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Letsas, Ranya. "Developmental differences in early language production and comprehension between 21 month-old first born and second born children." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61151.
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This research was designed to provide information concerning the developmental differences in early language production and comprehension between 21 month-old first born and second born children. Furthermore, the study explored the assumption that more opportunities to hear conversations between the parent and the older sibling provide an advantage for second born children in learning personal pronouns.<br>Spontaneous speech productions of 16 first born children were compared to those of 16 second born children while in dyadic interactions with their mothers. First born children were observed in two 25 minute free-play dyadic interactions with their mothers. Second born children were observed in one 25 minute free-play mother-child dyadic interaction and in one 25 minute free-play mother-child-older sibling triadic interaction. All children were administered controlled tasks involving production and comprehension of first and second person pronouns.<br>Compared to first borns, second born children are not significantly delayed in general language development. Second borns' speech productions differ depending on whether or not their older sibling was present. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Beer, Jeremy Michael. "The influence of rearing order on personality : data from biological and adoptive siblings /." Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Burrow, A. L., and L. Lee Glenn. "Greater Healthcare Utilization in Pregnancies for First Born Children." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/7500.
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Davidson, Gabrielle. "First and second born twins: a comparative study utilizing the Graffiths mental development scales - extended revised." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/669.
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Despite the concept of twins and twinning being a highly explored area of research for many years, limited research has been conducted on the comparison of first and second born twin development. The nature of twins leads people to believe that twins will present with similar characteristics, however, this study explores the possibility that due to their ordinal position they could in fact present with differing characteristics and could differ developmentally. The early holistic development of a child influences the rest of their lives. Concerning twins, the development of individuality and self-knowledge is especially important. Theorists, such as Piaget (1950), propose that child development takes place in stages and that although the order in which children proceed through these stages is the same, the pace at which this takes place can vary. The necessity of monitoring the child’s journey through these stages highlights the value of child developmental assessment. This form of assessment needs to be holistic, needs to involve a multidisciplinary team of professionals and needs to utilize assessment measures that are valid, reliable, culture-fair and standardized. The Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Extended Revised (GMDS-ER) is one such measure. This study, focusing on twin development, aimed to contribute and provide valuable information to a larger research project that is currently under way aiming to increase the applicability of the Griffiths Mental Development Scales-Extended Revised (GMDS-ER) in the South African context. The primary aim of the study, however, was to explore and compare the performance of normal first born and second born twins, aged between 2 and 8 years 4 months old, on the GMDS-ER. The purpose of the study was to generate information on the relationship between first born twins’ general development and second born twins’ general development. An exploratory, descriptive quantitative design was used. Participants were selected through a combination of non-probability purposive, convenience and snowball sampling. Data was analysed using descriptive statistics and dependent sample t-tests were employed to compare the General Quotients (GQ’s) of the first and second born twins in the sample. Results showed that no significant differences were found between the first and second born twins’ general development. Information generated from this study contributed to 1) child development research; 2) twin developmental research within a South African context; and 3) a greater group of studies on the GMDS-ER, currently underway in the United Kingdom and South Africa, aiming to contribute to the international credibility of this measure
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Elwood, Edith Lynnette Pratt. "Identity negotiation and first birth : a study of social process /." Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Bloom, Laura A. "Parenting second first children what early childhood professionals need to know about mothers who have relinquished a child for adoption /." Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2009p/bloom.pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2009.<br>Title from PDF title page (viewed Sept. 1, 2009). Additional advisors: Lois Christensen, Kay Emfinger, Grace Jepkemboi, Deborah Strevy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-102).
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Erickson-Owens, Debra A. "Milking the umbilical cord at term cesarean section : effect on hemoglobin levels in the first 48 hours of life /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2009. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3367990.
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Gottlieb, Laurie Naomi 1946. "Parental responsiveness and firstborn girls' adaptation to a new sibling." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72075.
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This study investigated firstborns' adjustment and responsiveness to a new sibling and parents' responsiveness to their firstborn before and after the second child's birth. Parental responsiveness was also examined in the context of predicting firstborns' adjustment and responsiveness to the sibling. Fifty families with firstborn daughters (26-55 mo) were visited at home 6-10 weeks before and 5-6 weeks after the sibling's birth. After the sibling's birth, young firstborns were more distressed than old firstborns; however, prenatal distress was the best predictor of postnatal distress. Old and young firstborns showed different patterns of responsiveness to brothers and sisters. In terms of parental responsiveness, firstborns perceived mothers as more responsive after the birth than before, while their perceptions of fathers remained unchanged. Mothers gave less support after the birth, particularly to old firstborns. Although fathers' support remained unchanged postnatally, fathers gave the least support to old firstborns with brothers. Time spent by mothers with firstborns decreased from before to after the birth, while fathers' time increased. Continuity was found for parental support but not for parental involvement, especially by fathers. Parental support was associated with low postnatal distress while parental caregiving was related to high postnatal distress. Prenatal maternal responsiveness and postnatal paternal responsiveness predicted postnatal distress. Firstborns' perceptions of parental responsiveness were generally associated with firstborns' responsiveness to the sibling. The results were discussed in terms of family-systems theory and stress-coping theory.
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Rotsaert, Marianne Helene Elise. "On the typical and atypical development of face processing and recognition during the first three months of life and in a population of school-aged children born prematurely." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2006. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3585/.
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Face stimuli challenge the infant's immature visual processing system's capacity to differentiate stimuli that differ in subtle ways. Experiments I to 4 investigated infants' preference for the human face between birth and 3 months of age when contrasted with four control stimuli. A visual preference technique was used because it does not call upon the participant's ability to speak. A spontaneous preference for a photographic representation of the human face was observed at birth for three out of four conditions. At 3 months of age, a preference for the human face was observed in two conditions. However, at I month of age, no preferences were observed. Findings did not support the view that the selectivity of the infant's responses to faces increases with exposure to faces and narrowing of the perceptual window (Nelson, 2001). Experiment 5 examined infants' ability to discriminate specific exemplars of the human face category, namely the mother's face, between I and 9 months of age. A preference for the mother's face was observed at I month. A tendency to prefer the stranger's face was observed at 3 months. No preference was observed at 6 and 9 months, thus suggesting that the visual preference procedure is not suitable for measuring recognition at these ages. Premature birth is associated with brain injury, which can lead to visual and intellectual deficits. Experiment 6 investigated general intelligence as well as face processing in school-aged children born prematurely and at term. Results indicated that premature children displayed levels within the normal range of intelligence. Furthermore, no long-term visual deficits were observed as performance levels for the discrimination of facial emotions were comparable between groups. Only premature children displayed an inversion effect, thereby demonstrating an adult-like face processing system.
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Freitas, Ana Paula Corrêa de Oliveira. "Práticas educativas parentais em relação ao filho único e ao primogênito em famílias com dois filhos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15406.
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O presente estudo teve como objetivo examinar eventuais diferenças das práticas educativas parentais com relação a filhos únicos e primogênitos de famílias com dois filhos. Participaram do estudo 22 famílias, das quais 12 com filhos únicos e 10 com dois filhos. As famílias foram emparelhadas conforme o nível sócio-econômico e pela idade e sexo dos filhos únicos e primogênitos. A idade dos filhos únicos variou entre 4,6 e 6,1 anos (M=5,5; dp=0,51) e a dos primogênitos entre 4,3 e 6,3 anos (M=5,1; dp=0,78). As mães e pais dos dois grupos responderam a uma entrevista sobre práticas educativas parentais. As entrevistas foram submetidas à análise de conteúdo. Contrariando a hipótese inicial do estudo, o teste do qui-quadrado somente revelou diferença marginalmente significativa nas práticas de mães e pais com relação ao filho único. De maneira geral, verificou-se semelhança nas práticas educativas entre mães e pais em ambos os grupos de famílias. Os resultados são discutidos à luz da literatura, com vistas a entender os fatores que podem estar contribuindo para explicar as semelhanças das práticas educativas utilizadas para filhos únicos e primogênitos.<br>The aim of this study was to examine eventual differences in parental child-rearing practices related to only child and first born of two children families. Twenty two families participated in this study, 12 only-child families and 10 two-children families. Families were matched according to socioeconomic level, age and sex of only child and first born. Only children’s age ranged from 4,6 to 6,1 years (M=5,5; sd=0,51) and first borns were aged from 4,3 to 6,3 years (M=5,1; sd=0,78). Mothers and fathers of both groups were interviewed about parental child-rearing practices. Answers were content-analyzed. The hypothesis of the study was not supported. According to chi-square test marginally significant differences were obtained in maternal and paternal child-rearing practices related to only child. Results indicated agreement between mother’s and father’s childrearing practices in both groups. Issues described as determinants of childrearing practices are discussed considering the role of the family in child development.
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曾綺霞 and Yee-ha Lucia Tsang. "Neurocognitive sequelae of children born prematurely." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41712596.
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Tsang, Yee-ha Lucia. "Neurocognitive sequelae of children born prematurely." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41712596.
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Molnar, Anna. "Structure and Function of the Retina in Children Born Extremely Preterm and in Children Born At Term." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Oftalmiatrik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-317550.
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Background: Optical coherence tomography (OCT), multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) and full-field electroretinography (ffERG) give important information about retinal structure and function. Purpose: To collect normative data of macular Cirrus Spectral domain (SD)-OCT assessments and of mfERG measurements of healthy children (papers I and II). To assess the macular thickness with Cirrus SD-OCT and the retinal function with ffERG in 6.5-year-old children born extremely preterm and in children born at term (papers III and IV). Methods: Study participants aged 5-15 years and living in Uppsala County were randomly chosen from the Swedish Birth Register (papers I and II). In papers III and IV, the study participants consisted of children born extremely preterm and children born at term – all were aged 6.5 years. In paper III, the children were living in Stockholm and Uppsala health care regions and, in paper IV, in Uppsala health care region only. Macular thickness was assessed with Cirrus SD-OCT and macular function with mfERG, using the Espion Multifocal system and DTL-electrodes. The retinal function was assessed with ffERG and DTL-electrodes, using the Espion Ganzfield system. Results: Altogether, 58 children participated in paper I and 49 children in paper II. In paper I, the repeatability and reproducibility of the OCT assessments were good. In paper II, the results of the mfERG measurements were in accordance with retinal cone density and there were no significant differences between the right and left eyes. In paper III, 134 preterm children and 145 children born at term constituted the study population. The central macular thickness was significantly thicker in the preterm group than in the control group. Within the preterm group, gestational age (GA), former retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and male gender were all important risk factors for an increased macular thickness. In paper IV, 52 preterm children and 45 control children constituted the study population. Significantly lower amplitudes and prolonged implicit times of the combined rod and cone responses, as well as of the isolated cone responses, were found in the preterm group when compared with the control group. In paper IV, there was no association between GA, ROP or male gender and the ffERG assessments. Conclusion: Normative data of Cirrus SD-OCT and mfERG assessments were reported. The results of the assessments were reliable. Children aged 6.5 years, born extremely preterm, had a significantly thicker central macula and both rod and cone function were significantly reduced in comparison to children born at term. ROP had an influence on retinal structure but not retinal function in the present cohorts. Our results suggest that retinal development is abnormal in children born extremely preterm. Long-term follow-up studies are necessary in order to evaluate the functional ophthalmological outcome in this vulnerable population of children growing up today.
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ARVINI, SARA, and NICLAS BERGSTRÖM. "Dental maturity assessment in prematurely born children." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-19871.
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Sammanfattning Mål: Tidigare studier visar att delar av den fysiska och psykiska tillväxten och utvecklingen hos för tidigt födda barn kan påverkas av den förkortade graviditetsperioden. De odontologiska aspekterna av prematuritet har ännu inte till fullo studerats. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka om tandmognaden påverkas av för tidig födsel och om enskilda tänder i högre utsträckning är mer påverkade.Material och Metod: I studien deltog 116 barn: 36 extremt för tidigt födda barn (extremely preterm - EPT), 38 mycket för tidigt födda barn (very preterm – VPT) och 42 fullgångna kontroller (controls – C). Panoramaröntgenbilder analyserades av fem kalibrerade observatörer, enligt en metod som utvecklats av Demirjian och Goldstein. Röntgenbilderna avidentifierades och mognadsgraden av de 7 permanenta tänderna i underkäkens vänstra sida (tand 31-37) bedömdes enligt ett 8-stegs system. De 7 bedömningarna adderades sedan till en tandmognadspoäng (maturity score) som motsvarade barnets tandmognadsgrad. Detta möjliggjorde jämförelser på såväl gruppnivå som tandnivå. Observatörernas tillförlitlighet och metodens reproducerbarhet utvärderades genom att 27 slumpvis utvalda röntgenbilder bedömdes ytterligare en gång. Statistiska analyser utfördes av studiens resultat samt av reproducerbarheten.Resultat: Resultatet, med hänsyn till variationer i observatörernas bedömningar, visade att EPT-gruppen hade en genomsnittlig tandmognadspoäng mellan 81.9 och 86.7, VPT 85.2-89.1 och kontrollgruppen 88.1-91.0. Samtliga fem observatörer uppvisade statistiskt signifikanta skillnader mellan EPT-gruppen och kontrollgruppen (p≤0.006). På tandnivå uppvisade alla observatörer en signifikant fördröjning (p≤0.002) av tandmognaden för tand 37 när EPT-gruppen jämfördes mot kontrollgruppen. Signifikanta skillnader mellan ett flertal andra tänder erhölls men konsensus mellan observatörerna saknades. Överensstämmelsen inom varje enskild observatör (intra-observer agreement) beräknades med ett Kappa-test, där resultaten varierade mellan 0.16-1.00. Kappa-beräkningen av reproducerbarheten mellan samtliga observatörer (inter-observer agreement) varierade mellan 0.31-0.71.Slutsats: Resultaten i denna studie tyder på en allmän försening av tandmognaden vid 9 års ålder hos de extremt för tidigt födda barnen (EPT), jämfört med fullgångna barn (C). En förkortad gestationsperiod tycks indikera en fördröjning av tandmognaden jämfört med tandmognaden hos fullgångna barn.
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Khalaf, Tania Levin C. Melinda. "Born in Beirut." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3954.
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Van, Zyl Heleneze. "Resilience among middle-born children / H. van Zyl." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7252.
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Existing literature on resilience portrays middle-born children as vulnerable. Middle-born children have to face many risks, such as a tendency towards delinquent behaviour, having poor relations with family members, being low achievers and harbouring negative feelings. Many children who face risk and who consequently are in danger of maladaptive outcomes manage to bounce back from these risks. Such children are called resilient. Research suggests that resilience among children is a common phenomenon, but no literature exists that focuses specifically on resilience among middle-born children. Because of personal experience, I as the researcher believe middle-born children can display resilience in the face of their particular risks. The purpose of this study therefore was to explore, by means of a literature study and empirical research, what the antecedents of resilience among middle-born children might be. This was done by using a concurrent triangulated mixed method design: Six resilient middle-born children completed a self-report questionnaire (RSCA) and participated in semi-structured interviews. The findings were mixed and allowed understanding of what encourages resilience in middle-born children. This study contributes to theory by identifying the resilience-promoting processes (both intra- and interpersonal) which contribute to resilience among middle-born children. This study's findings also transform the stereotypical view of middle-born children as vulnerable only.<br>Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2011
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Bayless, Sarah Jessica. "Executive functions and behaviour in prematurely born children." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412228.
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Ballard, Brandi Nicole. "Patterns of intended and actual fertility among subgroups of foreign-born and native-born Latinas." Thesis, Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/400.
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Explanations for Latinas high fertility levels have been centered in terms of current or actual fertility, as measured by children ever born (CEB). However, studies of this nature have failed to utilize methods appropriate for evaluating a count variable, such as CEB. Even fewer analyses have incorporated "ideal" fertility as an explanatory factor of actual fertility, particularly in the case of Latinas. In this thesis, multiple Poisson and zero-inflated Poisson regression models are used to assess the impact of independent factors on ideal and actual fertility among Latinas, as compared to white women. In the comparative analyses of ideal and actual fertility (CEB), the independent variables in demographic composition (marital status), socialization factors (mother's CEB and church attendance), socioeconomic and employment status (education and employment) and fertility history and intentions (abortions) are found to be consistently, significantly related to both ideal and actual fertility. More importantly, women have higher intended than actual fertility. The fact that Mexican women have been able to realize their fertility intentions provides a better understanding of the fertility behavior of Latinas. This means that Latinas actually want the larger numbers of children that they are having.
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Johnson, Dace. "Lower limb rotational profiles of young premature born children /." [St. Lucia, Qld. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16641.pdf.
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Newsham, David. "Oculomotor control in children who were born very prematurely." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436250.
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Linsell, Louise. "Prediction of neurodevelopmental outcome in children born extremely preterm." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:dbf00f22-2cfc-4d1d-bcf5-e8274cfdbbe0.
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<b>Background:</b> The survival rate of preterm children has risen steadily due to advances in obstetric and neonatal intensive care. Children born extremely preterm (≤28 weeks of gestation) are at high risk of long term developmental problems, including cerebral palsy, motor and cognitive impairment, visual and auditory deficits and behavioural problems. This can have serious implications for their quality of life and that of their family and carers. These children take up a disproportionate amount of neonatal intensive care unit resources and overall costs, and as they grow up are more likely to require additional health and social care services beyond routine care to compensate for their functional limitations. The early identification and management of factors that mediate long term outcome is necessary to assist healthcare professionals in selecting appropriate treatment pathways, and to develop, target and evaluate interventions. Many risk factor analyses for neurodevelopmental impairment have been published in preterm populations, but this vast literature has not been formally summarised. Furthermore, there is a dearth of studies reporting longitudinal analysis of neurodevelopmental trajectories from early childhood to adulthood. <b>Objectives:</b> The first aim of this thesis was to perform a comprehensive systematic review of the world literature over the last two decades, to consolidate the evidence about the prognosis of neurodevelopmental outcome in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight. The second aim was to conduct a longitudinal analysis of a cohort of extremely preterm participants followed up into early adulthood to investigate the trajectories of long term sequelae over time, and to examine the association of neurodevelopmental course in relation to the predictive factors identified in the systematic review. <b>Methods:</b> A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE and PyscINFO databases to identify studies published between January 1 1990 and June 1 2014 reporting multivariable prediction models for the neurodevelopment of children born ≤32 weeks of gestation or with a birth weight ≤1250 grams (protocol registration number CRD42014006943). Seventy-eight studies reporting 222 risk factor models for neurodevelopmental outcome were identified. Two independent reviewers extracted key information about study design, outcome definition, risk factor selection, model development, reporting, and conducted a risk of bias assessment. To address the second objective of the study, a longitudinal analysis of cognitive and behavioural trajectories was conducted using a prospective, population-based cohort study in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Three hundred and fifteen surviving infants born less than 26 completed weeks of gestation recruited at birth in 1995 and 160 term-born classroom peers recruited at age six were followed-up to 19 years. Participants were invited for up to four standardized, blinded cognitive assessments and the parent-completed Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used to assess behavioural problems. <b>Results:</b> The systematic review of risk factors for motor impairment in children born very preterm or with very low birth weight provided strong evidence that neonatal brain injury is a robust prognostic factor for cerebral palsy, and some evidence that the use of postnatal steroids increases the risk and the use of antenatal steroids reduces the risk of cerebral palsy. There was moderate evidence that male sex was prognostic for motor impairment at school age in children free of major disability. The systematic review of risk factors for cognitive impairment identified male sex, non-white ethnicity, lower levels of parental education and lower birth weight as significant predictors of global cognitive dysfunction in early infancy, with parental education having a sustained impact after five years of age. There was also evidence that male sex was predictive of delayed language development in early infancy. Gestational age was found to be of limited use as prognostic factor for cerebral palsy, motor and cognitive impairment in cohorts restricted to ≤32 weeks of gestation. There was a dearth of good quality studies investigating risk factors for behavioural problems and psychiatric disorders and the findings of this review were inconclusive. The only factors that appeared to be consistent predictors of general behavioural problems were markers of socio-economic deprivation, neurodevelopmental or cognitive delay, and an abnormal behavioural screen in early infancy. In the longitudinal analysis of the prospective, population-based cohort of extremely preterm children, cognitive trajectories were stable in both the extremely preterm and term-born groups over time with persistent deficit in the extremely preterm group of 25.2 IQ points (95% CI: -27.8 to -22.6, p<0.001) and only minimal catch-up over time. Participants with neonatal brain injury and of male sex had the largest deficits, but a lower level of maternal education and earlier gestational age at birth were also associated with reduced IQ scores. Behavioural problems were also more prevalent among the extremely preterm participants who had a mean Total Difficulties Score of 4.81 points above their term-born peers (95% CI: 3.76 to 5.87, p<0.001) and which persisted over the time period. Behavioural difficulties were mainly due to hyperactivity, inattention and peer problems and were strongly associated with a positive behavioural screen in early infancy. <b>Conclusions:</b> The most robust predictors of poor neurodevelopmental outcome identified by the systematic review were neonatal brain injury, male sex, and markers of social disadvantage. The unclear findings for many risk factors may reflect differences in study design, study population, methodological quality and lack of standardization of measures. Or it may simply reflect the fact that prognostic modelling in such a heterogeneous population is challenging and complex, with multiple risk factors acting sequentially over time, and often with the existence of multiple impairments within the same individual. The main conclusions from the longitudinal analysis of children born extremely preterm is that being born too soon appears to place limits on brain plasticity and function which is not recovered over time; with the most vulnerable being males and those with evidence of brain injury early in life. These structural abnormalities may disturb neurodevelopmental processes and impede the brain from maintaining a normal developmental trajectory. If extremely preterm children fail to achieve optimum levels of cognitive function and are still experiencing behavioural problems once they have reached maturity, then this has implications for health and well-being in later adulthood and old age. Cognitive test scores in infancy and early childhood reflect early adult outcomes and a positive behavioural screen in infancy is strongly associated with early adult behavioural outcomes. <b>Recommendations:</b> The systematic review revealed some shortcomings in methodology and reporting that could be improved in future studies, and confirmed that that there is a dearth of properly designed and well-conducted prognostic modelling studies in this field. The findings and recommendations of this critical review should be used as a basis for the design, analysis and reporting of future studies seeking to develop multivariate risk factor or prognostic models in this population. There is an urgent need for larger population cohorts followed up routinely beyond two years as subtle outcomes such as impairment of executive function and fine motor skills cannot be reliably assessed at this age, and the natural course of some disorders may have their onset later in childhood.<br>Studies with larger sample sizes and greater power are needed for studying less common conditions in preterm populations and there should be more standardisation of outcome and risk factor measurements, particularly with the use of standard diagnostic evaluations to assess psychiatric disorders. Future studies should include a term-born comparison group and adopt appropriate statistical analysis techniques to analyse longitudinal outcome data and the impact of risk factors on these trajectories. Additional research is required to improve the prediction of individual differences, and to identify the neuropathological differences underlying different developmental trajectories and their interaction with environmental influences over time.
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Zivanovic, Sanja. "Cardiopulmonary outcomes in school age children born extremely prematurely." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2017. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/cardiopulmonary-outcomes-in-school-age-children-born-extremely-prematurely(2c391136-0e05-4d5e-9815-825e150f2f29).html.
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Background: The incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, the main respiratory complication of preterm birth, has remained unchanged, despite improved survival. Small airway function appears to decline in infancy, in infants conventionally ventilated at birth. Pulmonary hypertension has been described in babies born extremely preterm. Methods: In a randomized controlled multi-center study, high frequency oscillation (HFO) was compared to conventional ventilation (CV) in 797 extremely preterm babies immediately after birth (UKOS). There were no significant differences in mortality or the incidence of BPD. Comprehensive lung function assessments and an echocardiogram were undertaken and respiratory, health related quality of life and functional assessment questionnaires were completed when the UKOS children were 11-14 years old. The results were compared to those of children born at term. Results: 318 children from the UKOS cohort completed the study. The HFO group had superior small airway function (z score FEF75, mean difference 0.23 SD (95%CI 0.02,0.45), p = 0.04), superior large airway function (FEV1 z score mean difference 0.35 SD (95% CI 0.02, 0.45), p=0.008) and diffusion capacity of the alveo-capillary membrane (DLCO z score mean difference 0.31 SD (95% CI 0.04, 0.58), p=0.02), without poorer functional outcomes. Prematurely born children had significantly worse lung function than term born children: z FEV1 mean difference 0.62 SD (95%CI -0.85, -0.38), p<0.001, z FEF75 mean difference 0.55 SD (95%CI -0.77, -0.33), p<0.001 , z DLCO mean difference 0.78 SD (95%CI 0.53, 1.02), p<0.001, and higher pulmonary pressures (mean MAP 24.6 vs 20.5 mmHg, p<0.001). Conclusions: HFOV used immediately after birth in extremely premature babies was associated with better lung function outcomes without evidence of poorer functional outcomes. Airway obstruction is significantly worse in preterm children at school age than in term born children. Children born very prematurely have significantly higher pulmonary pressures at school age, with potential cardiovascular implications in later life.
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Khalaf, Tania. "Born in Beirut." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3954/.
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The film starts with another ordinary day, two elderly men playing Backgammon, cars passing by, children playing in the street; scenes anyone anywhere in the world can relate to. Seemingly without warning, as the sun set on that ordinary day, the audience is taken on a perilous journey through war-torn Beirut. Born in Beirut is a thoughtful and poetic examination of war through the eyes of a child who lived through endless conflict in war-torn Beirut. The film examines the futility of war and the price paid in innocent lives.
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Dastgiri, Saeed. "Survival of children born with congenital anomalies : an epidemiological study." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418380.
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McComiskey, Mark Henry. "Unrecognised healthcare consequences of children born following assisted reproductive technology." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.675460.
Full textAbstract:
The consensus is that children born following ART are delivered earlier and at a lower birthweight that those naturally conceived and have a higher likelihood of requiring admission to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The longer term prospects for artificially conceived children seem comparable to the naturally conceived population for the majority of medical conditions. This study examined NICU admission registry data of children born 111/2001 to 31/12/2007. Odds ratios (OR) for NICU admission were produced. All paediatric hospital admissions in Northern Ireland 1/7/1996 through 3016/2009 were also studied. Standardised admission ratios (SAR's) for children up to 13 years old born following ART were calculated. Unadjusted OR for NICU admission was 0.92 (95% CI 0.71, 1.18) for singleton~ and 0.83 (95% CI 0.69, 0.99) for twins. Adjustment for hospital, gestation and year showed OR for NICU admission to be 0.68 (95% CI 0.49, 0.93) for singletons and 0.76 (95% CI 0.60, 0.97) for twins. SAR for all- and first hospital admissions in ART children were 80 (95% CI 76, 84) and 74 (95% CI 68, 80) respectively. Children born fOllowing IVF had increased all-hospital SAR compared to those born following ICSI (SAR 85, 95% CI 80, 90 vs. SAR 71,95% C164, 77; p=0.001). Those born following fresh embryo had increased all-hospital SAR compared to those born fallowing frozen embryo transfer. All-admission analysis showed Significant increases in SAR with diagnoses of cerebral palsy and inguinal hernia. Non-significant trend for increased SAR for all-hospital admission and first-hospital admission was found for some diagnoses. This study adds some reassurance to the neonatal and long-term child health of those born following ART. IVF children and those born following fresh embryo transfer may not be as healthy throughout childhood as their ICSI and frozen embryo transfer peers. Published concerns regarding neurological conditions and congenital abnormalities in children conceived using ART are supported by this study.
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Butcher, Imogen. "Molecular and metabolomic mechanisms affecting growth in children born small." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/molecular-and-metabolomic-mechanisms-affecting-growth-in-children-born-small(15982cac-833c-4076-a535-918b3b2f6afe).html.
Full textAbstract:
Small for gestational age (SGA) is defined as a birth weight or crown to heel length of -2 or more standard deviation scores. It is associated with increased risk of mortality and morbidity in the neonatal period and also has long term effects including an increased risk of developing type II diabetes, high blood pressure and cardiovascular disease later in life. Infants born SGA usually show catch-up growth within the first few years of life. However in the UK, ~1500 SGA children each year remain small and the reason for this is not understood. The aim of this work was to investigate the molecular mechanisms known to contribute to post-natal growth and also to develop a metabolomic profile in children born SGA. Skin biopsies were obtained with local ethical approval from prepubertal healthy children and children born SGA. Cell turnover (proliferation and apoptosis) and growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signalling in fibroblasts was assessed and the metabolomic profile in these groups was determined. During this study, blood samples and auxological data were also obtained in children born SGA with catch-up growth and children born SGA without catch-up growth. Cell counting and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation demonstrated that proliferation was comparable between SGA cells compared to control cells under basal, GH (200ng/ml) and a combination of GH (20ng/ml) plus IGF-I (10ng/ml) stimulated conditions. However, IGF-I (100ng/ml) stimulated proliferation was significantly reduced in the SGA cells compared to control cells (p<0.001). Basal apoptosis was significantly increased in SGA cells compared to control cells (p<0.005). GH and IGF-I reduced apoptosis in SGA cells; however, the level of apoptosis remained significantly higher in SGA cells compared to control cells (p<0.005). GH and IGF-I signalling pathways in SGA cells and control cells were assessed by western blotting, immunoprecipitation and phosphoarray. GH (200ng/ml) induced phosphorylation of Stat5b was significantly reduced in SGA cells compared to control cells (p<0.001). IGF-I (100ng/ml) activation of Akt was altered, as Akt2 was activated in SGA cells but not in controls cells (p<0.001). Metabolomic profiling of SGA cells revealed alterations in respiration, up-regulation of the urea cycle, altered fatty acid metabolism and altered cell signalling compared to control cells. The data presented in this thesis increases the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that affect growth in children born small, and has identified a metabolomic profile of SGA children without catch-up growth. This work may lead to new, more specific therapy for these individuals, and metabolomics may enable the identification of infants who do not show post-natal catch-up growth much earlier, leading to earlier commencement of recombinant human GH.
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Hood, Kelly Marie. "Social Competence at Age 4 Years, of Children Born Very Preterm." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3673.
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Very preterm birth is an important developmental and public health concern, with clear evidence to suggest that very preterm children may be at long term risk of neurodevelopmental impairment and educational difficulties. Although a great deal is known about the neurodevelopmental outcomes associated with very preterm birth,comparatively little is known about the social competence of children born very preterm during the important early childhood period. Therefore, as part of a prospective, longitudinal study, this research examined the social competence of 105 children born very preterm (birth weight <1,500 g and/or gestational age ≤33 weeks) and 108 full term comparison children (gestational age 37-40 weeks) at age 4 years (corrected for extent of prematurity at birth). The aims of this study were 1) to examine the social competence of a regional cohort of children born very preterm and full term comparison children at age four years, 2) to identify infant clinical factors and socio-familial characteristics associated with poor social competence amongst children born very preterm, and 3) to examine the predictive validity of social competence problems amongst both very preterm and full term preschoolers in relation to school academic functioning and behavioural adjustment at age 6 years. At age 4, children were assessed using a range of parent and/or teacher completed questionnaires, spanning emotional regulation, behavioural adjustment and interpersonal social behaviour. Measures included the Emotion Regulation Checklist, the Infant-Toddler Symptoms Checklist, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning “ Preschool version and the Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale. In addition, as part of a structured research assessment, children completed a battery of false belief tasks and a short form version of the Weschler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence. Two years later at age 6, school teachers qualitatively rated children's behavioural adjustment and academic achievement in math, reading, spelling and language comprehension compared to their classroom peers. Results showed that relative to their full term peers, some children born very preterm tended to score less well across several areas of social competence. Specifically, parent report showed that children born very preterm were more likely to be characterised by higher levels of emotional dysregulation (p=.002) as well as a range of behavioural adjustment problems, spanning inhibitory control problems (p=.03), hyperactivity/inattention (p=.01), conduct problems (p=.01) and emotional symptoms (p=.008). While elevated rates of behavioural adjustment difficulties were also evident amongst very preterm children within the preschool environment, group differences were not statistically significant. However, a statistical trend towards elevated risk of inhibitory control problems amongst very preterm children in the preschool environment was noted (p=.09). Further, children born very preterm were at around a four-fold risk of emotional regulation difficulties of clinical significance,as well as being around 1.5 times more likely to exhibit clinically significant externalising and internalising behavioural difficulties and interpersonal social problems at age 4 years. In contrast, the interpersonal social behaviours and the extent of social cognitive understanding were largely similar across both groups. This pattern of findings remained largely unchanged following statistical control for the selection effects of family socio-economic status. Amongst children born very preterm, significant infant clinical and sociofamilial predictors of both emotional dysregulation and externalizing behaviour were male gender (p=.008/p=.006), neonatal indomethacin (p=.002/p=.005) and elevated maternal anxiety (p=.009/p=.002). Emotional dysregulation was also predicted by low socio-economic status (p=.002). In contrast, internalising behaviour was predicted only by low birth weight (p=.03). Finally, across both groups significant associations were found between overall social competence problems at age 4 years and later school adjustment with those very preterm and full term preschoolers characterised by poor social competence being at elevated risk of a range of behavioural adjustment difficulties and poor academic functioning in reading, spelling and math at age 6 years (corrected). Links between poor social competence and later behavioural adjustment remained across both groups following statistical control for child IQ, while associations with academic functioning were largely attenuated. By age 4 years a number of very preterm children are beginning to display elevated levels of emotional dysregulation, hyperactivity/inattention, conduct problems and emotional symptoms. Further, a substantial proportion of very preterm children may be at risk of developing clinically significant difficulties with these most pronounced in terms of emotional regulation abilities. Children's abilities to regulate their emotions and behaviour represent important building blocks for their later social and emotional functioning. Further, these abilities will likely influence the extent to which children are able to successfully transition to school. Therefore,alongside other important aspects of development, these findings highlight the importance of monitoring the social abilities of preschoolers who were born very preterm across a range of developmental domains and contexts. Preschoolers characterised by emotional, behavioural and/or interpersonal difficulties could then receive targeted intervention aimed at facilitating their social competence prior to school entry.
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Clark, Caron. "Executive Function at Early School Age in Children Born Very Preterm." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2468.
Full textAbstract:
Impairments in executive function have been posited to account for some of the poor cognitive and educational outcomes associated with very preterm birth. As part of a prospective, longitudinal study, this research examined executive function in a regionally representative sample of 103 children born very preterm and/or very low birth weight (<33 weeks GA / <1500g) and a comparison sample of 108 full term children at age 6 years (corrected for prematurity). The specific aims of the study were 1) to describe the performance of children born very preterm and full term on a range of executive function measures, 2) to identify the antecedent medical, neurological and socio-familial factors associated with executive function performance within the very preterm group, and 3) to examine linkages between children’s executive function performance and their academic achievement at age 6 years.
Children underwent a comprehensive developmental assessment, including standardised tests of IQ and academic achievement in mathematics, reading and receptive language. Additionally, they completed a number of executive function tasks selected to assess verbal working memory (Digit Span), spatial working memory (Corsi Blocks), planning and problem-solving (Tower of Hanoi), selective attention (Visual Search), shifting and inhibitory control (Detour Reaching Box) and sustained attention and inhibition (Kiddie-Conner’s Continuous Performance Task; K-CPT). Parents and teachers of these children also completed the Behavioural Rating Inventory of Executive Function and teachers rated children’s performance in reading, arithmetic and comprehension in relation to their classroom peers.
Results revealed a pervasive pattern of impairment across multiple measures of executive function in children born very preterm relative to their full term peers. Specifically, children born very preterm were less likely to be able to complete any backward Digit Span trials (p<0.05) and showed lower raw scores on this task (p<0.1) than children in the full term group. Children born very preterm showed lower spatial span scores on the Corsi Blocks Task (p<0.01). They also showed lower planning performance, as assessed by the Tower of Hanoi (p<0.05). Children born very preterm made more inhibitory control/shift errors on the Detour Reaching Box and demonstrated less accuracy in their Visual Search (p<0.001) than children born full term. Finally, they showed lower levels of sustained attention on the K-CPT (p<0.001). Parents, teachers and examiners rated these children as having greater difficulties across multiple areas of executive function. These differences remained significant after controlling for group differences in socioeconomic status and after exclusion of children with severe cognitive and motor impairments.
Within the very preterm group, antecedent predictors of poorer working memory and planning performance included male gender (p<0.001), intrauterine infection (p<0.05) and severity of cerebral white matter abnormality on term-equivalent MRI (p<0.05). Lower gestational age (p<0.05) and male gender (p<0.001) were related to poorer executive attention performance. Familial predictors of poorer executive performance included instability in parenting (p<0.05), higher levels of parental intrusiveness (p<0.1) and lower levels of interactional synchrony (p<0.05) between parent and child, recorded at earlier follow-up points. Finally, children’s executive function performance was highly correlated with school achievement in reading, arithmetic and language comprehension (p<0.001).
Findings suggest a global pattern of executive impairment amongst children born very preterm, with these difficulties placing children at risk for poor academic performance and learning difficulties. Findings also suggest that both neurological pathology and early parenting experiences are important mediators of the relationship between very preterm birth and poor executive function, highlighting the importance of these areas for early intervention.
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Tarr, Katherine Anne. "Mathematical achievement at age nine years of children born very preterm." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7602.
Full textAbstract:
Children born very preterm (VPT) are known to be at high risk of under-achievement in mathematics. However the nature of these difficulties is poorly understood. In this study, a regionally representative cohort of 102 children born VPT and a comparison group of 108 children born full term (FT) during 1998-2000 were followed from birth to nine years. At age nine, children were tested using the Woodcock-Johnson III maths fluency subtest, and teacher reports of mathematical achievement and curriculum-based (numeracy project) achievement data were collected. The data was analysed using group comparisons and multiple regression. Parent and teacher ratings of executive function at age six were included as predictors. Findings indicated that children born VPT had elevated rates of mathematical difficulties across all measures including the standardised and curriculum-based measures, and teacher ratings. They
also had higher rates of mathematical learning disability. With the exception of curriculum-based measures, these results remained significant even after controlling for socioeconomic status and severe neurodevelopmental impairment. Children born VPT showed particular difficulty using operational strategies, rather than with factual knowledge, and this effect was most marked for addition and multiplication. As well as difficulties in mathematics, children born VPT also showed more difficulty than children born FT in almost all areas of executive function. Difficulties with working memory at age six were significantly associated with poor performance in aspects of curriculum-based measures at age nine.
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Åkerblom, Hanna. "Retinal morphology and function in prematurely-born children at school age." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för neurovetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-247946.
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Preterm birth may lead to complications during the neonatal period that can cause visual dysfunctions. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and neurological complications are well known reasons for visual dysfunctions, but preterm children with no or only mild ROP and no evident neurological problems may also be affected visually when they grow up. Retinal development starts early after gestation and continues long after birth. Major processes are underway during the second half of pregnancy when preterm children are born, and a preterm birth could possibly have a negative effect on normal retinal development. The aims of the studies were to evaluate retinal morphology and function in former preterm children and compare the results with children born at term. Former preterm children aged 5 to 17 years and born in a gestational age (GA) of 32 weeks or less were included in the different study groups. Children of similar ages who were born at term and with normal visual acuity (VA) acted as controls. Best corrected VA and refraction in cycloplegia were assessed in all children. Macular thickness and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were measured with optical coherent tomography (OCT). Total retinal function was assessed with fullfield electroretinography (ffERG) and central macular function was assessed with multifocal electroretinography (mfERG). Preterm children had thicker central maculae than controls. There was a positive correlation between central macular thickness and GA at birth. RNFL thickness was reduced in the preterm children with severe ROP and treated ROP, but children with mild or no ROP did not differ from the fullterm children. The photoreceptor function measured with ffERG and the macular function measured with mfERG were reduced in the preterm group compared to controls. Preterm birth affects the retina both morphologically and functionally, and ROP has been suggested to be a reason for retinal changes. However, the results of this thesis indicate that children with no ROP also have retinal changes, suggesting an effect of prematurity itself. There were no correlations between any retinal changes and VA, but it is possible that larger studies using improved techniques may elucidate this further.
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Lee, Hyunsook Chang. "Home environments and developmental outcomes of children born to teenage mothers." Diss., This resource online, 1996. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-152421/.
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Tinnion, Robert John. "Growth and metabolic outcomes in children born preterm : the Growmore Study." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/3249.
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Background: The Growmore Study was an observational cohort study of adolescents born preterm, in Newcastle-upon-Tyne. The cohort were born between 1993 and 1998: mean gestation at birth was 31 weeks (range 24+5d to 36+2d) and birthweight 1392g (690-2200g). Individuals were originally recruited into one of two randomised, controlled trials (‘growth’, n=113; and ‘protein’, n=134). As separate groups they were followed up at intervals, undergoing assessment of growth and development. From 247 children originally recruited, 220 completed assessments to 24 months of age. At age 10 underwent cognitive assessment. Between 9 and 13 years old, the two cohorts were amalgamated to a single cohort and underwent further auxological and metabolic testing (n=153/247) including DEXA scan (n=109) and bloods (n=139). The current study revisited the cohort, aged between 12 and 18 years old. Aims: The study aimed to explore relationships between: growth in early life; body fat deposition; mitochondrial oxidative capacity; and quantitatively assessed diet and activity in ex-preterms. Methods: 60 of the 235 traceable members of the original cohort were recruited into this study. They underwent multimodal assessment, including: auxological measures; body composition measurement by air-displacement plethysmography and skinfold thickness; magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), using a 3-Tesla scanner, custom-built coils and a tailored scanning routine to quantify skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity, lipid content of the liver, and fat-containing tissue at the L2/3 vertebral level; a standard OGTT (bloods taken at 0 and 120minutes); and serum insulin, glucose, lipid profile, liver function and Vitamin D measurement. Dietary intake was assessed using a computer-based recall diary and physical activity by wearing of accelerometers. Data was analysed by using a variety of statistical methods including comparative, correlation and regression analysis. Results: The 60 adolescents recruited for this study had a mean gestation at birth of 31 weeks (range 26+1d to 34+4d) with birthweight of 1370g (range 840-1870g). Their mean age at study was 15.5 years and M:F ratio was 1:1.4. Analysis showed they were not significantly different from their peers at the previous cohort assessment and both of the two original RCTs were almost equally represented (‘growth’: ‘protein’ = 1:1.07). The current study showed that amongst this cohort subgroup, vitamin D status iii correlated with time of year (p=0.046) and current weight SDS (p= 0.039). Skeletal muscle oxidative function was significantly related to vitamin D status (p=0.021) and gestational age at birth (p=0.005); combined r2:0.31; p=0.002). Earlier gestational age (GA) at birth and lower serum vitamin D was associated with reduced oxidative capacity. Physical activity was not associated with oxidative capacity. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), circulating triglyceride (TG) and waist circumference were strongly associated with hepatic lipid content (all p<0.001); dietary intake was not. VAT and TG were highly significant when the model was adjusted for Tanner Stage (r2: 0.4; p=0.0002). GA and birthweight were not related to hepatic lipid deposition. Insulin sensitivity by two different measures was predicted by triglyceride levels (p<0.001), light activity (P<0.05) and vitamin D levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: Environment and early life both have an influence on adolescent physiology. The strength of association between vitamin D and muscle oxidative capacity has been observed in other conditions, but the contribution of gestation at birth in those born preterm is a novel finding. This may reflect either a variance in muscle fibre type or mitochondrial density directly related to developmental arrest or delay as a result of preterm birth. Vitamin D status also influences insulin sensitivity, as seen in other populations: Vitamin D status is an obvious target for dietary advice. Absence of an association between gestation and adiposity, and correlation between VAT and hepatic lipid deposition suggests that there are opportunities for children born preterm to improve their health in adolescence, and by implication, their future adult health.
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Grewal, Sukhraj Singh. "Educational attainment of children born with unilateral cleft lip and palate." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.738318.
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Kress, Margaret Rose. "A reanalysis of Boas's Hebrew immigrant data comparisons of foreign-born and US-born children living in early 20th century America /." CONNECT TO THIS TITLE ONLINE, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05232007-200834/.
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Clark, Selina. "The intellectual and behavioural implications for children born with severe respiratory disorders /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SPS/09spsc595.pdf.
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Long, Anna-May. "Short and long-term outcomes of children born with abdominal wall defects." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8f57a562-ca60-48b1-ba4f-356e65ee5bed.
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Background: Very occasionally, when a fetus is developing in the womb, problems occur with the normal processes controlling closure of the muscles of the abdominal wall and, as a result, some of the abdominal contents develop outside of the body. This is known as an abdominal wall defect. If the pregnancy continues to term, the newborn infant will need specialised surgical care. This situation occurs so infrequently that even a dedicated surgical centre will care for very few of these women and their babies in a year. Many centres have shared their experiences of managing these babies in the published literature but the majority of reports have included only a few infants. The focus of most previous studies has been to describe what happens to these newborn infants between birth and first discharge from hospital from a purely clinical perspective. Aim: To explore methodologies to holistically understand the short and longer-term outcomes of children born with abdominal wall defects and to use the information to improve the care of future affected infants. Methods: The quality of the published literature on short-term outcomes of children born with gastroschisis was scrutinised in a systematic review. The accompanying meta-analysis used published data as a means of identifying population outcome estimates. Two national population-based cohort studies were undertaken, exploring the short-term outcomes of children born with exomphalos and the outcomes at seven to ten years of children born with gastroschisis. The latter study included an assessment of childhood outcomes from the point of view of the children themselves, along with their parents. Further parental perspectives on experiences of care were explored in a qualitative analysis of in-depth interviews with parents of children born with exomphalos. Findings: Short-term outcomes of children born with gastroschisis have been published in a large number of small studies. Pooling the published data, where possible allowed the production of population estimates but heterogeneity between studies was marked. One in fourteen children born with gastroschisis died before their first birthday when managed in developed countries. Those who developed bowel complications in utero, had an increased risk of dying before one-year. The assessment of childhood outcomes for this latter group of children, who made up 11% of the population cohort, revealed a bleak outlook for many, of with one in three either dying or requiring complex surgery to gain allow them to be able to be fed via their gut, before their ninth birthday. Due to methodological limitations, the extent of neurological and gastrointestinal morbidity among survivors in the cohort is unclear, but the findings of both the highly selected responses from the parent report and those of the clinical study provide enough concern to suggest that alternative methodologies need to be explored to identify the extent of ongoing sequelae as children grow older. The live-born population of children with exomphalos is highly varied and a large burden of comorbidity was identified, however, two-thirds of infants were able to be have their abdominal wall defect surgically closed with a low-rate of early complications. A variety of techniques are employed by UK surgeons when the defect cannot be easily closed and evidence to guide management choice will be difficult to obtain using standard techniques due to the small number of these infants born annually in the UK. Parental experiences echoed the variability in management approach and in some cases highlighted a lack of respect for parental perspectives on management choice. Conclusion: Children born with abdominal wall defects represent a spectrum from those with severe comorbidity who will need ongoing care, to those who have a straightforward course and a relatively short stay in hospital. Methods of risk-stratifying infants for the purposes of outcome assessment have been explored. This approach is crucial to contextualising the progress of an individual infant and counselling their parents about their likely prognosis.
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Merrill, Junius K. "Women's Marital Adjustment in Relation to the Number of Children Ever Born." DigitalCommons@USU, 2003. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2440.
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Parenthood is a common experience, in the sense that it is almost universal among married couples, but it is a unique experience in the sense that there are great individual variations in its meaning and its impact upon the life of each parent.
In spite of the many variations in reactions and responses to parenthood, a stereotype reaction seems to prevail . The stereotyped conception of behavior following the conception of a child is for the wife to be filled with some inner joy which causes her to behave mysteriously for a time until she reveals the unsuspected truth to her naive husband. He, when informed of this totally unsuspected event, is expected to respond with surprise and exaggerated concern for his wife's health and well-being. Later, when the baby is born, each is expected to respond with pride, joy, pleasure, and to behave in ways indicating that the arrival of their child has indeed brought the ultimate fulfillment into their personal lives.
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Sutcliffe, Alastair Gordon. "A study of children born after novel types of in vitro fertilisation." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.406494.
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Boberg, Rebecka, and Sofia Wallström. "A study of twins born preterm : Functional lateralization, cognition, and brain volumes in twin and single-born children at early school ages." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-103869.
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Earlier research has found that preterm birth with low gestational age (GA) and low birth weight (BW) is associated with an increased risk of long-term effects such as atypical lateralization, cognitive deficits and smaller brain volume. Similar consequences have been found in twins. This study compares twins born preterm (n=22, Mean GA=32.1, Mean BW=1781) with GA and BW matched singletons (n=24) and singletons born full term (n=22) on functional laterality, cognition (WISC-IV) and brain volume (SyMRI) at early school ages (M=7.8 years). The result showed that twins had a higher prevalence of left-handedness than both singleton groups. The preterm (PT) singletons show less right ear preference on the Dichotic Listening test than full term (FT) singletons. It was found that the FT-group performed higher than both PT-groups on cognition. Smaller brain volumes were associated with lower performances on WISC-IV in the group of twins. Furthermore it was found that the PT-singletons had smaller Total Brain volume as well as smaller Grey Matter than FT-singletons. No differences were found between the twins and the PT-singletons on intra pair comparisons. Combined with the associations found between GA, BW and cognitive performance and brain volumes the results indicate that low GA and BW are greater risk factors for long-term effects on development than twin-ship per se.
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Wallström, Sofia, and Rebecka Boberg. "A study of twins born preterm : Functional lateralization, cognition, and brain volumes in twin and single-born children at early school ages." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-103913.
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Earlier research has found that preterm birth with low gestational age (GA) and low birth weight (BW) is associated with an increased risk of long-term effects such as atypical lateralization, cognitive deficits and smaller brain volume. Similar consequences have been found in twins. This study compares twins born preterm (n=22, Mean GA=32.1, Mean BW=1781) with GA and BW matched singletons (n=24) and singletons born full term (n=22) on functional laterality, cognition (WISC-IV) and brain volume (SyMRI) at early school ages (M=7.8 years). The result showed that twins had a higher prevalence of left-handedness than both singleton groups. The preterm (PT) singletons show less right ear preference on the Dichotic Listening test than full term (FT) singletons. It was found that the FT-group performed higher than both PT-groups on cognition. Smaller brain volumes were associated with lower performances on WISC-IV in the group of twins. Furthermore it was found that the PT-singletons had smaller Total Brain volume as well as smaller Grey Matter than FT-singletons. No differences were found between the twins and the PT-singletons on intra pair comparisons. Combined with the associations found between GA, BW and cognitive performance and brain volumes the results indicate that low GA and BW are greater risk factors for long-term effects on development than twin-ship per se.
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Jacobson, Lena. "Visual dysfunction and ocular signs associated with periventricular leukomalacia in children born preterm /." Stockholm, 1998. http://diss.kib.ki.se/1998/91-628-3325-1/.
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Lee, Samantha Jean. "The school readiness of children born to mothers maintained on methadone during pregnancy." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9280.
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ABSTRACT
Introduction. Research from the early 1980s indicates that there are different neurodevelopmental differences between methadone-exposed and non-exposed infants. However, the extent to which these difficulties translate to later problems in the domain areas of physical health, social-emotional adjustment, approaches to learning, language, and cognition for children born to mothers maintained on methadone during pregnancy, is largely unknown. Accordingly, this research aimed to compare school readiness outcomes between children prenatally exposed to methadone and comparison children at age 4.5 years across five key developmental domains. A secondary aim was to assess the impact of known neonatal, and socio-familial risk factors associated with this population on school readiness outcomes of methadone-exposed children at age 4.5 years.
Research Methods. Sixty seven children born to mothers maintained on methadone and 81 comparison children were followed prospectively from birth to age 4.5 years. At age 4.5 years, all children underwent a comprehensive school readiness assessment of health and physical development; social-emotional skills; approaches to learning; language; and cognition. A score < 1SD below the comparison group mean was used to classify children as unready in any one domain. Measures of socio-familial risk were collated from aspects of the maternal interview at the term assessments, based on risk indices used in the research of other at-risk populations.
Results. Methadone-exposed children performed worse than comparison children across all school readiness domains. They also had higher odds of being classed as “unready” in each school readiness domain, relative to the control group. They were also
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more likely to have multiple readiness problems (p =<.0001). The most common pattern of comorbidity identified, was among children classified as unready in terms of cognition and general knowledge. However, after controlling for confounding and selection factors, methadone-exposure was not significantly associated with school readiness at age 4.5 years. Maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal benzodiazepine use during pregnancy, and socio-familial risk were significant covariates of low school readiness at age 4.5 years, independent of group.
Discussion. By age 4.5 years, a larger proportion of methadone-exposed than control children were experiencing school readiness difficulties across five key developmental domains. Prenatal methadone exposure alone was not a sufficient explanation for these problems. Findings suggest that readiness outcomes were largely explained by a range of confounding and selection factors, including the extent of socio-familial risk, and poly-drug use during pregnancy. The results raise concerns for the later school performance of methadone-exposed children and emphasise the importance of early and targeted intervention services prior to school entry for this population.
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Williamson, Kathryn E. "Social cognition and social outcomes in children born at very low birth weight." Development and Psychopathology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23585.
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Social cognition is a broad construct that refers to the fundamental abilities to perceive, store, analyze, process, categorize, reason with, and behave towards other conspecifics (Pelphrey & Carter, 2008). Two important aspects of social cognition are the ability to perceive and interpret body movements (biological motion perception) and the ability to infer the mental states of others (theory of mind reasoning) (Allison, Puce & McCarthy, 2000). In my thesis, these and other aspects of social cognition are explored in a group known to be at high risk for poor social outcomes, namely children born prematurely at very low birth weight (VLBW: < 1500 grams). Results showed that 8-11 year old VLBW children had difficulties processing both realistic and stylized life motion displays. These impairments were associated with increased evidence of autistic-like traits. Finally, poor performance on tests requiring life motion perception was linked to complications related to premature birth. These results could inform the development of screening, diagnostic, and intervention tools.
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HAUCK, JULIE SWEENEY. "IDENTIFYING POSSIBLE SPEECH AND LANGUAGE DELAYS IN CHILDREN BORN PREMATURELY: ARE PARENTS INFORMED?" University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin997704793.
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Peletz, Rachel L. "Safe drinking water for households with young children born to HIV-positive mothers." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558375.
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Bora, Samudragupta. "Behavioural adjustment sequelae in children born very preterm: measurement issues and neonatal neurological correlates." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7166.
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Background: Children born very preterm are at an elevated risk of behavioural adjustment problems, particularly Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or inattention/hyperactivity difficulties. Importantly, these risks remain even after controlling for the effects of social risk factors correlated with very preterm birth. Behavioural outcomes in follow-up studies of children born very preterm are typically assessed using parent reports only. However, the extent to which behavioural problems are evident across multiple contexts (i.e., parent or teacher report) is not well known. Furthermore, the neonatal neuropathology underlying these behavioural difficulties in this population remains poorly understood.
Aims: Three research studies are undertaken primarily to examine: (1) the degree of agreement between parent and teacher reports of child behaviour adjustment, and the extent of situational (parent- or teacher-identified) and pervasive (parent- and teacher-identified) inattention/hyperactivity problems at ages 4, 6, and 9 years among children born very preterm and full-term; (2) to cross-validate the classification of children with situational and pervasive inattention/hyperactivity problems across the ages of 4 to 9, for a clinical diagnosis of ADHD at age 9 years; (3) to document risk of persistent ADHD symptoms between ages 4 and 9 years in children born very preterm, and to examine associations between qualitative measures of neonatal cerebral white matter injury/abnormality and quantitative volumetric measures of cerebral structural development, identified using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at term equivalent age, and children’s later risks of persistent symptoms. Persistent ADHD symptoms were defined as behavioural inattention/hyperactivity problems shown at ages 4, 6, and 9, along with meeting the criteria for an ADHD clinical diagnosis at age 9 years.
Methods: As part of a prospective longitudinal study, a regional cohort of 110 very preterm (≤ 33 weeks of gestation) and 113 full-term children born between 1998 and 2000 were studied from birth to age 9 years. At term equivalent age, all children born very preterm and 10 children born full-term underwent an MRI scan that was analysed using qualitative measures for cerebral white matter injury/abnormality, and quantitative volumetric techniques with tissue segmentation and regional parcellation for cortical and subcortical grey matter, myelinated and unmyelinated white matter, and cerebrospinal fluid. At ages 4, 6 (corrected for the extent of prematurity), and 9 years (uncorrected), children were screened for behavioural adjustment problems including inattention/hyperactivity symptoms using the parent and teacher rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). At age 9, the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) structured psychiatric interview was also completed with primary caregiver and an independent clinical diagnosis of ADHD determined by a child psychiatrist blinded to child’s perinatal history and group status.
Results: Agreement between parent and teacher reports regarding child behaviour adjustment was lower for children born very preterm than full-term (mean alternative chance-correlated coefficient, AC₁ = 0.63 vs. 0.80). Across all assessment time-points, very preterm birth was associated with on average a 2-fold increased risk of behavioural inattention/hyperactivity problems. These elevated risks largely reflected high rates of situational symptoms (very preterm = 22.3% − 31.7%; full-term = 10.9% − 16.7%). In contrast, rates of pervasive symptoms were relatively modest (very preterm = 6.8% − 11.5%; full-term = 4.7% − 7.3%). Examination of the predictive validity of inattention/hyperactivity problems identified using parent and teacher reports showed that children exhibiting situational symptoms at ages 4 and 6 were much less likely than those exhibiting pervasive symptoms, for a subsequent clinical diagnosis of ADHD at age 9 years (very preterm = 29% − 47.8% vs. 66.7% − 75%; full-term = 13.3% − 22.2% vs. 33.3% − 40%). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curves fitted to the data showed that children born very preterm exhibiting inattention/hyperactivity problems at two or three time-points (area under curve, AUC = .909) have better predictive validity for later ADHD diagnosis, compared to those exhibiting symptoms at age 4 (AUC = .794) or 6 years (AUC = .813) only. Children born very preterm were also at an elevated risk of persistent ADHD symptoms across the ages of 4 to 9 years, with the risk being 5-fold higher than their full-term peers (13.1% vs. 2.8%). Results also revealed possible associations between neonatal neuropathology and later risk of persistent ADHD symptoms. There were no significant linear associations between increasing severity of qualitative neonatal MRI measures of white matter injury/abnormality and very preterm children’s later risk of persistent ADHD symptoms. However, reduction in total cerebral tissue volumes and corresponding increase of cerebrospinal fluid (adjusted for intracranial volume) were significantly associated with increased risk of persistent symptoms in children born very preterm (p = .001). In terms of regional tissue volumes, total cerebral tissues in the dorsal prefrontal region showed the largest volumetric reductions among all the subregions in children born very preterm exhibiting persistent ADHD symptoms, with 3.2 ml (7%) and 8.2 ml (16%) lower tissue volumes than children born very preterm and full-term without persistent symptoms, respectively.
Conclusions: Reliance on a single informant to examine child behaviour outcomes at a single time-point may lead to an under- or over-estimation of later ADHD risks. Combining reports from multiple informants and repeated assessments over time may provide better clinical prognostic validity. Children born very preterm are at an increased risk of behavioural inattention/hyperactivity problems during their early school years; although risks of more severe, pervasive problems are relatively modest compared with situational problems. Behavioural adjustment difficulties recognised as early as during preschool age using standardised behaviour screening tools can be a reliable indicator for identifying children born very preterm at risk of subsequent ADHD diagnosis. Finally, study findings suggest that increased risk of ADHD symptoms in children born very preterm can at least in part be accounted for by disturbances to neonatal cerebral growth and maturation.
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Hankin, Claire Dominique. "Exposure to antiretroviral therapy in uninfected children born to HIV infected women in Europe." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444777/.
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This thesis aims to investigate possible adverse side effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposure in uninfected children born to HIV infected women, and to explore potential strategies for monitoring the health of these children. Using data from the European Collaborative Study, an ongoing multi-centre cohort study of HIV infected women and their children, the association between ART exposure and health outcomes in uninfected children was investigated. ART exposure was not associated with congenital abnormalities, or serious clinical symptoms up to 18 months of age. Children exposed to combination therapy were more likely to be premature than unexposed children. There was a marginal but significant negative effect of combination therapy exposure on weight, height and head circumference up to 18 months of age, when compared to no or monotherapy exposure. The CHART study, a consented clinic-based follow-up of uninfected children born in the UK, was conducted for three years to explore the feasibility of individualised follow-up to monitor adverse health events. The study was based on reports to obstetric and paediatric HIV surveillance, the National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood (NSHPC). Of 2104 eligible children, 33% were enrolled, 25% lost to follow-up, parents of 5% declined and the remainder could not be enrolled mainly because of resources or family circumstances. To obtain details on deaths and cancers among ART-exposed children over the long term, nearly 2200 uninfected children reported to the NSHPC were identified on the National Health Service Central Register through an anonymous matching procedure. Three deaths and no cancers were notified by the end of 2005. A survey of 140 parents and carers of ART-exposed uninfected children was conducted to seek their views on the long-term follow-up of their children. Although most respondents were supportive of the rationale for follow-up, contradictory views were expressed on how contact should be maintained.
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Jongmans, Marian Jacqueline. "Perceptuo-motor competence in prematurely born children at school age : neurological and psychological aspects." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1994. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021529/.
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This thesis focuses on perceptuo—motor competence in children born prematurely. The cohort, now 6 years of age, was highly selected and consisted of 183 children whose early cranial ultrasound appearance was well documented. In the literature review issues regarding the detection and classification of brain lesions, the outcome of follow up studies, and the description, identification and sub—grouping of children with perceptuo— motor problems are discussed. This is followed by an outline of the study undertaken and the results obtained. Overall differences in the performance on the neurological, perceptuo—motor, cognitive, behaviour and self—concept measures between the premature and reference groups are described. Prematurely born children showed more minor neurological signs and were less competent in age—appropriate perceptuo—motor tasks. Cognitive ability was generally lower in this group, but no differences with respect to the behaviour and self— concept measures were found. The relationship between early brain lesion and later perceptuo—motor competence was explored. Major haemorrhagic and/or ischaemic lesions were related to poor outcome. The prognosis of children with minor haemorrhagic and/or ischaemic lesions was more favourable although these children are clearly at an increased risk for more subtle perceptuo—motor problems as they grow up. The analyses suggested that among the group of children with perceptuo—motor problems six separate sub—groups existed. In addition to two sub—groups whose profile showed either average or below average performance across tasks, there were four sub— groups who showed specific problems with dynamic or static balance, ball skills or constructional tasks, respectively. Finally, the characteristics of children with poor constructional ability were examined in more detail. Using performance on a specially for this study designed form board task as an example, it was shown that in addition to quantitative profiles, qualitative descriptions of performance are important to gain a better understanding of subtle perceptuo—motor impairment in individual children.
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Edvardsson, Lotta, and Johanna Drejare. "Behavioural and emotional problems and physical activity in early school-age children born preterm." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-135431.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the associations and differences regarding behaviour- and emotional problems and physical activity (PA) in early school-age children born preterm in comparison to children born full term. The sample consisted of 131 children at age 6-9 (mean age 7.8, including 54 % girls). The participants were divided into four groups depending on weeks of gestational age (GA): extremely preterm (EPT; 22-27 weeks), very preterm (VPT; 28-33 weeks), moderate preterm (MPT; 34-37 weeks) and the control group born at full term (FT; 38-42 weeks). The data were received from parent’s ratings on the questionnaire Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). The result showed that children born EPT were rated as having significantly more symptoms of depression, ADHD and conduct disorders, compared to the children born VPT, MPT and FT. The children born EPT also participated more in individual sports rather than team sports and in particular for those children with high ratings on ADHD Scale and Oppositional Defiant Scale. In conclusion, children born EPT seem to have more symptoms on behavioural and emotional problems and therefore more attention is needed to define appropriate interventions for this group to prevent and treat these problems. Even though PA didn’t manifestly decrease with lower GA in this sample it’s likely that bigger differences will show when the children grow older and more investigations are needed to examine the impact of PA among children born PT.<br>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka relationer mellan beteende och emotionella problem samt fysisk aktivitet i tidig skolålder hos prematura barn i jämförelse med fullgångna barn. Urvalet bestod av 131 barn i åldern 6–9 (medelvärde 7.8, inklusive 54 % flickor). Deltagarna blev indelade i fyra grupper beroende på gestationsålder: extremt prematura (22–27 veckor), mycket prematura (28–33 veckor), måttligt prematura (34–37 veckor) och kontrollgruppen som bestod av fullgångna barn (38–42 veckor). Datamaterialet inhämtades från föräldrarnas skattningar på enkäten Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). Resultaten visade att barn som fötts extremt prematurt skattades ha signifikant mer symtom av depression, ADHD och uppförandestörning jämfört med mycket och måttligt prematura samt fullgångna barn. Barnen som fötts extremt prematurt utövade även mer individuella idrotter och mindre lagidrotter, vilket var speciellt tydligt för barn med höga skattningar på skalorna ADHD och trotssyndrom. Sammanfattningsvis har barn födda extremt prematurt mer emotionella och beteendemässiga problem jämfört barn med längre gestationsålder, och utifrån det behövs mer fokus på att utforma lämpliga interventioner för att förebygga och behandla dessa problem. Även om fysisk aktivitet inte visade sig minska med lägre gestationsålder i vårt urval är det troligt att större skillnader kommer visa sig när barnen blir äldre och vidare undersökningar krävs för att avgöra hur fysisk aktivitet kan tänkas påverka utfallen för prematura barn.
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McDonald, Sarah Hinda. "To investigate infant feeding in children born with a cleft in the west of Scotland." Connect to e-thesis, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/188/.
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Thesis (MSc(R)) - University of Glasgow, 2008.<br>MSc(R) submitted to the University of Glasgow Faculty of Medicine, Glasgow Dental School, 2008. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.