Journal articles
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Books
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Academic literature on the topic 'First-aid'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "First-aid"

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Selvam, Anand. "“First Aid? Please? First Aid?”." Annals of Emergency Medicine 65, no. 3 (2015): 337–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annemergmed.2014.08.016.

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Mitka, Mike. "First Aid for First Aid." JAMA 297, no. 18 (2007): 1970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.297.18.1970-c.

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Schatzki, Stefan C. "First Aid." American Journal of Roentgenology 202, no. 6 (2014): 1395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2214/ajr.13.12257.

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von Moos, Stanislaus. "First Aid." gta papers, no. 3 (November 1, 2019): 94–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.54872/gta-4418-09.

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Engel, H. O. "First aid." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 81, no. 4 (1988): 236–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107688808100420.

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&NA;. "FIRST AID." American Journal of Nursing 96, no. 9 (1996): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199609000-00007.

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Amaratunga, Carol. "First Aid." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 23, S2 (2008): s86—s87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00021397.

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Kochhar, Suneeta, and Stephen French. "First aid." BMJ 330, Suppl S4 (2005): 0504175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.0504175.

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Waugh, P. J., K. Boulton, and M. Thompson. "Band Aid, First Aid, Lucozade." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 86, no. 1 (2000): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-86-32.

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Waugh, P. J., K. Boulton, and M. Thompson. "Band Aid, First Aid, Lucozade." Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service 86, no. 1 (2000): 32–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jrnms-86-32.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "First-aid"

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Spletstoser, John. "Implementing a first aid and CPR/AED program within the Eau Claire County Sheriff's Office Reserve Corps Division." Online version, 2002. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2002/2002spletstoserj.pdf.

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Hotze, Wolfgang. "Robotic First Aid : Using a mobile robot to localise and visualise points of interest for first aid." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för informationsteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-32324.

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Domestic robots developed to support human beings by performing daily tasks such as cleaning should also be able to help in emergencies by finding, analysing, and assisting persons in need of first aid. Here such a robot capable of performing some useful task related to first aid is referred to as a First Aid Mobile Robot (FAMR). One challenge which to the author's knowledge has not been solved is how such a FAMR can find a fallen person's pose within an environment, recognising locations of points of interest for first aid such as the mouth, nose, chin, chest and hands on a map. To overcome the challenge, a new approach is introduced based on leveraging a robot's capabilities (multiple sensors and mobility), called AHBL. AHBL comprises four steps: Anomaly detection, Human detection, Body part recognition, and Localisation on a map. It was broken down into four steps for modularity (e.g., a different way of detecting anomalies can be slipped in without changing the other modules) and because it was not clear which step is hardest to implement. As a result of evaluating AHBL, a FAMR developed for this work was able to find the pose of a fallen person (a mannequin) in a known environment with an average success rate of 83%, and an average localisation discrepancy of 1.47cm between estimated body part locations and ground truth. The presented approach can be adapted for use in other robots and contexts, and can act as a starting point toward designing systems for autonomous robotic first aid.

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Лозанова, К. О. "Удосконалення маркетингових комунікацій підприємства «FAST First Aid»". Thesis, Одеський національний економічний університет, 2021. http://local.lib/diploma/Lozanova.pdf.

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Доступ до роботи тільки на території бібліотеки ОНЕУ, для переходу натисніть на посилання нижче<br>У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти маркетингових комунікацій та їх сучасних інструментів. Проаналізовано маркетингова діяльність підприємства FAST First AID. Встановлено слабкі сторони діяльності компанії та запропоновано методи їх вирішення. Розроблено структуру маркетингового відділу, наведенні рекомендації щодо удосконалення соціальних мереж та сайту компанії, створено стратегію маркетингових комунікацій організації на наступний рік.<br>The work deals with the theoretical aspects of marketing communications and their tools. Author analyzed marketing of the Fast First Aid company. Defined disadvantages of marketing policy and proposed solutions to current threads. Structure of marketing department was created along with propositions to social median and site improvements. Marketing communication strategy for the following week was set.

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Luckie, Kate. "Evaluating the impact of staff education on asthma first-aid knowledge and first-aid skills performance in primary schools." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/18107.

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Background. Education which specifically targets the knowledge and skills required for the treatment of an acute severe exacerbation of asthma otherwise known as asthma first aid (AFA), is required by a broad range of people especially those entrusted with the care of a child with asthma. The effectiveness of AFA training should be assessed through both the knowledge and the skills which are required to administer AFA. Methods Semi- structured interviews with staff at primary schools were conducted to establish how current asthma management policies were implemented. A pre-post study was performed to assess the effect on knowledge and skills of an online asthma education session. An open label, three-arm, parallel-group repeated measures study was then performed to compare two AFA training programs. Education via a didactic presentation alone (arm 1), was compared to scenario based training alone (arm 2). These were also compared to a combination of a didactic presentation and scenario based training (arm 3). Results. Analysis of school asthma policies revealed deficiencies in AFA training requirements and availability of rescue medication within the school. Our pre-post study showed that asthma education delivered online resulted in only 29% of participants were deemed competent to administer AFA. In our three-arm, parallel-group repeated measures study, there was a significant difference in AFA skills and AFA competency between those arms who received baseline scenario based training (arm 2 &3), versus those who did not (arm 1) (p<0.001). No significant differences in AFA knowledge were found between the arms. Conclusion. Asthma management policies at a macro level need to be tightened to ensure adequate safeguards are in place for children with asthma. AFA training should include a scenario based training component.

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Campos, Mary Grace T. "Quality of Life Differences Between First-Year Undergraduate Financial Aid and Non-Aid Recipients." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32688.

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The literature available on financial aid addresses how aid promotes access and equal educational opportunity by enabling students to matriculate into college. The literature also discusses how financial aid impacts studentsâ ability to persist to degree completion. However, there seems to be little research on how financial aid affects studentsâ lives while they are in college. The present study attempted to address this gap in the existing literature by examining the differences in quality of life between college students receiving financial aid and those not receiving such aid.<p> For purposes of this study, quality of life was defined by four dimensions culled from the literature: (a) material possessions; (b) housing; (c) use of time; and (d) support mechanisms. Financial aid was defined as any need-based grant, loan, or work-study money awarded to a student.<p> Data were collected using the Quality of Life survey developed specifically for this study. The survey consisted of 59 items that were designed to measure the four dimensions of studentsâ quality of life. The target sample for this study consisted of 600 first year undergraduate students: 300 financial aid recipients and 300 non-aid recipients.<p> The findings revealed significant differences in three of the four areas: material possessions, use of time, and support mechanisms. These findings suggest that those who administer financial aid programs and those responsible for creating financial aid policies may wish to consider the role financial aid plays in the quality of life of students.<br>Master of Arts

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Franklin, Paula. "First aid when and where you need it, development of first aid self-care, patient education for web and mobile devices /." Online version of thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/7903.

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Miley, Richard P. "An evaluation of the effectiveness of two teaching methods on retention of basic cardiac life support for the lay community /." Connect to online version, 1986. http://minds.wisconsin.edu/handle/1793/38838.

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Kwong, Sy-ho Raymond. "Does acclimatization exist among Chinese first-time hearing aid users?" Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41548036.

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Markgraf, Claire Teresa McCarville. "Governance and aid allocation in the International Development Association (IDA) : revisiting assessing aid in the twenty-first century." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90210.

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Thesis: M.C.P., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Urban Studies and Planning, 2014.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 83-90).<br>This paper examines the relationship between governance and the foreign aid allocation of a World Bank agency, the International Development Association. In particular, the study investigates whether this major multilateral program's financial support for the development of the world's poorest countries consistently prioritizes good governance. A new dataset from the first decade of the twenty-first century, 2003-12, is used in three econometric estimation models to determine whether the quality of governance in recipient countries has had implications for aid allocation decisions. As in much of the literature in this area, the results are mixed. This finding itself raises important questions both about the relevance of a country's governance to aid allocation decisions and about the usefulness of good governance as a metric by which aid organizations are judged.<br>by Claire Teresa McCarville Markgraf.<br>M.C.P.

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Angell, Valerie. "Monoalkylation of 1,2-diols and Design of First Aid Smart Fabrics." Thesis, Boston College, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/3854.

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Thesis advisor: Marc Snapper<br>Monoalkylation of 1,2diols: No method for an asymmetric monoalkylation has been previously reported. Attempts here were made to develop this transformation by using a copper catalyst and BOX ligand to impart chirality. Design of First Aid Smart Fabrics: A cellulose filter paper would be linked through a cleavable linker to a bioactive agent. This linker would cleave upon the presence of blood to release the drug directly onto the body<br>Thesis (MS) — Boston College, 2012<br>Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences<br>Discipline: Chemistry

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Books on the topic "First-aid"

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Davey, Janet. First aid. Chatto & Windus, 2004.

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Thygerson, Alton L. First aid. 5th ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2006.

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Head, Paul. First aid. Studio Editions, 1992.

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BARCHARTS, INC. First aid. BarCharts, Inc., 2003.

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American College of Emergency Physicians, ed. First aid. 6th ed. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 2012.

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British Association for Immediate Care., ed. First aid. Ward Lock, 1994.

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1968-, Chanko Pamela, ed. First aid. Scholastic, 2001.

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Jean, Abernethy, ed. First aid. Bowtie Press, 2007.

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Society, Canadian Red Cross. First aid. Canadian Red Cross Society, 1988.

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America, Boy Scouts of, ed. First aid. 2nd ed. Boy Scouts of America, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "First-aid"

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Rusoke-Dierich, Olaf. "First Aid." In Diving Medicine. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-73836-9_31.

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Harbert, John C. "First Aid." In Doctor in the House. Humana Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5019-5_2.

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Kenber, Marion, and William McCurrach. "First Aid." In Mastercraft. Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09986-3_9.

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Ilyashenko, Yulij, and Sergei Yakovenko. "First aid." In Graduate Studies in Mathematics. American Mathematical Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1090/gsm/086/06.

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McKay, Nurse. "First AID." In Babies Growing Up. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003328995-45.

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van de Wiel, Ank. "First aid." In Engels voor verpleegkundigen. Bohn Stafleu van Loghum, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-313-6514-2_8.

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Schmidt, Simone, and Martina Döbele. "First Aid." In Dementia Companion. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-67042-2_9.

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Bruce, David J. Murray. "First Aid Requirements." In Promoting Employee Health. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09062-4_5.

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Marroni, Alessandro, and Menno Gaastra. "First Aid Guidelines." In Drowning. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04253-9_173.

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Shebanek, Michael B. "NEXTSTEP First Aid." In The Complete Guide to the NEXTSTEP™ User Environment. Springer New York, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2744-1_14.

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Conference papers on the topic "First-aid"

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Gao, Qi, Wenbin Zhang, Yan Tang, and Feng Qin. "First-aid." In the fourth ACM european conference. ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1519065.1519083.

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Abinivesh, S., S. Deepak Sanjay, R. Deepika, U. Janani Keerthana, and B. Dhanalakshmi. "Emergency Aid HUB for Instant First Aid and Emergency Call." In 2024 International Conference on Emerging Technologies in Computer Science for Interdisciplinary Applications (ICETCS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetcs61022.2024.10543747.

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Khuwuthyakorn, Pattaraporn, Benjamas Suksatit, and Orawit Thinnukool. "First Aid Literacy Mobile Application Development." In the 8th International Conference. ACM Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3268891.3268903.

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Moricová, Valéria, Michaela Jánošíková, and Michal Titko. "EDUCATION FOCUSED ON PSYCHOLOGICAL FIRST AID." In 13th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2020.1281.

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Dwarawati, Dinda, Eni N. Nugrahawati, Anna Rozana, et al. "Psychological First Aid Training for KSR-Unisba." In 2nd Social and Humaniora Research Symposium (SoRes 2019). Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200225.128.

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Bravo, Gustavo Cedeno, Diego Marcillo Parra, Luis Mendes, and Antonio Manuel de Jesus Pereira. "First aid drone for outdoor sports activities." In 2016 1st International Conference on Technology and Innovation in Sports, Health and Wellbeing (TISHW). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tishw.2016.7847781.

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Pramono, Andy, S. Kom, Betty Dewi Puspasari, and S. Kom. "First aid instructional media using Android platform." In 2017 4th International Conference on Computer Applications and Information Processing Technology (CAIPT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/caipt.2017.8320712.

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Kimura, Kento, and Kenichi Kourai. "GPU-based first aid for system faults." In APSys '22: 13th ACM SIGOPS Asia-Pacific Workshop on Systems. ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3546591.3547526.

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Carvalho, Joao Paulo, Nuno Horta, and Jose A. B. Tome. "Fuzzy Boolean Nets Based Paediatrics First Aid Diagnosis." In NAFIPS 2007 - 2007 Annual Meeting of the North American Fuzzy Information Processing Society. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nafips.2007.383916.

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Chirico, M., S. Bazurro, A. Calandrino, et al. "Sharing is caring: a multidisciplinary first aid program." In The 9th International Workshop on Innovative Simulation for Healthcare. CAL-TEK srl, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2020.iwish.009.

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Reports on the topic "First-aid"

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O'Sullivan, Patrick. RCT Module 2.15 Radiological Considertaions for First Aid. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2007327.

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Kuzmin, Vyacheslav, Alebai Sabitov, Andrei Reutov, Vladimir Amosov, Lidiia Neupokeva, and Igor Chernikov. Electronic training manual "Providing first aid to the population". SIB-Expertise, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0774.29012024.

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First aid represents the simplest urgent measures necessary to save the lives of victims of injuries, accidents and sudden illnesses. Providing first aid greatly increases the chances of salvation in case of bleeding, injury, cardiac and respiratory arrest, and prevents complications such as shock, massive blood loss, additional displacement of bone fragments and injury to large nerve trunks and blood vessels. This electronic educational resourse consists of four theoretical educational modules: legal aspects of providing first aid to victims and work safety when providing first aid; providing first aid in critical conditions of the body; providing first aid for injuries of various origins; providing first aid in case of extreme exposures, accidents and poisonings. The electronic educational resource materials include 8 emergency conditions and 11 life-saving measures. The theoretical block of modules is presented by presentations, the text of lectures with illustrations, a video film and video lectures. Control classes in the form of test control accompany each theoretical module. After studying all modules, the student passes the final test control. Mastering the electronic manual will ensure a high level of readiness to provide first aid to persons without medical education.

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Avery, Christopher, Caroline Hoxby, Clement Jackson, Kaitlin Burek, Glenn Pope, and Mridula Raman. Cost Should Be No Barrier: An Evaluation of the First Year of Harvard's Financial Aid Initiative. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w12029.

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Jeong, Hyun Jeong, Jung Eun Lee, Yeon Soo Kim, Hye Young Syn, and Inseong Lee. Design Development of Customized First Aid and Rescue Gloves for the Improvement of Work Efficiency of Fire Department Paramedics. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-1714.

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Barkatov, Igor V., Volodymyr S. Farafonov, Valeriy O. Tiurin, Serhiy S. Honcharuk, Vitaliy I. Barkatov, and Hennadiy M. Kravtsov. New effective aid for teaching technology subjects: 3D spherical panoramas joined with virtual reality. [б. в.], 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4407.

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Rapid development of modern technology and its increasing complexity make high demands to the quality of training of its users. Among others, an important class is vehicles, both civil and military. In the teaching of associated subjects, the accepted hierarchy of teaching aids includes common visual aids (posters, videos, scale models etc.) on the first stage, followed by simulators ranging in complexity, and finished at real vehicles. It allows achieving some balance between cost and efficiency by partial replacement of more expensive and elaborated aids with the less expensive ones. However, the analysis of teaching experience in the Military Institute of Armored Forces of National Technical University “Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute” (Institute) reveals that the balance is still suboptimal, and the present teaching aids are still not enough to allow efficient teaching. This fact raises the problem of extending the range of available teaching aids for vehicle-related subjects, which is the aim of the work. Benefiting from the modern information and visualization technologies, we present a new teaching aid that constitutes a spherical (360° or 3D) photographic panorama and a Virtual Reality (VR) device. The nature of the aid, its potential applications, limitations and benefits in comparison to the common aids are discussed. The proposed aid is shown to be cost-effective and is proved to increase efficiency of training, according to the results of a teaching experiment that was carried out in the Institute. For the implementation, a tight collaboration between the Institute and an IT company “Innovative Distance Learning Systems Limited” was established. A series of panoramas, which are already available, and its planned expansions are presented. The authors conclude that the proposed aid may significantly improve the cost-efficiency balance of teaching a range of technology subjects.

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for Development Programme, Knowledge. Using Indices to Capture Vulnerability for Development Finance in SIDS. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.066.

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This rapid review examines evidence on indices to capture vulnerability for development finance in Small Island Developing States (SIDS). A key issue when it comes to aid allocation to Small Island Developing States (SIDS) is whether current measures of development – such as income per capita - are truly able to reflect the unique set of challenges that these countries face. Inability to accurately measure development in SIDS can lead to substantial risk. On the one hand, aid allocation that solely relies on income levels may result in an unsustainable reduction in external support to SIDS, leaving them to face high levels of economic, environmental, and social vulnerability. On the other hand, an inadequate measure of vulnerability can lead to no clear pathway to the reduction in aid, making it very improbable for SIDS to become self-reliant, no matter how far they develop or climb the income ladder. This aim of this paper is twofold. The first is to look at whether vulnerability indices can help determine the levels of external support SIDS need. The second is to consider how this can help in determining when support can be reduced or terminated. This is achieved by considering the different indices that international organisations and multilateral development banks use to capture the vulnerability of SIDS, how they use these indices to determine thresholds for aid allocation, and the advantages and disadvantages of applying each.

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Brun, Matthieu. Impact assessment of Bpifrance’s financial support to SMEs’ innovation projects. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2022.555.

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This paper evaluates the economic impact of Bpifrance’s financial programmes to support SMEs’ Research, Development and Innovation (RDI), called individual aid for innovation (IA). It focuses on the analysis of subsidies and zero-interest loans granted to SMEs over three years old during the period 2005-2018 in order to foster their RDI activity (R&D expenses and spending related to the development of innovative products, processes or services) and economic growth (turnover, employment). We use a difference-in-differences methodology combined with a propensity score matching procedure to compare supported SMEs with non-supported SMEs with same initial characteristics. This counterfactual analysis is based on a unique dataset containing both financial and non-financial information about millions of French companies. Up to 12,000 SMEs supported over the 2005-2016 period have thus been analysed, making this study the first to estimate the effect of Bpifrance’s individual aid for innovation on such a scale and using such detailed information.

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Haertel, Kateryna. ECMI Minorities Blog. Ukraine’s National Minorities Trapped by the War: the Cases of Ethnic Greeks and Bulgarians. European Centre for Minority Issues, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/smlq2239.

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As the war against Ukraine erupted on 24 February 2022, national minorities found themselves among its first victims, both as individuals and communities characterized by unique knowledge, language, and culture. This piece looks into the immediate effects of the war on ethnic Greeks and Bulgarians, and potential lessons learned for the state of Ukraine and its minorities from these tragic events. Whereas ethnic Greeks strive for physical survival in a besieged city of Mariupol and its surroundings, ethnic Bulgarians have mobilized in support of refugees. Those situations highlight the role of minority community leaders in voicing support for the Ukrainian authorities and as facilitators of aid from kin-states, as well as turn minority civil society organizations (CSOs) into agents of change of nation-wide significance.

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McCall, Jamie, Brittany Weston, James Onorevole, John Roberson, and Jamie Andrews. Extraordinary Times Call for Extraordinary Measures: Use of Loans and Grants for Small Business Assistance During the COVID-20 Pandemic. Carolina Small Business Development Fund and ResilNC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46712/extraordinary.times.

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The financial losses caused by COVID-19 are extraordinary in scope and have affected every facet of the small business ecosystem. For entrepreneurs, recovery from the pandemic has similarly required extraordinary levels of assistance. We assess the connection between COVID-19 grant and loan emergency interventions with a variety of positive community economic development impacts. Our analysis draws from a survey of aid recipients across ten COVID-19 relief programs offered or administered by Carolina Small Business Development Fund between February 2020 and February 2022. The data highlight three main findings. First, while the pandemic’s economic damage was high across all underprivileged communities, in many cases the harms disproportionately accrued to Black-owned firms. Second, the results show that grant initiatives are better for short-term financial stability and are likely to position recipients for future financing opportunities. Finally, disaster loans are favored for outcomes related to higher employment retention and a creating a more favorable business sentiment outlook.

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Freeman, Paul, Leslie A. Martin, Joanne Linnerooth-Bayer, Reinhard Mechler, Georg Pflug, and Koko Warner. Disaster Risk Management: National Systems for the Comprehensive Management of Disaster Risk and Financial Strategies for Natural Disaster Reconstruction. Inter-American Development Bank, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010539.

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Abstract:

This report was commissioned by the Natural Disasters Network of the Regional Policy Dialogue. This report constitutes Phase 2 of this project. While the first phase of the study discusses the components of a national system, the second focuses on instruments for financing reconstruction after a disaster. The research compares centralized, government-directed management systems with those that are localized and decentralized, and also analyzes the factors affecting the financial and political stability of alternative approaches. As natural disasters may result in major resource gaps for governments facing the task of financing reconstruction, the report presents case studies of four countries-Bolivia, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, and El Salvador-to highlight the various policy options. Alternative sources of ex ante funding are identified, including reserve funds, contingent credit, and insurance. These innovative methods of funding are compared with ex post funding possibilities through international aid, loan diversions and increased external debt, budget reallocations, and tax increases.

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