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Mochmann, Ingvill C. "Children born of war." OBETS. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, no. 2 (December 15, 2008): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/obets2008.2.04.
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This paper gives a short introduction into the rather new research field of ‘Children born of war’. These are children who are born during and after conflicts and wars were the father has been a member of an enemy, allied or peacekeeping force and the mother a local citizen. ‘Children born of war’ are often stigmatised and discriminated in their home country and their particular interest and rights are overlooked in post-conflict situations. This paper presents different categories of children born of war and some results from research projects on children from Second World War are presented. Finally, the international and juridical situation of children born of war are discussed and possible guidelines to assist mothers and children introduced.
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Brandon, Peter David. "The Living Arrangements of Children in Immigrant Families in the United States." International Migration Review 36, no. 2 (2002): 416–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2002.tb00087.x.
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Little is known about the living arrangements of first- and second-generation immigrant children. Using data from the Current Population Survey and a multivariate approach, I compared living arrangements of immigrant children to U.S.-born white children with U.S.-born parents. Findings show, except for foreign-born black and some Hispanic children, that foreign-born children lived with married parents more frequently than did U.S.-born white children with U.S.-born parents. However, by the third generation, a pattern emerged showing a decline in living with married parents among some immigrant children and a rise in living with single parents. The noticeable “downward assimilation” among some second- and third-generation immigrant children fits a theory of segmented assimilation and is concerning because single-parent families confront more social problems and sociodemographic risks.
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Guilbert, Nathalie, and Karine Marazyan. "MOTHER SINGLEHOOD AT FIRST BIRTH AND MORTALITY RISKS OF FIRST- AND LATER-BORN CHILDREN: THE CASE OF SENEGAL." Journal of Demographic Economics 84, no. 1 (2018): 41–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2018.1.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the extent to which being born to a single mother affects a child’s survival rate in Senegal, a context where girls’ premarital sexual relationships are still widely stigmatized. It also examines whether any negative effect persists up to affecting the survival rate of children of higher birth order born after the mother has married. Using data from Demographic and Health Survey, we find that the mortality rate is higher for first-born boys, but not for first-born daughters, whose mother was single at the time of their birth, and lower for second-born children whose sister, but not brother, was born out of wedlock. The latter effect is actually driven by children from older cohorts of women. Therefore, strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of the stigma associated with a premarital birth seem to exist but vary with the gender of the child born premarital in Senegal. In addition, persisting negative effects appear to have decreased over time. Potential channels through which boys born from a single mother are at a higher risk of death in the country are discussed. Overall, our findings indicate that social programs targeting single mothers, especially when they gave birth to a boy, would help avoiding dramatic events as the death of a child.
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Ayyavoo, Ahila, Tim Savage, José G. B. Derraik, Paul L. Hofman, and Wayne S. Cutfield. "First-born Children Have Reduced Insulin Sensitivity and Higher Daytime Blood Pressure Compared to Later-Born Children." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 98, no. 3 (2013): 1248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-3531.
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Han, Shu, Xiaohan Zhang, Rui Li, et al. "Effect of birth order on stereoacuity in Chinese preschool children: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (2020): e032833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032833.
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ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between birth order and stereoacuity among Chinese children aged 60–72 months.DesignCross-sectional.Participants1342 children with complete data on the questionnaire, stereoacuity and refraction were included.ResultsThe mean stereoacuity was 53.2±1.7, 56.9±1.9 and 60.9±1.5 s of arc in the first-born group, second-born group and third-born group, respectively. Lower birth order was significantly correlated with better stereoacuity (p=0.036). Third-borns (OR=3.02, p=0.027) were at higher risk of having subnormal stereoacuity compared with first-borns in the multivariate analysis.ConclusionLater-borns had poorer stereoacuity than first-borns.
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Kurazhova, A. V., and E. E. Lyakso. "Speech Interaction in Triads «Mother—Dizygotic Twins» at the Age of the Children 4—6 Years." Experimental Psychology (Russia) 13, no. 2 (2020): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/exppsy.2020130204.
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The longitudinal study of mother speech interaction with 4-6-years-old dizygotic twins (n=5 triads) was performed. The characteristics of maternal speech addressed to twins, characteristics of children’ speech development due to the order of the birth are investigated. The first-born child in pair have a higher level of speech development as compared to the second-born child by syntactic structure of sentences in dialogue, number of consonants, meanings of pitch in vowels. Correlation between characteristics of maternal speech and the level of twin’s speech development is revealed. When mothers interact with the second-born twins they stimulate them to communication more then the first-born twins.
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Oropesa, R. S., and Nancy S. Landale. "In Search of the New Second Generation: Alternative Strategies for Identifying Second Generation Children and Understanding Their Acquisition of English." Sociological Perspectives 40, no. 3 (1997): 429–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389451.
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Social scientists are devoting increasing attention to second-generation children for insights into the long-term consequences of immigration for American society. However, there is considerable disagreement over the operational criteria that should be used to determine membership in the second generation. Using the Public Use Microdata Sample of the 1990 U.S. Census, this study examines several issues. First, the implications of different operational criteria for descriptive analyses that focus on the size and composition of the second-generation child population are considered. We then assess whether different operational strategies have implications for multivariate analyses, especially those that focus on language skills. The results indicate that a key decision for most studies, except those that focus on socioeconomic composition, is how foreign-born children are classified. Foreign-born children should not be combined with native-born children on the grounds that they comprise the “de facto” second generation. Instead, researchers should make distinctions between the “decimal” generations to avoid obscuring diversity within the child population.
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Kureishi, Wataru, and Midori Wakabayashi. "Why do first-born children live together with parents?" Japan and the World Economy 22, no. 3 (2010): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japwor.2010.03.005.
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ATCHISON, C. J., C. C. TAM, and B. A. LOPMAN. "Season of birth and risk of rotavirus diarrhoea in children aged <5 years." Epidemiology and Infection 137, no. 7 (2009): 957–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268808001933.
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SUMMARYThis study investigates whether a child's risk of rotavirus diarrhoea is associated with season of birth in England and Wales, countries where rotavirus infections are highly seasonal. Poisson regression models were fitted to weekly counts of laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infections from children aged <5 years born between 1998 and 2007. In the first year of life, the risk of a laboratory-confirmed rotavirus infection was significantly higher for children born in summer compared with winter [relative risk (RR) 2·13, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·07–2·19]. In the second to fifth years of life, the pattern reversed (second year of life: RR 0·73, 95% CI 0·71–0·75). The cumulative risk up to age 5 years remained significantly higher for children born in summer compared with winter due to the increased risk for summer births during their first year of life. Maternal immunity and age-specific levels of exposure to rotavirus could explain our findings.
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Uldbjerg, Cecilie Skaarup, Jessica E. Miller, David Burgner, Lars Henning Pedersen, and Bodil Hammer Bech. "Antibiotic exposure during pregnancy and childhood asthma: a national birth cohort study investigating timing of exposure and mode of delivery." Archives of Disease in Childhood 106, no. 9 (2021): 888–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-319659.
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ObjectiveTo investigate whether antibiotic exposure during pregnancy was associated with childhood asthma and if this relationship was conditional on timing of exposure and mode of delivery.DesignA cohort study using multivariable logistic regression models adjusting for a priori defined confounders. Pregnant women were recruited from 1996 to 2002.SettingThe Danish National Birth Cohort.PatientsOf the 96 832 children in the cohort, 32 651 children were included in the study population.Main outcome measureParent-reported childhood asthma at 11 years.ResultsA total of 5522 (17%) children were born to mothers exposed to antibiotics during pregnancy. In adjusted analyses, children born to exposed mothers had higher odds of asthma (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.24). There was no association with antibiotic exposure in the first trimester (OR 1.02, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.26), but higher odds were observed for antibiotic exposure in the second to third trimester (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.28), compared with unexposed children. The overall association between antibiotics during pregnancy and childhood asthma was only observed in vaginally born children (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.28) but not in caesarean section born children (planned caesarean section: OR 0.95, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.37; caesarean emergency: OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.28). In exposed vaginally born children, the odds for childhood asthma requiring treatment during the preceding year were 34% higher (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.49), compared with unexposed vaginally born children.ConclusionsAntibiotic exposure in mid-to-late pregnancy is associated with higher odds of childhood asthma in vaginally born children. Mode of delivery may modify the association.
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Navarro-Patón, Rubén, Joaquín Lago-Ballesteros, Víctor Arufe-Giráldez, Alberto Sanmiguel-Rodríguez, Carlos Lago-Fuentes, and Marcos Mecías-Calvo. "Gender Differences on Motor Competence in 5-Year-Old Preschool Children Regarding Relative Age." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (2021): 3143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063143.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences on motor competence between 5-year-old boys and girls and to investigate the existence of Relative Age Effect (RAE) on their motor competence. A total of 232 preschool children were evaluated of whom 134 (57.8%) were boys and 98 (42.2%) were girls. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used to collect data. The data show a main effect on gender factor; there was a main effect in total score of manual dexterity (MD; p = 0.010), in total score of balance (Bal; p < 0.001), in total test score (TTS; p < 0.001), and in total percentile score (TPS, p < 0.001). In the semester of birth factor, there were differences in aiming and catching (A&C, p < 0.001), in Bal (p = 0.029) and in total percentile score (TPS, p = 0.010). Girls perform better in MD, Bal, TTS, and TPS than boys. Preschool children born in the first semester obtain, in general, a higher percentage and a higher percentile than their peers born in the second one. RAE is present in A&C, Bal, and TPS, with higher scores obtained by preschool children born in the first semester compared to those born in the second one.
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Janchevska, Aleksandra, Marina Krstevska-Konstantinova, Heike Pfäffle, et al. "IGF1R Gene Alterations in Children Born Small for Gestitional Age (SGA)." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 11 (2018): 2040–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.416.
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BACKGROUND: Small for gestational age (SGA)-born children are a heterogeneous group with few genetic causes reported. Genetic alterations in the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) are found in some SGA children.
 AIM: To investigate whether alterations in IGF1R gene are present in SGA born children.
 PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed 64 children born SGA who stayed short (mean -3.25 ± 0.9 SDS) within the first 4 years of age, and 36 SGA children who caught up growth (0.20 ± 1.1 SDS). PCR products of all coding IGF1R exons were screened by dHPLC followed by direct sequencing of conspicuous fragments to identify small nucleotide variants. The presence of IGF1R gene copy number alterations was determined by Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MLPA).
 RESULTS: The cohort of short SGA born children revealed a heterozygous, synonymous variant c.3453C > T in one patient and a novel heterozygous 3 bp in-frame deletion (c.3234_3236delCAT) resulting in one amino acid deletion (p.Ile1078del) in another patient. The first patient had normal serum levels of IGF1. The second patient had unusually low IGF1 serum concentrations (-1.57 SD), which contrasts previously published data where IGF1 levels rarely are found below the age-adjusted mean.
 CONCLUSIONS: IGF1R gene alterations were present in 2 of 64 short SGA children. The patients did not have any dysmorphic features or developmental delay. It is remarkable that one of them had significantly decreased serum concentrations of IGF1. Growth response to GH treatment in one of the patients was favourable, while the second one discontinued the treatment, but with catch-up growth.
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Uusitalo, Karoliina, Leena Haataja, Anna Nyman, et al. "Preterm children’s developmental coordination disorder, cognition and quality of life: a prospective cohort study." BMJ Paediatrics Open 4, no. 1 (2020): e000633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjpo-2019-000633.
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ObjectiveTo evaluate the rate of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and its correlation to cognition and self-experienced health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children born very preterm.DesignProspective follow-up study.SettingRegional population of children born very preterm in Turku University Hospital, Finland, in 2001–2006.PatientsA total of 170 children born very preterm were followed up until 11 years of age.Main outcome measuresMotor and cognitive outcomes were evaluated using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition (Movement ABC-2) and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - Fourth Edition, respectively, and HRQoL using the 17-Dimensional Illustrated Questionnaire (17D). The Touwen neurological examination was performed to exclude other neurological conditions affecting the motor outcome.ResultsEighteen children born very preterm (17 boys) (11.3%) had DCD, defined as Movement ABC-2 total test score ≤5th percentile. A positive correlation between motor and cognitive outcome (r=0.22, p=0.006) was found. Children born very preterm with DCD had lower cognitive scores than those without DCD (Full-Scale IQ mean 76.8 vs 91.6, p=0.001). Moreover, children born very preterm with DCD reported lower HRQoL than children born very preterm without motor impairment (17D mean 0.93 vs 0.96, p=0.03). However, HRQoL was higher in this group of children born very preterm compared with population-based normative test results (p<0.001).ConclusionsDCD was still common at 11 years of age in children born very preterm in 2000s. DCD associated with adverse cognitive development and lower self-experienced HRQoL. However, this group of children born very preterm reported better HRQoL in comparison with Finnish norms.
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Mehta, Neil K., Pekka Martikainen, and Agneta Cederström. "Age at Immigration, Generational Status, and Death Among Children of Immigrant Mothers: A Longitudinal Analysis of Siblings." American Journal of Epidemiology 188, no. 7 (2019): 1237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwz055.
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Abstract Studies have documented that age at immigration and generational status are important predictors of socioeconomic outcomes among children of immigrants. Whether these characteristics are related to long-term risk of death is unknown. Leveraging variation within sibships, we evaluated the association of age at immigration and generational status (i.e., first or second generation) with death among children of immigrant mothers to Sweden. Data included 272,429 individuals (126,701 sibships) aged 15 or more years from the total Swedish population followed between 1990 and 2009. Population-average and sibling fixed-effect regressions were estimated, with the latter controlling for unobserved factors shared by siblings. The foreign-born children of immigrants experienced a 17% higher risk of death than the Swedish-born children of immigrants. This excess risk was evident for external and nonexternal causes of death. In general, a graded association was not detected between age at immigration and death among the foreign-born individuals; however, those arriving during primary school ages appeared especially vulnerable. This study provides robust evidence that among children of immigrants, being foreign born was associated with a long-term death penalty compared with being born in the host country.
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Kapor-Stanulovic, Nila, and Jelica Petrovic. "To live as a single child: An advantage or disadvantage?" Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 121 (2006): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn0621127k.
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A large number of couples who end up their reproductive career with only one child presents a serious problem for demographic trends of a region in which they reside. A question rarely posed is what kind of consequences that phenomenon has for a family climate and family dynamics of those families. An even more important question is what kind of consequences the same phenomenon has for personality development of a child who grows up as a single child. What kind of characteristics and what personality traits are more likely to develop in a child that grows without his/her siblings? The results of our research show that single children get better results on the tasks that require recognition of one?s own emotional states and motives of one?s own behavior than first born and second born children. However, single children score less favorably than first or second born on the tasks that require forecasting other people?s behavior. The explanation for this may be that single children are self-centered due to the lack of interaction with siblings. Other possible explanation may be a specific parenting style that a single child receives from his/her parents. This parenting style is uniquely different from parenting style that a second or third born child receives due to the unique situation created by the fact that he/she is a single child.
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Bulatova, Elena M., Alexandr M. Shabalov, Natalia M. Bogdanova, Alexandr I. Shilov, Emma G. Oganesiyan, and Nadezhda S. Kuritsyna. "Features of species composition of intestinal bifidobacterium and microbial metabolism profile in children of the first half of life depending on the way of delivery." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 9, no. 1 (2018): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped9111-16.
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Changes of intestinal microbiome in first year of life, related with cesarean section, are the most unfavorable and have long-term negative immunological and metabolic effects. The aim of the study. Evaluate the species composition of Bifidobacterium, range of Short-chain Fatty Acids (SCFA) in feces in children, who were born by natural way or with cesarean section, for clarification their diagnostic value in the process of formation of microbiocenosis in children. Materials and methods. Exa mined 60 children in the age of 4-6 months. 48 children were born in natural way and 12 were born by cesarean section. All of them were full-term and were on breastfeeding. Functional disorders of digestion were noted in 49 children (81,7%). Researchs that were conducted: microbiological examination of feces, typing of Bifidobacterium (PCR), definition of SCFA (C2 – acetic acid, C3 – propionic acid, C4 – butyric acid, C5 – valeric acid, C6 – caproic acid) content in feces. Results. III-grade dysbiotic changes in intestines were found significantly less in natural-way born (NW) children in comparison with cesarean section (CS) born children (14,58 и 33,33%; p < 0,05). In natural-way born children, infant strains of Bifidobacterium were not detected just in 12.5% but after cesarean section in 25% (p < 0,05). One infant strain of Bifidobacterium was in 41,67% of NW born children and in 25% CS born children (p > 0,05). Established, that content of acetic acid was significantly higher in NW born children (1,59 ± 0,75 и 1,04 ± 0,56; p < 0,05). Conclusion. In CS born children, impoverishment of the intestines by infantile species of Bifidobacterium, lower content of acetic acid, were detected significantly more often. It shows decrease of activity and amount of obligatory anaerobic bacteria (Bifidum-, Lacto-) in intestines, increased activity of opportunistic flora. That can be used in practical healthcare with diagnostic purpose.
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Navarro-Patón, Rubén, Silvia Pueyo Villa, Juan Luis Martín-Ayala, Mariacarla Martí González, and Marcos Mecías-Calvo. "Is Quarter of Birth a Risk Factor for Developmental Coordinator Disorder in Preschool Children?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 11 (2021): 5514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115514.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the probability that preschool children have severe motor difficulties or are at risk of motor difficulties, according to quarter of birth and gender. Five hundred and eighty-eight preschool-age children were evaluated, of which 318 (54.08%) were boys and 270 (45.92%) were girls, with a mean age of 4.66 years (SD = 0.53). The Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2) was used to collect the data. The results obtained were the following: Regarding students with severe motor difficulties: 6.7% born in quarter 1 (Q1); 13.3% born in the second quarter (Q2); 20.0% born in the third quarter (Q3); and 60.0% born in the fourth quarter (Q4). The probabilities found (OR) were: Q1 vs. Q2 (OR = 3.15; p < 0.05); Q1 vs. Q3 (OR = 4.68; p < 0.005); Q1 vs. Q4 (OR = 12.40; p < 0.001); Q2 vs. Q4 (OR = 4.04; p < 0.001); and Q3 vs. Q4 (OR = 2.65; p < 0.005). The adjusted ORs, with respect to the probabilities of having severe motor difficulties, were the following: Being born in Q4 is 13.03 times more likely than being born in Q1 (p < 0.001); those born in Q3 are 4.85 times more likely than those born in Q1 (p < 0.05); and those born in Q2 4.14 times more than those born in Q1 (p < 0.05). The conclusion is that children born in Q4 are more likely to be classified as children with severe difficulties compared to children born in the other quarters of the same year.
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Obućina, Ognjen, and Jan Saarela. "Intergenerational transmission of ethnic identity in mixed native couples in Finland." Acta Sociologica 63, no. 1 (2019): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001699319847507.
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The aim of this study is to analyse the factors determining the ethnic affiliation of children born to interethnic native couples in Finland, using data from couples with one Finnish-speaking and one Swedish-speaking partner, between 1988 and 2014. In addition to individual characteristics of each partner and contextual factors, we also consider the role of couple characteristics. We look at the affiliation of the first child, as well as the combined affiliation of the first two children, in order to analyse how often children from the same parents are affiliated to different ethnicities. Around 60% of first- and second-born children of interethnic couples born between 1988 and 2014 were affiliated to the Swedish-speaking minority. The affiliation of the second child seldom differs from that of the first. Children of mixed couples with a Swedish mother are more likely to be affiliated to the Swedish-speaking community. Boys are more likely than girls to be affiliated to the father’s community, and vice versa. In line with our expectations based on ethnic awareness, preference for cultural plurality and parental aspirations, the multivariate analysis shows a strong positive association between parental education level and the likelihood of the first child being Swedish speaking. The analysis also indicates that bargaining is not an important strategy when choosing a child’s ethnic identity.
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Laufer-Ukeles, Pamela. "The Lost Children: When the Right to Children Conflicts with the Rights of Children." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 8, no. 2 (2014): 219–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/lehr-2014-0008.
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Abstract In this essay, I consider the tension between the drive toward the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) and the state’s failure to protect interests of children born of ART. I ask the question whether ART should be regulated for the sake of future children’s interests. Taking a narrow view of rights, this essay argues that despite the considerable obstacles posed by Derek Parfit’s non-identity problem and the ambiguity surrounding how to optimize and identify what is “best” for children under the “best interests” standard, there are still basic civil rights of children born of ART that must be ensured in ART regulation. Therefore, regulation of ART for the sake of children is justifiable and necessary but in a limited manner. To demonstrate how conflict can arise between the use of ART and the basic rights of children born of ART I first turn to the example of Israel where the use of ART can affect the resulting child’s personal status, which can affect a person’s ability to marry. This tension is particularly stark in Israel, where procreative support from the state is extreme, and relatively easy fixes could relieve much of the problem. But, the same tension plays out in other nations in which the use of ART leads to the creation of children whose basic needs are not sufficiently addressed. In particular, I discuss the lack of access to health information from gamete donors in the U.S. and the failure to provide citizenship and legal parenthood to children born of international surrogates in a number of other countries. I argue that while procreation is a valid goal it cannot come at the cost of the social and basic civil rights of children. State policy and laws must ensure that children born of ART will be full citizens upon their birth. In sum, regulating ART can be justified for the sake of future children but I suggest that such regulation be drawn narrowly and only to ensure children’s basic civil rights.
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McCann, Stewart J. H. "Birth Order of past Presidents and Schlesinger's History Cycles: Support for Stewart's Leadership Theory." Psychological Reports 88, no. 2 (2001): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.2.375.
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Stewart's hypothesis (1992) that adults who were only-children and first-born children are most suited to lead communities in more turbulent times while adults who were later-born children are most suited to lead in more tranquil times was tested by relating the male birth order of elected presidents to Schlesinger's 1986 public purpose and private interest periods. Consistent with Stewart's hypothesis, candidates who were only-children and first-born children tended to win during public purpose phases, which are characterized by the turbulence of greater political commitment, idealism, and broad social change.
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Baudoin, P., I. E. Van Der Horst-Bruinsma, A. J. Dekker-Saeys, S. Weinreich, P. D. Bezemer, and B. A. C. Dijkmans. "Increased risk of developing ankylosing spondylitis among first-born children." Arthritis & Rheumatism 43, no. 12 (2000): 2818–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(200012)43:12<2818::aid-anr23>3.0.co;2-f.
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Norrman, Emma, Max Petzold, Christina Bergh, and Ulla-Britt Wennerholm. "School performance in children born after ICSI." Human Reproduction 35, no. 2 (2020): 340–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez281.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Do children conceived after ICSI have similar school performance as children born after IVF? SUMMARY ANSWER Children born after ICSI have similar school performance compared to children born after IVF. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Studies concerning the cognitive skills of children born after ICSI have shown diverging results. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION This nationwide, register-based cohort study included all singleton children born after ICSI (n = 6953), IVF (n = 11 713) or spontaneous conception (SC) (n = 2 022 995), in Sweden between 1985 and 2006. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Singleton children born after ICSI were identified in national IVF registers, cross-linked with the Medical Birth Register (MBR), the National Patient Register (NPR) and the Swedish Cause of Death Register (CDR) for characteristics and medical outcomes. Data on school performance, parental education and other parental characteristics were obtained through cross-linking to the National School Registry and to Statistics Sweden. The main control group, which consisted of children born after IVF, was identified in the national IVF registries while the second control group, consisting of children born after SC, was identified from the MBR. Simple and multivariable linear regression was used for analysis of continuous variables, and logistic regression was used for the analysis of binary outcomes. Adjustments were made for sex, year of birth, maternal smoking during pregnancy, parental age, parity, parental region of birth, parental level of education and frozen embryo transfer. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In the adjusted analyses, there was no significant difference between ICSI and IVF children for total score (adjusted odds ratios (AORs) 1.03; 95% CI −0.22 to 2.28; P = 0.11), specific subjects, qualifying for secondary school (AOR 1.02; 95% CI 0.82–1.26; P = 0.87) or poor school performance (AOR 0.92; 95% CI 0.75−1.14; P = 0.47). In the third grade, children born after ICSI had a significantly lower chance of passing all of the subtests in Mathematics (AOR 0.89; 0.83–0.96; P = 0.002) and Swedish (AOR 0.92; 0.85–0.99; P = 0.02) compared to children born after SC. When cross-linking children with missing data on school performances (2.1% for ICSI, 2.0% for IVF and 2.3% for SC) with the Cerebral Palsy Follow-up Register (CPUP) for cerebral palsy, 2.7% of ICSI children, 5.7% of IVF children and 1.7% of SC children without registered education were found. When cross-linking children with missing data on school performances with the NPR for mental retardation, 29.9% of ICSI children, 32.6% of IVF children and 35.0% of SC children with missing data were registered under such a diagnosis. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The main limitation was that test scores were missing in a small percentage in both ICSI and IVF children. Although we were able to cross-link this subpopulation with the CPUP and the NPR, these diagnoses only partly explained the missing scores. Other limitations were unmeasured and unknown possible confounders, such as information about infertility diagnoses and indication for ICSI, were not available. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings are important to most countries where IVF and ICSI are used since there may be differences in choice of procedure. In recent years, there has been an increasing trend towards using ICSI not only for treatment of male infertility but also when the sperm quality is normal. Our results indicate that the school performance of children born after ICSI is reassuring. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) Financial support was received through Sahlgrenska University Hospital (ALFGBG – 70 940), Hjalmar Svensson Research Foundation and Nordforsk, project number 71 450. None of the authors declare any conflict of interest. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A
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Jensen, Leif, and Yoshimi Chitose. "Today's Second Generation: Evidence from the 1990 U.S. Census." International Migration Review 28, no. 4 (1994): 714–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800405.
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The prospects for today's second generation will be considerably shaped by their current social, economic and demographic status. This article provides a statistical portrait of children of immigrants by analyzing data from the 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing. With the second generation defined as children under age 18 with at least one foreign-born parent, the study describes place of residence; household demographic, social and economic circumstances; household head's socioeconomic status; and characteristics of children themselves. Data on second-generation children are broken down by year of immigration of parents and child's nativity. Data for children with native-born parents are provided for comparison.
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Permatasari, Dewi Fitria, and Sri Sumarmi. "Differences of Born Body Length, History of Infectious Diseases, and Development between Stunting and Non-Stunting Toddlers." Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi 6, no. 2 (2018): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v6i22018.182-191.
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ABSTRACTBackground: Stunting reflects the largely result of inadequate nutrition and attacks recurring infections in the first 1.000 days of life, that cause in develepmental obstacles. Purpose: This study was to analyze the differences born body length, history of infectious diseases, development between stunting, and non stunting children age 24-36 months. Methods: The type of this research was observational analytic with case control study. The sample size was 68 toddlers consist of 34 stunting childrens as case group and 34 non stunting children as control group in the catchment area of Jagir Public Helath Center in Surabaya. Sampling technique using simple random sampling. The observed variabls were born body length, history of infectious diseases, and child development. The data were collected using microtoise, questionnaire, and Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) sheets. Data were analyzed using chi square test. Results: This research showed significancy between stunting and non stunting children with difference of born body length (p = 0,01), history of infectious diseases (p = 0,01), and toddlers’ development (p = 0,01). Conclusion: There were difference variables of born body length, history of infectious diseases, and development between stunting and non stunting children age 24-36 months.
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Padilla, Nelly, Victor M. Saenger, Tim J. van Hartevelt, et al. "Breakdown of Whole-brain Dynamics in Preterm-born Children." Cerebral Cortex 30, no. 3 (2019): 1159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz156.
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Abstract The brain operates at a critical point that is balanced between order and disorder. Even during rest, unstable periods of random behavior are interspersed with stable periods of balanced activity patterns that support optimal information processing. Being born preterm may cause deviations from this normal pattern of development. We compared 33 extremely preterm (EPT) children born at &lt; 27 weeks of gestation and 28 full-term controls. Two approaches were adopted in both groups, when they were 10 years of age, using structural and functional brain magnetic resonance imaging data. The first was using a novel intrinsic ignition analysis to study the ability of the areas of the brain to propagate neural activity. The second was a whole-brain Hopf model, to define the level of stability, desynchronization, or criticality of the brain. EPT-born children exhibited fewer intrinsic ignition events than controls; nodes were related to less sophisticated aspects of cognitive control, and there was a different hierarchy pattern in the propagation of information and suboptimal synchronicity and criticality. The largest differences were found in brain nodes belonging to the rich-club architecture. These results provide important insights into the neural substrates underlying brain reorganization and neurodevelopmental impairments related to prematurity.
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Kuzmichev, K. A. "CHARACTERISTICS OF MORBIDITY OF CHILDREN BORN USING ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES." NAUKA MOLODYKH (Eruditio Juvenium) 8, no. 4 (2020): 629–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.23888/hmj202084629-634.
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Infertility is an important medical and social problem. Increasing numbers of infertile couples lead to an increase in the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART), which is reflected in the increasing number of children born using these methods. Literature provides information on the specific features of neonatal and early postnatal diseases in such children, showing significantly lower health parameters compared to children born in result of spontaneous pregnancy. The issue of the long-term health status of children born after ART is still controversial. The first major meta-analyses have appeared quite recently permitting to reliably assess the morbidity of children born after ART. This review presents evidence that summarizes the current data on the morbidity of children born after ART. It shows the absence of a reliable difference in the level of occurrence of neoplastic processes, development of metabolic and psychiatric diseases. There is an increased risk of vascular-endothelial dysfunction, arterial hypertension, cardiovascular diseases. Contradictory data were obtained on the impact of ART methods on reproductive function: a decrease in ejaculate quality was observed in boys born after intracytoplasmic sperm injection. The presented data make it possible to form an idea on this issue, however, within the general morbidity framework. Nosological characteristics and the determination of incidence of certain diseases still remain a relevant task and require special large-scale prospective studies and observation of children born after ART throughout their lives to establish more accurate correlations.
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Pavlyukova, E. N., M. V. Kolosova, G. A. Neklyudova, and R. S. Karpov. "Influence of feeding on the left ventricular mechanics in children born with low and extremely low body weight." Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine 35, no. 3 (2020): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.29001/2073-8552-2020-35-3-67-78.
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The aim of the study was to evaluate the types of left ventricular (LV) rotation depending on the nature of feeding during the first year of life in oneto five-year-old children born with very low and extremely low body weight.Material and Methods. The study included 88 children aged one to five years, born deeply premature with very low and extremely low body weight. The comparison group consisted of 46 healthy children of the same age, born full-term. TheLV mechanics was studied based on the assessment ofLV rotation at the levels of the mitral valve, papillary muscles, and apex andLV twist using two-dimensional echocardiography and two-dimensional speckle-tracking strain imaging.Results. Differences between the types ofLV twist and the nature of feeding during the first year of life in oneto five-year-old children born with very low and extremely low body weight were identified. In children with natural feeding, the first (“adult”) type ofLV twist was registered in 75% of cases; the fourth type ofLV twist was detected in 12.5% of cases. In children with bottle-feeding during the first year of life, the “adult” type ofLV twist was registered in 34.38% of cases; fourth type ofLV twist was detected in 40.63% of children born deeply premature. In children with mixed feeding during the first year of life, the ratio ofLV twist types was as follows: 40.63% of patients had the first “adult” type; “child” types were present in 18.75% and 18.75% of children, respectively; fourth type of twist was detected in 21.88%.
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Medeiros, Andrea Monteiro Correia, Graysianne Alves de Jesus, Leylane Fonseca Almeida, and Oscar Felipe Falcao Raposo. "Integrated sensory motor system in prematurely born children." CoDAS 25, no. 5 (2013): 444–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2317-17822013000500008.
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PURPOSE: To investigate about an integrated sensory motor system existence in premature newborns, submitted to gustatory stimulation. METHODS: Analytical and experimental study of contents, double-blind. Being participants 90 premature newborns, divided into two groups (water or sucrose analysis 12%). Recorded by 15 minutes (first and last moments, without stimulation; and second time with gustatory stimulation). Three independent judges analyzed the behaviors in the right hand and left hand in the mouth and suction in the left and right and hand during the various behavioral states, those being inserted in the database of Statistical Package for Social Science, being then considered that the events observed by at least two of them. It was made use of Spearman' s rank correlation test on a significance level by p<0.05. RESULTS: Considering the groups both separately and together, right and left had initially moderate correlation, being right hand in the mouth remained strong at the end and left hand in the mouth finished on moderate and strong correlation, according to each behavioral state. Right hand suction in its total and sucrose showed a strong correlation initially in drowsy state, becoming moderate at the end. In alertness state there was initially a weak correlation in both stimuli ending in moderate correlation in sucrose and strong in water. Left hand suction presented initially moderate correlation on the alert state, ending in weak correlation in sucrose stimuli, which did not occur in the water that started and finished strong. CONCLUSION: The oral stimulation influenced the hand-mouth coordination, showing early motor sensory integration. However, there was no discrimination about the gustatory capacity on the newborns.
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Jaquet, D., J. Leger, M. D. Tabone, P. Czernichow, and C. Levy-Marchal. "High Serum Leptin Concentrations during Catch-Up Growth of Children Born with Intrauterine Growth Retardation1." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 84, no. 6 (1999): 1949–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem.84.6.5744.
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The aim of the study was to investigate how leptin could be involved in catch-up growth of children born with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). The study population was made up of 70 newborns with IUGR longitudinally studied during the first 2 yr of life and 35 newborns and 32, 66, and 61 children with normal birth weight aged 3 days, 12 months, and 24 months, respectively. Postnatal patterns of body mass index (BMI) were similar in the 2 groups, but BMI remained significantly lower in IUGR over the study period. In contrast, children born with IUGR aged 1 yr had significantly higher serum leptin levels than normal children (P &lt; 0.0001) independently of BMI. The correlation observed between BMI and serum leptin at birth in both groups and in the control group thereafter disappeared in children born with IUGR. Similarly, sexual dimorphism observed in normal children over the study period was not observed in the IUGR group during the first 2 yr of life. In summary, serum leptin is effective and regulated during the first years of life as it is in older children. Children born with IUGR demonstrate high serum leptin values during the first year of life, with a loss of the regulatory effect of BMI and gender. We suggest that these children develop an adaptative leptin resistance beneficial for their catch-up growth. An alternative hypothesis is that these observations could reflect an adipocyte dysfunction, a consequence of the special time course of adipose tissue development in children born with IUGR.
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Franchi-Pinto, Carla, Glória Maria Duccini Dal Colletto, Henrique Krieger, and Bernardo Beiguelman. "Genetic effect on apgar score." Genetics and Molecular Biology 22, no. 1 (1999): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47571999000100003.
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Intraclass correlation coefficients for one- and five-min Apgar scores of 604 twin pairs born at a southeastern Brazilian hospital were calculated, after adjusting these scores for gestational age and sex. The data support a genetic hypothesis only for 1-min Apgar score, probably because it is less affected by the environment than 4 min later, after the newborns have been under the care of a neonatology team. First-born twins exhibited, on average, better clinical conditions than second-born twins. The former showed a significantly lower proportion of Apgar scores under seven than second-born twins, both at 1 min (17.5% vs. 29.8%) and at 5 min (7.2% vs. 11.9%). The proportion of children born with "good" Apgar scores was significantly smaller among twins than among 1,522 singletons born at the same hospital. Among the latter, 1- and 5-min Apgar scores under seven were exhibited by 9.2% and 3.4% newborns, respectively.
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Paradis, Johanne, and Anna Kirova. "English second-language learners in preschool." International Journal of Behavioral Development 38, no. 4 (2014): 342–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025414530630.
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The objectives of this study were twofold: (1) Determine the English proficiency of English second-language learners (ELLs) at the end of preschool as referenced to monolingual norms, and in particular, to determine if they showed an asynchronous profile, that is, approached monolingual norms more closely for some linguistic sub-skills than others; (2) Investigate the role of home language environment in predicting individual differences in children’s English proficiency. Twenty-one ELL children (mean age = 58 months) from low socio-economic status (SES) backgrounds with diverse first-language backgrounds participated in the study. Children’s English proficiency was measured using a standardized story-telling instrument that yielded separate scores for their narrative, grammatical and vocabulary skills. A parent questionnaire was used to gather information about children’s home language environments. The ELL children displayed an asynchronous profile in their English development, as their standard scores varied in terms of proximity to monolingual norms; narrative story grammar was close to the standard mean, but mean length of utterance was below 1 standard deviation from the standard mean. No differences were found between the story-telling scores of the Canadian-born and foreign-born children, even though Canadian-born children were exposed to more English at home. Implications of the findings for clinicians and educators working with young ELLs are discussed.
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Kopiczko, Andrzej. "Feliks Nowowiejski’s Genealogy based on parish registers in the Archives of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsztyn." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 293, no. 3 (2021): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-135037.
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In earlier work devoted to Feliks Nowowiejski, detailed information concerning his family is lacking. It was only thanks to a query in the Archives of the Archdiocese of Warmia in Olsztyn that many new facts about the ancestors of this outstanding composer were established, as well as a complete list of his brothers and sisters. It turns out that Feliks Nowowiejski's father Franciszek Nowowieski (whose name was recorded in the books), married first Monika from Ratzki, with whom he had seven children. The last one was born dead, and two days later the mother also died due to cholera (16.09.1866). The second marriage was concluded on 18 February 1868 with Catherine from Falk. In this relationship, eleven children were born, including Feliks - on February 7, 1877. When the first child was born, Felik's father (Francis Nowowieski) was 25 years old, and when the last child was born, 64 years old. The age difference between the first and last child in the Nowowieski family was 39 years, and by the time of the second marriage only the birth of the first child and the last twenty-six years had passed. At least five siblings from the second marriage were musically talented and pursued their vocation in life in this field. Besides Feliks, they were Maria, Rudolf, Leon and Edward. Feliks was in fact the most celebrated out of all of them and his 140th birthday is celebrated in 2017.
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Arsyad, Syahmida Syahbuddin, and Septi Nurhayati. "DETERMINAN FERTILITAS DI INDONESIA." Jurnal Kependudukan Indonesia 11, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jki.v11i1.65.
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Fertility experiences stagnation during the last 10 years (2.6 children) and it did not reach the target of national medium-term development plan 2015 for 2.1 children. Meanwhile, the use of contraception increased less than one percent, and mortality rate of children under five years old only slightly declined. This might be because Population and Family Planning Program is not a priority. This paper aims to analyze direct and/or indirect factors that significantly cotribute to children born alive based on IDHS 2012. The IDHS 2012 data collect 45.607 women aged 15-49 years as sample units. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics for univariate, bivariate (chi-square), and multivariate (multiple linear regression). Twenty-four variables have a significant relationship to the children born alive, eleven of the variables have strong effect to the children born alive. By taking into account control variables, the eleven variables contribute 66 per cent to children born alive. Child mortality is the most dominant variable that contributes to a children born alive This is in line with the theory of Alberto that said child mortality trigger to have more children. The results also explain that stagnation of fertility can not be separated from slow rate of mortality. Recommendations that developed by this analysis include the strengthening of communication, education, information, especially delayed age at first marriage, age at first birth and age at first sexual intercourse for young women, the lowest wealth quintile, low education through The Information Center of Adolescent Reproductive Health Councelling; b). Partnership with the Ministry of Health, especially strengthening education and information communication and quality of services mother and child care program concerning the high contribution of child mortality to the children ever born.
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Krausz, Bernadett. "A házasságon kívül született gyermek jogállása különös tekintettel a tartásdíj kiszabásának bírói gyakorlatára 1945 és 1950 között Magyarországon." DÍKÉ 5, no. 1 (2021): 136–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15170/dike.2021.05.01.09.
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There was a legal differentiation between children born in and out of wedlock in 1945. The Hungarian State recognised that this differentiation was outdated, thus the Act XXIX of 1946 on the legal status of children born out of wedlock came into force on June 7, 1947. The aims of the Act were that it should cease the differentiation between children born in and out of wedlock and their legal status shall be equal to legitimate children, and the children born out of wedlock (illegitimate children) shall be related to their fathers and their fathers’ kin. It was the first comprehensive regulation regarding child support that came into effect. The study presents the regulations of child support between 1945 and 1950 in Hungary and discloses the court practice regarding child support of the District Court of Zalaegerszeg in the designated period.
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Ivanov, Dmitry O., Lyudmila V. Kozlova, and Vitaly V. Derevtsov. "Neuropsychiatric development of children in the first 6 months of life born with fetus growth delay." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 8, no. 1 (2017): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped8140-49.
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Features of the neurological status and neuropsychiatric development (NPD) in children at the age of 6 month of life born with fetus growth delay (G 1) in comparison with children born without fetus growth delay (G 2) are revealed in the article. Attention group was composed of 13 (22.41%) of children G 1. NPD delay was reported in 15.69% of children in G 1 and in 20.51% of children in G 2 at the age of 3 month of life. Thus, 13.73% of G 1 children (17.59% of G 2 children) were included in the attention group while 1.96% of G 1 children (2.56% of G 2 children) composed the control group. By the end of the first six months of life proper NPD was observed in the same percentage of cases (33.33% in G 1). Lower harmonious development dominated in all cases, but non-harmonious NRD was observed in children of G 2 born with fetus growth delay. Attention group was composed of 58.82% of G 1 children, risk group – of 5.88% and dispensary group – of 1.96%. Changes in the following lines of development were registered: general movement, active speech, skills and social behavior.
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Polit, Denise F., and Toni Falbo. "The Intellectual Achievement of Only Children." Journal of Biosocial Science 20, no. 3 (1988): 275–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000006611.
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SummaryA quantitative review of the literature on the intellectual achievement of only children indicated that only children were never at a disadvantage in relation to any comparison group; nor were they significantly different from first-born children or children from two-child families. Moreover, only children were at a significant advantage in comparison with later-born children and those from large families. The consistency of these findings across subgroups suggests that interpersonal mechanisms are largely responsible. The strong only-child advantage on tests of verbal ability, together with the overall pattern of findings, implicates parent–child interactions as responsible for the family size and birth order variations in intellectual achievement.
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Brandt, Patricia, Diane Magyary, Mary Hammond, and Kathryn Barnard. "Learning and Behavioral—Emotional Problems of Children Born Preterm at Second Grade." Journal of Pediatric Psychology 17, no. 3 (1992): 291–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/17.3.291.
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Ovaskainen, Katja, Riitta Ojala, Mika Gissler, Tiina Luukkaala, and Outi Tammela. "Is birth out-of-hospital associated with mortality and morbidity by seven years of age?" PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0250163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250163.
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Background and aims Compared to in-hospital births, the long-term outcome of children born out-of-hospital, planned or unplanned, is poorly studied. This study aimed to examine mortality and morbidity by seven years of age in children born out-of-hospital compared to those born in-hospital. Methods This study was registered retrospectively and included 790 136 children born in Finland between 1996 and 2013. The study population was divided into three groups according to birth site: in-hospital (n = 788 622), planned out-of-hospital (n = 176), and unplanned out-of-hospital (n = 1338). Data regarding deaths, hospital visits, reimbursement of medical expenses, and disability allowances was collected up to seven years of age or by the year-end of 2018. The association between birth site and childhood morbidity was determined using multivariable-adjusted Cox hazard regression analysis. Results No deaths were reported during the first seven years after birth in the children born out-of-hospital. The percentage of children with hospital visits due to infection by seven years of age was lower in those born planned out-of-hospital and in the combined planned out-of-hospital and unplanned out-of-hospital group compared to those born in-hospital. Furthermore, the percentage of children with hospital visits and who received disability allowances due to neurological or mental disorders was higher among those born unplanned out-of-hospital and out-of-hospital in total when compared to those born in-hospital. In the multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, the hazard ratio for hospital visits due to asthma and/or allergic diseases (HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.72–0.98) was lower in children born out-of-hospital when compared to those born in-hospital. A similar decreased risk was found due to infections (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.68–0.84). However, the risk for neurological or mental health disorders was similar between the children born in-hospital and out-of-hospital. Conclusions Morbidity related to asthma or allergic diseases and infections by seven years of age appeared to be lower in children born out-of-hospital. Birth out-of-hospital seemed to not be associated with increased risk for neurological morbidity nor early childhood mortality. Our study groups were small and heterogeneous and because of this the results need to be interpreted with caution.
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Mayr, Robert, and Aysha Siddika. "Inter-generational transmission in a minority language setting: Stop consonant production by Bangladeshi heritage children and adults." International Journal of Bilingualism 22, no. 3 (2016): 255–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916672590.
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Aims and objectives: The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of speech development across successive generations of heritage language users, examining how cross-linguistic, developmental and socio-cultural factors affect stop consonant production. Design: To this end, we recorded Sylheti and English stop productions of two sets of Bangladeshi heritage families: (1) first-generation adult migrants from Bangladesh and their (second-generation) UK-born children, and (2) second-generation UK-born adult heritage language users and their (third-generation) UK-born children. Data and analysis: The data were analysed auditorily, using whole-word transcription, and acoustically, examining voice onset time. Comparisons were then made in both languages across the four groups of participants, and cross-linguistically. Findings: The results revealed non-native productions of English stops by the first-generation migrants but largely target-like patterns by the remaining sets of participants. The Sylheti stops exhibited incremental changes across successive generations of speakers, with the third-generation children’s productions showing the greatest influence from English. Originality: This is one of few studies to examine both the host and heritage language in an ethnic minority setting, and the first to demonstrate substantial differences in heritage language accent between age-matched second- and third-generation children. The study shows that current theories of bilingual speech learning do not go far enough in explaining how speech develops in heritage language settings. Implications: These findings have important implications for the maintenance, transmission and long-term survival of heritage languages, and show that investigations need to go beyond second-generation speakers, in particular in communities that do not see a steady influx of new migrants.
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Hromadnikova, Ilona, Katerina Kotlabova, Ladislav Krofta, and Jan Sirc. "Postnatal Expression Profile of MicroRNAs Associated with Cardiovascular Diseases in 3- to 11-Year-Old Preterm-Born Children." Biomedicines 9, no. 7 (2021): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9070727.
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(1) Background: Preterm-born children have an increased cardiovascular risk with the first clinical manifestation during childhood and/or adolescence. (2) Methods: The occurrence of overweight/obesity, prehypertension/hypertension, valve problems or heart defects, and postnatal microRNA expression profiles were examined in preterm-born children at the age of 3 to 11 years descending from preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM) and spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) pregnancies. The whole peripheral blood gene expression of 29 selected microRNAs associated with cardiovascular diseases was the subject of our interest. (3) Results: Nearly one-third of preterm-born children (32.43%) had valve problems and/or heart defects. The occurrence of systolic and diastolic prehypertension/hypertension was also inconsiderable in a group of preterm-born children (27.03% and 18.92%). The vast majority of children descending from either PPROM (85.45%) or PTB pregnancies (85.71%) had also significantly altered microRNA expression profiles at 90.0% specificity. (4) Conclusions: Postnatal microRNA expression profiles were significantly influenced by antenatal and early postnatal factors (gestational age at delivery, birth weight of newborns, and condition of newborns at the moment of birth). These findings may contribute to the explanation of increased cardiovascular risk in preterm-born children. These findings strongly support the belief that preterm-born children should be dispensarized for a long time to have access to specialized medical care.
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Boguszewski, Margaret C. S., Hanna Karlsson, Hartmut A. Wollmann, Patrick Wilton, and Jovanna Dahlgren. "Growth Hormone Treatment in Short Children Born Prematurely—Data from KIGS." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 96, no. 6 (2011): 1687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1829.
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Context: Children born prematurely with growth failure might benefit from GH treatment. Objectives: The aim was to evaluate the first year growth response to GH treatment in short children born prematurely and to identify predictors of the growth response. Design/Patients: A total of 3215 prepubertal children born prematurely who were on GH treatment were selected from KIGS (The Pfizer International Growth Database), a large observational database. They were classified according to gestational age as preterm (PT; 33 to no more than 37 wk) and very preterm (VPT; &lt;33 wk), and according to birth weight as appropriate for gestational age [AGA; between −2 and +2 sd score (SDS)] and small for gestational age (SGA; −2 SDS or below). Results: Four groups were identified: PT AGA (n = 1928), VPT AGA (n = 629), PT SGA (n = 519), and VPT SGA (n = 139). GH treatment was started at a median age of 7.5, 7.2, 6.7, and 6.0 yr, respectively. After the first year of GH treatment, all four groups presented a significant increase in weight gain and height velocity, with a median increase in height SDS higher than 0.6. Using multiple stepwise regression analysis, 27% of the variation in height velocity could be explained by the GH dose, GH peak during provocative test, weight and age at GH start, adjusted parental height, and birth weight SDS. The first year growth response of the children born PT and SGA could be estimated by the SGA model published previously. Conclusion: Short children born prematurely respond well to the first year of GH treatment. Long-term follow-up is needed.
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Olbertz, Dirk Manfred, Rebekka Mumm, Ursula Wittwer-Backofen, et al. "Identification of growth patterns of preterm and small-for-gestational age children from birth to 4 years – do they catch up?" Journal of Perinatal Medicine 47, no. 4 (2019): 448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2018-0239.
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Abstract Background A legitimate indication for growth hormone (GH) therapy in children born too light or short at birth [small-for-gestational age (SGA)] exists in Germany and the European Union only if special criteria are met. Methods We conducted a longitudinal, multi-centered study on full-term appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA, n=1496) and pre-term born SGA (n=173) and full-term SGA children (n=891) in Germany from 2006 to 2010. We analyzed height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and head circumference. Results Pre-term or full-term born SGA children were shorter, lighter and had a lower BMI from birth until 3 years of age than full-term AGA children. The growth velocity of the analyzed anthropometric measurements was significantly higher in pre-term and full-term SGA children exclusively in the first 2 years of life than in AGA children. The criteria for GH treatment were fulfilled by 12.1% of pre-term SGA children compared to only 1.3% of full-term SGA children. Conclusion For children that do not catch up growth within the first 2 years of life, an earlier start of GH treatment should be considered, because a catch-up growth later than 2 years of life does not exist. Pre-term SGA-born children more frequently fulfill the criteria for GH treatment than full-term SGA children.
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Konrad, Kai A., Harald Künemund, Kjell Erik Lommerud, and Julio R. Robledo. "Geography of the Family." American Economic Review 92, no. 4 (2002): 981–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/00028280260344551.
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We study the residential choice of siblings who are altruistic towards their parents. The firstborn child's location choice influences the behavior of the second-born child and can shift some of the burden of providing care for the parents from one child to the other. These strategic considerations lead to an equilibrium location pattern with firstborn children locating further away from their parents than second-born children. We also analyze the location choices empirically using German data. These data confirm our theoretical predictions.
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BERKOWITZ KING, ROSALIND. "RELATIVE INFLUENCES ON RECENT CHANGES IN THE FIRST BIRTH RATIO IN THE UNITED STATES." Journal of Biosocial Science 36, no. 1 (2004): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932004006029.
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Researchers in psychology have focused a great deal of attention on the potential greater predisposition to achievement among first-born children relative to their siblings. Focusing on the United States as an example, a time series of the first birth ratio is used to show how the changing prevalence of first births relative to higher order births has altered the composition of birth cohorts, and the ratio is decomposed into four factors. Results show that the ratio increased significantly in the 1960s and early 1970s, but changed only slightly in the following decades. While more recent birth cohorts are composed of larger proportions of first-born children, the majority of children are still born as siblings. Contrary to expectations, the primary source of change was the proportion childless rather than decreasing higher order birth rates.
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Rebelo, Miguel, João Serrano, Pedro Duarte-Mendes, Rui Paulo, and Daniel A. Marinho. "Effect of Siblings and Type of Delivery on the Development of Motor Skills in the First 48 Months of Life." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (2020): 3864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113864.
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This study aimed to verify whether the presence of siblings and the type of delivery had an influence on the motor skills development of children in the first 48 months of life. We developed a quantitative study with a sample of 405 children of both genders, divided according to the studied variables: children with siblings, children without siblings, children born via eutocic delivery, and children born via dystocic delivery. The instrument used in the study was the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales-2. Overall, the results indicated that children who had siblings had, on average, better outcomes regarding all motor skills (global and fine). Furthermore, those born via eutocic delivery, on average, had better outcomes regarding all motor skills (global and fine) when compared to children born via dystocic delivery. Thus, the presence of siblings in the family context and the type of delivery positively influenced motor development, especially after 24 months of age, showing that the presence of siblings providing cooperative activities through play and challenges improved cognitive, social, emotional, and physical development. Furthermore, a eutocic delivery, in addition to providing a better recovery from labor and the immediate affective bond between mother and child, also led to better results in terms of global and fine motor skills.
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Janchevska, Aleksandra, Zoran Gucev, Velibor Tasic, and Momir Polenakovic. "Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance and Sensitivity (HOMA-IR and IS) Index in Overweight Children Born Small for Gestational Age (SGA)." PRILOZI 39, no. 1 (2018): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prilozi-2018-0027.
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Abstract Introduction: Children born small for gestational age (SGA) have increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), hypertension and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in adulthood. Patients and Methods: In 100 children born SGA, and in second cohort having 32 obese children born in term with normal birth weight and height, anthropometric measurements and biochemical metabolic profiles were analysed. The Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance and Sensitivity (HOMA-IR and IS) were calculated. Results: Four overweight/obese children (M:F=3:1) with normal height were found among 100 SGA children. The body mass index (BMI) in all 4 children was above the 98th percentile and the mean BMI z-score was (2.04±0.30 SDS). The HOMA-IR index in all four children was increased: 1.26-2.65 (>1). Two teenagers had significant hyperinsulinemia (198.00 uIU/ml and 275 uIU/ml) and were treated with metformin. Two girls needed only a diet and increased physical activity. The mean values of HOMA-IR (1.26-2.65; N< 1) and IS (58 ±17.12) in fo-ur SGA overweight/obese children who caught-up growth had indistinguishable values with the group of 32 (M: F=21:11) obese children (HOMA-IR 1.83±1.2 SDS; IS 82.99±64.53 SDS) born in term with normal birth weight and height. Conclusions: SGA born children are usually thin; nevertheless we found overweight and obesity in 4% of the patients. Two of those children have metabolic syndrome. Excess weight, obesity and metabolic syndrome in SGA children result with increase of their inherent risk for DM2, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in adulthood.
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Alfieri, A., I. Gatti, and A. C. Alfieri. "Weight and Height Growth in Twins and Children Born in the Last Decade." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 36, no. 2 (1987): 209–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001566000004438.
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AbstractWeight and height growth has been examined in 400 twins and 229 singletons born 1975-1985. Periodical measurements have been taken from 0 to 7 years of age. As compared to values obtained in a previous study of twins and singletons born 1960-1974, though limited to the first year of age, twins appear to continue to do worse than singletons in their growth. However, height values appear to have become higher in the first year of age in both twins and singletons born 1975-1985.
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Lopez-Zafra, Esther, Noelia Rodríguez-Espartal, and Manuel Miguel Ramos-Alvarez. "Women’s and men’s role in culture of honor endorsement within families." European Journal of Women's Studies 27, no. 1 (2019): 72–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350506818824369.
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In this article, we analyze the patterns of culture of honor within Spanish families. Each member of 271 Spanish four-member families (parents and two children each, total N = 1084) completed a questionnaire containing scales for the culture of honor and for sociodemographic variables (gender, order born and age). The results show that intra-family similarities emerge. However, path analyses show that the gender and birth order of the child are relevant in predicting this similarity. In particular, the first-born child converges with their mother to a higher extent than the father regardless of their gender. However, for the second-born child both parents instill their ideas about culture of honor in a gender congruent way (father–boy and mother–girl). Furthermore, there are higher similarities within younger families, indicating a stronger influence from parents to children. Results are discussed in view of social role and gender social learning theories.
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Velisavljev-Filipovic, Gordana. "Mode of delivery and neurosonographic findings in premature infants." Medical review 60, no. 1-2 (2007): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0702007v.
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Introduction Fetal and preterm infant brain is especially vulnerable to hemorrhagic and ischemic damage at the end of the second and at the beginning of the third trimester. This is due to vascular, cellular and anatomic characteristics of the brain during development. In premature babies, there is a physiological instability and limited autoregulation of cerebral circulation. Hemorrhagic and ischemic damages often occur together, though pathophysiological processes leading to lesions are different. Material and methods The paper deals with a detailed analysis of 860 ultrasound brain scans of prematurely born children. The examinations were performed at the Ultrasound Department of the Institute of Child and Youth Health Care in Novi Sad. 707 vaginally born premature infants and 153 premature infants born by Cesarean section were examined. The bleeding was graded according to the Papile classification. Results and Discussion Out of 384 children with diagnosed grade I hemorrhage, 75 premature infants (19.5%) were born by Cesarean section. In the group of children with grade II hemorrhage, operative deliveries account for 14.7%. From the total of 85 children with grade III hemorrhage, (intraventricular bleeding with chamber dilatation), only 6 premature infants were born by Cesarean section (7%). Intra-parenchymal bleeding was diagnosed in a very small number of premature infants; 0.32% of all diagnosed hemorrhages were grade IV hemorrhages. In this group there were no children born by Cesarean section. The increase of hemorrhage grade is accompanied by a greater rate of pelvic presentation and manual assistance by Bracht. There were 240 prematurely born children with no echosonographically diagnosed hemorrhage, 38% of all examined premature infants. From this number, 13.3% of neonates were born by Cesarean section. Conclusion In the etiology of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage, especially prematurely born ones, apart from the trauma, which plays a major role, other factors are also important, above all fetal distress, perinatal hypoxia and functional immaturity of all organs.
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FOTSO, JEAN CHRISTOPHE, JOHN CLELAND, BLESSING MBERU, MICHAEL MUTUA, and PATRICIA ELUNGATA. "BIRTH SPACING AND CHILD MORTALITY: AN ANALYSIS OF PROSPECTIVE DATA FROM THE NAIROBI URBAN HEALTH AND DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM." Journal of Biosocial Science 45, no. 6 (2012): 779–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932012000570.
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SummaryThe majority of studies of the birth spacing–child survival relationship rely on retrospective data, which are vulnerable to errors that might bias results. The relationship is re-assessed using prospective data on 13,502 children born in two Nairobi slums between 2003 and 2009. Nearly 48% were first births. Among the remainder, short preceding intervals are common: 20% of second and higher order births were delivered within 24 months of an elder sibling, including 9% with a very short preceding interval of less than 18 months. After adjustment for potential confounders, the length of the preceding birth interval is a major determinant of infant and early childhood mortality. In infancy, a preceding birth interval of less than 18 months is associated with a two-fold increase in mortality risks (compared with lengthened intervals of 36 months or longer), while an interval of 18–23 months is associated with an increase of 18%. During the early childhood period, children born within 18 months of an elder sibling are more than twice as likely to die as those born after an interval of 36 months or more. Only 592 children experienced the birth of a younger sibling within 20 months; their second-year mortality was about twice as high as that of other children. These results support the findings based on retrospective data.