Journal articles: 'First impression (Psychology)'

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Wingate, Timothy G., and Joshua S. Bourdage. "Liar at First Sight?" Journal of Personnel Psychology 18, no. 4 (October 2019): 177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1866-5888/a000232.

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Abstract. Research suggests that early impressions influence employment interview outcomes. A highly controlled experiment examined the effects of pre-interview qualifications information and early applicant impression management behavior on interviewers’ early impressions and, in turn, applicant outcomes. Mock interviewers ( N = 247) judged the same applicant with a poorer pre-interview qualification ranking to be a poorer performer, but also perceived the applicant to have faked (deceived) more, and considered the applicant less likeable, less competent, less dedicated, and more conceited. Early applicant impression management behavior did not consistently contribute to interviewers’ early impressions, or to perceptions and judgments. Overall, these findings suggest that early applicant information can affect interviewer cognitions and judgments through the formation of early impressions.

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Zebrowitz, Leslie A. "First Impressions From Faces." Current Directions in Psychological Science 26, no. 3 (June 2017): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963721416683996.

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Although cultural wisdom warns us not to judge a book by its cover, we seem unable to inhibit this tendency even though it can lead to inaccurate impressions of people’s psychological traits and has significant social consequences. One explanation for this paradox is that first impressions from faces reflect overgeneralizations of adaptive impressions of categories of people with structurally similar faces (including babies, familiar or unfamiliar people, evolutionarily unfit people, and people expressing a variety of emotions). Research testing these overgeneralization hypotheses has elucidated why we form first impressions from faces, what impressions we form, and what cues influence these impressions. This article focuses on commonalities in impressions across diverse perceivers, with additional brief attention given to individual differences in impressions and impression accuracy.

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Florea, Liviu, Sorin Valcea, Maria Riaz Hamdani, and Thomas W. Dougherty. "From first impressions to selection decisions." Personnel Review 48, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 249–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pr-11-2017-0345.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how individual interviewers’ dispositional cognitive motivations may influence interview interactions and outcomes. More specifically, this study explores the influence of the need for cognition, need for cognitive closure, and accountability on the relationship between first impressions and selection decisions.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 41 graduate students were assigned the role of interviewers and were tasked to interview 331 undergraduate students at a large Midwestern university. The selection interview was designed to recruit qualified undergraduate students to the MBA program of the university.FindingsFirst impressions significantly influenced selection decisions, but did not influence interviewers’ behaviors. Moreover, multilevel analyses reveal that interviewers’ need for cognition and accountability moderate the relationship between first impression and selection decisions, albeit in different direction. Need for cognition strengthens, whereas accountability weakens the relationship between first impression and selection decision.Research limitations/implicationsA potential interviewer bias is apparent, where interviewers high on need for cognition tend to weight first impressions more in the decision process. However, this bias was not directly observable, since interviewers’ behaviors during the interview were not affected by first impressions.Originality/valueThe present study goes beyond previous research on first impressions in the employment interview, finding that dispositional differences account for the tendency to weigh first impressions in the selection decision.

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Lennon, Sharron J. "ADDITIVITY OF CLOTHING CUES IN FIRST IMPRESSIONS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 14, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1986.14.1.15.

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The theory of information integration was used to predict that in first impression situations, clothing/physical appearance cues, like adjective trait descriptions, have differential importance depending upon the type of judgment elicited. One hundred four college aged females viewed and responded to slides of colored line drawings of female stimulus persons. Multiple regression was used to analyze the data. In accord with the theory, it was predicted and found that a linear compilation of people's impressions of the stimulus person with one of the clothing/physical appearance cues together with people's impressions of the stimulus person with another of the clothing/physical appearance cues in every case significantly predicted (p < .001) people's impressions of the stimulus person with the two cues combined. Significance of th e research and avenues for future research are explored.

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Roeckeletn, Jon E. "A Demonstration of Undergraduate Students' First Impressions and Their Ratings of Pathology." Psychological Reports 90, no. 2 (April 2002): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.90.2.613.

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An interactive team exercise based in the dual topic areas of social and abnormal psychology is described that employs videotaped case studies to sensitize students to the processes by which they form first impressions of other people, and to various issues regarding assessments of mental disorders. Each of three case studies is presented in two parts: Part 1 simulates a “first impression” condition—involving students' ratings of perceived pathology—by briefly showing only a patient (no soundtrack present), and Part 2 constitutes a “further disclosure” condition by giving more exposure—involving therapists' diagnoses and assessments—of the same patient with both sight and soundtrack presented. Data are reported from 12 introductory psychology classes in which students ( N = 367) rated the three patients on psychopathology is perceived severity of disorder as compared to the actual assessments (also contained on the videotapes) made by clinical psychologists and psychiatrists. The demonstration is useful in eliciting consistent and predictable first impressions from students, in stimulating classroom discussion about the value and accuracy of person perceptions and first impressions, and in alerting students to problems related to the identification of mental disorders.

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Berrenberg, Joy L. "A Classroom Exercise in Impression Formation." Teaching of Psychology 14, no. 3 (October 1987): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1403_10.

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This classroom exercise provides students with an opportunity to examine aspects of their own impression-formation processes. The data generated can be used to stimulate discussion about the origins of implicit personality theories, person prototypes, and the accuracy of first impressions.

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Rogers, Katherine H., Marina T. Le, Erin E. Buckels, Mikayla Kim, and Jeremy C. Biesanz. "Dispositional malevolence and impression formation: Dark Tetrad associations with accuracy and positivity in first impressions." Journal of Personality 86, no. 6 (March 26, 2018): 1050–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12374.

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Vartanian, Oshin, Keith Stewart, David R. Mandel, Nada Pavlovic, Lianne McLellan, and Paul J. Taylor. "Personality assessment and behavioral prediction at first impression." Personality and Individual Differences 52, no. 3 (February 2012): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.05.024.

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Bernieri, Frank J., and Kristen N. Petty. "The influence of handshakes on first impression accuracy." Social Influence 6, no. 2 (April 2011): 78–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15534510.2011.566706.

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Kato, Daiki, and Mikie Suzuki. "Developing a Scale to Measure Total Impression Of Synthetic House-tree-person Drawings." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 44, no. 1 (February 18, 2016): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2016.44.1.19.

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We developed a scoring scale for the method of total impression of projective drawing. We focused especially on the Synthetic House-Tree-Person (S-HTP) projective drawing technique. First, we asked 7 clinical psychology graduate students to write down key words that they associated with total impressions of S-HTP drawings. Second, we selected 35 items based on these words and developed the Scale for Total Impression of Drawings (STID). Using the STID, 6 clinical psychologists rated 30 S-HTP pictures drawn by Japanese junior high school students. Finally, we selected 12 descriptive words as items and results of confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the STID was divided into 4 subscales we labeled as vitality, reality, themes, and gentleness. These converged with 2 higher factors of emotional stability and context consistency. Fit indexes of the model were sufficient.

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Sato, Taku, and Yoshiaki Nihei. "Contrasting tactics in deceptive impression management." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 37, no. 2 (March 31, 2009): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2009.37.2.267.

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The deceptive tactics used to manipulate impressions people gave to others of themselves and other individuals were investigated. In the first phase, all participants told about the most memorable event that happened yesterday. In the second phase, one group of participants in the self-aggrandizement condition were asked to distort the original statement to give the impression that they were competent or socially desirable. Another group of participants assigned to the other-belittlement condition were asked to distort the original statement to give an impression that other individuals in the original telling were incompetent or socially undesirable. The results show that participants in both conditions used two deceptive tactics. One is a direct tactic, which is a direct manipulation of the target's evaluation. The other is an indirect tactic, which is indirect manipulation of the target's evaluation by contrasting with a nontarget person.

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Morrison, Kerrianne E., Kilee M. DeBrabander, Daniel J. Faso, and Noah J. Sasson. "Variability in first impressions of autistic adults made by neurotypical raters is driven more by characteristics of the rater than by characteristics of autistic adults." Autism 23, no. 7 (March 8, 2019): 1817–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318824104.

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Previous work indicates that first impressions of autistic adults are more favorable when neurotypical raters know their clinical diagnosis and have high understanding about autism, suggesting that social experiences of autistic adults are affected by the knowledge and beliefs of the neurotypical individuals they encounter. Here, we examine these patterns in more detail by assessing variability in first impression ratings of autistic adults ( N = 20) by neurotypical raters ( N = 505). Variability in ratings was driven more by characteristics of raters than those of autistic adults, particularly for items related to “intentions to interact.” Specifically, variability in rater stigma toward autism and autism knowledge contributed to first impression ratings. Only ratings of “awkwardness” were driven more by characteristics of the autistic adults than characteristics of the raters. Furthermore, although first impressions of autistic adults generally improved when raters were informed of their autism status, providing a diagnosis worsened impressions made by neurotypical raters with high stigma toward autism. Variations in how the diagnosis was labeled (e.g. “autistic” vs “has autism”) did not affect results. These findings indicate a large role of neurotypical perceptions and biases in shaping the social experiences for autistic adults that may be improved by reducing stigma and increasing acceptance.

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Heuvelink, Christine, Stuart McKelvie, and Andrea Drumheller. "Forming Impressions from English and French First Names: Is there an In-Group Effect in Québec?" Psychological Reports 110, no. 1 (February 2012): 166–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/07.17.28.pr0.110.1.166-172.

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Using the Name Connotation Profile, English Canadian and French Canadian university students rated their impressions of people with English or French first names. Both the English and French students formed a more favorable impression of people who had names from their own linguistic group. These results are consistent with social identity theory, according to which people define themselves in part by groups to which they belong, with the contact hypothesis, according to which people feel more positively towards those with whom they have interacted more, and perhaps with the mere exposure effect, according to which liking for an object increases with the frequency with which it is presented.

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Wagner, Udo, and Sandra Pauser. "The Impact of Bodily Behaviors of Sales Representatives on Charisma Evaluations by Consumers: A Time-Series Perspective." Marketing ZFP 44, no. 3 (2022): 44–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15358/0344-1369-2022-3-44.

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Significant resources are spent each year on sales forces and the means by which to enhance their effectiveness during a sales interaction or presentation. Specifically, studies point to the importance of charismatic nonverbal cues (for example, facial expressions, gestures) in impression formation. However, these behaviors are mainly perceived in an unconscious manner, making behavior measurement a difficult task. Moreover, existing research is dominated by post-exposure measures and neglects customers’ processing of impressions over time. This research addresses the outlined gaps and introduces continuous measurement of sales presentations based on different data sources. First, we provide novel insights by applying high-precision coding of 141 nonverbal behaviors of 22 videotaped sales presentations using body actions and posture coding procedures. Second, this study uses an innovative approach to capture customer impressions of sales representatives’ charisma in real-time by means of a program analyzer, which allows evaluative measurements while concurrently being exposed to sales presentations. This time-series evaluation approach contributes to the understanding of impression formation and allows for linking nonverbal sales behaviors to customers’ evaluations over the course of time. Findings from a large sample experimental study (n = 663) show that negative opinions are formed somewhat faster than positive ones. In addition, body movements (e.g., head/trunk/leg/knee movements, arm actions) driving these impressions are the same for the first few seconds and for longer periods.

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Goller, Juergen, Helmut Leder, Heather Cursiter, and Rob Jenkins. "Anchoring Effects in Facial Attractiveness." Perception 47, no. 10-11 (September 27, 2018): 1043–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0301006618802696.

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First impressions from faces emerge quickly and shape subsequent behaviour. Given that different pictures of the same face evoke different impressions, we asked whether presentation order affects the overall impression of the person. In three experiments, we presented naturally varying photos of a person’s face in ascending (low-to-high) or descending (high-to-low) order of attractiveness. We found that attractiveness ratings for a subsequent test item were higher for the descending condition than for the ascending condition (Experiment 1), consistent with anchoring effects. In Experiment 2, we ruled out contrast between the final item and the test item as the cause of the effect by demonstrating anchoring within the sequence itself. In Experiment 3, we found that order of image presentation also affected dating decisions. Our findings demonstrate that first impressions from faces depend not only on visual information but also on the order in which that information is received. We suggest that models of impression formation and learning of individual faces could be improved by considering temporal order of encounters.

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Bishop-Clark, Cathy, and Beth Dietz-Uhler. "Forming on-Line Impressions: A Class Exercise." Journal of Educational Technology Systems 31, no. 3 (March 2003): 251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/2q2u-1bnn-4hkp-kfx5.

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In an exercise designed to assess the accuracy of the impressions we form of people in online settings, students in a Psychology of the Internet course were asked to interact with two people in two different Internet settings. First, students were asked to interact with “Tom” (a college student) in an asynchronous discussion board setting over the period of one week. They were instructed to “try to get to know him” and form an impression of him. Likewise, students were asked to interact with “Dr. Smith” (a mathematics professor) in a synchronous chat room setting for a period of 30 minutes. Students were asked to describe physical appearance, gender, age, personality, political orientation, and likeability for both Tom and Dr. Smith. Students then met Tom and Dr. Smith in person. Students were shocked to learn Dr. Smith was female and Tom was a quadriplegic. The exercise was a powerful illustration of the issues involved in online impression formation. Pseudo-names are used throughout the article.

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Waroquier, Laurent, David Marchiori, Olivier Klein, and Axel Cleeremans. "Is It Better to Think Unconsciously or to Trust Your First Impression?" Social Psychological and Personality Science 1, no. 2 (April 2010): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550609356597.

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Granieri, Jessica E., Morgan L. McNair, Alan H. Gerber, Rebecca F. Reifler, and Matthew D. Lerner. "Atypical social communication is associated with positive initial impressions among peers with autism spectrum disorder." Autism 24, no. 7 (June 4, 2020): 1841–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361320924906.

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Atypical social communication is a key indicator of autism spectrum disorder and has long been presumed to interfere with friendship formation and first impressions among typically developing youth. However, emerging literature suggests that such atypicalities may function differently among groups of peers with autism spectrum disorder. The current study aimed to investigate the relationship between atypical social communication patterns and first impression sociometric ratings by peers in groups of youth with autism spectrum disorder. Findings suggest that, contrary to typically developing individuals, several forms of atypical communication among youth with autism spectrum disorder are associated with more positive first impressions by others with autism spectrum disorder. This suggests that interventions designed to increase friendships among youth with autism spectrum disorder may benefit from reframing their approach to addressing atypical social communication.

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Klion, R. E., and L. M. Leitner. "IMPRESSION FORMATION AND CONSTRUCT SYSTEM ORGANIZATION." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 19, no. 2 (January 1, 1991): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1991.19.2.87.

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Research into the changes in construing associated with impression formation has focussed on the content of the cognitive dimensions used. Such an approach has ignored the structural organization of such cognitive dimensions. This study used the repertory grid to explore the structural correlates o/the impression formation process. Forty nine first year university students completed repertory grids based upon well known and newly met acquaintances. Consistent with theoretical expectation, newly met acquaintances were construed with more construct independence, less construct integration, and less meaningfulness than persons who had been known for a longer period of time. Upon retesting 10 weeks later, newly met acquaintances were seen in a more meaningful and integrated manner. Additionally, it was found that subjects had difficulties in applying constructs elicited around well known persons to newly met acquaintances. The implications of these findings for the study of impression formation and repertory grid methodology are discussed.

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Sullivan, Jessica. "The Primacy Effect in Impression Formation: Some Replications and Extensions." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 4 (May 2, 2018): 432–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550618771003.

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Individuals described as “fun, witty, and vicious” are typically rated more favorably than those described as “vicious, witty, and fun” despite the semantic equivalence of these statements. This is known as the primacy effect in impression formation. We tested whether these effects emerge from pragmatic inferences about communicative intentions (e.g., that communicators should relay the most important information first). Participants heard a list of descriptors, with the most positive adjective listed either first or last; they also learned either that (a) the list was compiled by a human (licensing the inference that the most important information should be conveyed first) or (b) randomly ordered by a computer (thus blocking such an inference). Across five experiments (total N = 2,882), we found support for a small primacy effect in impression formation, but found no evidence of a pragmatic explanation for primacy effects.

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Farlessyost, Will, Kelsey-Ryan Grant, Sara R. Davis, David Feil-Seifer, and Emily M. Hand. "The Effectiveness of Multi-Label Classification and Multi-Output Regression in Social Trait Recognition." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124127.

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First impressions make up an integral part of our interactions with other humans by providing an instantaneous judgment of the trustworthiness, dominance and attractiveness of an individual prior to engaging in any other form of interaction. Unfortunately, this can lead to unintentional bias in situations that have serious consequences, whether it be in judicial proceedings, career advancement, or politics. The ability to automatically recognize social traits presents a number of highly useful applications: from minimizing bias in social interactions to providing insight into how our own facial attributes are interpreted by others. However, while first impressions are well-studied in the field of psychology, automated methods for predicting social traits are largely non-existent. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of two automated approaches—multi-label classification (MLC) and multi-output regression (MOR)—for first impression recognition from faces. We demonstrate that both approaches are able to predict social traits with better than chance accuracy, but there is still significant room for improvement. We evaluate ethical concerns and detail application areas for future work in this direction.

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Forgas, Joseph P. "Can negative affect eliminate the power of first impressions? Affective influences on primacy and recency effects in impression formation." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 47, no. 2 (March 2011): 425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.11.005.

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Tan, Jingzhi, Kara K. Walker, Katherine Hoff, and Brian Hare. "What influences a pet dog’s first impression of a stranger?" Learning & Behavior 46, no. 4 (September 20, 2018): 414–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13420-018-0353-y.

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Gheorghiu, Ana I., Mitchell J. Callan, and William J. Skylark. "Facial appearance affects science communication." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 23 (May 22, 2017): 5970–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620542114.

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First impressions based on facial appearance predict many important social outcomes. We investigated whether such impressions also influence the communication of scientific findings to lay audiences, a process that shapes public beliefs, opinion, and policy. First, we investigated the traits that engender interest in a scientist’s work, and those that create the impression of a “good scientist” who does high-quality research. Apparent competence and morality were positively related to both interest and quality judgments, whereas attractiveness boosted interest but decreased perceived quality. Next, we had members of the public choose real science news stories to read or watch and found that people were more likely to choose items that were paired with “interesting-looking” scientists, especially when selecting video-based communications. Finally, we had people read real science news items and found that the research was judged to be of higher quality when paired with researchers who look like “good scientists.” Our findings offer insights into the social psychology of science, and indicate a source of bias in the dissemination of scientific findings to broader society.

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Wyer, Natalie A. "You Never Get a Second Chance to Make a First (Implicit) Impression: The Role of Elaboration in the Formation and Revision of Implicit Impressions." Social Cognition 28, no. 1 (February 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2010.28.1.1.

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Gomez, Alice, Manuela Costa, Guillaume Lio, Angela Sirigu, and Caroline Demily. "Face first impression of trustworthiness in Williams Syndrome: Dissociating automatic vs decision based perception." Cortex 132 (November 2020): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.07.015.

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Weibel, David, Daniel Stricker, Bartholomäus Wissmath, and Fred W. Mast. "How Socially Relevant Visual Characteristics of Avatars Influence Impression Formation." Journal of Media Psychology 22, no. 1 (January 2010): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000005.

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Like in the real world, the first impression a person leaves in a computer-mediated environment depends on his or her online appearance. The present study manipulates an avatar’s pupil size, eyeblink frequency, and the viewing angle to investigate whether nonverbal visual characteristics are responsible for the impression made. We assessed how participants (N = 56) evaluate these avatars in terms of different attributes. The findings show that avatars with large pupils and slow eye blink frequency are perceived as more sociable and more attractive. Compared to avatars seen in full frontal view or from above, avatars seen from below were rated as most sociable, self-confident, and attractive. Moreover, avatars’ pupil size and eyeblink frequency escape the viewer’s conscious perception but still influence how people evaluate them. The findings have wide-ranging applied implications for avatar design.

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Nigro, Giovanna, and Olimpia Matarazzo. "On the Role of Emotional Traits in Impression Formation." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 2 (October 1994): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.2.755.

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280 Italian undergraduates (90 men and 190 women), ages 18 to 30 years, rated a warm, cold, jealous, or envious stimulus person on 15 7-point semantic differential scales. Varying the sex of the stimulus person, 8 different versions of the description were obtained. Factor analysis, carried out to identify a smaller set of non-redundant dimensions, yielded three factors. A multivariate analysis of variance, 4 (warm, cold, jealous, envious) × 2 (male stimulus person, female stimulus person) × 2 (male respondents, female respondents), indicated significant effects for the variable “trait” on the first and second factors, an interaction between the sex of the stimulus person and the sex of the respondent on the first factor, and an effect for the sex of the respondent on the second factor. The traits “envious” and “jealous” acted as central qualities, and the sex of the stimulus person and of the respondent played an important role in impression formation. Further implications of the finding were discussed.

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Okten, Irmak Olcaysoy, and Gordon B. Moskowitz. "Easy to Make, Hard to Revise: Updating Spontaneous Trait Inferences in the Presence of Trait-Inconsistent Information." Social Cognition 38, no. 6 (December 2020): 571–625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/soco.2020.38.6.571.

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Previous research has shown that perceivers spontaneously form trait inferences from others' behaviors received at a single point in time. The present work examined the persistence of spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) in the presence of trait-inconsistent information about others. We hypothesized that STIs should be resistant to change over time and in the presence of new trait-inconsistent information due to perceivers forming and storing multiple STIs independently in memory. Consistently, Experiments 1a and 1b showed that initial STIs were not affected by new trait-inconsistent information. Experiments 2 and 3 revealed that STIs were persistent over 48 hours. Two experiments also tested memory reconsolidation as a possible mechanism of updating first impressions. While STIs were not substantially affected, spontaneous goal inferences (SGIs) were elevated among those with a better explicit memory of behaviors after learning trait-inconsistent information following a memory reactivation procedure. Implications of these findings on impression formation and updating processes are discussed.

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Conroy, David E., Robert W. Motl, and Evelyn G. Hall. "Progress Toward Construct Validation of the Self-Presentation in Exercise Questionnaire (SPEQ)." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 22, no. 1 (March 2000): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.22.1.21.

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Self-presentation has become an increasingly popular topic in exercise and sport psychology, yet few instruments exist to measure this construct. This paper describes two validation studies conducted on the Self-Presentation in Exercise Questionnaire (SPEQ), a paper-and-pencil instrument based on Leary and Kowalski’s (1990) two-component model of impression management. The SPEQ was designed to assess impression motivation (IM) and impression construction (IC) in exercise environments. The first study employed exploratory factor analysis to reduce a pool of 125 content-representative items to a subset of 41 items forming the hypothesized two-factor model of IM and IC. In the second study, the 41 items were further reduced using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in separate samples, and the reduced SPEQ also conformed to the IM and IC factor structure. The second study also provided initial evidence to support the convergent and discriminant validity of the SPEQ with theoretically salient constructs such as body surveillance, perceived physical ability, physical self-presentation confidence, social desirability, and social physique anxiety.

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Mollaret, Patrick, and David Nicol. "Assigning Trait Adjectives in an Evaluative Context: Quicker, More Consistent, and Less Equivocal." Psychological Reports 102, no. 3 (June 2008): 797–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.102.3.797-804.

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The objective was to examine the social conditions under which subjects could attribute trait adjectives to an unknown person, the paradigm of impression-formation at zero acquaintance. The situation on which the subject had to base his judgement was a 90-sec. film clip with sound of an individual reading a weather forecast. Analysis showed traits were attributed more quickly and consistently when instructions stipulated subject should evaluate the social utility of an individual (evaluator-recruiter type instructions) rather than describe personality (psychologist-type instructions). Traits were attributed more rapidly, with more consistency and greater certainty. Interpretation of results, which generally corroborate other research, is that the judgement of another person based on a first impression is an evaluation of the social utility of that person.

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Todd, Juanita, Daniel Mullens, Andrew Heathcote, Lisa Sawyer, Alexander Provost, and Istvan Winkler. "Order-driven effects in auditory evoked potentials: First-impression prediction bias or adaptation?" International Journal of Psychophysiology 108 (October 2016): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.066.

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Davis, Leslie L. "Effect of Sex, Inferred Sex-Role and Occupational Sex-Linkage on Perceptions of Occupational Success." Perceptual and Motor Skills 64, no. 3 (June 1987): 887–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1987.64.3.887.

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In a 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 (subject's sex, stimulus-person's sex, stimulus-person's sex-role as inferred from sex-related clothing, and stimulus-person's sex-linked occupation) complete factorial between-subjects experiment, 120 female and 120 male subjects viewed a slide of either a male or female stimulus-person wearing either masculine or feminine clothing. Stimulus persons were also said to be employed in either a masculine, feminine, or sex-neutral occupation. Subjects then recorded their first impressions of the stimulus-person on a person-perception questionnaire. Analysis indicated that persons wearing masculine clothing were perceived as more successful in their occupations than persons wearing feminine clothing for both the masculine and feminine (business) occupations. No differences were found for persons in the sex-neutral occupation. Additional analyses are discussed and conclusions drawn regarding the effect of clothing in sex-role stereotyping in first-impression situations.

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Hansen, Karolina, Tamara Rakić, and Melanie C. Steffens. "Foreign-Looking Native-Accented People: More Competent When First Seen Rather Than Heard." Social Psychological and Personality Science 9, no. 8 (September 19, 2017): 1001–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550617732389.

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Psychological research has neglected people whose accent does not match their appearance. Most research on person perception has focused on appearance, overlooking accents that are equally important social cues. If accents were studied, it was often done in isolation (i.e., detached from appearance). We examine how varying accent and appearance information about people affects evaluations. We show that evaluations of expectancy-violating people shift in the direction of the added information. When a job candidate looked foreign, but later spoke with a native accent, his evaluations rose and he was evaluated best of all candidates (Experiment 1a). However, the sequence in which information was presented mattered: When heard first and then seen, his evaluations dropped (Experiment 1b). Findings demonstrate the importance of studying the combination and sequence of different types of information in impression formation. They also allow predicting reactions to ethnically mixed people, who are increasingly present in modern societies.

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McKelvie, Stuart J., and Kelly Waterhouse. "Impressions of People with Gender-Ambiguous Male or Female First Names." Perceptual and Motor Skills 101, no. 2 (October 2005): 339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.101.2.339-344.

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Undergraduates (12 men, 12 women) read a scenario in which they formed an impression of nine people who had left their first name on an answering machine. Participants rated the extent to which seven characteristics (Ethical, Caring, Popular, Cheerful, Successful, Masculine, Feminine) applied to people whose first names were gender-ambiguous (e.g., Chris), male (e.g., Ken) or female (e.g., Pam). People with gender-ambiguous names were rated less Ethical than those with female names, and people with gender-ambiguous names and male names were rated less Caring, less Cheerful, and less Feminine than those with female names. These results are consistent with the idea that there is a bias towards assuming that a person of unspecified sex is a male.

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King, Alan R., and Allison N. Pate. "Coolidge Axis II Inventory Scale predictors of judgmental tendencies as measured by the First Impression Interaction Procedure." Personality and Individual Differences 36, no. 6 (April 2004): 1329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00220-4.

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Platz, Friedrich, and Reinhard Kopiez. "When the first impression counts: Music performers, audience and the evaluation of stage entrance behaviour." Musicae Scientiae 17, no. 2 (June 2013): 167–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1029864913486369.

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Janssen, Steve M. J. "Autobiographical Memory and the Subjective Experience of Time." Timing & Time Perception 5, no. 1 (February 15, 2017): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134468-00002083.

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Many people believe that life appears to speed up as they become older. However, age differences are only found in studies in which participants compare recent with remote time passage. They are not found in studies in which younger participants’ impressions of recent time passage are compared to older participants’ impressions of recent time passage. Approaching the phenomenon as a memory issue allows for the discrepancy between these findings. In this study, two memory accounts for the phenomenon were examined. Whereas the results of the first experiment did not support the account that attributes the phenomenon to the difficulty with which events are retrieved from different lifetime periods, the results of the second experiment supported the account that attributes the phenomenon to the perceived time pressure in different lifetime periods. People are able to recall many recent instances in which they were very busy, had to rush, and did not have time to complete things, but these mundane and everyday events are often forgotten from more remote lifetime periods. People who have the impression that they are currently experiencing more time pressure than they were experiencing in the past will have the feeling that time has recently passed more quickly for them than time had in the past.

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Xia, Huosong, Xiaoting Pan, Yanjun Zhou, and Zuopeng (Justin) Zhang. "Creating the best first impression: Designing online product photos to increase sales." Decision Support Systems 131 (April 2020): 113235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2019.113235.

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Abreu, José M. "Conscious and nonconscious African American stereotypes: Impact on first impression and diagnostic ratings by therapists." Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67, no. 3 (1999): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006x.67.3.387.

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Raudsepp, Jaanus. "Horizontal-Vertical Illusion: Continuous Decrement or the Deviant First Guess?" Perceptual and Motor Skills 94, no. 2 (April 2002): 599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2002.94.2.599.

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Numerous studies have reported that repetitive or extensive inspection leads to short-term decrement of the horizontal–vertical illusion. The present experiment explored whether this decrement reflects a gradual decline, as previously assumed, or is better described as a singular drop-off beyond the initial evaluation. 111 student participants adjusted vertical or horizontal lines such that they appeared equally long with a perpendicular standard. There were 8 successive adjustment trials for each subject. The results suggest that a substantial component of the illusion depends on the first impression assessment. The earlier anatomical and cognitive theories of the horizontal–vertical illusion cannot incorporate this datum. However, recent findings suggest that a motor theory of illusion might accommodate the observed one-step decrement in the illusion.

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Walsh, Richard T. "Do Research Reports in Mainstream Feminist Psychology Journals Reflect Feminist Values?" Psychology of Women Quarterly 13, no. 4 (December 1989): 433–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1989.tb01012.x.

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Core values in feminist approaches to psychological research include attention to the relationship between scientists and citizens. But traditional methodological norms dictate that investigators restrict citizens' participation in research and prescribe an impersonal, decontextualized writing style in journal reports. Content analysis of 228 research articles in two journals associated with feminist psychology—the Psychology of Women Quarterly and Sex Roles, spanning the journals' first decade—showed that authors typically provided minimal or no information about such relationship dimensions as level of participation, informed consent, and feedback. The depersonalized writing style generally employed gives the impression that some feminist psychologists have adopted androcentric standards for the research relationship. Developing appropriate models for both research methods and report writing is essential for feminist researchers to resolve the apparent contradiction between ideals and behavior. But certain institutional obstacles need to be overcome for the resolution to occur.

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Vrugt, Anneke, and Mara Luyerink. "THE CONTRIBUTION OF BODILY POSTURE TO GENDER STEREOTYPICAL IMPRESSIONS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 91–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2000.28.1.91.

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The present study investigated the way in which the bodily posture, viz, the sitting position, of men and women contributes to gender stereotypical impressions. We expected that men would more often adopt a “wide” sitting position (legs apart and arms away from the trunk), while women would more often adopt a “closed” sitting position (upper legs against each other and arms against the trunk) and that these sitting positions would generally be seen as masculine or feminine. In the first study the sitting positions of men and women traveling on the Amsterdam Metro (underground railway) were observed. The results showed that men more often sat in a wide position, while women more often displayed a closed sitting position. In the second study, photos of men and women sitting in a wide or a closed position were judged. The results showed that a wide sitting position was considered more masculine and a closed position more feminine. We expected also that (in)consistency between gender and sitting position would have an impact on the impression gained of the stimulus person. The results lend support to this expectation.

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McLendon, Roger E. "Errors in Surgical Neuropathology and the Influence of Cognitive Biases: The Psychology of Intelligence Analysis." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 130, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 613–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2006-130-613-eisnat.

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Abstract Context.—A significant difficulty that pathologists encounter in arriving at a correct diagnosis is related to the way information from various sources is processed and assimilated in context. Objective.—These issues are addressed by the science of cognitive psychology. Although cognitive biases are the focus of a number of studies on medical decision making, few if any focus on the visual sciences. Data Sources.—A recent publication authored by Richards Heuer, Jr, The Psychology of Intelligence Analysis, directly addresses many of the cognitive biases faced by neuropathologists and anatomic pathologists in general. These biases include visual anticipation, first impression, and established mindsets and subconsciously influence our critical decision-making processes. Conclusions.—The book points out that while biases are an inherent property of cognition, the influence of such biases can be recognized and the effects blunted.

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Sassenrath, Claudia. "“Let Me Show You How Nice I Am”: Impression Management as Bias in Empathic Responses." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 6 (November 19, 2019): 752–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619884566.

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Past research showed that empathic responses are confounded with social desirability. The present research aims at illuminating this confound. In a first step, it is examined how a measure typically implemented to screen, for response, biases based on social desirability (i.e., the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding) relate to classical measures of interindividual differences in empathic responses (i.e., the Interpersonal Reactivity Index). Moreover, it is investigated what happens to empathic responses under conditions of reduced opportunity to behave socially desirable. Results of two correlational studies indicate that impression management (IM) as well as self-deceptive enhancement as facets of a socially desirable response bias is related to self-reported empathic responses. Results of an additional experiment show that introducing conditions reducing opportunity for IM lowers empathic responses toward a person in need. Implications for research on self-reported empathy and empathy-induced prosocial behavior are discussed.

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Tzeng, Christina Y., Lynne C. Nygaard, and Rachel M. Theodore. "A second chance for a first impression: Sensitivity to cumulative input statistics for lexically guided perceptual learning." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 28, no. 3 (January 14, 2021): 1003–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-020-01840-6.

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Wiese-Bjornstal, Diane M., Ayanna N. Franklin, Tara N. Dooley, Monique A. Foster, and James B. Winges. "Observations About Sports Injury Surveillance and Sports Medicine Psychology among Female Athletes." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 23, no. 2 (October 2015): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2014-0042.

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Injuries contrast with the overwhelmingly positive benefits of sports participation for female athletes, with estimates of a third or more of all female athletes sustaining injury in any given season. Media headlines convey the impression that female athletes are more vulnerable to sports injuries than male athletes are. This observation led to our first purpose, which was to use evidence from the sports injury surveillance literature to examine the facts about female athlete risks of injury and compare these risks to those of male athletes. In light of Gill and Kamphoff’s (2010) observation that we largely ignore or underrepresent female experiences in the sport and exercise psychology literature, our second purpose was to highlight examples of the psychological, behavioral, and social aspects of female athletes’ injury experiences, and provide comparisons to male experiences within this realm of sports medicine psychology. These evidence-based observations guide our concluding recommendations for injury reporting, prevention, and rehabilitation roles of those in the media and sports professions.

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Read, Stephen J., Eric J. Vanman, and Lynn C. Miller. "Connectionism, Parallel Constraint Satisfaction Processes, and Gestalt Principles: (Re)Introducing Cognitive Dynamics to Social Psychology." Personality and Social Psychology Review 1, no. 1 (January 1997): 26–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_3.

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We argue that recent work in connectionist modeling, in particular the parallel constraint satisfaction processes that are central to many of these models, has great importance for understanding issues of both historical and current concern for social psychologists. We first provide a brief description of connectionist modeling, with particular emphasis on parallel constraint satisfaction processes. Second, we examine the tremendous similarities between parallel constraint satisfaction processes and the Gestalt principles that were the foundation for much of modern social psychology. We propose that parallel constraint satisfaction processes provide a computational implementation of the principles of Gestalt psychology that were central to the work of such seminal social psychologists as Asch, Festinger, Heider, and Lewin. Third, we then describe how parallel constraint satisfaction processes have been applied to three areas that were key to the beginnings of modern social psychology and remain central today: impression formation and causal reasoning, cognitive consistency (balance and cognitive dissonance), and goal-directed behavior. We conclude by discussing implications of parallel constraint satisfaction principles for a number of broader issues in social psychology, such as the dynamics of social thought and the integration of social information within the narrow time frame of social interaction.

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Getzmann, Stephan. "The Effect of Brief Auditory Stimuli on Visual Apparent Motion." Perception 36, no. 7 (July 2007): 1089–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5741.

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When two discrete stimuli are presented in rapid succession, observers typically report a movement of the lead stimulus toward the lag stimulus. The object of this study was to investigate crossmodal effects of irrelevant sounds on this illusion of visual apparent motion. Observers were presented with two visual stimuli that were temporally separated by interstimulus onset intervals from 0 to 350 ms. After each trial, observers classified their impression of the stimuli using a categorisation system. The presentation of short sounds intervening between the visual stimuli facilitated the impression of apparent motion relative to baseline (visual stimuli without sounds), whereas sounds presented before the first and after the second visual stimulus as well as simultaneously presented sounds reduced the motion impression. The results demonstrate an effect of the temporal structure of irrelevant sounds on visual apparent motion that is discussed in light of a related multisensory phenomenon, ‘temporal ventriloquism’, on the assumption that sounds can attract lights in the temporal dimension.

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Samudra, Preeti G., Inah Min, Kai S. Cortina, and Kevin F. Miller. "No Second Chance to Make a First Impression: The “Thin-Slice” Effect on Instructor Ratings and Learning Outcomes in Higher Education." Journal of Educational Measurement 53, no. 3 (August 2016): 313–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jedm.12116.

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Journal articles on the topic 'First impression (Psychology)'

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