Academic literature on the topic 'First National Bank in St'
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Journal articles on the topic "First National Bank in St"
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Graebner, William. "Gateway to Empire: An Interpretation of Eero Saarinen's 1948 Design for the St. Louis Arch." Prospects 18 (October 1993): 367–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004956.
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In 1948, a unanimous jury awarded the $40,000 first prize in the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial Competition to a design team headed by Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen. Competitors had been charged with memorializing Thomas Jefferson, his Louisiana Purchase, and the expansion of the American nation by creating a national park and monument on the West bank of the Mississippi River at St. Louis.
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Stewart, R., J. Piburn, A. Sorokine, A. Myers, J. Moehl, and D. White. "WORLD SPATIOTEMPORAL ANALYTICS AND MAPPING PROJECT (WSTAMP): DISCOVERING, EXPLORING, AND MAPPING SPATIOTEMPORAL PATTERNS ACROSS THE WORLD’S LARGEST OPEN SORUCE DATA SETS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences II-4/W2 (July 10, 2015): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsannals-ii-4-w2-95-2015.
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The application of spatiotemporal (ST) analytics to integrated data from major sources such as the World Bank, United Nations, and dozens of others holds tremendous potential for shedding new light on the evolution of cultural, health, economic, and geopolitical landscapes on a global level. Realizing this potential first requires an ST data model that addresses challenges in properly merging data from multiple authors, with evolving ontological perspectives, semantical differences, and changing attributes, as well as content that is textual, numeric, categorical, and hierarchical. Equally challenging is the development of analytical and visualization approaches that provide a serious exploration of this integrated data while remaining accessible to practitioners with varied backgrounds. The WSTAMP project at Oak Ridge National Laboratory has yielded two major results in addressing these challenges: 1) development of the WSTAMP database, a significant advance in ST data modeling that integrates 10,000+ attributes covering over 200 nation states spanning over 50 years from over 30 major sources and 2) a novel online ST exploratory and analysis tool providing an array of modern statistical and visualization techniques for analyzing these data temporally, spatially, and spatiotemporally under a standard analytic workflow. We discuss the status of this work and report on major findings.
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Perrett, Graham, and Patrick Dodson. "ROAD RULES FOR OUR COUNTRY - AUSTRALIA’S CONSTITUTION AND AUSTRALIA’S FIRST PEOPLES." Denning Law Journal 30, no. 2 (August 8, 2019): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5750/dlj.v30i2.1702.
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There was a time when most Australian drivers would encounter a particular kind of defaced road sign in their travels. Speeding along the National Highway near the Broome turn-off in Western Australia or dodging kangaroos on the back roads of western Queensland around St George, drivers could see a sign urging them to “FORM ONE LANE” transmogrified by some local wit to read “FORM ONE pLANEt”. Graffiti on signs in a vain attempt to make them say something else can be mildly amusing but completely ineffective. However, while it is dangerous (and illegal) to interfere with road signs, sometimes tinkering with an original symbol can achieve something worthwhile, and substantial.
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Piburn, J., R. Stewart, A. Myers, A. Sorokine, E. Axley, D. Anderson, J. Burdette, et al. "The World Spatiotemporal Analytics and Mapping Project (WSTAMP): Further Progress in Discovering, Exploring, and Mapping Spatiotemporal Patterns Across the World’s Largest Open Source Data Sets." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W2 (October 20, 2017): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w2-199-2017.
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Spatiotemporal (ST) analytics applied to major data sources such as the World Bank and World Health Organization has shown tremendous value in shedding light on the evolution of cultural, health, economic, and geopolitical landscapes on a global level. WSTAMP engages this opportunity by situating analysts, data, and analytics together within a visually rich and computationally rigorous online analysis environment. Since introducing WSTAMP at the First International Workshop on Spatiotemporal Computing, several transformative advances have occurred. Collaboration with human computer interaction experts led to a complete interface redesign that deeply immerses the analyst within a ST context, significantly increases visual and textual content, provides navigational crosswalks for attribute discovery, substantially reduce mouse and keyboard actions, and supports user data uploads. Secondly, the database has been expanded to include over 16,000 attributes, 50 years of time, and 200+ nation states and redesigned to support non-annual, non-national, city, and interaction data. Finally, two new analytics are implemented for analyzing large portfolios of multi-attribute data and measuring the behavioral stability of regions along different dimensions. These advances required substantial new approaches in design, algorithmic innovations, and increased computational efficiency. We report on these advances and inform how others may freely access the tool.
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Kraiński, Maciej, and Mirosław Piotr Kruk. "Ikona św. Mitrofana z Woroneża w zbiorach Muzeum Tradycji Szlacheckiej w Waplewie." Porta Aurea, no. 19 (December 22, 2020): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/porta.2020.19.08.
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In the collection of the Museum of the Noble Tradition in Waplewo, a branch of the National Museum in Gdańsk, there is an icon of St Mitrofan (Russ. Митрофан; Greek Μητροφάνης), Bishop of Voronezh (1632–1703), of Russian provenance, a quite exotic work in the artistic landscape of Gdansk Pomerania. Images of Saint Mitrofan of Voronezh spread in the first half of the 19th century, undoubtedly in connection with his canonization in 1832. His connection with this event is indicated by the date of the goldsmith’s stamp ‘1835’ under the hallmark ‘НޞД’ (Nikolai Lukič Dubrovin, d. 1862), a Moscow sampling master active in 1822–1855. The contractor was ‘A T’ (Afanasij Tikhonov), a Moscow goldsmith active in 1820–1839. It was marked in Moscow (stamp of St George piercing the dragon), silver test: ‘84’. Mitrofan belonged to a group of monks devoted to a harsh life in isolation, ‘holy elders’ whose lives and instructions were to strengthen the faith of laymen and clergy through asceticism, prayer, fasting, and penance. The icon of St Mitrofan preserved in Waplewo is one of the unique and very early testimonies to the newly canonized monk depicted without a nimbus in the icon. The clergy costume indicates the highest third level of the life of the monk, so - -called the great schimnik, so in an extremely ascetic version, without any signs of episcopal dignity, in which even the cross hung on his neck was obscured by a gesture of his hands folded in prayer. From the information recorded on the back of the icon, corrected on the basis of the oral tradition, it follows that the icon had successively been in possession of the representatives (essentially women) of five generations of Polish families: Branicki, Potocki, and then Ogończyk -Sierakowski, the owners of the Waplewo residence from 1759 to 1933. However, the first owner of the icon seems to have been Aleksandra Wasiliewna Engelhardt (1754–1838), wife of Franciszek Ksawery Branicki (1730–1819), Hetman (Commander) of the Great Crown, and the alleged daughter of tsarina Catherine II, who probably gave it to her daughter Zofia.
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Deng, Wensheng, and Ke Zhang. "Translation Idea: What Is Under-appreciated by a Teacher of Scholar." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 10, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1007.08.
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The time of “China’s culture going to global” has new idea for a translator, which refers to that translation is supposed to both highlight Chinese culture and to be readily accepted by others. Drawn on particular part of translation history dating back from Ezra Pound to Howard Goldblatt, first, the paper has explored translation paradigm, strategy and relations centered on translation idea. And then, an intermittent line hidden beneath the translation could be sketchily found in subsequent order: poem-composing upon the original image, national-character-reforming by relying on foreignization, Chinese-culture-transmitting on ST-oriented, Chinese-culture-introducing on TT-oriented, and Chinese-culture-transmitting on writer-translator-receptor balance. They have given rise to various paradigms and strategies in translators’ practice respectively; corresponding with the ideas, the paradigms could be roughly as: monadism, i.e. one-pole oriented, dualism, two-pole oriented and tri-party negotiated, three-poled. Third, among the three patterns: writer-, translator- or receptor-oriented, writer-receptor-oriented and tri-party-negotiated, writer-translator-receptor-oriented, the first two are a kind of problematic, judged by either cultural theory or conventional one; the latter, relatively speaking, is well balanced up to today, which is recognized by three parties. Regrettably, some unfair interpretations or criticism usually fall upon the works translated before translation ideas are made clear. In the end the author suggests that translation idea not be under-appreciated and a historical perspective be a must for scholar to appraise.
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Lê, Phu-Quoc, Alina Ferster, Françoise Vertongen, Christiane Vermylen, Anna Vanderfaeillie, Catherine Heijmans, André Efira, Ba-Cuong Nguyen, Malou Ngalula Mujinga, and Beatrice Gulbis. "National Clinical Data Base for Sickle Cell Disease In Belgium." Blood 116, no. 21 (November 19, 2010): 2659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.2659.2659.
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Abstract Abstract 2659 Sickle cell disease (SCD) has polymorphic manifestations, it is not well known by many physicians, and patients have often a precarious status. So despite enormous improvements in the understanding of the pathogenesis of SCD, patient care remains difficult.The objectives of this work were to create a clinical data base in order to learn the characteristics of this population, to create a network between practitioners (general, emergency and specialist practitioners), to provide state-of-the art and guidelines, it could be a tool to disseminate information, for education projects and for research; it could also represent a pilot project for other chronic diseases. A practical aspect of this data base is to improve follow-up and treatment of SCD patients by “online access from everywhere”. The SCD clinical data base was a national project and was approved by each local ethic committee; informed consent of each patient was obtained. The first step was to create the electronic database with several security measures (i.e. login, password, and separate administrators). The second step was to introduce patient's data. Patients were followed in different Academic and Secondary Care Centers. Data were collected from the initial contact until December 31, 2007. The data collection included parents' origin, hemoglobin phenotype, origin of diagnosis, clinical events, biological and radiological data, hospitalizations, and types of treatment. Up to date, we introduced 280 medical records (146 diagnosed by neonatal screening). The median age and follow-up of the cohort was 9.3 year (range, 0–44) and 6.5 year (range, 0–32), respectively. The first information provided was the predominance of patients from DR Congo (67.5 %), the occurence of severe events in 84 % of patients (Table 1), the predominance of Hb SS phenotype (90 %) and its severity, the report of septicemia which remain still very worrying (8.2 %), but also that clinical and radiological neurological events are sizeable, and that there is a good response to treatment intensification, particularly to bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and hydroxyurea. Table 1: SCD related events reported in the Belgian data base SCD related events Patients,%(n) Dactilytis 24.3 (68/280) Acute Chest Syndrome 18.9 (53/280) Recurrent Vaso-occlusive Crisis 61.8 (173/280) Anemia ≤ 6 g/dl 51.8 (145/280) Septicemia 8.2 (23/280) Splenic sequestration 7.9 (22/280) Stroke/TIA 3.9 (11/280) Osteonecrosis 5.0 (14/280) Osteomyelitis 2.5 (7/280) The main pathogen remained Streptococcus pneumoniae with no resistant strain despite regular prophylaxis. The second most common germ was Salmonella. Haemophilus influenza concerned older patients and disappeared since the introduction of the vaccination. The incidence of death was 2.86% (8/280). All of them were homozygous for Hb S. Two deaths occurred in the very early childhood due to the no compliance to antibio-prophylaxis in the first patient and poor follow-up in the second one. One death was very sudden after meningeal hemorrhage. Two other deaths happened in the adulthood, one after cerebral hemorrhage and the other one of unknown cause after going back to native country. The last three deaths were due to BMT complications (Table 2). Table 2: Causes of death reported in the national data base Patient Sex Phenotype Age at event Origin 1 F SS 18 m Cardiopulmonary arrest - Severe anemia 2 M SS 26 m Septic shock on St pmeumococcus septicaemia 3 M SS 7 y Secondary Leukemia after BMT 4 F SS 11 y 9 m Obliterans bronchiolitis/MOF* post BMT 5 M SS 14 y 3 m Meningeal hemorrhage 6 F SS 14 y 9 m Hemorrhage diathesis/MOF post BMT 7 F SS 18 y 9 m Cerebral aneurysm rupture 8 M SS 24 y 3 m Return to native country * Multiple Organ Failure In conclusion, the preliminary results confirmed the still high morbidity and mortality of SCD. It is not only a precious practical tool, but it also helps to improve clinical management of patients with SCD, it is a tool to identify risk factors and to tailor treatments. In this perspective, it constitutes a basis for prospective studies in view to validate criteria of disease severity and to adopt guidelines for adequate treatment. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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GILES, PAUL. "Virtual Eden: Lolita, Pornography, and the Perversions of American Studies." Journal of American Studies 34, no. 1 (April 2000): 41–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002187589900626x.
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Native of St. Petersburg, author of works in Russian and French as well as English, and sometime goalkeeper for Trinity College, Cambridge, soccer team, Vladimir Nabokov would not appear to be the most obvious avatar of American Studies in the subject's nationalist phase of the 1950s. My argument, however, is that Lolita, which first appeared in 1955, can be seen as symbiotically intertwined with various classic texts of American Studies that helped to invent and define the field during the Truman and Eisenhower years. At times, the dream of Eden that permeates Nabokov's narrative impels it towards becoming a parody of the early American Studies movement, which harboured within its collective consciousness similar vestiges of an imaginary paradise. More dexterously, though, Lolita makes the theoretical parameters of this movement visible, so that Nabokov's novel might more accurately be described as a metafiction of area studies: a text which holds up a mirror to the implicit assumptions of American Studies and renders them translucent. Just as the process of metafiction can reilluminate ways in which more traditional artefacts have been constructed, so Nabokov's virtualization of American Studies also reflects back upon the established boundaries of other national formations and nation-states, foregrounding the contingent status of their supposedly naturalized values and social markers. In particular, by focusing upon the cultural reception of Lolita in Britain, we will see how the book brings into play troublesome questions about the relationship between formal aesthetics, public morality, and social power. In this sense, Nabokov's perverse reinscription of American Studies might be seen ironically to highlight the multiple dilemmas involved in circumscribing specific national territories for academic study or political jurisdiction.
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Zhdanov, D. A. "Trust as the basis of Partnership between small Enterprises and banks." Finance: Theory and Practice 25, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 96–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2587-5671-2021-25-2-96-113.
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The presented study touches upon two groups of problems that significantly affect the development of the Russian economy. The first of them is the creation of conditions for the expansion and formation of small business, which, in particular, is a priority area of one of the national projects. The second problem is the establishment of relations of interfirm trust in the domestic business environment, which is in demand in various sectors of the economy and has become, for example, the dominant topic of the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum. Hence, the paper aims to form, on the basis of trust relations, a model of interaction between small enterprises and banks, which makes it easier to obtain loans. The object of the paper is intercorporate (B2B) trust, and the subject is the improvement of relationships between small businesses and banks on the basis of trust. The methodological basis of the study is an integral approach that combines both institutional and sociological views on the phenomenon of trust, and the traditional economic analysis of the relationship between banks and their clients, small enterprises. The analysis showed, on the one hand, the complexity of the relationship between banks and small enterprises, and on the other hand, the prospects of these clients for banks. There was also demonstrated the role of the B2B trust as a tool for establishing steady mutually beneficial contacts of the subjects under consideration. The author concluded that the model of partnership between small enterprises and banks, based on the establishment of relations of trust between the parties, will stimulate investment processes in small business and support its development. The study presents the organizational solutions for the establishment of the proposed model.
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Norrie, Caroline, Jenny Weinstein, Ray Jones, Rick Hood, and Sadiq Bhanbro. "Early experiences in extending personal budgets in one local authority." Working with Older People 18, no. 4 (December 2, 2014): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wwop-07-2014-0019.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on the introduction of individual personal budgets for older people and people with mental health problems in one local authority (LA) in 2011. Design/methodology/approach – Jenny Weinstein is a Hon Senior Lecturer at Kingston University, Professor Ray Jones and Rick Hood are based at the Joint Faculty of Health and Social Care, St George's, University of London and Kingston University, London, UK.A qualitative study is described in which structured interviews were carried out with participants belonging to each service user group. The study aimed to explore the following issues: first, service users’ experiences of the assessment process, second, whether service users wanted full control of their budgets and third, if personal budgets make a difference to quality of life. Findings – xService users (n=7 older people and carers; n=7 people with mental health problems) found the personal budgets system and assessment process difficult to understand and its administration complex. Older people in particular were reluctant to assume full control and responsibility for managing their own personal budget in the form of a Direct Payment. Participants in both groups reported their continued reliance on traditional home care or day care services. These findings were reported back to the LA to help staff review the implementation of personal budgets for these two user groups. Research limitations/implications – Study participant numbers are low due to difficulties recruiting. Several potential participants were not interviewed due to their frailty. Practical implications – Studies of this type are important for constructing local knowledge about national policies such as the implementation of personal budgets in social care. Originality/value – Studies of this type are important for constructing local knowledge about national policies such as the implementation of personal budgets in social care.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "First National Bank in St"
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Rogers, F. Joseph (Frederick Joseph) 1963. "First Nubian National Bank model." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46688.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, February 2002.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 132-134).
This thesis presents the organizational model of a hypothetical national black bank holding company, the First Nubian National Bank, as an agent of constructive consolidation and enhanced capital market efficiency within the industry of historically black-owned banks (HBBs). In the U.S., the history of slavery, segregation and legal discrimination against African-Americans drove the creation of several parallel service industries for Black consumers who were refused service by whites. Although "Free persons of color" had been involved in banking since the 1600s, the U.S. Congress actually created the Black banking industry by chartering the Freedman's Bank in 1865. The magnitude of Freedman's nationwide failure in 1874 led to the development of a fragmented black banking industry made up of many small, community-based institutions located throughout the southern United States and in most major urban clusters. Between 1888-1930 at least 134 such institutions were founded in the U.S. Today only 55 remain of which 38 are commercial banks. The pace of consolidation has been quickened first by integration, then by significant customer defections to larger, major-market banks, and most recently by the rapidly changing competitive nature of the banking industry. Recently HBBs have been plagued by high transaction costs, unusually high non-interest expense, and little financial innovation. This thesis analyzes how a national bank holding company could resolve these issues by leveraging the cost structure of larger, major market banks to capture synergies and economies. The model can help affiliated HBBs improve their operating efficiency, their delivery of products and services, and the overall performance of their roles as financial intermediaries in the capital market systems of their target communities.
by F. Joseph Rogers.
S.M.
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Ward, Philip Henry. "The relationship between innovation and leadership in First National Bank of South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004306.
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This research investigates the relationship between innovation and leadership in First National Bank in South Africa. In an information age paradigm, innovation is a key driver of organisational success. Innovation allows an information age company to create a sustainable competitive advantage over its competitors. First National Bank (FNB) has recognised the need for innovation and measures the amount of innovation generated in each business unit on an annual basis. Leadership is a key factor influencing innovation in large, multi-segment organisations, particularly transformational leadership. Large multi-segment organisations often have multi-functional teams and transformational leadership of these teams more effectively promotes innovation. Large multi-segment organisations also often have complex decision making processes. Transformational leadership ensures optimal innovative decisions rather than adequate decisions are reached. FNB is a multi-segment organisation comprising ten business units each headed by a Chief Executive Officer (CEO). The relationship between the level of innovation being generated annually by each business unit and the leadership style of the business unit CEO formed the focus of this research. The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire was used to gather information on the leadership style of each CEO's. Data on the level of innovation within each of these business units was supplied by First National Bank. Data was statistically analysed against the innovation generated by each business unit using correlation analysis. Most of the results testing the relationship between transformational and transactional leadership and innovation were found not to be significant. This contradicts the theory which suggests a positive relationship between transformational leadership and innovation.
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Kotze, Theunis Johannes. "How competencies are developed that enable exploration : a case study of First National Bank." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23718.
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This research considers how competencies are developed that allow for a firm to explore. Limited empirical studies exist on how these competencies are developed and how they evolve. Utilising a single case study research methodology approach, this research looks at a single case event at South Africa’s third biggest bank, First National Bank (FNB). In 2012, FNB was awarded the title of Most Innovative Bank in the World at the 2012 BAI –Finacle Global Banking Innovation Awards, recognising their contributions to radical banking solutions. Considering only one such innovation, the Smart Device offering, this research places into context how FNB have evolved the competencies to radically innovate in a world of scarce resources. The fundamental outcome of this research is that competencies take considerable time and resources to develop and as such, firms must make intelligent choices about their strategic competitive path. The research also highlights that the competency to explore requires a coalesce of many factors that when aligned with that strategic path, ready the firm to execute on opportunities that are outside of their relevant knowledge distant domain. FNB’s “customer eco-system” model has ensured congruence with existing competencies and upstream processes while engaging their employees in natural collaboration across business units. This research considers these and other factors that have led FNB to position themselves for exploration.Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted
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Herbster, David M. "Proposal to First Union Bank for corporate sponsorship of Virginia Tech athletics." Master's thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10242009-020028/.
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Santiago, Dawn Teresa. "The banking operations of Lionel and Barron Jacobs in Tucson, Arizona, 1867-1913." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276927.
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This thesis focuses on the financial careers of Lionel and Barron Jacobs in Tucson, Arizona, from 1867 to 1913. As early merchants, the Jacobs brothers discovered that cash and credit were scarce in the region, and in 1870 opened a money exchange and lending business. Then in 1879, the Jacobs brothers opened the Pima County Bank to serve the increased economic activity caused by the Tombstone silver discoveries. Mastering the details of banking, they developed management skills and insights. They organized and operated the First National Bank of Tucson (1882-1885), the Bank of Tucson (1885-1887), the Consolidated Bank of Tucson (1887-1890), and the Arizona National Bank (1890-1913). At retirement the Jacobs brothers were among the preeminent financiers of Arizona. A study of their banking experience provides a valuable perspective on the economic growth of southern Arizona during the late nineteenth century and mirrors the problems that bankers faced on remote frontiers.
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Myburgh-Leendertz, Ilse. "A literature study about learning organisations : the theory and existing measurement tools regarding the contribution of learning to profitability and return on investment." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21999.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Within a highly regulated industry such as banking, learning takes place not only to better equip staff to deal with problems which may cross their paths, but to enable them to develop and grow into new roles within the bank. In addition to the regulation in the industry, there is also legislation goveming the learning providers within the industry. These learning providers have to abide by multiple rules and regulations set out by the Skills Development Act and the Banking Sector Training Authority, which grants accredited training-provider status to in-house learning departments of the various banks. With all the reports and returns that now have to be submitted to the Department of Labour, and the Skills Development levy that is paid to the South African Revenue Service, businesses are turning their attention to the amount of money actually being spent on training, and are starting to ask pertinent questions about the impact of learning. To answer these questions, the learning strategies that organisations adopt in order to become learning organisations need to be scrutinised and analysed, before moving on to how the measurement of retum on investment in learning can be determined and integrated into the balanced scorecard measurement for learning and growth. In the course of this study, the issues mentioned above will be discussed from a generic, theoretical point of view, before applying them specifically to the case of First National Bank.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In 'n hoogs gereguleerde bedryf soos die bankwese, vind leer nie net plaas om personeel beter toe te rus om probleme te hanteer wat oor hulle pad kan kom nie, maar ook om personeel nuwe rolle binne die bank te laat ontwikkel en aanneem. Bo en behalwe die regulasies van die bedryf, is daar ook wetgewing ingevolge waarvan verskaffers van opleiding binne die bedryf moet optree. Hierdie opleidingsverskaffers moet aan verskeie reels en regulasies valdoen soos neergele deur die Wet op Vaardigheids-ontwikkeling en die sektorale onderwys- en opleidingsowerheid vir die bankwese (BANKS ETA), wat geakkrediteerde opleidingsverskafferstatus aan interne opleidingsdepartemente van die verskillende banke toestaan. Met al die verslae en opgawes wat deesdae aan die Departement van Arbeid verskaf moet word sowel as die vaardigheidsontwikkelingsheffing wat aan die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomstediens betaal moet word, word ondernemings al hoe meer bewus van die hoeveelheid geld wat hulle aan opleiding bestee, en begin vra hulle al hoe meer tersaaklike vrae oor die impak van opleiding. Om hierdie vrae te beantwoord, moet 'n mens die leerstrategiee wat organisasies aanvaar ten einde leerorganisasies te word, onder die loep neem en ontleed. Hierna kan die aandag verskuif na die wyse waarop die meting van opbrengs op belegging in opleiding bereken en geintegreer kan word by die gebalanseerde-telkaartmeting van leer en groei. In hierdie studie word bogenoemde sake uit 'n generiese, teoretiese hoek bespreek voordat dit meer bepaald op Eerste Nasionale Bank toegepas word.
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Van, Der Schyff Sihaam. "Challenges facing female executives in the banking sector in South Africa in the post-apartheid period." University of the Western Cape, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6387.
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Magister Commercii - MCom (Business and Finance)The dawn of democracy in South Africa (SA) in 1994 i.e. post-apartheid era came with inherent societal gender deficiencies and in all Sectors of the SA economy women experienced challenges. Specifically in the Banking Sector women were under represented in leadership and executive positions. The legal framework changed to correct the inequalities of the past resulting in various charters encouraging the private and public sector to transform.
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Davies, Gareth M. "An empirical study of client satisfaction with service recovery within a South African banking institution." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1003845.
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In many industries, service is the critical determinant of success or failure. Service failure is almost inevitable, and this has the potential for the organisation to lose its customer. However, if implemented successfully, Service Recovery can rectify the breakdown in service, and turn angry, frustrated customers into loyal ones. Service Recovery is vital for profitability, especially for companies operating in the services market, like First National Bank (FNB). Unfortunately, few service firms know how satisfied customers are with their Service Recovery efforts, and FNB is no exception. This study attempted to rectify the situation, to ensure that the bank does not fail its customers a second time. The major focus of the study is to assess client satisfaction with Service Recovery (SR) from FNB. By using the RECOVSAT instrument (developed by Boshoff in 1999), the study aims to establish how effective FNB was in terms of the six dimensions of SR, namely communication, empowerment, feedback, atonement, explanation, and tangibles. The relationship between each of the dimensions and customer satisfaction, as well as between customer satisfaction and loyalty, was measured, and a hypothesis for each relationship rejected or accepted. The empirical results show that, from 702 complainants, a RECOVSAT score of 68% was computed, which could be regarded as only satisfactory. The dimensions of communication, explanation, atonement, and empowerment, had the strongest positive correlation with customer satisfaction, while feedback and tangibles, although positively correlated, were not statistically significant, and thus not as important as the first four dimensions. FNB performed best on tangibles (81%), then communication (75%), explanation (70%), atonement (68%), empowerment (62%), and lastly feedback (51%). The study reinforced the view that customer satisfaction is positively related to loyalty. Other findings were that, administration and errors were the most frequent complaints, followed by pricing, fees, and interest, while time delays/waiting were the third most numerous. Over 54% of complainants had been with the bank for over 10 years, which could be a problem if the customers had left the bank, as the profitability of a customer generally increases with time. Age and gender did not appear to be factors that influenced behaviour of complainants. In terms of the managerial implications, it is recommended that FNB implement a Customer-Complaint-Handling (CCH) system that is both national and inter-group. The bank should also focus on empowering employees, improving communication skills, explaining to customers why the problem occurred, apologising, and offering some atonement. By adopting the recommendations, FNB should improve their service recovery, and as a consequence, their customer satisfaction and loyalty, and profitability should also increase.
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
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Modzuka, Bertha Erica. "Leadership and management styles of bank managers within First National Bank in Gauteng." 2016. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1002002.
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M. Tech. Business AdministrationLeadership and management style play a crucial role in an organization, yet not all leaders and managers are good. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dominant leadership and management style at First National Bank (FNB) in Gauteng. A quantitative, sample-based research method was used. An MLQ questionnaire instrument was used to collect data. A random sample comprising 150 FNB managers was selected. Of the 150 questionnaires distributed, 69 were completed which comprises 46% of the population. SAS Software version 9.2 was used to describe and cluster respondents & biographical variables. The General Linear Model was used to test the effect of each demographic variable.
Books on the topic "First National Bank in St"
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Szmrecsanyi, Stephen. The First National Bank story. [Omaha, Neb: First National Bank of Omaha, 1996.
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1997), First National Bank Vita Craft Now (Exhibition) (2nd. First National Bank Vita Craft Now: 1997. [S.l.]: FNB Vita Awards, 1997.
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Newcomen Society of the United States. and First National Bank of West Chester (West Chester, Pa.), eds. The First National Bank of West Chester. New York: Newcomen Society of the United States, 1998.
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Cook, Wade. The first national bank of real estate clauses. Tempe, AZ: Regency Books, 1985.
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Lindley, James G. South Carolina National: The first 150 years. New York: Newcomen Society of the U.S., 1985.
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Sutter, Robert L. The story of Hilltop National Bank ...: The first 50 years. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Company Publishers, 2014.
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Ginn, Edwin H. The first hundred years: A history of the American National Bank of Brunswick. Brunswick, Ga: Glover Printing Co., 1989.
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Assembly, Canada Legislature Legislative. Bill: An act to incorporate the National Bank. Toronto: J. Lovell, 2003.
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United, States Congress Senate Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Treasury Postal Service and General Government. Proposed merger between Bank of America and Security Pacific Bank: Hearing before a subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, special hearing. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1992.
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Walls, Ernest L. The Peoples First National Bank and Trust Company of Paducah, Kentucky: The bank that looks to the future recalls its past. Paducah, Ky: Turner Pub. Co., 1988.
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Grant, Peter. "The Gospel According to St Wilfred." In National Myth and the First World War in Modern Popular Music, 203–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-60139-1_9.
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DuRocher, Kristina. "Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin’s “Address to the First National Conference of Colored Women”." In Ida B. Wells, 182–85. New York, NY: Routledge, [2016]: Routledge, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315767024-ch-104.
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Wade, Robert H. "Muddy Waters: Inside the World Bank as It Struggled with the Narmada Irrigation and Resettlement Projects, Western India." In Social Development in the World Bank, 265–313. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57426-0_17.
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AbstractThe period since the Second World War has witnessed three global power shifts: one, from sovereign states relating to each other through balances of power, to inter-state organizations which pool some sovereignty and enact collective preferences; two, from states to non-state organizations, including NGOs, enormously facilitated by the internet; and three, from West to East. The World Bank has been a microcosm of these shifts. This chapter describes the interplay between some of the agents: World Bank staff; World Bank top management; World Bank Executive Directors (representatives of member governments, who formally govern the Bank); Government of India and governments of states; Indian and international (mainly UK, US, Japanese) NGOs; and the US Congress. The context is the Narmada irrigation and resettlement projects in western India from the 1970s to the 1990s. The first of the projects (Sardar Sarovar) became the subject of a large-scale opposition movement, Indian and international, which ended up forcing the World Bank to take serious responsibility for resettlement and environmental sustainability in its projects world-wide, and to create an independent inspection facility to which people who consider their welfare net harmed by a World Bank-supported project can bring complaints direct to the Bank by-passing their national government.
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"First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978)." In The Encyclopedia of Civil Liberties in America, 381–82. Routledge, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315699868-263.
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Lashmore-Davies, Adrian, and Mark Goldie. "To: Hugh Hume Campbell, 3rd Earl of Marchmont. Brussels. 25 August [n.s.] 1743. Text: MS, National Archives of Scotland. GD158/2566/9." In The Unpublished Letters of Henry St John, First Viscount Bolingbroke, 279–80. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003074274-191.
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Lie, Einar. "Gold and Coins in the Age of Standardization." In Norges Bank 1816-2016, 63–84. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198860013.003.0005.
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This chapter addresses the changeover from a silver standard to a gold standard for the Norwegian monetary system. On 8 May 1873, after a long and heated debate, the Storting decided to establish a new metal basis for the Norwegian monetary system, by transitioning from silver to gold. In the same resolution, the Storting rejected the proposal to join Sweden and Denmark in a monetary union. The gold standard eventually prevailed, thanks to Great Britain’s financial weight and pragmatic arguments regarding gold’s superiority to silver as a basis for metal-based monetary systems. However, the larger dream, partly forgotten because it did not materialize, was the establishment of a universal coin (universal coinage), intended to give all people access to the same monetary unit for cross-border payments. In its first round, this initiative was aborted as a result of international events and national politics. Two years later, as a strictly regional solution, Norway finally joined its two neighbouring countries in the Scandinavian Monetary Union. Along with two other national banks, Norges Bank contributed to the ever-expanding monetary union in its area of influence and improved it with new and efficient ways of settling payments, the main objective being the promotion of trade.
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Hoock, Holger. "Introduction." In History, Commemoration and National Preoccupation. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264065.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter first sets out the purpose of the book, which arose out of a symposium held at the British Academy in January 2006, on the weekend after the bicentenary of the state funeral of Admiral Lord Nelson at St Paul's Cathedral, and thus at the conclusion of a year which had seen hundreds of official, commercial, and popular events commemorating and celebrating the bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar and the death of Nelson. The book assembles the revised versions of the papers delivered at the symposium along with three specially commissioned essays. An overview of these essays is presented.
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Bell, David A. "3. The First Consul, 1799–1804." In Napoleon, 45–67. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199321667.003.0004.
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Napoleon Bonaparte is mostly admired for his domestic achievements from 1799–1804. This Consulate period was one of authoritarian rule, but also of energetic state-building, during which Napoleon established institutions and principles by which the French still govern themselves today. ‘The First Consul, 1799–1804’ explains how during this time, Napoleon negotiated diplomatic agreements with many of his foreign enemies, including Austria and Great Britiain. His new regime also installed a new, streamlined law code, overhauled the education system, and created France’s first successful national bank and stabilized the currency. In 1804, Napoleon was crowned Emperor of the French. However, peace was not long-lasting and France was soon at war again.
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Gheewala, Mahesh. "The Early Days of the Central Bank of Kenya." In 50 Years of Central Banking in Kenya, 197–249. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851820.003.0012.
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This chapter presents an interesting dimension of the history of the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK), given that it is authored by a person who was the National Treasury Officer responsible for establishment of the CBK. The author offers a chronology of how CBK was founded, the discussions around its name and how its operations came to be independent of the National Treasury. He highlights important issues on central bank capital, ownership of the Bank, government borrowing from the Bank and conduct of rudimentary monetary policy. The author also highlights his working relationships with the first governors of CBK, Dr Baranski and Mr Duncan Ndegwa. It is noted that the author’s contribution to Kenya in the field of finance and banking during the country’s formative years, earned him the honour of Moran of the Order of the Burning Spear (MBS).
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James, Simon. "The Plateau Zone West of G St." In The Roman Military Base at Dura-Europos, Syria. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743569.003.0019.
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One of the first structures explored at Dura in 1920, this temple (or perhaps better, sanctuary: Buchmann 2016, 116) was subsequently completely excavated but never fully published. Preliminary accounts were written by the excavators (Cumont 1926, 29–41; PR 2, 11–12, 67–9 (Pillet), PR 4, 16–19 (Pillet); Rostovtzeff 1938, 68–75 and pl. VI) and it has been much discussed since (Downey 1988, 105–10 for overview and references; Dirven 1999, 326–49 for the Palmyrene evidence; Leriche et al. 2011, 28). It remained a temple through the Roman period, apparently no part of it other than, presumably, the upper levels of city wall Tower 1 being used for secular military purposes. However, its continued existence in the farthest corner of the military base, and its attested use for worship by the Roman military community, demand discussion here. Indeed one of the very first military discoveries was the Terentius wall painting on the N wall of the temple’s room A, depicting a Roman military sacrifice by cohors XX Palmyrenorum before a triad of its national deities and the Tychai of Dura and Palmyra (Pl. I; Breasted 1922; Cumont 1923; Breasted 1924, 94–101, pl. XXI). Cumont consequently called the sanctuary the ‘Temple of the Palmyrene Gods’ (Cumont 1926, 29). In recent decades it has been more usually known as the ‘Temple of (i.e. Palmyrene) Bêl’, following Rostovtzeff (1938, 51), although in Parthian times it was probably dedicated to Zeus (Welles 1969, 63; Millar 1998, 482; Kaizer 2002, 122). No evidence indicates Palmyrene worship in the Parthian-era temple (Dirven 1999, 327–8). There is no consensus on the name for the sanctuary, so I follow MFSED’s ‘Temple of Bêl’ (Leriche et al. 2011, 28; also now Kaizer 2016b, 37–41). Described as laying in ‘J3/5’ by the Yale expedition, it actually lies N of these blocks in an area MFSED has labelled J9 (Leriche et al. 2011, 28–30). During the third century when the temple lay within the Roman base area, it did become the focus of Palmyrene cults, likely ‘related to Palmyrene soldiers or people associated with them’ (Dirven 1999, 328).
Conference papers on the topic "First National Bank in St"
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Li, Yuan-yuan, and Jin Hao. "The regional differences analysis of bank credit support and economic growth —Based on the panel data of HeBei province." In 2012 First National Conference for Engineering Sciences (FNCES). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nces.2012.6543370.
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Morgan, A., J. Gath, M. MacKenzie, A. Matthews, H. Stobart, L. Turner, and M. Wilcox. "Abstract P1-10-01: Patient advocate involvement shapes UK’s first national breast cancer tissue bank - The breast cancer campaign tissue bank." In Abstracts: Thirty-Sixth Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium - Dec 10-14, 2013; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs13-p1-10-01.
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Kelly, Lynn. "P-42 The mill at st catherine’s park, cafÉ and community hub – the first three years." In Leading, Learning and Innovating, Hospice UK 2017 National Conference, 22–24 November 2017, Liverpool. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2017-hospice.69.
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Salomatina, S., I. Garskova, and T. Valetov. "The hierarchy of financial centers in the Russian Empire at the end of the nineteenth century: network and geoinformation analysis of interregional bank transfers." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1816.978-5-317-06529-4/242-251.
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The article examines the financial system of the Russian Empire as a set of cash flows between the largest centers based on the commercial transfers statistics of commercial transfers of the State Bank in 1898 and network and geoinformation analysis. As a result, the study proves that the national financial system was typically dominated by the highest national level markets (St. Petersburg and Moscow), whereas the interregional markets of the lower level were stronger in the west and southwest (Odessa, Kiev, Warsaw) compared to Riga, Kharkov, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, and Baku
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Borner, William, and Bruce Anderson. "Two Case Studies in Architecture, Engineering, and Construction: The First National Bank Tower in Omaha, and the Durham Research Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha." In Architectural Engineering Conference (AEI) 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40798(190)25.
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Narin, Müslüme, and Alpay Öznazik. "International Monetary System and the Emergence of Renminbi." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c08.01945.
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After the 2008 crisis International Monetary System (IMS) entered a period of change. The system under hegemony of dollar criticized in financial markets with regards to instability and lack of confidence. Whereas IMF argued that the IMS should be restructured in emerging markets, in the report of World Bank it was estimated that in the future of IMS a multipolar multiple currency system which includes Dollar, Euro and Renminbi (RMB) will improve (World Bank, 2011: xii). BRICS countries wanted diversify, especially, the Chinese reserves, but the Executive Board of IMF rejected SDR basket to be expanded until 30 November 2015. With the decision taken on this date, it took Chinese national currency RMB into SDR basket since the date of 1 October 2016. After this decision, the value of SDR has been composed of the sum of the currencies of US dollar, Euro, Chinese RMB (yuan), Japanese yen and pound sterling. Thereby, in SDR basket Chinese national currency ranked thirdly by weight.
The purpose this paper is to discuss the ever-increasing importance of Chinese national currency RMB in IMS. In this direction, at first, the formation and development of SDR will be informed, then the direction of RMB towards the SDR basket will be discussed, after that, the appearance of the idea of RMB’s internationalization and the period of internationalization of RMB will be addressed. Finally, an assessment will be made about RMB’s being a means of payment and international financial asset in foreign trade.
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Lončar, Iris, and Tonći Svilokos. "The influence of assets structure on financial performance in Croatian banking system." In Contemporary Issues in Business, Management and Economics Engineering. Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/cibmee.2019.024.
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Purpose – as the largest share of national money assets is concentrated in banks, their profitability is important not only for shareholder but also for the whole economy. The aim of this paper is to analyse the influence of the structure of total assets and its liquidity on overall success in the Croatian banking industry. Research methodology – in order to achieve the main purpose the cross-section regression models will be estimated which will include standard profitability indicators and various liquidity and assets indices. Findings – the results of the analysis show that the level and the structure of total assets, as well as the level of its liquidity, significantly influence its profitability. Research limitations – the analysis in this paper is limited to the influence of the asset side of the bank balance sheet in cross-section conditions. Therefore this research could be considered as a preliminary one and should be expanded by introducing the other indicators from liability in wider time horizons. Practical implications – the results outlined in this paper could be practical guidelines for successful asset management which is prerequisite for achieving an adequate financial performance in the banking business. Originality/Value – according to our knowledge, research of this phenomenon is very rare, so this is one of the first papers considering the impact of asset structure on bank performance for the Croatian banking system.
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Prilandita, Niken, Saut Sagala, Teresa Arsanti, and Jeeten Kumar. "The Stakeholders’ Role in Sustaining Renewable Energy Systems in Sumba Island." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/mete7276.
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Sumba Iconic Island is a collective program established by the national government through the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) with various governmental and international institutions such as the National Electricity Company (PLN), Hivos, Norwegian Embassy in Jakarta, Asian Development Bank, and all level of local government from provincial, regency, municipality, district, and village level. This paper focuses on using qualitative data gained through interviews with stakeholders to find out the various operation and maintenance models of renewable energy power plants that are currently in practice in Sumba Island. This study shows that currently there are four models of operation and maintenance for systems throughout numerous villages in Sumba. The first one describes O&M being handled by trained locals, second one is handled by the village cooperative (Koperasi), the third one is collaboration between PLN and local government units or private sector, and the last one is collaboration with the private sector and village-own company (BUMDes). The first one mentioned is the weakest one, and faced many constraints such as lack of technical skill and the local peoples’ limited understanding. The other three models succeeded, to a certain extent, in sustaining the renewable energy system in the particular village
Reports on the topic "First National Bank in St"
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Health hazard evaluation report: HETA-84-006-1639, First National Bank, Chicago, Illinois. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, December 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshheta840061639.
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London - Branch premises 36-38 New Broad St.: Opening of Savings Bank Department 16 June 1913 Lady Reid making first deposit. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-000288.
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Financial Stability Report - Second Semester of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2020.
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The Colombian financial system has not suffered major structural disruptions during these months of deep economic contraction and has continued to carry out its basic functions as usual, thus facilitating the economy's response to extreme conditions. This is the result of the soundness of financial institutions at the beginning of the crisis, which was reflected in high liquidity and capital adequacy indicators as well as in the timely response of various authorities. Banco de la República lowered its policy interest rates 250 points to 1.75%, the lowest level since the creation of the new independent bank in 1991, and provided ample temporary and permanent liquidity in both pesos and foreign currency. The Office of the Financial Superintendent of Colombia, in turn, adopted prudential measures to facilitate changes in the conditions for loans in effect and temporary rules for rating and loan-loss provisions. Finally, the national government expanded the transfers as well as the guaranteed credit programs for the economy. The supply of real credit (i.e. discounting inflation) in the economy is 4% higher today than it was 12 months ago with especially marked growth in the housing (5.6%) and commercial (4.7%) loan portfolios (2.3% in consumer and -0.1% in microloans), but there have been significant changes over time. During the first few months of the quarantine, firms increased their demands for liquidity sharply while consumers reduced theirs. Since then, the growth of credit to firms has tended to slow down, while consumer and housing credit has grown. The financial system has responded satisfactorily to the changes in the respective demands of each group or sector and loans may grow at high rates in 2021 if GDP grows at rates close to 4.6% as the technical staff at the Bank expects; but the forecasts are highly uncertain. After the strict quarantine implemented by authorities in Colombia, the turmoil seen in March and early April, which was evident in the sudden reddening of macroeconomic variables on the risk heatmap in Graph A,[1] and the drop in crude oil and coal prices (note the high volatility registered in market risk for the region on Graph A) the local financial markets stabilized relatively quickly. Banco de la República’s credible and sustained policy response played a decisive role in this stabilization in terms of liquidity provision through a sharp expansion of repo operations (and changes in amounts, terms, counterparties, and eligible instruments), the purchases of public and private debt, and the reduction in bank reserve requirements. In this respect, there is now abundant aggregate liquidity and significant improvements in the liquidity position of investment funds. In this context, the main vulnerability factor for financial stability in the short term is still the high degree of uncertainty surrounding loan quality. First, the future trajectory of the number of people infected and deceased by the virus and the possible need for additional health measures is uncertain. For that reason, there is also uncertainty about the path for economic recovery in the short and medium term. Second, the degree to which the current shock will be reflected in loan quality once the risk materializes in banks’ financial statements is uncertain. For the time being, the credit risk heatmap (Graph B) indicates that non-performing and risky loans have not shown major deterioration, but past experience indicates that periods of sharp economic slowdown eventually tend to coincide with rises in non-performing loans: the calculations included in this report suggest that the impact of the recession on credit quality could be significant in the short term. This is particularly worrying since the profitability of credit establishments has been declining in recent months, and this could affect their ability to provide credit to the real sector of the economy. In order to adopt a forward-looking approach to this vulnerability, this Report presents several stress tests that evaluate the resilience of the liquidity and capital adequacy of credit institutions and investment funds in the event of a hypothetical scenario that seeks to simulate an extreme version of current macroeconomic conditions. The results suggest that even though there could be strong impacts on the credit institutions’ volume of credit and profitability under such scenarios, aggregate indicators of total and core capital adequacy will probably remain at levels that are above the regulatory limits over the horizon of a year. At the same time, the exercises highlight the high capacity of the system's liquidity to face adverse scenarios. In compliance with its constitutional objectives and in coordination with the financial system's security network, Banco de la República will continue to closely monitor the outlook for financial stability at this juncture and will make the decisions that are necessary to ensure the proper functioning of the economy, facilitate the flow of sufficient credit and liquidity resources, and further the smooth operation of the payment systems. Juan José Echavarría Governor