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Chaparro, M. Pia, Ilona Koupil, and Liisa Byberg. "Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring body composition in young adulthood: the modifying role of offspring sex and birth order." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 17 (2017): 3084–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017002191.
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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate if the association between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and offspring’s body composition in late adolescence and young adulthood varies by offspring birth order and sex.DesignFamily cohort study, with data from registers, questionnaires and physical examinations. The main outcome under study was offspring body composition (percentage fat mass (%FM), percentage lean mass (%LM)) measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.SettingUppsala, Sweden.SubjectsTwo hundred and twenty-six siblings (first-born v. second-born; average age 19 and 21 years) and their mothers.ResultsIn multivariable linear regression models, maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was positively associated with daughter’s %FM, with stronger estimates for first-born (β=0·97, 95 % CI 0·14, 1·80) v. second-born daughters (β=0·64, 95 % CI 0·08, 1·20). Mother’s BMI before her first pregnancy was associated with her second-born daughter’s body composition (β=1·05, 95 % CI 0·31, 1·79 (%FM)) Similar results albeit in the opposite direction were observed for %LM. No significant associations were found between pre-pregnancy BMI and %FM (β=0·59, 95 % CI−0·27, 1·44 first-born; β=−0·13, 95 % CI−0·77, 0·52 second-born) or %LM (β=−0·54, 95 % CI−1·37, 0·28 first-born; β=0·11, 95 % CI−0·52, 0·74 second-born) for sons.ConclusionsA higher pre-pregnancy BMI was associated with higher offspring %FM and lower offspring %LM in late adolescence and young adulthood, with stronger associations for first-born daughters. Preventing obesity at the start of women’s reproductive life might reduce the risk of obesity in her offspring, particularly for daughters.
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Muruthi, Bertranna A., J. Maria Bermudez, Jessica L. Chou, Carolyn M. Shivers, Jerry Gale, and Denise Lewis. "Mother–Adult Daughter Questionnaire: Psychometric Evaluation Across First- and Second-Generation Black Immigrant Women." Family Journal 28, no. 2 (2020): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066480720906123.
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This study was conducted to determine the generalizability of the Mother–Adult Daughter Questionnaire (MAD) for first- and second-generation Afro-Caribbean women. The measure was created specifically to explore adult daughters’ reports of their relationship with their mothers in order to capture the values of connectedness, trust in hierarchy, and interdependence in the mother–daughter relationship. We test this cross-generational applicability to (1) determine the generalizability of the measure for first- and second-generation women and (2) assess whether the means of the subscales differ across first- and second-generation women. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the factor structure of the MAD with this population. The sample ( N = 285) was comprised of reports from 129 adult daughters born in the United States and 156 born in the Caribbean. CFAs indicated that the scoring algorithm for the subscales fit these data well. Results indicated that the MAD subscales (Connectedness, Trust in Hierarchy, and Interdependence) were applicable and may operate similarly across first- and second-generation Afro-Caribbean women.
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Admin, Oleksandr, Natalia Admina, and Irina Filipenko. "REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY, HEALTH AND DAIRY PRODUCTIVITY OF CROSSBREED COWS." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 124 (2020): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2020-124-47-55.
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The article reveals the results of reproductive capacity studies, health and average daily milk yield of first-born cows of the Ukrainian Black-Spotted dairy breed, got from Montbeliarde and Holstein breeding bulls in SE “Kutuzivka”, Kharkiv region. It was found that the age of first fertilization in heifers obtained from bulls of different breeds did not differ and averaged 14.0 months. At the same time, the live weight of daughters obtained from Montbeliarde bulls during the first insemination was 10.9 kg higher than that of daughters obtained from Holstein bulls, which indicates a higher intensity of growth of crossbred heifers. Animals of both breeds had the same age of the first calving (23.0 months), but the live weight of the first-born cows differed significantly. Daughters obtained from Montbeliarde bulls had a live weight 27.3 kg higher than their counterparts obtained from Holstein bulls (P> 0.95). According to the results of studying the safety of daughters of bulls of different breeds, it was found that in the first month of lactation in the herd remained 4 % more crossbred cows than their peers obtained from Holstein bulls, in the second - by 7 %, in the third - by 9 % by 10 % (P> 0.9) and with each month of lactation this percentage increased. Also, crossbred heifers came better in sexual hunting. The average daily milk yield of daughters of Montbeliarde bulls in the first two months of lactation was 2.1 kg and 0.6 kg higher than their counterparts. In the fourth month of lactation, the average daily yield of first-born cows obtained from Holstein bulls increased by 2.8 kg compared with crossbred counterparts (P> 0.95) and further the trend of preference for daily milk yield of first-born daughters of Holstein bulls remained.
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Nickless, Pamela J., and Jean M. Humez. "Mother's First-Born Daughters: Early Shaker Writings on Women and Religion." Journal of American History 81, no. 2 (1994): 658. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2081219.
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Radovic, Cedomir, Milica Petrovic, Nenad Brkic, et al. "Correlation of litter size traits." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 32, no. 4 (2016): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1604331r.
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Heredity and correlation of litter size traits were observed in 3693 litters, i.e. in 1622 daughters of two genotypes Swedish Landrace genotype - SL; and F1 ? SLxLW. The study included daughters (minimum ten daughters per sire) of 24 sires. Heritability estimates for the total number of piglets per litter in the first, the first two parities, and for all three parities was 0.174; 0.167 and 0.135. Heritability estimates for the number of piglets born alive were 0.181; 0.160 and 0.121, and for the weight of litter at birth 0.166; 0.174 and 0.150. On the other hand, very low heritability was determined for the number of weaned piglets, litter weight of piglets reared, individual weight of born and reared piglets, i.e. for the traits that are under greater influence of the environment (from 0.004 to 0.037). Phenotypic and genetic correlations ranged from weak to complete (rp = 0.021 to rp = 0.973 and rg=0.188 to rg=0.999, respectively). Analysis of the significance of correlations showed that the genetic correlations were statistically highly significant (P <0.01).
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Earnhardt, Audrey L., Don A. Neuendorff, Charles R. Long, Thomas H. Welsh, and Ron D. Randel. "26 Evaluation of sire versus dam effect on age at first calving in Brahman heifers." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.042.
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Abstract This study evaluated the possible effects of sire and dam on age at first calving in Brahman heifers. A total of 570 heifers born between the years 2001 and 2017 were exposed as yearlings to fertile bulls through time of pregnancy determination. A calving code was determined by calculating the mean (993 d) and standard deviation (187 d) of heifer age at first calving. Heifers considered to calve early (≤899 d; calving code = 1) or late (≥1087 d; calving code = 3) were at least half a standard deviation (94 d) away from the mean. All other heifers were considered to have a normal age at first calving (900 to 1086 d; calving code = 2). There were 35 sires with 5 or more daughters, resulting in a total of 543 heifers evaluated for the effect of sire. There were 323 daughters of evaluated heifers, which were evaluated for the effect of dam calving code. Also evaluated was the effect of dam and sire calving code on age at first calving of female offspring (n = 287). Variables analyzed included dam and sire of the heifer, age at first calving, and calving code. Data were analyzed using the GLM procedures of SAS and proportions were tested using Chi-square. Sire calving code did affect (P &lt; 0.01) age at first calving and calving code in heifers, but dam calving code did not affect daughter calving code and age at first calving (Table 1). The proportion of daughters calving early compared to sire calving code significantly differed from the expected proportions (P &lt; 0.01), whereas the proportions of daughters calving early for dam calving code did not differ (Table 2). A selection effort to produce Brahman heifers capable of calving early will not be effective from the dam side, but can be effective on the sire side.
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Bogin, Barry, Diane Harper, Joy Merrell, et al. "Influence of Adult Knee Height, Age at First Birth, Migration, and Current Age on Adult Physical Function of Bangladeshi Mothers and Daughters in the United Kingdom and Bangladesh." Journal of Anthropology 2014 (April 7, 2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/808634.
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In the United Kingdom, Bangladeshi women have the lowest self-reported levels of physical activity and some of the highest levels of metabolic disease of all ethnic groups. To better understand these risks for poor health we employed life course and intergenerational hypotheses to predict lower body physical function in a sample of 121 Bangladeshi mothers (40–70 years old) and one of their adult daughters (17–36 years old) living in Bangladesh or in the UK. For the mothers, older age and shorter knee height predicted reduced lower body physical function. Knee height is a biomarker of nutrition and health status between birth and puberty. Age at first birth did not have a significant effect. For daughters, older age and migration to the UK predicted reduced lower body physical function. We controlled for total stature and fatness in all analyses. UK-born daughters were taller than BD-born daughters living in the UK, mostly due to differences in knee height. These new findings support previous research indicating that early life health and adequate nutritional status, along with appropriate adult physical activity and diet, may decrease risks for poor physical function, morbidity, and premature mortality.
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Guilbert, Nathalie, and Karine Marazyan. "MOTHER SINGLEHOOD AT FIRST BIRTH AND MORTALITY RISKS OF FIRST- AND LATER-BORN CHILDREN: THE CASE OF SENEGAL." Journal of Demographic Economics 84, no. 1 (2018): 41–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2018.1.
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AbstractThis paper investigates the extent to which being born to a single mother affects a child’s survival rate in Senegal, a context where girls’ premarital sexual relationships are still widely stigmatized. It also examines whether any negative effect persists up to affecting the survival rate of children of higher birth order born after the mother has married. Using data from Demographic and Health Survey, we find that the mortality rate is higher for first-born boys, but not for first-born daughters, whose mother was single at the time of their birth, and lower for second-born children whose sister, but not brother, was born out of wedlock. The latter effect is actually driven by children from older cohorts of women. Therefore, strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of the stigma associated with a premarital birth seem to exist but vary with the gender of the child born premarital in Senegal. In addition, persisting negative effects appear to have decreased over time. Potential channels through which boys born from a single mother are at a higher risk of death in the country are discussed. Overall, our findings indicate that social programs targeting single mothers, especially when they gave birth to a boy, would help avoiding dramatic events as the death of a child.
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Barrett, E. S., K. M. Hoeger, S. Sathyanarayana, et al. "Anogenital distance in newborn daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome indicates fetal testosterone exposure." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 9, no. 3 (2018): 307–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174417001118.
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AbstractPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects ~7% of reproductive age women. Although its etiology is unknown, in animals, excess prenatal testosterone (T) exposure induces PCOS-like phenotypes. While measuring fetal T in humans is infeasible, demonstratingin uteroandrogen exposure using a reliable newborn biomarker, anogenital distance (AGD), would provide evidence for a fetal origin of PCOS and potentially identify girls at risk. Using data from a pregnancy cohort (The Infant Development and Environment Study), we tested the novel hypothesis that infant girls born to women with PCOS have longer AGD, suggesting higher fetal T exposure, than girls born to women without PCOS. During pregnancy, women reported whether they ever had a PCOS diagnosis. After birth, infant girls underwent two AGD measurements: anofourchette distance (AGD-AF) and anoclitoral distance (AGD-AC). We fit adjusted linear regression models to examine the association between maternal PCOS and girls’ AGD. In total, 300 mother–daughter dyads had complete data and 23 mothers reported PCOS. AGD was longer in the daughters of women with a PCOS diagnosis compared with daughters of women with no diagnosis (AGD-AF: β=1.21,P=0.05; AGD-AC: β=1.05,P=0.18). Results were stronger in analyses limited to term births (AGD-AF: β=1.65,P=0.02; AGD-AC: β=1.43,P=0.09). Our study is the first to examine AGD in offspring of women with PCOS. Our results are consistent with findings that women with PCOS have longer AGD and suggest that during PCOS pregnancies, daughters may experience elevated T exposure. Identifying the underlying causes of PCOS may facilitate early identification and intervention for those at risk.
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Högnäs, Robin S., and Alessandra Grotta. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Early Childbearing: Examining Direct and Indirect Associations in a Swedish Birth Cohort." Behavioral Sciences 9, no. 5 (2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs9050054.
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Background. Research shows that early childbearing is associated negatively with educational attainment and socioeconomic status (SES). Children born to young versus older mothers often do less well in school, and many have early first births. Some studies suggest that mothers’ early childbearing operates through SES to influence the daughters’ early childbearing, and some argue that the association is strong net of SES. The current study tests these direct and indirect associations. Methods. We estimate the pathways through which mothers’ early childbearing influences daughters’ early childbearing in several steps. First, we examine bivariate associations between mothers’ early childbearing and SES, followed by bivariate associations between mothers’ SES outcomes and their daughters’ early childbearing. We then estimate the average marginal effects (AMEs) of mothers’ early children on daughters’, and a KHB decomposition to examine direct and indirect associations. Results. Findings suggest both direct and indirect associations. Nested models show that, net of a range of SES characteristics, mothers’ early childbearing increases the probability of daughters’ by approximately 8%; and KHB results suggest 37% mediation, with daughters’ school performance (12%) and household educational attainment (10%) contributing the highest shares. Conclusion. Mothers’ early childbearing and subsequent SES collectively influence the long-term wellbeing of children. Thus, early childbearing has consequences both within and across generations.
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DAS, A. K., RAVINDER KUMAR, UMESH SINGH, SUSHIL KUMAR, T. V. RAJA, and A. S. SIROHI. "Field progeny testing of Frieswal bulls - Retrospective and perspective." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 8 (2022): 968–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i8.120229.
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Young Frieswal bulls (334; cross of HF and Sahiwal) were put under test mating in 16 different sets at four states located in varied agro-climatic conditions of India. Daughters born up to 12th set of bull who had completed their first lactation 305 days milk yield were evaluated. Total 469,501 artificial inseminations were performed in the project, of which 410,163 AI followed and 184,598 pregnancies confirmed amounting to an overall conception rate of 45%. Total 58,168 female calves were born, of which 17,107 reached age at first calving till 2020. Total 233 bulls have so far been evaluated on the basis of 9,680 daughters first lactation 305 day milk yield records showing an increasing trend in breeding values from first set (1958.0±26.90) to last evaluated set (3429.84±48.13). Through the intervention of Field Progeny Testing programme of this Institute, the average first lactation 305 days milk yield of the Frieswal progenies in the adopted villages had increased by 60.35% in KVASU-Thrissur, 42.86% in GADVASU-Ludhiana, 10.9% in BAIF-Pune and 41.64% in GBPUA&T, Pantnagar unit. Further, the average age at first calving (AFC) of the Frieswal progenies had also reduced by 12.87% in KVASU, 21.71% in GADVASU, 1.9 % in BAIF and 9.29 % in GBPUA&T unit.
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Abfalter, K., W. Brade, and O. Distl. "Comparison of breeding values among cows with exceptional longevity and their contemporary herdmates in German Holsteins." Archives Animal Breeding 59, no. 1 (2016): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-59-71-2016.
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Abstract. The present analysis compares the estimated breeding values (EBVs), relative breeding values (RBVs), and daughter yield deviations (YDs) of cows with exceptional longevity with their contemporary herdmates. In addition, the relative breeding values of their sires were compared among these two daughter groups; the RBVs of the sires were also compared with the proportion of their daughters with exceptional longevity. Data included 5037 sires born between 1963 and 1996 with a total of 61 988 daughter; of these sires, 486 had sired daughters that completed more than nine lactations (exceptional cows) and 4957 sires had sired the contemporary herdmates. Exceptional cows had on average significantly lower EBVs for milk yield, fat and protein yield, and significantly lower YDs for milk and protein yield in the first three lactations, significantly lower RBVs for milk production and type but significantly higher RBVs for somatic cell score and functional longevity. The sires of exceptional cows had significantly higher RBVs for somatic cell count (RZS), functional longevity (RZN), and fitness (RZFit) in comparison to the sires of contemporary herdmates. Correlations among the proportion of exceptional cows per sire and RZN, RZS as well as RZFit were positive, whereas milk production (RZM) showed a negative correlation. An increase in the number of cows with exceptional longevity may be possible through a relative total breeding value with high positive weights for RZN, RZS, and RZFit but negative weights for RZM and type (RZE).
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Cheah, P. Y., W. Chia, and X. Yang. "Jumeaux, a novel Drosophila winged-helix family protein, is required for generating asymmetric sibling neuronal cell fates." Development 127, no. 15 (2000): 3325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.15.3325.
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The great majority of neurons in the Drosophila embryonic CNS are generated through two successive asymmetric cell divisions; neuroblasts (NBs) divide to produce another NB and a smaller ganglion mother cell (GMC); GMCs divide to generate two sibling neurons which can adopt distinct identities. During the division of the first born GMC from the NB4-2 lineage, GMC4-2a, Inscuteable (Insc) is localised to the apical cortex, Pon/Numb is localised to the basal cortex and two daughters with distinct identities, the RP2 motoneuron and its sibling RP2sib, are born. Resolution of distinct sibling neuronal fates requires correct apical localisation of Insc to facilitate the asymmetric localisation and preferential segregation of Pon/Numb to the basal daughter destined to become RP2. Here we report that jumeaux (jumu), which encodes a new member of the winged-helix family of transcription factors, is required to mediate the asymmetric localisation and segregation of Pon/Numb but is dispensable for Insc apical localisation during the GMC4-2a cell division. In jumu mutants GMC4-2a Pon/Numb asymmetric localisation is defective and both daughter neurons can adopt the RP2 identity. Jumu protein shows nuclear localisation and within the NB4-2 lineage is first detected only after the first neuroblast cell division, in GMC4-2a. Our results suggest that in addition to the correct formation of an apical complex, transcription mediated by Jumu is also necessary to facilitate the correct asymmetric localisation and segregation of Pon/Numb.
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Shaidullin, Radik, Gazimzyan Sharafutdinov, Anastasia Moskvicheva, Tagir Faizov, and Yusupzhan Yuldashbaev. "Inheritance of allelic variants of the kappa-casein gene by cows." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700059.
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The inheritance of allelic variants of the kappa-casein gene from bulls with different genotypes and their influence on the milk production of daughters were studied. For research, PCR diagnostics of daughters in the herds of black-and-white cattle at the farms “Azeleevo” and “Vakhitovo” (OJSC “Red East Agro”) was carried out, the fathers were two bulls LADDIE 135797213 with a genotypes CSN3 AB and LOMAX 10785322 with a genotype CSN3 BB. Based on the results of genotyping, the frequency of occurrence of genotypes AA, AB, BB kappa-casein and allelic variants A and B in daughters was calculated. The bull with the CSN3 AB genotype produced the largest number of offspring with the CSN3 AA genotype 50.0-51.8 %, and the bull with the homozygous BB genotype produced 24–25 % of daughters carrying the BB variant and 75 -76 % of the AB genotype. The frequency of occurrence of the Kappa-casein allele in the daughters of bulls with the genotype CSN3 BB was 0.63, which is almost 2 times more than the allele A. When comparing heifers with the same genotype (CSN3 AB), it was found that at the Azeleevo farm, the daughters of the bulls having the genotype BB of kappa-casein are superior to cows born from bulls with the genotype AB by the milk yield (+36 kg), mass fraction of fat and protein (+0.01 %), the amount of milk fat (+2 kg) and protein (+2 kg). In the group of first-calf heifers with the BB genotype, daughters of the producer with the BB genotype are superior by the milk yield (+ 175 kg), the mass fraction of fat in milk (+0.1 %), the amount of milk fat (+12 kg), the mass fraction of protein in milk (+0.09 %), the amount of milk protein (+11 kg). At the Vakhitovo farm, similar results in the group of CSN3 AB heifers born from the bulls with the BB genotype was observed
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Kuhar, Metka. "The rights and duties of post-adolescent daughters: Daughters' and parents' accounts." Sociologija 50, no. 4 (2008): 391–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc0804391k.
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The article deals with the conceptualisation and negotiation of post-adolescent daughters' rights and duties in their families of origin. More and more young Europeans and particularly many young Slovenians are staying with their parents in the post-adolescence period (and even later) or come home from their university city every weekend. This means that two adult generations live together in the same household; so they have to negotiate the rights and duties of the younger generation in different areas, from very personal domains (e.g. appearance) to more far-reaching life decisions (e.g. the post-study life situation, moving out of the parental home). The study provides at least a partial insight into the processes involved in the negotiation of rights and duties in families with post-adolescent daughters. The data stem from semi-structured interviews conducted in autumn 2006 in Slovenia with 70 first-born post-adolescent girls and both of their biological parents. The respondents answered closed- and open-ended questions referring to four vignettes suggesting controversial situations. The answers allow a view of the conceptualisations of post-adolescents' rights and duties, the distribution of decision-making power and the way of dealing with such situations. The results show that post-adolescent daughters are very dependent on their parents in various areas. It turned out that the contemporary Slovenian family with post-adolescent daughters is prepared to negotiate: patterns of intrafamilial communication range from the traditionally grounded commanding pattern where children have to obey unequivocally (but less than 10% of parents resort to the bare use of authority), to an open, active negotiation pattern where the balance of power is more equal and the achievement of consensus is very important.
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VIJH, RAMESH KUMAR, UPASNA SHARMA, and SURESH B. GOKHALE. "Creation of a large reference family with phenotype recording and genotype data generation in buffaloes." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 88, no. 2 (2018): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v88i2.79333.
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Buffalo is an integral part of dairy industry in India. Improvement of buffalo productivity shall require usage of high genetic merit bulls evaluated on the basis of progeny testing. Marker assisted selection of bulls shall enhance the accuracy of selection but require large number of daughters of the sires to be produced for the identification of Quantitative Trait Loci. In this paper we present creation of a large reference family (members with known genotype and phenotype). We created 12 large half sib families each with approximately 1,000 daughters per sire. The economic traits of interest like body weights at different ages, age at first heat, age at first calving, milk yield, fat and protein percentage in milk along with somatic cell count during the first lactation were recorded. The conception rate of bulls under field conditions was recorded and found to be 48.64% for the 12 bulls. There was huge loss of data attributable to different reasons however sale being the most important reason for non-recording of performance data. Only 25% of the daughters born to the 12 sires could be recorded for first lactation milk yield. 8027 daughters with confirm paternity were genotyped for 79 microsatellite markers located on 8 chromosomes, thus 6.34 lakh genotypes were generated. The information of this reference family has been compiled into a Buffalo Reference Family Germplasm Catalogue and published by National Agricultural Innovation Project, ICAR.
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Casanova, Angelo. "Plutarch’s Sons- and Bothers-in-law." Ploutarchos 17 (November 9, 2020): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0258-655x_17_2.
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From the Consolatio uxoris we learn that Plutarch and Timoxena had one single daughter, who was born after four sons and only lived to be two years old. Since in the Quaestiones convivales we encounter three different characters (Craton, Firmus and Patrocleas) indicated as Plutarch’s gambroi, some critics state them to be his sons-in-law, thus supposing the existence of three married daughters; others prefer to consider them as the husbands of Plutarch’s nieces; still others reject both conclusions and think the term gambroi merely refers to “relatives” in general. A careful analysis of all the passages involved clearly shows, in the first place, that gambros can only refer to sons-in-law and brothersin- law, then that – in the case in hand – the three men were Plutarch’s brothersin- law: very probably three brothers of Timoxena.
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Ozdemir, Ozlem, and Phil Harris. "Primogeniture in Turkish Family Owned Businesses: An Examination of Daughter Succession, the Impact of National Culture on Gendered Norms and Leadership Challenge." International Journal of Family Business and Management 3, no. 2 (2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15226/2577-7815/3/2/00127.
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Family owned and controlled businesses, which may be owned, controlled or operated by various family members, account for an enormous percentage of global employment, revenues and GDP. Although the majority of well-known companies are family owned, research indicates that unfortunately, only thirty percent of family businesses survive to the second generation. Therefore, successful transfer of the business to the next generation is an important issue for the family business literature. However, although succession is a vital issue for Family Owned Businesses (FOBs), the process is unfortunately very gender biased in most societies, with boys being generally favoured over girls so daughters are always excluded as candidates and other women are seldom considered as successors in family businesses. In many cases, especially in certain cultures, female members of the next generation are not even perceived as a viable option. Even in today’s rapidly changing business climate, primogeniture continues to dominate the value system of family businesses. Primogeniture is an accepted approach to family business succession planning; daughters are only considered for family business succession when all descendants are female or the daughter is the first born. This study aims to identify the reasons behind the primogeniture in Turkish FOBs. The objectives of the study were to examine the key factors identified by the incumbents related with the primogeniture. In this research study, an interpretive methodology was adopted to explore, interpret and to understand meanings of knowledge. For this research, qualitative data were gathered via in-depth open-ended interviews with 20 male FOB owners who have at least one daughter and 20 daughters working at their FOB with their fathers. The questions were designed to measure different facets of FOB demographics and culture to understand their effects on the selection process within Turkish FOBs and gender norms in the context of FOB norms, which influence both family members and the business it. This study investigated daughters’ succession in FOBs in Turkey, a developing country where women are less likely than men to engage in entrepreneurial activities and show that gendered norms are still considered when choosing the successor, in other word, primogeniture still dominates the family business succession process. Keywords: Woman entrepreneurship; Primogeniture; Family Business; Gender; Culture;
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Admin, Oleksandr, and Natalia Admina. "RESULTS OF CROSSBREEDING OF AYRSHIRE CATTLE." Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Animal Science NAAS of Ukraine, no. 126 (2021): 24–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32900/2312-8402-2021-126-24-35.
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The dynamics of growth and development of crossbred heifers obtained from bulls of Montbeliarde and Norwegian Red breeds, in comparison with purebred Ayrshire, have been studied. The highest influence of the father's breed on the bodyweight of daughters was found at 18 months of age (29.7%). Heifers were born as a result of crossing the Ayrshire breed with the Montbeliarde breed and had a higher body weight compared to the daughters of the Ayrshire bulls. The daughters of Montbeliarde bulls at 3 months weighed 2.9 kg more, at 6 months - by 4.0, at 9 months - by 6.3, at 12 months - by 20.1, in 15 months - by 41.3 and at 18 months by 49.8 kg (p <0.001). Heifers obtained as a result of crossing Ayrshires with a Norwegian Red breed were distinguished by even greater body weight than purebred Ayrshire. The advantage in body weight was: at 3 months of age 7.6 kg, at 6 months - 19.5, at 9 months - 38.9, at 12 months - 56.3, at 15 months - 70.1 and at 18 months - 70.9 kg. By the age of 9 months, the average daily gains of heifers obtained from Montbeliarde bulls were almost the same. During the period from 9 to 18 months, the daughters of Montbeliarde bulls prevailed over their peers in this indicator by 85-217 g (P <0.001), and daughters bulls of the Norwegian Red breed in the period from birth to 15 months of age - by 82-216 g (p <0.00). The average daily gain from birth to fruitful fertilization in purebred animals was 711 ± 5.4 g, in daughters of Montbeliarde bulls 799 ± 28.9 g, and in descendants of Norwegian Red bulls - 874 ± 12.1 (p <0.001). The age of first fertilization in purebred Ayrshire animals was 18.9 months, in the daughters of the Montbeliarde bulls - 17.0 months, and in the descendants of Norwegian Red bulls - 14.7 months. The age of first calving, respectively: 27.8 months, 25.8 months, and 23.7 months. The daughters of the Montbeliarde breed bulls at different ages had a greater survival rate by 7.3-10.1%, and the descendants of the Norwegian Red bulls by 3.7-9.2% compared to purebred Ayrshire (p>0.1). The dairy strength was better expressed in the first-calf heifers of the Ayrshire breed in comparison with the crossbred animals, and the corpus and udder - in the daughters of the Norwegian Red bulls.
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Jennings, Julia A., Allison R. Sullivan, and J. David Hacker. "Intergenerational Transmission of Reproductive Behavior during the Demographic Transition." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 42, no. 4 (2012): 543–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_00304.
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New evidence from the Utah Population Database (updp) reveals that at the onset of the fertility transition, reproductive behavior was transmitted across generations—between women and their mothers, as well as between women and their husbands' family of origin. Age at marriage, age at last birth, and the number of children ever born are positively correlated in the data, most strongly among first-born daughters and among cohorts born later in the fertility transition. Intergenerational ties, including the presence of mothers and mothers-in-law, influenced the hazard of progressing to a next birth. The findings suggest that the practice of parity-dependent marital fertility control and inter-birth spacing behavior derived, in part, from the previous generation and that the potential for mothers and mothers-in-law to help in the rearing of children encouraged higher marital fertility.
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Brix, Nis, Andreas Ernst, Lea L. B. Lauridsen, et al. "Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity and timing of puberty in sons and daughters: a population-based cohort study." International Journal of Epidemiology 48, no. 5 (2019): 1684–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz125.
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Abstract Background In many countries, an increased prevalence of obesity in pregnancy has coincided with a declining pubertal age. We aimed to explore the potential effect of maternal pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity on timing of puberty in sons and daughters. Methods Between 2012 and 2018, 15 819 of 22 439 invited children from the Danish National Birth Cohort, born 2000–03, provided half-yearly information from the age of 11 years on the pubertal milestones: Tanner stages, voice break, first ejaculation, menarche, acne and axillary hair. We estimated adjusted mean monthly differences (with 95% confidence intervals) in age at attaining the pubertal milestones for children exposed to maternal pre-pregnancy obesity [body mass index (BMI) ≥30.0 kg/m2] or overweight (BMI 25.0 to 29.9 kg/m2) with normal weight (BMI 18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) as reference. In mediation analysis, we explored whether childhood BMI at age 7 years mediated the associations. Results Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity was associated with earlier age at attaining most pubertal milestones in sons, and pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity were associated with earlier age at attaining all pubertal milestones in daughters. When combining all pubertal milestones, pre-pregnancy obesity [sons: −1.5 (−2.5, −0.4) months; daughters: −3.2 (−4.2, −2.1) months] and overweight [daughters only: −2.6 (−3.3, −1.8) months] were associated with earlier timing of puberty. The associations in sons were completely mediated by higher childhood BMI and partly so in daughters. Conclusions Maternal pre-pregnancy obesity appears to lower timing of puberty through childhood obesity in sons and mainly through other mechanisms in daughters.
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Tangapiwut, Napat. "Women’s Fate and Faith as Told in Amy Tan’s the Joy Luck Club." MANUSYA 15, no. 1 (2012): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01501003.
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Culturally, women, regarded as weak, submissive and emotional social entities, are destined to be silent and inferior to men in a patriarchal society; however, this long-established position for women has caused them shame which today has turned into angst, leading them to question traditions, breaking their silence, revealing their painful yet rebellious experience by means of storytelling, as well as encouraging and hoping for their descendants through self-assertion have a better future. The female Chinese American writer, Amy Tan, with her first renowned novel telling stories of Chinese diaspora in America, The Joy Luck Club (1989), expresses the writer’s faith in women’s better opportunities when they are able to articulate their needs and strengthen their self-determination. This paper discusses women’s fate and faith as shown through different Chinese-immigrant mothers’ life stories that are revealed to their American-born daughters who face a dilemma in life. The mothers’ stories aim to empower their daughters and help them find solutions. Storytelling is an important means for the Chinese-immigrant mothers to communicate with their daughters, inuring the children to back to their ethnic roots, to better knowing about themselves thereby ensuring them their right to choose for their own happiness. To sum up, even if women are fated to be born at a disadvantage, they can have faith in themselves if they struggle hard enough for the chance and change. More or less, women’s fate and faith are likely to go hand in hand like two sides of the same coin, as do sorrow and joy in a person’s life.
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Blaydes, Lisa, and Melina R. Platas. "Religion, family structure, and the perpetuation of female genital cutting in Egypt." Journal of Demographic Economics 86, no. 3 (2020): 305–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2020.15.
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AbstractHow are harmful social practices brought to an end? Female genital cutting (FGC) is extremely common among ever-married women in Egypt, but the practice has declined among younger women and girls. While much of the recent literature on abatement of FGC has focused on individual-level determinants of a mother's choice to circumcise her daughters, we focus on meso-level factors, particularly norm change within religious communities and attitude formation within families. We find differential FGC trends across Muslim and Coptic Christian communities as well as an effect of the gender of a woman's first-born child—an exogenous variable in Egypt where pre-natal sex selection is rare—on attitudes toward FGC. The effect of the first-born gender varies by religion and birth cohort, however, suggesting ways in which meso-level factors interact to impact women's attitudes and associated FGC outcomes.
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Hazan, Moshe, and Hosny Zoabi. "SONS OR DAUGHTERS? SEX PREFERENCES AND THE REVERSAL OF THE GENDER EDUCATIONAL GAP." Journal of Demographic Economics 81, no. 2 (2015): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dem.2014.12.
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Abstract:We provide a new explanation for the narrowing and reversal of the gender education gap. We assume that parents maximize the full income of their children and that males have an additional income, independently of education. This additional income biases preferences toward sons and implies that females have relative advantage in producing income through education. When the returns to human capital are low, the bias toward sons is high, so that parents whose first newborns are females have more children. Consequently, daughters are born to larger families and hence receive less education. As returns to human capital increase, gender differences in producing income diminish, bias toward sons declines, variation in family size falls and the positive correlation between family size and the number of daughters is weakened. Ultimately, the relative advantage of females in education dominates differences in family size, triggering the reversal in the gender education gap.
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Kuziv, M. I., Ye I. Fedorovych, N. M. Kuziv, and V. V. Fedorovych. "VARIABILITY OF SELECTION TRAITS IN COWS DEPENDING ON THE COUNTRY OF BULLS SELECTION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 63 (August 9, 2022): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.63.07.
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Goal. To investigate the variability of selection traits in Ukrainian Black-and-White cows of dairy breed depending on the country of selection of bulls. Materials and methods of research. The research was conducted in the State Enterprise "Oleksandrivske" of Vinnytsia region on first-borns and adults (III lactation) cows of the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. To study the country's influence on selection of the father on the variability of selection traits of cows formed groups of daughters of bulls of different breeding countries. A total of 714 cows were included in the sample. In controlled cows by retrospective analysis of zootechnical accounting data for the last ten years studied the dynamics of live weight during breeding at a young age (newborns, 6, 12 and 18 months), reproductive capacity (age and live weight at first calving, duration of the first service period), milk productivity (yields, milk fat content and amount of milk fat). The strength of the influence of the country of selection of the father on the variability of milk yield, fat content in milk and milk fat yield was determined by one-way analysis of variance.
 Research results. It is established that economically useful traits of cows depended on the country of selection of the bull. The smallest difference in live weight in the period cultivation was observed in newborn animals. Yes, between the descendants of bulls selection of the United States (highest value) and Hungarian selection (lowest value) difference was 2.2 kg (P < 0.05). In 6-; 12 and 18 months of age with the highest live weight characterized by daughters of bulls of n selection. It is established that the highest living the daughters of Russian bulls were noted for their mass and the oldest age at the first calving selection. By the duration of the first service period in the offspring of bulls of different selection, compared with the highest value of the probable difference is not detected.
 During the first lactation, the highest milk yield (6269 kg) and milk fat yield (223.6 kg) had the daughters of bulls of German selection. In terms of milk yield, they probably outnumbered their peers Canadian, Russian and Ukrainian selection for 1323 (P < 0.001), 1083 (P < 0.001) and 327 kg (P < 0.05), respectively. The yield of milk fat of the daughter of bulls of German selection is likely (P < 0,001) dominated by offspring of bulls of Canadian selection by 43.7 kg, Russian selection – at 37.6 kg. Between the daughters of bulls of German selection and the descendants of the offspring of others studied selection for milking and milk fat yield no significant difference detected. For the third lactation with the highest milk yield (7120 kg) and milk fat yield (253.5 kg) descendants of Ukrainian breeders were noted. According to these indicators, they are probably (P < 0.01–0.001) dominated by daughters of bulls of Dutch selection by 1101 kg, Hungarian – 894 kg and incredibly – descendants of bulls of Canadian, German, Russian and American selection for 6–538 kg and 3.2–21.0 kg.
 Descendants of bulls of Canadian selection were noted for the highest fat content in milk first lactation (3.66%). They probably (P < 0.001) outnumbered the daughters of German bulls selection by 0.07% and American – by 0.08% and incredibly – the descendants of bulls Dutch, Russian, Hungarian and Ukrainian selection by 0.01–0.05%. For the third lactation, the highest fat content was in the milk of daughters of breeders of Dutch selection (3.59%). However, the probable (P < 0.05) advantage in this indicator they had only over peers derived from bulls of Russian selection and it was 0.06%. The country of breeding bulls had a significant impact on the hopes and yield of dairy fat of their daughters. In the first-born the strength of the influence of the country of selection of the bull on hopes made 11.9%, on the yield of milk fat – 10.9%, and in adult cows – 4.5% and 4.3%, respectively P < 0.001 in all cases. The country of selection of breeding bulls significantly influenced the content fat in milk for the first lactation (8.7% at P < 0.001), and for the third lactation the force of influence was insignificant (0.9%).
 Conclusions. The economically useful traits of cows were influenced by the country of selection of their parents. The highest live weight in most age periods was observed in the offspring of breeders Russian selection. The lowest live weight and the youngest age at the first calving and the daughters of bulls were characterized by the shortest duration of the first service period Dutch selection. The highest milk yield and milk fat yield for the first lactation was marked by the descendants of bulls of German selection, and the third – Ukrainian selection.
 The most fat-milk for the first lactation had the daughters of Canadian breeders, and for the third – descendants of breeders of the Dutch selection. Country of breeding bulls had the most significant impact on the formation of milk productivity of first-borns.
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Sommerseth, Hilde Leikny. "The Intergenerational Transfer of Infant Mortality in Northern Norway during the 19th and Early 20th Centuries." Historical Life Course Studies 7 (April 5, 2018): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.51964/hlcs9284.
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 This paper is one of a series of five studying the intergenerational transfer of infant mortality down the maternal line. All five studies share the same theoretical and methodological design, and use data derived from a standard database format: the Intermediate Data Structure (IDS). The data for the research reported in this paper were derived from a longitudinal dataset covering the 19th and 20th century population of the province of Troms in Northern Norway. Our results suggest that there was an element of intergenerational transmission in women’s risk of experiencing an infant death; the children of a woman whose mother had had a high number of infant deaths also had a greater risk of dying before their first birthday. The risk of an infant death occurring among the children of daughters from such ‘high risk’ families was at least 30 per cent higher than that amongst infants born to the daughters of mothers who had experienced zero infant deaths.
 
 
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Górecki, M. T., and K. Kościński. "Offspring sex ratio in domestic goat (<i>Capra hircus</i>)." Archives Animal Breeding 46, no. 3 (2003): 277–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-46-277-2003.
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Abstract. The Capra genus is sexually dimorphic, males are substantially bigger than females, they fight for mating privileges and sometimes even form harems. Thus Capra genus meets the assumptions of the Trivers-Willard hypothesis. However, in case of the domestic goat Capra hircus their reproduction is man-managed. We assessed whether maternal hornedness, maternal and paternal breed and age, maternal birth year, litter size, previous year offspring sex, and litter birth year influenced offspring sex ratio in the domestic goat. We examined 268 litters born in the years 1997–2002 at the Experimental Farm in Złotniki. The statistic methods used were logistic regression and Spearman rank correlation. The offspring sex ratio in the herd differed significantly from unity: 55.8% kids were females, p < 0.01. The factors that significantly influenced offspring sex ratio were maternal hornedness and maternal birth year. Horned dams (occupying high positions in the social hierarchy) produced fewer daughters (52.2% of offspring) than hornless nannies (62.2%). The fact that dams born later produce more daughters can be connected with their origin from different farms and worse environmental conditions in Złotniki in the consecutive years (because of the Experimental Farm financial problems). Moreover, Spearman rank correlation between sex ratio in the first and in the second litter was marginally significant and negative (R = −0.25, p = 0.061).
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Voitenko, S. L., and O. V. Sydorenko. "ESTIMATION OF HOLSTEIN BREED BULLS BY DAIRY PRODUCTIVITY OF THEIR DAUGHTERS." Animal Breeding and Genetics 59 (May 4, 2020): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.59.03.
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The scientific community has shown that the genetic improvement of dairy cattle depends on many genotypic factors, including paternal ancestry and lineage. With this in mind, the purpose of our research was to evaluate the Holstein bulls of black-and-white and red-and-white suits of different lines for the milk productivity of their daughters.
 The research was carried out on the basis of primary breeding records of 10 breeding herds of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed, 3 – Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed and one – Ukrainian Red Dairy breed, which are subordinated to NAAS. Cows of the studied breeds has divided into groups according to lineage and paternal origin.
 Studies have revealed a significant differentiation of milk yield of cows of the first and highest lactation not only of one breed, but also of linear affiliation and paternal origin. It was found that the yield of the first lactation in cows of the Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed varied from 3211 kg (Damir 7100354042) to 7884 kg (Dzhokus 113080315) of milk. Noteworthy are the daughters of Dzhokus 113080315, from which 9143 kg of milk were obtained for higher lactation, Polyarsten 342347941 and Manteno 344222859 – 8248 kg and 8290 kg of milk, respectively. The significant influence of paternal origin on the yield of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed cows of the first and higher lactation (31.0%; P > 0.999) and 37.3% has been proved; P > 0.999). The influence of genealogical formation on the milk productivity of cows was significant and amounted to 10.8% for the first lactation, higher – 10.2%. Some of the first-born Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy breed has characterized by high milk productivity, which steadily increased until the third and higher lactation.
 The yield of cows of the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed of the first lactation varied from 5414 kg (Dialog 2009) to 6689 kg (Larets 6177), testifying to better homogeneity of herds in terms of milk productivity compared to the Ukrainian Black-and-White dairy breed. The highest yield of the third and highest lactation – 7626 kg, had cows-daughters of the bull Roman 660886883 Starbuck line 352790. The variability of milking cows of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed of the first and highest lactation by 25.0% and 15.2%, respectively, was due to the influence of the father offspring and to a lesser extent – belonging to the line.
 A very high (6517–8013 kg) realization potential of milking cows of the Ukrainian Red Dairy breed was established, but it also depended on the paternal origin and linear affiliation. The highest yield of the first lactation were shown by the daughters of the bull Belisar 365235897, Dzhorin 114414759 and Tumpi 112367468, who produced 8013 kg, 7323 kg and 7170 kg of milk, respectively. In cows of this breed it was found that yield increased with increasing serial number of lactation, with the third and higher lactation cows produced more than 8000 kg of milk per lactation, and the daughters of bull Dzhorin 114414759 – more than 9000 kg. The influence of the bull on the milk productivity of the first-born cows of the Ukrainian Red Dairy breed (16.7%; P > 0.999) is almost three times higher than this linear affiliation. Significant phenotypic variability of milk productivity of cows of different breeds of half-sisters by the father is established. The advantage of the daughters of the bull Belisar 365235897 of the Ukrainian Red Dairy breed on milking of the first lactation over the representatives of the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed was 1932 kg (p < 0.001). The difference in milk yield of the first lactation of the half-sisters by the father, the bull Konbeo 579810507 was 1007 kg (p < 0.01), and Roman 660886883 – 717 kg.
 Thus, a significant phenotypic variability of milk productivity of cows of different breeds of half-sisters by father was established. At the same time, regardless of the breeder, the cows of the Ukrainian Red Dairy breed were characterized by higher milk yield of the first lactation in comparison with the Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy breed.
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Lunddorf, Lea Lykke Harrits, Nis Brix, Andreas Ernst, et al. "Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and timing of pubertal development in daughters and sons." Human Reproduction 35, no. 9 (2020): 2124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa147.
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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Do maternal hypertensive disorders affect pubertal development in daughters and sons? SUMMARY ANSWER Pubertal development tended to occur earlier in daughters of mothers with ‘preeclampsia, eclampsia or HELLP syndrome’ (hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low blood platelets) or hypertension in pregnancy compared to daughters born of normotensive mothers. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY The existing literature suggests some or no association between preeclampsia and pubertal development in daughters, but not in sons. None of the previous studies has investigated the possible association between other types of hypertensive disorders (hypertension, eclampsia or HELLP syndrome) and pubertal timing in children. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Longitudinal cohort study consisting of 15 819 mother–child pairs with information on maternal hypertensive disorders collected during pregnancy and information on pubertal development collected half-yearly from the age of 11 years and until fully developed or 18 years of age. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Participants are children from the Puberty Cohort nested within the Danish National Birth Cohort. The exposure was register-based and self-reported information on maternal hypertensive disorders during pregnancy. The outcomes were children’s self-reported information on pubertal development, including Tanner stage 1–5 (pubic hair (both daughters and sons) and breast development (daughters) or genital development (sons)), first menstrual bleeding (daughters) or first ejaculation (sons), voice break episode (sons), axillary hair development and acne occurrence (both daughters and sons). The main outcome was mean difference in age at attaining each pubertal milestone and a combined pubertal marker in children of mothers with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (either hypertension (n = 490), ‘preeclampsia, eclampsia or HELLP syndrome’ (n = 419) or ‘unspecific hypertensive disorders’ (n = 334) with unexposed children as reference (n = 14 576)). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In daughters of mothers with ‘preeclampsia, eclampsia or HELLP syndrome’, we observed tendencies of earlier pubertal timing (combined marker: −2.0 (95% CI: −3.9; 0.0) months). In daughters of mothers with hypertension, several pubertal milestones tended to occur earlier than in daughters of normotensive mothers; however, all 95% CIs overlapped the null resulting in a combined pubertal marker of −1.0 (95% CI: −3.2; 1.1) months. In sons of mothers with any of the hypertensive disorders, we observed no difference in pubertal timing (combined markers: ‘preeclampsia, eclampsia or HELLP syndrome’: 0.1 (95% CI: −2.0; 2.1) months; hypertension: −0.6 (95% CI: −2.3; 1.1) months; ‘unspecific hypertensive disorders’: 0.2 (95% CI: −1.9; 2.2) months). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The study is subject to non-differential misclassification of self-reported information on maternal hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and current pubertal status; possibly causing bias toward the null. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy might accelerate pubertal timing in daughters; however, more studies are needed for causal conclusions. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) The study was funded by the Faculty of Health at Aarhus University. The authors have no financial relationships or competing interests to disclose. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A.
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May, Josephine. "Empire’s daughters: the first 25 Australian-born women at Girton and Newnham Colleges Cambridge, 1870–1940, as insiders and outsiders." History of Education 49, no. 6 (2020): 781–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0046760x.2020.1752822.
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Кrugliak, А. P., О. D. Birukova, Т. О. Кrugliak, et al. "THE BREEDING AND ECONOMIC VALUES OF RELATED LEADER 1926780 GROUP BULLS IN UKRAINIAN RED AND WHITE DAIRY BREED." Animal Breeding and Genetics 57 (April 24, 2019): 68–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.57.09.
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The results of breeding and economic value of related group Leader 1926780 bulls, which are used in Ukrainian red and white dairy breed of cattle are given an account. It has been determined, that the bulls of this group keep the breeding value at complex of milk productivity traits on high level during 8–11 years and well transfer these traits by inheritance to the native offspring. The initial breeding value for the daughter`s milk productivity of bulls of foreign selection was +400 – +1406 and domestic – +748 and +1261 kg. Along with a high level of breeding value the bulls of this related group are characterized by high contents of fat and protein in milk. Thus, the fat content in milk of the daughters of bulls (10 heads), which ware estimated in Germany, was at the level of 4.16–4.55% and protein content – 3.28–3.53%. The pedigree value of bulls by these traits ware +0.10 – +0.59 and +0.02 – +0.35% and exceeds the standard of Ukrainian red and white dairy breed on 12.5–30.0 and 9.1% respectively. Typical, that the bulls of domestic breeding inherit high fat content in milk (breeding value is +0.02 – +0.18%) and protein (+0.02 – +0.15%). During a long-term using, the breeding value of all bulls is decreasing annually due to increasing the level of genetic trend of milk productivity in herds, remains at a positive level and provides improvement of the animals of the breeding herds in which they are used, according to the complex of breeding traits. The milk productivity of the 15 first-born cows-daughters of bull Golf, for 305 days of lactation in the state enterprise "Gontarivka" constituted 6113 kg with 4.03% fat and 3.33% protein, while in the "Agrosvit" breeding plant from each of 41 first-born Golf`s cows was obtained at 6893 kg of milk with 4.01% fat content and 3.38% protein.The breeding value of this bull is +526 kg milk, +0.31% fat and +0.28% protein, which prevails breed standard for milk yield on 91–115; fat content 8.3–9.0; and protein by 0.1–2.4% respectively.
 The bull Konbeo Red DE 579810507 was used simultaneously with the Jornado Red DE 114386106, whose breeding value was +1100 kg +0.02% +42 kg +0.0 +33 kg at the farm «Kolos» breeding plant in the Vinnitsa region. The milk productivity of the Konbeo daughters during the first two lactations exceeded the compararies at 334–392 kg of milk, the fat content +0.03 – +0.04 and the protein at +0.02–0.04%. Among the bulls of domestic breeding should be noted Agrus Red UA 320080992043, was estimated in 2015 SI +706 (94 d. – 8739 kg – 3.96% fat – 347 kg of milk fat; 3.17% protein and 277 kg of protein). The breeding value was: +744 kg – +0.18% +44 kg +0.02% and +18 kg. The economic efficiency of using the bulls-improvers of the complex traits of the related group Leader's 1926780 dependent from the level of the breeding value of the bull and the number of received daughters and varied from 223.2 to 1361.8 thousand UAH.
 According to the number of animals, genealogical structure, level of the influence to the breed`s consolidation, it is possible use wide this group of bulls in the breeding herds of the Ukrainian red and white dairy breed and to create new bloodline with high content fat and protein in milk.
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MACE, RUTH, and REBECCA SEAR. "BIRTH INTERVAL AND THE SEX OF CHILDREN IN A TRADITIONAL AFRICAN POPULATION: AN EVOLUTIONARY ANALYSIS." Journal of Biosocial Science 29, no. 4 (1997): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932097004999.
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Birth interval is a major determinant of rates of fertility, and is also a measure of parental investment in a child. In this paper the length of the birth interval in a traditional African population is analysed by sex of children. Birth intervals after the birth of a boy were significantly longer than after the birth of a girl, indicating higher parental investment in boys. However, in women of high parity, this differential disappeared. Birth intervals for women with no son were shorter than for those with at least one son. All these results are compatible with an evolutionary analysis of reproductive decision-making. First born sons have particularly high reproductive success, daughters have average reproductive success and late born sons have low reproductive success. The birth interval follows a similar trend, suggesting that longer birth intervals represent higher maternal investment in children of high reproductive potential.
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Gold, Ann Grodzins, Bhoju Ram Gujar, Madhu Gujar, and Chinu Gujar. "Shared knowledges: Family, fusion, friction, fabric." Ethnography 15, no. 3 (2014): 331–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1466138114533458.
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Ann Grodzins Gold, the senior author, has collaborated for over 30 years with Bhoju Ram Gujar, the first co-author, a village-born government civil servant. While Ann and Bhoju have previously published their thoughts on the joint production of ethnographic knowledge, their understandings continue to evolve and change over time. During Ann’s most recent fieldwork spell (2010–11) in the provincial town of Jahazpur, present home to Bhoju and his family, Bhoju’s daughters, Madhu and Chinu, also assisted in conducting interviews. In this article, the four of us reflect on our aims, methods, findings and relationships. We draw from our particular experiences of collaborative fieldwork to discuss forged familial bonds, moments of intellectual fusion, counterpoints of friction, and the resulting woven fabric of our writing.
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Cho, Kazutoshi, Hitoshi Chiba, Hiroshi Azuma, et al. "Two sibling cases of hydrops fetalis due to alloimmune anti-CD36 (Naka) antibody." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 95, no. 02 (2006): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th05-05-0378.
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SummaryTwo female sibling cases, who were born to a CD36 deficient mother, were presented with Coombs’ test-negative hydrops. The alloimmune anti-CD36 (Naka) antibody was accidentally found in the mother’s serum after an episode of anaphylactic shock with thrombocytopenia, which occurred in an individual receiving fresh frozen plasma prepared from the mother’s donated blood. The mother was then diagnosed as having type II CD36 deficiency, lacking CD36 on both platelets and monocytes, while both of her daughters were CD36 positive. Analyses of the CD36 gene revealed that the mother was a compound heterozygote for the CD36 gene mutation with a novel C→T transition at nt 1366 in exon 12, corresponding to Arg386Trp, and a known 12bp deletion at nt 1438–1449 in exon 13. On the other hand, both patients, who showed half the normal level of CD36 on platelets and monocytes, were heterozygote with one mutation at Arg386Trp. The anti-CD36 antibody in the mother seemed to be responsible for the hydrops fetalis observed in her daughters, because the IgG isolated from the mother’s serum showed suppressive effects on the CFU-E colony formation of CD34+ cells from a control donor. This is the first case report of hydrops fetalis caused by an alloimmune anti-CD36 antibody.
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PIETERS, FLORENCE F. J. M., and DINY WINTHAGEN. "Maria Sibylla Merian, naturalist and artist (1647–1717): a commemoration on the occasion of the 350th anniversary of her birth." Archives of Natural History 26, no. 1 (1999): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1999.26.1.1.
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Maria Sibylla Merian was born on 2 April 1647 in Frankfurt (Germany) and grew up among artists. She was one of the first who studied the metamorphoses of insects, preceded by the Dutch naturalists Johannes Goedaert (1620–1668) and Jan Swammerdam (1637–1680). From 1674 she began to investigate these metamorphoses systematically, resulting in her first scientific book Der Raupen wunderbare Verwandelung und sonderbare Blumen-nahrung [The wondrous transformation of caterpillars and their remarkable diet of flowers]. The first part of this book was published in Nuremberg in 1679, containing 50 plates in quarto, all engraved by herself, and the second part in Frankfurt in 1683. Now she had discovered her definitive style, depicting the life cycle of a butterfly on the caterpillar's host plant in natural size on one plate, in a beautiful lay-out. In 1685 she entered a Labadist cloister in Friesland, joined by her mother and her two daughters. However, as early as 1691 she left this cloister and settled in Amsterdam. From here she undertook an expedition to Surinam in 1699 to study its superb natural history, accompanied by her younger daughter. She stayed there for only 21 months because she became seriously ill, but she recovered and the publication of her folio volume on the metamorphoses of Surinam insects in 1705 made her worldfamous among natural scientists and art historians alike. However, she was also criticized and the reasons for this are discussed. An additional letter by Merian (17 letters were hitherto known) was discovered in a Parisian collection.
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Adrián, A., C. Noval Canga, H. Rebeca, et al. "Culture and mental disorders." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.678.
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ObjectivesShow with a case report how psychiatric pathology may face differential diagnosis problems when sociocultural aspects are involved.Methods and materialsSeventy-three year old man, born in Colombia. During the last two months, he had come many times to the emergency service due to behavioural changes. He does not have previous psychiatric history. His daughter refers that one of the patient's sisters has been diagnosed of “mystical madness”. The previous days he abandoned his medical treatment saying that he “gets in touch with his wife and that he wants to meet her”. Since his wife's dead, he had presented an excessively adapted behaviour, without grief symptoms. The first hospitalization day he said we wanted to get married with one of his daughters, with a sexual content speech, being able to get emotional when he spoke about his dead wife. Now the patient is under frequent reviews, and it is thought the differential diagnosis of depression with psychotic symptoms, due to the lack of symptoms remission.ConclusionWhenever we face different psychiatric diagnosis we don’t keep in mind some sociocultural factors, which could be masked and raise different doubts. It is important to keep in mind that each country or ethnical have their own cultural habits which are going to deeply influence patient's personality.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Kucher, D., O. Kochuk-Yashchenko, M. Slusar, S. Tkachuk, and K. Karykh. "INFLUENCE OF PATERNAL ORIGIN ON THE MANIFESTATION OF ECONOMIC USEFUL TRAITS IN THEIR DAUGHTERS IN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL MILK PRODUCTION." Animal Breeding and Genetics 64 (December 26, 2022): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.64.04.
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Introduction. The article presents the results of the study of the degree of influence of paternal origin on economically useful traits of first-born cows of the Simmental breed in organic and conventional herds.
 Materials and methods of research. The research was conducted in herds of the Simmental breed of PE "Galex-Agro" (organic milk production, n = 272) and STOV "Myroslavel-Agro" (conventional milk production, n = 120) of the Zhytomyr region. The most numerous breeding bulls in terms of the number of daughters were selected for the research in the conditions of organic production of PE "Galex-Agro": Dollar CZ 120158021 (18 daughters), Dustin CZ 500883061 (10 daughters), Incubus CZ 577790071 (20 daughters), Rumgo AT 168213272 (19 daughters), Brilliant CZ 141771694 (11 daughters), Expert CZ 510887061 (18 daughters), Emilik CZ 520019032 (19 daughters); in the conditions of conventional production of the "Myroslavel-Agro" STOV: Bavor CZ 105770664 (10 daughters), Morello CZ 12451683 (11 daughters), Radi CZ 20997683 (16 daughters).
 Research and methods of research. The data obtained convincingly testify to the genetic influence of breeder bulls on the manifestation of milk productivity, reproductive capacity, and dynamics of live weight of heifers during their rearing in conditions of organic and conventional milk production.
 We managed to perform intergroup differentiation of breeding bulls according to the milk productivity of daughters and to identify the best ones and confirm their influence on the manifestation of these traits. A statistically significant difference (from P < 0.05 to P < 0.001) in terms of milk productivity between daughters of the best and worst breeders according to these characteristics was found in 100% of cases.
 The best manifestation of the quantitative signs of milk productivity was characterized by the daughters of the breeding sire Brilliant CZ 141771694, and the worst by Dustin CZ 500883061. A statically significant difference of 0.20% was found in the milk protein content in favor of the daughters of the breeder Dollar CZ 120158021 compared to the daughters of the breeding sire Dustin CZ 500883061.
 In general, the daughters of breeder bulls represented by Galex-Agro PE were distinguished by higher milk productivity compared to their peers in the conditions of the Myroslavel-Agro farm. Since different breeding bulls were used in organic and conventional milk production, it was not possible to identify prepotent bulls simultaneously in both systems. However, there is a tendency that under the conditions of both farms, the descendants of the Redada line turned out to be the best (Rumgo AT 168213272 – PE "Galex-Agro", Radi CZ 20997683 – STOV "Myroslavel-Agro"). In the conditions of PE "Galex-Agro", it is worth noting the bull Brilliant CZ 141771694, whose daughters had a statistically significant advantage over the peers of other bulls in the vast majority of quantitative signs of milk productivity. The obtained data convincingly testify to the expediency of using the mentioned bulls in the conditions of both farms.
 The assessment of the reproductive capacity of the daughters of various breeder bulls under conditions of organic production showed that the daughters of all bulls, except for Expert CZ 510887061, were characterized by close to the desired length of biological periods of reproduction. The most desired parameters of reproductive ability were characterized by the daughters of breeding bulls Dollar CZ 120158021 and Rumgo AT 168213272, the least–daughters of Expert CZ 510887061. It is worth noting that when comparing group averages in 84% of cases it was possible to establish a statistically significant level of intergroup difference between the daughters of the best and worst bulls – breeders according to the duration of their biological periods of reproduction.
 In the conditions of conventional milk production of the "Myroslavel-Agro" dairy farm, a worse manifestation of the reproductive ability of the daughters of breeder bulls was established than in the conditions of the "Galex-Agro" PE. The half-sisters of the sire Radi CZ 20997683 were characterized by a slightly better manifestation of the signs of reproductive ability, and the worse - Bavor CZ 102554690. There was a slight intergroup fluctuation in the average values of the signs of reproductive ability.
 There is a significant level of intergroup differentiation of half-sisters by the father of different bulls for the live weight of their daughters in the period of their rearing from birth to 18 months of age. It is worth noting that in the conditions of the Galex-Agro PE, in all cases of comparisons based on the signs of milk productivity, it was not possible to establish non-consolidation in the daughters of bulls: Rumgo AT 168213272, Brilliant CZ 141771694, and in the conditions of the Myroslavel-Agro STOV – Rada CZ 20997683, these bulls were also characterized by the highest milk productivity. Therefore, the use of these prepotent improvers for milk productivity will contribute not only to an increase in productivity but also to its consolidation.
 Conclusions. In the conditions of organic management of the dairy industry (PP "Galex-Agro"), there is a statistically significant effect of sire's origin on the yield in 305 days of lactation, milk fat, protein content in milk, milk protein, total production of fat and protein (Р < 0.01 ). The highest influence of paternal origin among the traits of milk productivity was on the protein content of milk which amounted to 40.5%. As for the conventional farm (STOV "Myroslavel-Agro"), there was no statistically significant effect of paternal origin on most of the milk productivity traits (P > 0.05).
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Andrejić, Živojin. "Reflections regarding lost gravestone of Serbian Princess Brnča, the daughter of King Uroš the First and Helen Comnen Courtnee of Anjou." Bastina, no. 56 (2022): 335–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bastina32-35665.
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Princess Brnča, daughter of king Uroš the First and his second wife Helen Comnen Courtne Anjou(from his previous marriage he had a son, Stefan), whose existence was unknown to historical sources, can be only noticed on portrait in frescos of lineage of dinasty of Stefan Nemanja in monasteries of Gračanica, Dečani and Patriarchate of Peć. Although she is nowhere presented as a nun, there is presumption that she became a nun and that she was buried in the Monastery of Gradac, which is the foundation of her mother Helen Of Anjou. Hungarian sources testifiy that King Uroš The First had a son in law, whose name was unknown to history (the son of Serbian great penitentiary), and Josif Tronožac claimed that the king had two daughters. There is a fact that Brnča was married to a certain mayor Đorđe, as well as the presumption that she was born around 1253. Newly discovered signature on the gravestone found in church of St. George, belonging to deserted and vanished, monastery Kastaljani, on the slopes of Kosmaj mountin, near Mladenovac, serves as a testemony that this church was built by King Milutin in 1303, and that Brnča was buried there in 1306. This fact serves to reject completely all assumptions that are without any physical evidence that princess Brnca was a nun and that she was buried in the monastery of Gradac. Knowing this, it can be concluded that the church of St. George was built on the land that belonged to Princess Brnča and her husband, Mayor Đorđe, in the state of her brother, The king of Srem, Dragutin. The church must have stareted being built before war conflicts between brothers, kings Milutin and Dragutin, around 1303 and 1304, and the other daughter of King Uroš The First, whose name remains unknown, is buried in the monastery of Gradac with her mother, Helen of Anjou.
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Gallant, B. Y., D. Réale, and M. Festa-Bianchet. "Does mass change of primiparous bighorn ewes reflect reproductive effort?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 79, no. 2 (2001): 312–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z00-204.
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Reproductive effort during a female's first breeding attempt could affect subsequent fitness, particularly in species that reproduce before completing body growth. We analyzed 26 years of data on marked bighorn (Ovis canadensis) ewes to assess how variation in first reproductive effort affected other life-history traits. We measured reproductive effort as the residual of the regression of mass of primiparous ewes in late lactation on their mass 1 year earlier. Survival of the first-born lamb to weaning reduced maternal mass gain, suggesting a trade-off between reproduction and growth. Mass gain during the year of primiparity therefore appears to reflect reproductive effort. Lower mass gain was associated with lower adult mass and longevity, two important determinants of lifetime reproductive success. Reproductive effort at first parity therefore appears to lower residual reproductive value. Over their lifetime, females with low mass gain as primiparae produced proportionately more daughters than did females with high mass gain. Reproductive effort at first reproduction was not heritable, and may affect the evolutionary potential of adult mass and longevity, two fitness-related traits that are highly heritable in the study population.
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Ikihele, Amio, and Vili Nosa. "Mothers and sisters: educators of sexual health information among young Niue women born in New Zealand." Pacific Journal Reproductive Health 1, no. 9 (2019): 513–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18313/pjrh.2019.917.
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ABSTRACT:
 Background: For many Pacific youth in New Zealand, discussing sexual health topics with their parents or families remains a highly sensitive subject that is uncomfortable and culturally challenging. These conversations are even more difficult for young Pacific females who are expected to show modest and virtuous behaviours. The aim of this paper is to describe the role of mothers and sisters in conveying sexual and reproductive health information among young Niue women born in New Zealand. 
 Methods: Twenty Niue young women took part in semi-structured qualitative interviews. The young women needed to be of Niue descent, born in New Zealand, living in Auckland and aged between 16-24 years. 
 Findings: This study highlighted the influential role of mothers – both Island born, and New Zealand born – within the home, with mothers identified as being more likely to be involved raising and educating daughters around sexual health. The young women firmly believed mothers were their first teachers and were better placed to lead such sensitive discussions. Interestingly, the findings also drew attention to the role of sisters in the dissemination and search for sexual health information, with many of the participants reporting sisters as important positive influences.
 Conclusion: This research provides important findings on the role of Niue women – both mothers and sisters – who have been identified as a key source and educator of sexual health information. These findings have significant relevance for Niue women and the potential for intergenerational discussions to take place, ensuring young Niue females are informed with adequate information and advice to make informed sexual health decisions.
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Tulinova, Olga V. "Reproductive qualities of daughters of Ayrshire bulls-carriers of the fertility haplotype AH1." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 1, no. 12 (2021): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202112010.
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An analysis of the reproductive qualities of the retired cows of Ayrshire breed, first calving in the period 2009–2016, was carried out, of which 7278 heads are daughters of bulls tested for carriage of the AH1 fertility haplotype: carriers (AH1C) – 16 heads and free (AH1F) – 41 heads at the number of offspring is 1391 and 5887 heads, respectively. It was found that the relative number of cows in the two analyzed groups did not differ – the difference did not exceed 1.0% (from –0,9 to +0,8%). It was found that abortions in the AH1C group are 0,13% lower, and stillbirths by 0.18% higher. The difference between the bulls and heifers born (in favor of bulls) is greater in the first group of animals (9,38 versus 7,64%). Data analysis showed that the age of the 1st insemination and calving was 0.4 months (p≤0,05) significantly later in the offspring of AH1C bulls. The number of insemination after the 1st calving in this group of animals is also significantly higher (p≤0,05) by 0,04 doses. Significant differences (p≤0,05) were revealed in the duration of intercalving and dry period for the highest lactation, which were 6 and 3 days, but on average for all completed lactations, a significant difference was not established for all studied characteristics. For the last completed lactation, there was a large difference in the number of milk days and days of pregnancy for incomplete lactation (–10 and –21 days, respectively). The term of productive use is 16 days longer in the group of descendants of bulls АН1С, bu t the difference is not significant. Productive use is 16 days longer in the group of bulls АН1С, but the difference is not significant. It can be concluded that the use of AH1C bulls for cows can be allowed if the economic effect of productivity covers the costs for a later period of the start of productive use (the cost of raising a heifer to the 1st calving), from the loss of calves (stillbirth) and due to a decrease in the number of heifers for herd reproduction and pedigree sale.
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Kulakova, M. B., and Yu P. Polupan. "THE RELATIONSHEEP OF THE BREEDING VALUE OF BULLS WITH THE PRODUCTIVITY OF THEIR MOTHERS AND THE BREEDING VALUE OF THEIR PARENTS BREEDING." Animal Breeding and Genetics 62 (December 8, 2021): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/abg.62.08.
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Having a correlation between the pedigree value of the parents and the productivity of the mothers with the pedigree value of the offspring (inheritance through "father-son" and "mother-son") would increase the likelihood of selecting breeders at the stage of custom mating to obtain repair bulls.
 According to the contradictory results of research by various authors, the tendency is low to directly link the breeding value of bulls in milk productivity of daughters with milk yield and milk fat of mothers and slightly higher – with the breeding value of their parents. At the same time, the degree of straightness or curvature of such relative variability remains little studied, which became the goal of our research.
 The research was conducted based on the results of the evaluation of dairy and dairy-meat bulls used in domestic herds during 1997–2004. The analysis included information on the breeding value of 293 bulls, estimated by the method of estimated breeding value UA (EBV), and the parents of bulls – the estimated breeding value (EBV) method or the method of best unbiased linear forecast (BLUP) in foreign countries (ETA, FW, ICC, PTA, ZW , EBV, BV, GB). These broods were estimated at an average of 54 daughters in 4.4 herds with an average recurrence rate of 64%. The average milk productivity of bull daughters for 305 days of the first lactation was 5471 kg of milk with 3.79% fat and 3.29% protein, daughters of bull parents – 7099 kg, 3.78% and 3.21%, respectively. In the mothers of bulls, productivity was taken into account for the highest and the average was calculated for all taken into account lactations. According to the vast majority of the considered features, the asymmetry index did not exceed 1, and the excess – 3 units, which indicates a close to normal distribution and legitimacy of the use of parametric statistics. The predominant assessment of breeders for a small number of daughters and a small number of herds logically determined a statistically significant level of positive asymmetry (2.99 ± 0.142 and 2.79 ± 0.142, respectively) and excess (12.21 ± 0.284 and 11.48 ± 0.284) for these parameters.
 The direction of relative variability and the degree of its straightness or curvature was assessed by the comparison of group means. According to each of the determinants of the parents, five groups of offspring were formed. According to the mother's milk yield, the class interval for the highest lactation is 1500 kg, according to the average mother's milk yield – 1000 kg, according to the father's selection index – 300 units and according to the father's breeding value – 400 kg. The parameters of the variation series were calculated by the methods of mathematical statistics and biometrics using the software package Statistica 12.0.
 Comparative analysis revealed a significant level of intergroup differentiation of milk productivity of daughters and breeding value of bulls with different milk yields of their mothers for higher lactation.
 With the increase in the milk yield of mothers of bulls from less than 7.5 to more than 12 tons, hopes, the yield of milk fat and protein in the daughters of the firstborn are steadily increasing. The growth of breeding value of offspring with increasing milk yield of their mothers for better lactation is crooked. In particular, in the group with milking of mothers 10501–12000 kg the pedigree value of broodstock on milking of daughters decreased in comparison with the previous adjacent class (9001–10500 kg) by 110.3 ± 88.98 kg, on milk yield – by 5.0 ± 3.44 kg, milk protein – by 4.8 ± 4.72 kg. There is almost no intergroup difference in breeding value in terms of fat and protein content in daughters' milk.
 Another component of the selection of repair bulls by origin is the breeding value of their parents. Comparative intergroup analysis shows a curvilinear increase in milk yield, milk fat and protein yield of first-born daughters and breeding value of bulls on these grounds with increasing the complex selection index of their parents.
 In the first two adjacent classes there is even a slight decrease in the productivity of daughters and the breeding value of breeders. Increasing the breeding value of sons begins only in groups from the parents of improvers. The maximum value of the difference in milk productivity of daughters was observed between groups of parents with a selection index of more than +700 and within -200… + 100 units.
 A comparative analysis of groups on the pedigree value of the father of a bull by milking also found that the increase in the breeding value of parents is accompanied by a curvilinear increase in the breeding value of sons and the average milk yield of their daughters. According to the average breeding value of bulls in terms of milk fat and protein content, the intergroup difference does not show a clear pattern with the breeding value of the father in terms of milk yield, is multidirectional and in most cases does not reach a statistically significant level.
 A certain level of relative variability has been established between the milk productivity of mothers above and above all lactations, the breeding value of fathers and the breeding value of sons and the milk productivity of their daughters. With the increase in the productivity of mothers and the breeding value of fathers, the breeding value of the bulls of sons and hopes, the yield of milk fat and protein in the milk of daughters increases curvilinearly. Increased productivity of daughters' cows and breeding value of breeders are more likely to be provided by the high level of productivity of their mothers and breeding value of parents. Taking into account the milk productivity of mothers for all lactations in the selection of broodstock does not provide a significant increase in the probability of obtaining improvers compared to taking into account the milk yield of mothers for higher lactation.
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Astiz, S., A. Gonzalez-Bulnes, F. Sebastian, O. Fargas, I. Cano, and P. Cuesta. "Maternal aging affects life performance of progeny in a Holstein dairy cow model." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 5, no. 5 (2014): 374–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174414000361.
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The development and life performance of 404 high-producing Holstein dairy cows was studied from birth onwards and during two lactations. The management, environment and parental genetics of the cows were known in detail. Cluster analysis identified four performance ‘types’: high-yielding (HY) cows and persistently high-yielding (PHY) cows, which accounted for 33% of the animals; medium-yielding (MY) cows, 41%; and low-yielding (LY) cows, 26%. Prenatal determinants of the life performance of the progeny were analyzed. Developmental and environmental factors were excluded as determinants of performance (including birth weight, level of passive immunity transfer, growth rate, age at first parturition and reproductive efficiency). Life performance did show minor seasonal effects, with more HY cows but less PHY being born during the cold season (90.1% in HY; 58.3% in PHY v. 81.5%). Instead, the single most important factor influencing life performance of daughters was maternal age. HY cows were born from the youngest mothers (1.89±1.14 parturitions, 3.12±1.42-year old), whereas LY cows were born from the oldest (2.72±1.80 parturitions, 3.97±2.01-year old; P<0.001). Life performance of the dams did not differ among clusters. In addition, metabolic parameters (fat and protein yield) were found to correlate significantly with yields between the first and second lactations (milk yield: r=0.357; fat yield: r=0.211; protein yield: r=0.277; P<0.0001), suggesting the influence of the individual. These results suggest that under optimal health, nutritional and environmental conditions, maternal aging is an important determinant of the life performance of progeny and argue for the need to identify conditions that contribute to health and disease in progeny according to the Developmental Origin of Health and Disease or DOHaD concept. Our findings may help the development of novel management guidelines for dairy farms.
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Możejko, Beata. "O okolicznościach narodzin królewskich dzieci w świetle itinerarium Kazimierza Jagiellończyka i Elżbiety Rakuskiej." Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza, no. 20 (December 15, 2020): 126–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sds.2020.24.06.
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On 10 February 1454, the Polish King, Kazimierz Jagiellończyk (born 1427) married Elżbieta Rakuska (born around 1436/1437), daughter of the German, Czech, and Hungarian king, Albrecht II Habsburg and Elizabeth of Luxemburg.
 Kazimierz Jagiellończyk and Elżbieta had 13 children, 7 daughters (two of them – also called Elżbieta – died in early childhood and 6 sons. So, in total, 11 children survived into adulthood. The royal couple gave birth to children with a certain regularity, more or less every several months, especially in the first years of their marriage. It is well‑known that Elżbieta accompanied Kazimierz Jagiellończyk on his journeys for many years. Research has revealed the itineraries of the King and his wife. This article analyzes these itineraries with regard to the details of the journey and the place of conception of individual royal children. The analysis reveals that, especially in the first years of the marriage, King Kazimierz Jagiellończyk spent a lot of time journeying between different places. This was not just a consequence of the custom (common then) of royal progresses, but also of the military situation. Queen Elżbieta did not give up the company of her husband on his journeys, although she did not venture into areas directly affected by warfare. So it is not surprising that the first royal offspring – the future Czech and Hungarian King Władysław – saw the light of day in Wawel Castle, but he was conceived outside Kraków. Possibilities include Łuków, Kazimierz Dolny, Radom, Opoczno, or, finally, Piotrków.
 Nor is it difficult to see that from the moment of the birth of their first‑born son to Elżbieta’s next pregnancy, the royal pair were practically never parted, leaving Kraków together, travelling and spending time in Lithuania. Their daughter Jadwiga was conceived during a winter stay in Lithuania, most likely in Wilno. The next children were also conceived during the couple’s long visits to Lithuania: Kazimierz in winter, and Jan Olbracht in spring. Most likely, their son Aleksander was conceived in Łęczyca. In turn Zofia was conceived in Breść Kujawski. It is difficult to fix the place where Elżbieta (1) was conceived; it happened while travelling, at the time of one of the couple’s brief stops in Kłodawa, Łęczyca, Piotrków, or Parczew. Zygmunt was conceived in Łęczyca, and Fryderyk in Kraków. He was the first but not the only one of the royal children to be conceived in Wawel Castle; his sisters Elżbieta (2) and Barbara were conceived there too. Anna, older than Barbara, was conceived somewhere en route between Lublin and Nowe Miasto Korczyn.
 Like their eldest brother, the majority of the royal children were born in Wawel Castle. Exceptions were: Zygmunt, born in Kozienice (in this case, we know that this was a result of a search for a place safe from plague), Anna, born in Nieszawa (almost to the birth, the Queen accompanied her husband on his current journey), and Barbara, born in Sandomierz. The King was present at the following births: of Władysław, Jan Olbracht, Zofia, Elżbieta (1), Zygmunt, Fryderyk, Elżbieta (2), and Barbara. We know the dates of the christenings of several of the children: Władysław – 4 April 1456 (more than a month after his birth; his parents set off on a journey when he was almost two months old); Kazimierz – 5 November 1458 (more than a month after his birth; the christening waited till the King returned; the royal couple set off on a journey three months after his birth); Jan Olbracht – christened three days after his birth (30 December); Zofia – christened a week after being born (her parents set off on a journey five months after her birth). The King was certainly present at the christenings of Elżbieta (1) in June 1465 (a week after her birth), Zygmunt, Fryderyk (christened eleven days after being born), Elżbieta (2), and Barbara (eleven days elapsed between her birth and her christening).
 If we look at the bates of birth of the children of Kazimierz Jagiellończyk and Elżbieta, we also see that in the first few years the gaps between a birth and a subsequent pregnancy were quite short. Between 1456 (the first birth) and 1461, pregnancies occurred at the following intervals: the second pregnancy was nine months from the first birth; the third pregnancy was five to five and a half months after the second; the fourth was around seven months after the third birth; and the fifth pregnancy came eleven to twelve months after the fourth birth. After the birth of a fifth child (Aleksander), there was a gap of more than two years before the Queen’s next pregnancy, a subsequent conception being in September 1463. From the birth of her sixth child to her seventh pregnancy there was an interval of four to five months; from the seventh birth to the eighth pregnancy there was an interval of around ten to eleven months; from the eighth birth to the ninth pregnancy, it was eight months. After this eighth birth (27 April 1468), it was three years before the Queen was pregnant again, this interval being most likely caused by illness (perhaps miscarriage). It was only around mid‑September 1471 that the Queen was pregnant again. After giving birth to her tenth child (20 April 1472), there was a gap of more than three years. The Queen only became pregnant again in June 1475. The child was born in March 1476, and a further conception took place more or less eighteen months later. We cannot discuss the date and place of conception of the royal daughter Elżbieta (3); we do not have annual data relating to the date of her birth.
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Pryce, J. E., G. Simm, and J. J. Robinson. "Effects of selection for production and maternal diet on maiden dairy heifer fertility." Animal Science 74, no. 3 (2002): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800052565.
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AbstractThe objectives of this study were to investigate reproductive performance and the influence of maternal environment on reproductive performance in two genetic lines of maiden heifers. These were given food and managed in the same way at the Langhill Dairy Cattle Research Centre. The two genetic lines were established in 1973; one has been selected for high combined yield of fat plus protein (selection line; S) and the other has been maintained at around the UK average for genetic merit of yield of fat plus protein (control line; C). Analysis of the reproductive performance of 988 heifers born between 1981 and 1998 showed that S heifers were poorer (all P < 0·05) than C heifers for all reproductive measures: conception at first service (S: 0·64, s.e. 0·02; C: 0·71, s.e. 0·03), interval between first and last service (S: 18·2 days, s.e. 2·2; C: 13·4 days, s.e. 2·2) and number of services per conception (S: 1·49 services, s.e. 0·06; C: 1·39 services, s.e. 0·06). S heifers were also younger at first service than C heifers (474·9 days v. 480·1 days, s.e. 1·9, for S and C respectively; P • 01). Fertility of service sires may have had some influence on these results, but this could not be investigated here, as S heifers were mated only to high merit bulls and C heifers to average merit bulls. However, within genetic line, the yearly downward trend in the average number of services per conception of heifers was significantly different from zero for the S line, but not the C line. There were no statistically significant relationships between conception rates in maiden heifers and their subsequent reproductive performance in first lactation. The effect of maternal environment on the reproductive performance of daughters as maiden heifers was investigated. There were no statistically significant relationships between daughter reproductive performance and dam parity or the feeding system of the dam (either a high or low level of concentrates). Within the limited range of nutritional status of dams during the periods post calving and in early pregnancy, there was no statistically significant effect of maternal nutrition on daughter reproductive performance.
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Radovic, C., M. Petrovic, B. Zivkovic, et al. "Evaluation of boar sire breeding value using probit method." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 5-6-2 (2007): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0702251r.
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Objective of this paper was to evaluate breeding value of boarsires based on four traits of their offspring (average life daily gain and share of meat in carcass sides (%) of offspring-fatteners, number of live born piglets and number of weaned piglets - boars' daughters). Investigation included sires of Swedish Landrace breed and Large White. Breeding value was evaluated on the level of population and within the breed of investigated boars. Data was processed by method of Least Squares (Harvey, 1990), and breeding values of boars evaluated using modified Probit values (Petrovic et al., 1995). Obtained results show that the highest total breeding value was established for boar No. 1 (20,832). Its offspring were superior in three of four traits and he is at the same time the first ranked boar. Contrary to this boar, two Large White boar-sires (No. 5 and 6) had offspring with bellow average values for three of four traits. Therefore, these sires influenced improvement of only one trait in their offspring.
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Leung, Luke K. P. "Ecology of Australian tropical rainforest mammals. I. The Cape York antechinus, Antechinus leo (Dasyuridae : Marsupialia)." Wildlife Research 26, no. 3 (1999): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr96042.
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This is the first detailed ecological study of the Cape York antechinus, Antechinus leo, a small marsupial endemic to rainforest on the Cape York Peninsula, North Queensland, Australia. A total of 181 animals was captured 725 times at Iron Range during a capture–mark–recapture study from 1989 to 1991. A. leo is crepuscular–nocturnal, insectivorous, semi-arboreal and nests in hollows. Its life-history strategy is typical of the genus, including the synchrony of reproductive events and the post-mating death of all males. The estimated annual mating season is from mid-September to mid-October. Young were born around 1 November ( 12 days), and were carried in the pouch until early to mid December. Juveniles became trappable around mid February. Daughters stayed in their mother’s home range, while sons dispersed soon after they left the nest. Lactation, weaning and dispersal of young were timed to coincide with the wet season when the abundance of invertebrates increased, suggesting that populations are limited by food supply.
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SINGH, UMESH, T. V. RAJA, B. S. RATHOD, H. HPANCHASARA, and R. R. ALYETHODI. "Estimation of breeding values of Kankrej bulls under associated herd progeny testing program." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 90, no. 3 (2020): 478–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v90i3.102539.
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A study was conducted to predict the expected breeding values of 8 Kankrej bulls inducted under the All India Coordinated Research Project on Cattle. A total of 127 first lactation 305-days records of Kankrej daughters born during the period between 2013 and 2017 were analyzed by Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) method using Model VIII of LSMLMW software. The BLUP model included the Herd-year-season effect as fixed factor and sires as random factor. The overall average expected breeding value (EBV) was 2004.314 kg. The breeding values of Kankrej bulls ranged between - 151.321 and +189.733 kg. The results of the study revealed that the BLUP method discriminated the sires for their breeding values to a larger extent so that the genetically superior bulls can be discriminated from the poor bulls. Based on the results it was recommended only to use the frozen semen doses of two Gir bulls, viz. K020 and K017 to breed the Kankrej cows for increasing the milk production in subsequent generations.
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Narciso, Laia. "“Race”, Belonging and Emancipation: Trajectories and Views of the Daughters of Western Africa in Spain." Social Sciences 10, no. 4 (2021): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10040143.
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Young Spanish Black people born to migrant parents continue to be either invisible or problematized in public discourses, which project a monocultural and phenotypically homogeneous Europe. Research in countries with a long immigration history has shown that in the process of othering minorities, gender ideologies emerge as ethnic boundaries and feed the paternalistic treatment of women while accusing their families and communities of harming them through atavistic traditions. However, little research has focused on girls’ and young women from West African immigration and Muslim tradition in Spain, a country where they represent the first “second generation”. In order to gain a deeper insight into their processes and views, this paper describes and analyses the educational trajectories and transitions to adult life of a group of young women with these backgrounds who participated in a multilevel and narrative ethnography developed in the framework of a longitudinal and comparative project on the risk of Early Leaving of Education and Training in Europe (ELET). In the light of the conceptual contributions of the politics of belonging and intersectionality, the responsibilities regarding the conditions for gaining independence are relocated while assessing the role of the school in the processes of social mobility and the development of egalitarian aspirations in the labor market and in the family environment. The findings show how the limits encountered by these young women in their trajectories to an independent adult life are mainly produced by processes of racialization conditioned by class and gender, ironically in key spaces of social inclusion such as schools and the labor market rather than, or mainly by, an ethnic community that subjugates them.
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Parween, Shenaz. "“Women in an Alien Land”- Nuances of Diasporic Identity and Survival in Bharati Mukherjee’s Desirable Daughters." Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 2, no. 6 (2022): 247–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.6.33.
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Bharati Mukherjee, an Indian Born, Canadian/ American novelist has made a deep impression on the literary canvass. The prime premise of her works is the issues encountered by women in the foreign atmosphere. As a diasporic author most of her characters are ‘displaced’ and ‘alienated’ from the land of origin to USA where they are ‘simultaneously invisible’ as an individual and ‘overexposed’ as a racial minority. Focusing on Mukherjee’s Desirable Daughters, first of the trilogy including The Tree Bride and Miss New India, the present paper attempts to analyze the complexities of diasporic identity and the process of re-birth and re-invention of Indian women immigrants to adapt in the new world. A story of three sisters- Padma, Parvati and Tara, the novel showcases the problems of identity of Indian immigrant women in an alien society as they suffer from ‘no greater visibility but great marginality’. The problem with these sisters is not only that are immigrants but what makes their condition worse is their gender as well. Being with the label of ‘second sex’, these women are often confronted by a double quest- quest for identity as a woman first and second as a displaced human being in an alien world. The diasporic situation in fact entangles the sisters into a maze- standing between two worlds-with complex realities of unequal cultural dynamics of the traditional homeland and liberal spaces of host land- they tend to experience conflicting subjectivities of freedom and subjugation, yet they do find a way for self-exploration and deliberation to conceive new identities and move beyond the fixed definitions of diasporic Indian women. So, my paper will be a modest attempt to unravel the nuances of diasporic identity which is always a matter of ‘becoming’ as well as of ‘being’ and to highlight the extremely individualistic ways of survival of the three immigrant sisters in an apparently alien culture.