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Remenyi, Dan, and Bill Cinnamond. "Banking 2000? Reengineering at the First National Bank of Southern Africa to create a branch of the future." Journal of Strategic Information Systems 5, no. 4 (December 1996): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0963-8687(96)80031-x.
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Scott, H. "Interference without ownership: The theft of incorporeal money in the South African law of unjustified enrichment." Acta Juridica 2021 (2021): 343–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/acta/2021/a13.
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First National Bank of Southern Africa v Perry, Nissan South Africa v Marnitz NO and Absa Bank v Lombard Insurance, as well as Trustees, Estate Whitehead v Dumas and Absa Bank v Moore, together amount to a concerted attempt on the part of South African courts to provide victims of the theft of incorporeal money with adequate redress. However, it has proved difficult to find a satisfactory juristic explanation for this series of decisions. This chapter shows that a model organised around the extension of the vindicatio to incorporeal money is unworkable. Instead, having considered briefly a second possibility, namely, the English constructive trust, this chapter advances an analysis of the plaintiff’s claim to the stolen money solely in terms of the non-consensual enrichment (that is, enrichment other than by deliberate conferral) of the defendant at their expense. Apart from its superior explanatory power, such an approach offers a blueprint for future development, insofar as it opens the way to the recognition of a secured claim where the proceeds of stolen money have been used to discharge the thief ’s pre-existing secured debts: the doctrine of subrogation to extinguished rights. This chapter closes by considering the implications of these conclusions for wider debates about the proper size and shape of the law of unjust enrichment.
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Duncan, G. A. "Back to the Future." Verbum et Ecclesia 24, no. 2 (November 17, 2003): 359–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v24i2.331.
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The Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa was formed on 26th September 1999 as the result of the union of the black Reformed Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa and the white-dominated Presbyterian Church of Southern Africa. Various unsuccessful attempts had been made since the latter part of the nineteenth century to effect union. In the spirit of national euphoria which surrounded the first democratic elections in South Africa in1994, the Reformed Presbyterian Church initiated union discussions with the Presbyterian Church. The subsequent union was based on what are now considered to be inadequate preparations and many unresolved problems have emerged to test the witness of the new denomination, not the least of which is racism. At its 2002 General Assembly, as the result of what appeared to be a financial crisis, the Uniting Presbyterian Church appointed a Special Committee on Reformation was established to investigate the problems in the denomination and to bring proposals for dealing with these issues.
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Chakawa, Joshua, and V. Z. Nyawo-Shava. "Guerrilla warfare and the environment in Southern Africa: Impediments faced by ZIPRA and Umkhonto Wesizwe." Oral History Journal of South Africa 2, no. 2 (February 4, 2015): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/6.
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Zimbabwe Peoples’ Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA) was the armed wing of Zimbabwe African People’s Union (ZAPU) which waged the war to liberate Zimbabwe. It operated from its bases in Zambia between 1964 and 1980. Umkhonto Wesizwe (MK) was ANC’s armed wing which sought to liberate South Africa from minority rule. Both forces (MK and ZIPRA) worked side by side until the attainment of independence by Zimbabwe when ANC guerrillas were sent back to Zambia by the new Zimbabwean government. This paper argues that the failure of ZIPRA and Umkhonto Wesizwe to deploy larger numbers of guerrillas to the war front in Zimbabwe (then Rhodesia) and South Africa was mainly caused by bio-physical challenges. ZAPU and ANC guerrillas faced the difficult task of crossing the Zambezi River and then walking through the sparsely vegetated areas, game reserves and parks until they reached villages deep in the country. Rhodesian and South African Defense Forces found it relatively easy to disrupt guerrilla movements along these routes. Even after entering into Rhodesia, ANC guerrillas had environmental challenges in crossing to South Africa. As such, they could not effectively launch protracted rural guerrilla warfare. Studies on ZIPRA and ANC guerrilla warfare have tended to ignore these environmental problems across inhospitable territories. For the ANC, surveillance along Limpopo River and in Kruger National Park acted more as impediments than conduits. ANC also had to cope with almost all challenges which confronted ZIPRA guerrillas such as the Zambezi, Lake Kariba and various parks which Rhodesians always used as a first line of defense but had a geographically difficult task in South Africa where the environment was not attractive for a guerrilla warfare.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (December 2020)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 72, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 16–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1220-0016-jpt.
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China Shale-Gas Field Sets Production Record Sinopec recorded China’s highest daily output of shale gas at 20.62 million cubic meters (Mcm) at its Fuling shale-gas field in Chongqing, China, a key gas source for the Sichuan-East gas pipeline. The first major commercial shale-gas project in China, Fuling has continuously broken records for the shortest gasfield drilling cycle while significantly increasing the drilling of high-quality reservoirs covering more than 3 million m, according to Sinopec. Gasfield production construction was also expanded to raise production capacity. The company said the field maintains a daily output of 20 Mcm, producing an estimated 6.7 Bcm per year. Apache and Total Plan Suriname Appraisals Apache filed appraisal plans for its Maka and Sapakara oil discoveries in block 58 offshore Suriname. The company said another submission is expected for Kwaskwasi, the largest find in the block, by the end of the year. Operations continue for Keskesi, the fourth exploration target. There are plans to drill a fifth prospect at Bonboni in the North-Central portion of the concession. Partner company Total is assuming operatorship of the block ahead of next year’s campaigns. BP Emerges as Sole Bid for Offshore Canada Parcels BP was the only operator to place a bid in the Canada-Newfoundland and Labrador Offshore Petroleum Board (C-NLOPB) Call for Bids NL20-CFB01, which offered 17 parcels (4,170,509 hectares) in the eastern Newfoundland region. The successful bid was for Parcel 9 (covering 264,500 hectares) for $27 million in work commitments from BP Canada Energy Group. Subject to BP satisfying specified requirements and receiving government approval, the exploration license will be issued in January 2021. No bids were received for the remaining 16 parcels, which may be reposted in a future Call for Bids. Criteria for selecting a winning bid is the total amount the bidder commits to spend on exploration of the parcel during the first period of a 9-year license, with a minimum acceptable bid of $10 million in work commitments for each parcel. Beach Energy To Drill Otway Basin Well Beach Energy plans to drill at its Artisan-1 well about 32 km offshore Victoria, Australia, in the Otway basin, before the end of 2021. The well, located on Block Vic/P43, was to be spudded in 1H 2020 but was delayed due to COVID-19. The timeframe for drilling was confirmed by the National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority, which also said Beach is keeping open the option to suspend the well and develop it, pending reservoir analysis. Anchors, mooring chains, and surface buoys have already been laid for the well, which is in a water depth of approximately 71 m. The well is expected to take approximately 35–55 days to drill, depending on the final work program and potential operational delays. Diamond Offshore’s semisubmersible Ocean Onyx was contracted for the drilling program. Artisan is the first of Beach’s planned multiwell campaigns, which also include development wells at the Geographe and Thylacine fields. Hess Completes Sale of Interest in Gulf of Mexico Field Hess completed the sale of its 28% working interest in the Shenzi Field in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico (GOM) to BHP, the field’s operator, for $505 million. Shenzi is a six-lease development structured as a joint ownership: BHP (operator, 44%), Hess (28%), and Repsol (28%). The acquisition would bring BHP’s working interest to 72%, adding approximately 11,000 BOE/D of production (90% oil). The sale is expected to close by December 2020. Hess CEO John Hess said proceeds from the sale will help fund the company’s investment in Guyana. Greenland Opens New Offshore Areas Greenland opened three new offshore areas for application of oil and gas exploitation licenses off West Greenland. The areas are Baffin Bay, Disko West, and Davis Strait. The country also said it is working on an oil strategy to reduce geological uncertainty by offering an investment package to companies that engage in its Open Door Procedures. The procedures are a first-mover advantage to remove national oil company Nunaoil, as a carried partner, reducing turnover and surplus royalties. It is estimated to reduce the government take by 51.3% to 40.6%. Shell and Impact Oil & Gas Agree to South Africa Farmout Africa Oil announced Impact Oil & Gas entered into two agreements for exploration areas offshore South Africa. The company has a 31.10% share-holding in Impact, a privately owned exploration company. Impact entered into an agreement with BG International, a Shell subsidiary, for the farm-out of a 50% working interest and operatorship in the Transkei and Algoa exploration rights. Shell was also granted the option to acquire an additional 5% working interest should the joint venture (JV) elect to move into the third renewal period, expected in 2024. Algoa is located in the South Outeniqua Basin, east of Block 11B/12B, containing the Brulpadda gas condensate discovery and where Total recently discovered gas condensate. The Transkei block is northeast of Algoa in the Natal Trough Basin where Impact has identified highly material prospectivity associated with several large submarine fan bodies, which the JV will explore with 3D seismic data and then potential exploratory drilling. Impact and Shell plan to acquire over 6,000 km² of 3D seismic data during the first available seismic window following completion of the transaction. This window is expected to be in the Q1 2022. After the closing of the deal, Shell will hold a 50% interest as the operator and Impact will hold 50%. Impact also entered into an agreement with Silver Wave Energy for the farm-in of a 90% working interest and operatorship of Area 2, offshore South Africa. East and adjacent to Impact’s Transkei and Algoa blocks, Area 2 complements Impact’s existing position by extending the entire length of the ultradeepwater part of the Transkei margin. Together, the Transkei and Algoa Blocks and Area 2 cover over 124,000 km2. Area 2 has been opened by the Brulpadda and Luiperd discoveries in the Outeniqua Basin and will be further tested during 2021 by the well on the giant Venus prospect in ultradeepwater Namibia, where Impact is a partner. Impact believes there is good evidence for this Southern African Aptian play to have a common world-class Lower Cretaceous source rock, similar excellent-quality Apto-Albian reservoir sands, and a geological setting suitable for the formation of large stratigraphic traps. Following completion of the farm-in, Impact will hold 90% interest and serve as the operator; Silver Wave will hold 10%. Petronas Awards Sarawak Contract to Seismic Consortium The seismic consortium comprising PGS, TGS, and WesternGeco was awarded a multiyear contract by Petronas to acquire and process up to 105,000 km2 of multisensor, multiclient 3D data in the Sarawak Basin, offshore Malaysia. The contract award follows an ongoing campaign by the consortium in the Sabah offshore region, awarded in 2016, in which over 50,000 km2 of high-quality 3D seismic data have been acquired and licensed to the oil and gas industry to support Malaysia license round and exploration activity. The Sarawak award will allow for a multiphase program to promote exploration efforts in the prolific Sarawak East Natuna Basin (Deepwater North Luconia and West Luconia Province). The consortium is planning the initial phases and is engaging with the oil and gas industry to secure prefunding ahead of planned acquisition, covering both open blocks and areas of existing farm-in opportunities. Total Discovers Second Gas Condensate in South Africa Total made a significant second gas condensate discovery on the Luiperd prospect, located on Block 11B/12B in the Outeniqua Basin, 175 km off the southern coast of South Africa. The discovery follows the adjacent play-opening Brulpadda discovery in 2019. The Luiperd-1X well was drilled to a total depth of about 3,400 m and encountered 73 m of net gas condensate pay in well-developed, good-quality Lower Cretaceous reservoirs. Following a coring and logging program, the well will be tested to assess the dynamic reservoir characteristics and deliverability. The Block 11B/12B covers an area of 19,000 km2, with water depths ranging from 200 to 1800 m. It is operated by Total with a 45% working interest, alongside Qatar Petroleum (25%), CNR International (20%), and Main Street, a South African consortium (10%). The Luiperd prospect is the second to be drilled in a series of five large submarine fan prospects with direct hydrocarbon indicators defined utilizing 2D and 3D seismic data. BP Gas Field Offshore Egypt Begins Production BP started gas production from its Qattameya gasfield development offshore Egypt in the North Damietta offshore concession. Through BP’s joint venture Pharaonic Petroleum Company working with state-owned Egyptian Natural Gas Holding Co., the field, which is expected to produce up to 50 MMcf/D, was developed through a one-well subsea development and tieback to existing infrastructure. Qattameya, whose discovery was announced in 2017, is located approximately 45 km west of the Ha’py platform, in 108 m of water. It is tied back to the Ha’py and Tuart field development via a new 50-km pipeline and connected to existing subsea utilities via a 50-km umbilical. BP holds 100% equity in the North Damietta offshore concession in the East Nile Delta. Gas production from the field is directed to Egypt’s national grid.
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Mushita, Andrew T., and Carol B. Thompson. "Patenting Biodiversity? Rejecting WTO/TRIPS in Southern Africa." Global Environmental Politics 2, no. 1 (February 1, 2002): 65–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/152638002317261472.
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The year 2000 was the deadline for developing countries to bring their national laws into compliance with the trade-related intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement under the World Trade Organization (WTO). However, the transition to one universal intellectual property law is not proceeding as scripted. After briefly summarizing a long tradition of debate about intellectual property, this article first analyzes what is new and different about TRIPS. It then argues that extending intellectual private property rights to plants, in particular in the form of patents, challenges scientific logic and threatens biodiversity. Southern Africa has also taken this view, and is proposing political and legal alternatives to the patenting of biodiversity. Combining principles from the Convention on Bio logical Diversity and the FAO International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources, draft legislation affirms farmers' and community rights, while not denying the important role of international protocols. The proposal, calling for local and national control, is not only a model for Africa, but for other developing countries to resolve the incongruities between TRIPS and the CBD over the patenting of living organisms.
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Manheim, Jarol B., and Robert B. Albritton. "Insurgent Violence Versus Image Management: The Struggle for National Images in Southern Africa." British Journal of Political Science 17, no. 2 (April 1987): 201–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400004701.
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The authors examine the countervailing effects of two forces on external news coverage of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and South Africa during the 1970s. The first is purposeful government efforts at news management and information control undertaken by each of the two regimes. The second is the civil unrest which was present in the region during that period. They conclude that these effects and the policy consequences that flow from them are functions of the pre-existing image environment of each country in the foreign (US) press and of the character of its domestic unrest.
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Van der Schyff, Elmarie. "Constitutional Interpretation according to First National Bank of SA Limited T/A Wesbank v Commissioner for the South African Revenue Services and another; First National Bank of SA Limited T/A Wesbank v Minister of Finance 2002 (7) Bclr 702 Cc." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 6, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2003/v6i2a2872.
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“Constitutional interpretation” has become the focus point of all lawyers and academics interested in the development of Constitutional Law in South Africa. But far more important than mere interest, is the practical application of the Constitution in every matter handled by lawyers and presided over by presiding officers. Words, phrases and ideas, foreign to the Roman-Dutch judicial system, have entered our jurisprudence. New concepts have emerged and old, familiar concepts have been re-defined. It is essential to define these new concepts. The guidelines for this interpretation process, laid down by the Higher Courts, specifically the Constitutional Court, are indispensable for the development of Constitutional Law in South Africa.
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Batista, Catia, and Pedro C. Vicente. "Adopting Mobile Money: Evidence from an Experiment in Rural Africa." AEA Papers and Proceedings 110 (May 1, 2020): 594–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20201086.
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Who uses mobile money, and what do people do with it? This paper describes mobile money adoption patterns following the experimental introduction of mobile money for the first time in rural areas of Southern Mozambique. We use administrative and household survey data to characterize adopters as well as their mobile money usage patterns over three years. Adopters of mobile money (and early adopters in particular) are more educated than nonadopters, and they are also more likely to already hold a bank account. Positive self-selection of adopters should be considered when introducing mobile money as a tool for rapid financial inclusion.
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Naicker, Bathmanathan Vasie, and Md Humayun Kabir. "Implementation of South African national credit act and its impact on home loans market: The case of First National Bank." Risk Governance and Control: Financial Markets and Institutions 3, no. 2 (2013): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/rgcv3i2art1.
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Since it has been observed that credit granting is a serious problem across the entire credit market, South Africa introduced National Credit Act 34 of 2005 in order to regulate the credit industry and protect credit consumers from becoming over-indebted. The study highlights and examines the implementation of the Act in relation to the South African home loans market, focussing on First National Bank home loans portfolio. The study documents that the current state of consumer indebtedness shows that both credit institutions and consumers were responsible for over extending retail credit. The study noticed that credit industry has significantly managed to regulate the retail credit through the implementation of the Act. Furthermore, the study finds that a new stakeholder such as a debt counsellor has been introduced into the retail credit value chain for debt counselling for over-indebted clients. However, the study recommends that internal forums within banks as well as industry-wide forums should be used in order to ensure that the implementation of a regulation that impacts the entire credit industry is implemented with all stakeholders to limit any possible misinterpretation of key sections of a new regulation.
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JPT staff, _. "E&P Notes (July 2021)." Journal of Petroleum Technology 73, no. 07 (July 1, 2021): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0721-0013-jpt.
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Maha Appraisal Hits Gas for Eni in Indonesia Eni encountered natural-gas-bearing sands with its Maha 2 well in the West Ganal Block offshore Indonesia. Drilled to a depth of 2970 m in 1115 m water depth, the well encountered 43 m of gas-bearing net sands in levels of Pliocene Age, according to the operator. A production test, which was limited by surface facilities, recorded a gas deliverability of the reservoir flowing at 34 MMscf/D. The opera-tor collected data and samples during the test, to study in preparation of a field development plan for the Maha field. Two additional appraisal wells are planned for the discovery. Eni, along with partners Neptune West Ganal BV and P.T. Pertamina Hulu West Ganal, expect the field to be developed subsea and tied back to the nearby Jangkrik floating production unit (FPU), about 16 km to the northwest. Eni has been operating off Indonesia since 2001. Its current equity production in the region is around 80,000 BOE/D. Shell Sells Out of Philippines Gas Field Royal Dutch Shell has agreed to sell its stake in the Malampaya offshore gas field in the Philippines for $460 million. The major sold its 45% stake in Service Contract 38 (SC38), a deepwater license which includes the producing gas field, to a subsidiary of the Udenna Group, which already holds a 45% stake in the project. The divestment is part of the company’s strategy to narrow its oil and gas operations. The base consideration for the sale is $380 million, with additional payments of up to $80 million in 2022 and 2024 contingent on asset performance and commodity prices, according to Shell. The deal is due to complete by the end of 2021. The Malampaya gas field, discovered in 1991, currently supplies fuel to power plants that deliver about a fifth of the country’s electricity requirements, based on energy ministry data. Equinor Green Lights First Phase of Bacalhau Development Off Brazil Equinor, along with partners ExxonMobil, Petrogal Brasil, and Pré-Sal Petróleo SA, will move forward with a planned $8-billion Phase 1 development of the Bacalhau field in the Brazilian pre-salt Santos area. The Bacalhau field is situated across two licenses, BM-S-8 and Norte de Carcará. The target resource is a high-quality carbonate reservoir containing light oil. The development will consist of 19 subsea wells tied back to a floating production, storage, and offloading unit (FPSO) located at the field. The vessel will be one of the largest FPSOs in Brazil with a production capacity of 220,000 B/D of oil and 2 million bbl of storage capacity. The stabilized oil will be offloaded to shuttle tankers and the gas from Phase 1 will be re-injected in the reservoir. The FPSO contractor will operate the FPSO for the first year. Thereafter, Equinor plans to operate the facilities until the end of the license period. The development plan was approved by the Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Biofuels (ANP) in March 2021. First oil from the field is slated for 2024. Wintershall Strikes Gas at Dvalin North An exploration well drilled by Wintershall on its Dvalin North prospect in the Norwegian Sea has encountered a significant gas reservoir. The discovery at Dvalin North is estimated to hold to hold 33–70 million BOE and is just 12 km north of the company’s operated Dvalin field and 65 km north of the operated Maria field. The well also encountered hydrocarbons in two shallower secondary targets, with a combined resource estimate of 38–87 million BOE, making the potential for the field in excess of 150 million BOE. The well, drilled by the Deepsea Aberdeen rig, encountered gas, condensate, and oil columns of 33 m and 114 m in the Cretaceous Lysing and Lange formations, respectively. In the primary target in the Garn Formation, the well found a gas column of 85 m. The license partners, including Petoro and Sval Energi, are evaluating development options for the discovery, which could include a tieback to the Dvalin field. Third Odfjell Rig Tapped by Equinor Odfjell has been awarded a three-well, $40-million drilling contract for its semisubmersible drilling unit Deepsea Stavanger by Equinor. The rig will join sister units Deepsea Atlantic and Deepsea Aberdeen under contract with the Norwegian operator. The rig is scheduled to start drilling the first of three planned exploration wells in the North Sea in February 2022. The wells are expected to take about 4 months to complete. The contract includes continuing options after the initial phase. South Africa Shale Tests Encounter Gas at Karoo Pockets of shale gas were encountered during test drilling in the semi-desert Karoo region of South Africa, according to the nation’s energy ministry. A total of 34 gas samples had been bottled and taken to laboratories after the government’s Council for Geosciences set out to drill a 3500-m stratigraphic hole in the Karoo to establish and test the occurrence of shale gas. “The first pocket of gas was intercepted at 1734 m with a further substantial amount intercepted at 2467 m spanning a depth of 55 m,” said Gwede Mantashe, South African energy minister, during his budget vote in parliament on 18 May. In 2017, geologists at the University of Johannesburg and three other institutions estimated the gas resource in the Karoo was probably 13 Tcf. Earlier, the US Energy and Information Administration estimated the Karoo Basin’s technically recoverable shale-gas resource at 390 Tcf, then making it the eighth largest in the world and second largest in Africa behind Algeria. Seadrill Venture Nets New Drilling Contract Seadrill’s Sonadrill Holding Ltd., the 50/50 joint venture with an affiliate of Sonangol, has secured a 12-well contract with one option for nine wells and 11 one-well options in Angola for drillship Sonangol Quenguela. The $131-million contract before options is inclusive of mobilization revenue and additional services with commencement expected in early 2022 and running through mid-2023. The contract is contingent on National Concessionaire approval. Sonangol Quenguela is the second of two Sonangol-owned drillships to be bareboat-chartered into Sonadrill. The drillship is a seventh-generation, DP3, dual activity, e-smart ultradeepwater drillship delivered in 2019, capable of drilling up to 40,000-ft wells. A further two Seadrill-owned units are expected to be bareboat-chartered into Sonadrill. Seadrill will manage and operate the four units on behalf of Sonadrill. Shell Makes US Gulf Discovery at Leopard An exploration well at the Shell-led Leopard prospect in the deepwater US Gulf of Mexico encountered more than 600 ft net oil pay at multiple levels. Leopard is in Alaminos Canyon Block 691, approximately 20 miles east of the Whale discovery, 20 miles south of the recently appraised Blacktip discovery, and 33 miles from the Perdido spar host facility. Evaluation is ongoing to further define development options. According to Shell, Leopard is an opportunity to increase production in the Perdido Corridor, where its Great White, Silvertip, and Tobago fields are already producing. Meanwhile, the Whale discovery, also in the Perdido Corridor, is progressing toward a final investment decision in 2021. Shell operates Leopard with a 50% working interest. Partner Chevron holds the remaining 50% stake. Shell Could Leave Tunisia in 2022 Shell informed Tunisian authorities in May it will hand back upstream concessions and leave the country next year as it turns its focus to renewable energy, according to a Reuters report sourcing a senior official in the country’s energy ministry. The license in question is the Miskar concession in the southern city of Gabes. The operator has also requested the early hand-back of the Asdrubal permit, which expires in 2035. Recent reports suggest the operator may be looking for the Tunisian government to extend its permit on the field under more favorable terms ahead of its planned departure.
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Elamer, Ahmed A., Collins G. Ntim, and Hussein A. Abdou. "Islamic Governance, National Governance, and Bank Risk Management and Disclosure in MENA Countries." Business & Society 59, no. 5 (December 9, 2017): 914–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0007650317746108.
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We examine the relationships among religious governance, especially Islamic governance quality (IGQ), national governance quality (NGQ), and risk management and disclosure practices (RDPs), and consequently ascertain whether NGQ has a moderating influence on the IGQ–RDPs nexus. Using one of the largest data sets relating to Islamic banks from 10 Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries from 2006 to 2013, our findings are threefold. First, we find that RDPs are higher in banks with higher IGQ. Second, we find that RDPs are higher in banks from countries with higher NGQ. Finally, we find that NGQ has a moderating effect on the IGQ–RDPs nexus. Our findings are robust to alternative RDP measures and estimation techniques. These results imply that the quality of disclosure depends on the nature of the macro-social-level factors, such as religion that have remained largely unexplored in business and society research, and, therefore, have important implications for policy makers.
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Vahed, Ismail, and Muhammad Ehsanul Hoque. "The perception of Islamic banking by the first national bank sales staff in the Kwazulu-Natal region of South Africa." Banks and Bank Systems 11, no. 4 (December 9, 2016): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/bbs.11(4).2016.05.
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The objective of this study is to determine the perception and awareness of Islamic banking by a conventional banks sales force. This was a cross-sectional study conducted among 100 sales staff randomly selected to take part in the study. A self-administered anonymous questionnaire was used to collect the data using online system called QuestionPro. Results revealed that whilst the respondents did feel there was a need for Islamic banking, they also did feel that Islamic banking was more complicated than conventional banking. The study also revealed that there was an overall negative perception of Islamic banking which was primarily based on a lack of knowledge, awareness, and understanding. It is recommended that banks provide sufficient and effective training to their staff on all products and services so that any negative perception can be eliminated. This study can benefit organizations that are in the Islamic banking industry or looking at getting into the Islamic banking industry. Keywords: Islamic banking, conventional banking, knowledge, perception, training. JEL Classification: G21, D83
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Bimha, Alfred. "The Internal Carbon Emissions Reduction Efficiency Of The South African Banking Sector: A Data Envelopment Analysis." International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2013): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v13i1.8357.
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In this study, a BCC/CCR Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) Input-Oriented model is employed to measure the carbon reduction efficiency of the four major banks in South Africa (ABSA, Standard Bank, First National Bank, and Nedbank). Specifically, the Banxia Frontier Analysis DEA software is utilized to make two runs on publicly available data. In the first run, number of employees and operating costs are treated as inputs and carbon emissions as the output. In the second run, again, the number of employees and operating costs are treated as inputs, but electricity usage, paper usage, and business travel are treated as outputs. Results are opposite to those generated by the DEA input-oriented model; firms distant from the efficiency frontier are deemed efficient in terms of reducing carbon emissions and firms lying on the efficiency frontier are deemed inefficient. The first run reveals one bank (ABSA) to be inefficient and the second run demonstrates two banks (ABSA and Standard Bank) to be inefficient. Taken in sum, the current research study seeks to facilitate the measurement of carbon reduction efficiency within the banking sector.
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Perissinotto, Renzo. "Description of Callophylla macrocephala sp. n. from southern Tanzania." ZooKeys 818 (January 23, 2019): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.818.32269.
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A male cetoniine specimen from the old Schürhoff collection currently deposited in the Ditsong National Museum of Natural History (Pretoria, South Africa), was recently submitted for identification and has been found to represent a yet undescribed species of the poorly-known genus Callophylla Moser, 1916. The species is named C.macrocephalasp. n., in recognition of its wider than average head, particularly at the level of the clypeus, and originates from the southern Tanzanian highlands, near the Tanzania-Zambia border town of Nakonde. This brings the total number of species now known for this genus to four, two from West Africa and two from East-Central Africa. All species were described on the basis of a male only, or this and a few extra specimens. The female is only known for the two West African species, C.costata Moser, 1916 and C.lamottei Antoine, 2007. A dichotomous key for the identification of the species of this genus is presented for the first time. It is suggested that the genus may be constituted of high altitude specialists, with a short period of activity and no ability to feed at the adult stage.
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Vogel, Coleen, Ingrid Koch, and Koos Van Zyl. "“A Persistent Truth”—Reflections on Drought Risk Management in Southern Africa." Weather, Climate, and Society 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 9–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009wcas1017.1.
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Abstract Severe droughts in southern Africa are associated with livelihood impacts, a strain on local economies, and other hardships. Extensive effort has been spent in the past trying to improve responses to periods of extensive drought. There have also been renewed calls for improvements to climate change adaptation by adopting more proactive governance and disaster risk reduction approaches. Few efforts, however, have been made to assess how to learn more from past drought efforts so as to enhance overall resilience to future drought risks. Few have examined the role and contributions of institutions and drought governance, either across spatial scales [from regional (i.e., Southern African Development Community) to national scales (e.g., South Africa) to the very local scale (e.g., Limpopo Province, South Africa)] or across temporal scales (over at least 100 yr). Despite calls for better risk management approaches at all levels, this paper illustrates two points. First, a failure to fully understand, integrate, and learn from past efforts may undermine current and future drought response. Second, state-led drought risk reduction, which remains focused on a financial “bail-out” mentality, with little follow-through on proactive rather than reactive drought responses, is also seriously contributing to the vulnerability of the region to future drought impacts.
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RAS, V., S. NEETHLING, A. ENGELBRECHT, A. C. MORANDINI, K. M. BAYHA, H. SKRYPZECK, and M. J. GIBBONS. "There are three species of Chrysaora (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae) in the Benguela upwelling ecosystem, not two." Zootaxa 4778, no. 3 (May 15, 2020): 401–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4778.3.1.
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Chrysaora (Pèron & Lesueur 1810) is the most diverse genus within Discomedusae, and 15 valid species are currently recognised, with many others not formally described. Since Chrysaora fulgida (Reynaud 1830) was first recognised as occurring off the south west (SW) coast off South Africa, the species has been variously synonymised with Chrysaora hysoscella (Linnaeus 1767) and Chrysaora africana (Vanhöffen 1902). Using DNA evidence alongside multivariate tools to analyse quantitative morphometric and meristic data, as well as information from the cnidome, we unambiguously separate C. fulgida from C. hysoscella; we resurrect C. africana as a valid species and recognise a new species, Chrysaora agulhensis sp. nov. Full descriptions of C. fulgida, C. africana and C. agulhensis sp. nov. are provided. The species have different geographical patterns of distribution around the region, with restricted areas of overlap: C. agulhensis sp. nov. is found along the southern coast of South Africa and over the Agulhas Bank, C. fulgida extends from Cape Point in South Africa to southern Angola, and C. africana can be found from southern Namibia northwards to the Gulf of Guinea. The species can be readily separated in the field by a combination of tentacle/lappet number and shape, colour patterns and the form of the oral arms.
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Faasse, Marco, Hendrik Gheerardyn, Rob Witbaard, and Joël Cuperus. "First record of the rare crab Asthenognathus atlanticus Monod, 1933 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Varunidae) in the North Sea." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 50, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oandhs-2021-0030.
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Abstract Several species new to the area were collected while monitoring Dutch marine waters using a dredge. The varunid crab Asthenognathus atlanticus Monod, 1933 was recorded for the first time in the North Sea. Until 2008, this relatively rare crab was known from the west coast of Africa and the western Mediterranean to northern Brittany in the north. In recent years, its distribution range has expanded, as indicated by records from the Bay of the Seine and the area around Dieppe-Le Tréport. Our finding from Brown Bank (southern North Sea) indicates a further, northward expansion of its distribution range. We list the hosts with which the crab is associated. Earlier arguments for climate change as an explanation for the northward range expansion are supported.
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Price, Sally, and Richard Price. "Turning coo-coo." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 70, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1996): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002633.
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[First paragraph]The pairing of commeal and okra, which pops up everywhere in the Caribbean, nicely captures the amalgam of African and American resources that has produced so much of the region's cultures, and bears witness to the earliness of culinary creolization - on both sides of the Atlantic. Corn(maize) is, of course, native to the New World, and okra (gumbo) to the Old. The Dictionary of Jamaican English includes back-to-back entries on oka and okra - the former from a Yoruba word for corn, though in Jamaica it refers to a cassava mush served with an okra sauce (Cassidy & Le Page 1967:328). And while the Ewe word kukü means "corn dumpling" (Cassidy & Le Page 1967:135), its Caribbean cognates generally signal the presence of okra - as in Bahamian cuckoo soup (Holm 1982: 55). Just to the north in the United States, that classic of southern cuisine, fried okra, is made by coating the pods in cornmeal before dropping them in the bacon drippings. At the southern end of the Caribbean, the Brazilian dish called angu (from Yoruba - see Schneider 1991:14) is made with cornmeal (or cassava-flour); its Saramaka namesake (angu), though made with rice- or banana-flour, is usually served with an okra sauce. And in Barbados, cornmeal and okra comprise the essential ingredients of a national culinary tradition, which we will spell coo-coo.2
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D’Cruze, Neil, Lauren A. Harrington, Délagnon Assou, Delphine Ronfot, David W. Macdonald, Gabriel H. Segniagbeto, and Mark Auliya. "Searching for snakes: ball python hunting in southern Togo, West Africa." Nature Conservation 38 (March 13, 2020): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.38.47864.
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The ball python (Python regius) is the single most exported live CITES-listed species from Africa, with a large proportion of snakes being sourced from Togo, West Africa, officially via a system reported nationally as “ranching”. This study represents the first in-depth review of ball python hunting being carried out by rural communities in Togo for nearly 15 years. Our approach, focused at the bottom of the trade chain, permitted extensive detailed data to be collected from hunters, and provides a unique insight into the practices, drivers and impacts associated with this type of large-scale commercial wildlife trade activity. We show that ball python hunting remains an economically valuable endeavour for these rural hunters. However, it also highlights a number of potential legal, conservation and animal welfare issues associated with the current hunting practices being carried out in Togo (and neighbouring range States) to supply the snake farms and ultimately the international exotic pet trade. Our findings suggest that the methods applied on the ground do not accurately reflect those being reported to national authorities and international regulatory mechanisms such as CITES. This irregular, if not illegal, trade may also be unsustainable, as suggested by hunters reporting that there are fewer ball pythons in the wild than there were five years previously. We recommend that additional scientific investigation (focusing on the size and status of the wild population), better management, and enforcement of regulations, are required to ensure that ball python populations are managed in a sustainable, legal and traceable way.
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Juška, Žygimantas. "The Significance of the EU Trust Fund for Africa on the Ugandan Refugee-Hosting Model." African Review 47, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 247–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1821889x-12340018.
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Abstract Uganda’s refugee policy is perceived by the international community to be among the most progressive in the world. It is grounded on the 2006 Refugees Act and its implementation is reinforced by three frameworks: the STA, integrated in the National Development Plan II, as well as two international approaches – CRRF and ReHope – supported by the United Nations and the World Bank. However, the sustainability of the Uganda’s refugee-hosting model is completely dependent on effective financial support from donors, which has been lacking. Indeed, the EU Trust Fund for Africa has been the primary financial tool to facilitate Uganda’s refugee policy. First, this article examines the three main frameworks of the Ugandan policy on refugees: the CRRF, ReHope and STA. Second, it scrutinises three EU projects in Uganda and discusses their relationship with the CRRF, ReHope and STA. Finally, this paper analyses the importance of the EU projects on the refugee policy in the National Development Plan III (2020–2025).
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WORGER, WILLIAM H. "PARSING GOD: CONVERSATIONS ABOUT THE MEANING OF WORDS AND METAPHORS IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOUTHERN AFRICA." Journal of African History 42, no. 3 (December 2001): 417–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853701007885.
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During the first half of the nineteenth century, European missionaries in southern Africa sought to establish their intellectual and moral authority over Africans and propagate the tenets of Christianity. Men like Jacob Döhne, Robert Moffat, John Colenso, Henry Callaway and others viewed a knowledge of African languages as key to disclosing ‘the secrets of national character’, to the translation and transmittal of ideas about the Christian ‘God’, and to accepting the ‘literal truth’ of the Bible. Africans, especially the Zulu king, Dingane, disputed these teachings in discussions about the existence of God, suitable indigenous names for such a being (including uThixo, modimo, and unkulunkulu), and his attributes (all-powerful, or merely old), arguing for the significance of metaphor rather than literalness in understanding the world.
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MacFarlane, Campbell. "Terrorism in South Africa." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000893.
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AbstractThe Republic of South Africa lies at the southern tip of the African continent. The population encompasses a variety of races, ethnic groups, religions, and cultural identities. The country has had a turbulent history from early tribal conflicts, colonialisation, the apartheid period, and postapartheid readjustment.Modern terrorism developed mainly during the apartheid period, both by activities of the state and by the liberation movements that continued to the time of the first democratic elections in 1994, which saw South Africa evolve into a fully representative democratic state with equal rights for all.Since 1994, terrorist acts have been criminal-based, evolving in the Cape Town area to political acts, largely laid at the feet of a predominantly Muslim organisation, People against Gangsterism and Drugs, a vigilant organisation allegedly infiltrated by Muslim fundamentalists. Along with this, has been terrorist activities, mainly bombings by disaffected members of white, right-wing groups.In the apartheid era, a Draconian series of laws was enacted to suppress liberation activities. After 1994, most of these were repealed and new legislation was enacted, particularly after the events of 11 September 2001; this legislation allows the government to act against terrorism within the constraints of a democratic system. Disaster management in South Africa has been largely local authority-based, with input from provincial authorities and Civil Defence. After 1994, attempts were made to improve this situation, and national direction was provided. After 11 September 2001, activity was increased and the Disaster Management Act 2002 was brought into effect. This standardized disaster management system at national, provincial, and local levels, also facilites risk assessment and limitation as well as disaster mitigation.The potential still exists for terrorism, mainly from right wing and Muslim fundamentalist groups, but the new legislation should stimulate disaster management in South Africa to new and improved levels.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Evaluation of the Ecosystem Services of the Central Marsh in Southern Iraq." Baghdad Science Journal 15, no. 4 (December 9, 2018): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.15.4.369-380.
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Ecosystems provide humans with services that include benefits from food, fresh water, climate regulation, and socio-economic assets. The Mesopotamian marshlands are among the largest wetlands in the Middle East and they provide various benefits. However, ecosystem services of the Marshlands are consistently undervalued in national economic analysis and decision making. This study focusses on the Central Marshes, the first National Park in Iraq, and is the first attempt at valuing a series of ecosystem services from a valuable natural ecosystem in Iraq. We adopted the Toolkit for Ecosystem Services Site-Based Assessment (TESSA) for the determination of biophysical and economic values of services at the site level. Data on key ecosystem services (as determined by 30 interviews with residents of the Marshes) included the trading of fish, harvested plants, water buffalo milk, and fodder were collected across six months in 2014. We valued the ecosystem services within the CM (40,000 ha) over a 6-month period to have a total value of 860,078.23 USD. This estimated total value was the sum of 86,637.25 USD from harvested plants, 551,334.80 USD from trading fish, 167, 303.70 USD from trading water buffalo milk, and 54,804.00 USD from trading fodder. The average income per individual in Iraq in 2014 was 6720 USD (World Bank data - https://data.worldbank.org/country/iraq): thus, the CM provided an average salary for 256 people. Our results provided greater understanding of the ecosystem services contributed by the Central Marshes and has highlighted the crucial role of nature in supporting sustainable well-being for humans living in the area. In addition, the results can be used to enhance local policy, to aid management plans of the National park, and to estimate lost and damage that could result from impact of climate change on the area.
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Pretorius, Z. A., F. J. Kloppers, and R. D. Frederick. "First Report of Soybean Rust in South Africa." Plant Disease 85, no. 12 (December 2001): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.12.1288c.
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In February 2001, rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. was detected for the first time on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) near Vryheid in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. As the season progressed, the disease was also observed in other parts of the province, and epidemic levels were reached in the Karkloof, Cedara, Howick, and Greytown production regions. In affected areas, infection foci gradually increased in size and caused premature yellowing and defoliation of soybean crops, usually after the flowering stage. Typical rust symptoms (3) were produced predominantly on the lower surface of soybean leaves. Soybean rust subsequently spread to Amsterdam and Ermelo in the Highveld region of South Africa. Following emergency registration of triazole compounds, fungicides were commonly used to control soybean rust, especially in the more humid eastern production areas. Available yield data suggested a reduction in kernel mass between 4 and 23%, depending on the cultivar and host growth stage at the time of infection. Urediniospores from the original collection (isolate PREM 57280, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa) were 23 to 33 × 15 to 22 μm, indicating that spore dimensions fell within the known range for P. pachyrhizi (3). To confirm pathogenicity, 10 to 15 plants of each of the South African soybean cvs. Pan 589, Pan 780, Pan 854, Octa, and Prima were inoculated with isolate PREM 57280. Primary leaves were sprayed with a suspension of spores in light mineral oil (approximately 1 mg of spores per ml) before incubating plants in the dark in a dew chamber for 16 h. Large, sporulating uredinia, producing typical soybean rust urediniospores, developed on all inoculated plants. Classical and real-time fluorescent polymerase chain reaction assays as well as sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer regions verified the identity of isolate PREM 57280 as P. pachyrhizi (2). Since the disease is known to occur in Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and several other African countries (1,3,4), inoculum was most likely introduced by air currents from countries to the north of South Africa. It is highly probable that soybean rust will successfully overwinter in South Africa based on experience in other southern African countries. References: (1) O. A. Akinsanmi and J. L. Ladipo. Plant Dis. 85:97, 2001. (2) R. D. Frederick et al. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 90 (suppl):S25, 2000. (3) G. L. Hartman et al. eds. Compendium of Soybean Diseases, 4th ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1999. (4) J. B. Sinclair and G. L. Hartman, eds. Soybean Rust Workshop, Publ. 1 College of Agricultural, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences, National Soybean Research Laboratory, Urbana, IL. 1996.
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Mlambo, Daniel Nkosinathi, and Victor H. Mlambo. "To What Cost to its Continental Hegemonic Standpoint: Making Sense of South Africa’s Xenophobia Conundrum Post Democratization." Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 8, no. 2 (May 10, 2021): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/696.
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From the 1940s, a period where the National Party (NP) came into power and destabilized African and Southern Africa’s political dynamics, South Africa became a pariah state and isolated from both the African and African political realms and, to some extent, global spectrum(s). The domestic political transition period (1990-1994) from apartheid to democracy further changed Pretoria’s continental political stance. After the first-ever democratic elections in 1994, where the African National Congress (ANC) was victorious, South Africa was regarded as a regional and continental hegemon capable of re-uniting itself with continental and global politics and importantly uniting African states because of its relatively robust economy. However, the demise of apartheid brought immense opportunities for other African migrants to come and settle in South Africa for diverse reasons and bring a new enemy in xenophobia. Post-1994, xenophobia has rattled South Africa driven (albeit not entirely) by escalating domestic social ills and foreign nationals often being blamed for this. Using a qualitative methodology supplemented by secondary data, this article ponders xenophobia in post-democratization South Africa and what setbacks this has had on its hegemonic standpoint in Africa post the apartheid era.
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Wood, A. R., and M. Scholler. "Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola on Parthenium hysterophorus in Southern Africa." Plant Disease 86, no. 3 (March 2002): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2002.86.3.327a.
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Parthenium weed (Parthenium hysterophorus L., family Asteraceae), an annual herb of neotropic origin, is an invasive noxious weed with a pantropical distribution (1). It is particularly undesirable because of the serious health risks it poses to people living close to infestations (1). In January 1995, S. Neser (ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria, South Africa) collected a rust fungus on this plant near Brits, Northwest Province, South Africa (25°35′S, 27°46′E). Only uredinia were present. The same rust fungus was collected in the same area in January, March, and June of 2001, and again only uredinia were observed. In its native range, P. hysterophorus is infected by two rust fungus species, Puccinia abrupta Diet. & Holw. var. partheniicola (Jackson) Parmelee and Puccinia melampodii Diet. & Holw., but the latter species is microcyclic with telia only. The morphology of the urediniospores in the South African collections corresponds to Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola (3): obovoid to almost triangular, 22 to 27 × 18 to 25 µm, echinulate, two subequatorial and one apical germ pores, spines absent around germ pores, wall 1 to 2.5 µm thick. The native range of Puccinia abrupta var. partheniicola is Mexico and northern South America (3). In addition, it has been recorded from Mauritius (3), Kenya, and India (H. C. Evans and C. A. Ellison, International Institute of Biological Control, CAB, 1987, unpublished data). It was intentionally introduced into Australia for the biological control of P. hysterophorus (2). Thirteen specimens in the Arthur Herbarium were examined, and only two had telia in addition to uredinia. The other 11 had only uredinia, indicating that nonformation of telia is common. Telia and uredinia are produced in high altitude, semiarid areas of Mexico, whereas in low altitude, more humid areas only uredinia are produced (1). The production of telia appears to depend on environmental conditions, and their absence is not unexpected at the Brits site, which is a high altitude (1,120 m) area with high summer rainfall (400 to 600 mm per year from November to February) and dry winters. Voucher specimens were deposited at the National Collection of Fungi, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria (PREM 57298) and the Arthur Herbarium, West Lafayette, IN (PUR N1117). To our knowledge, this is the second report of this rust fungus in Africa and the first in southern Africa. References: (1) H. C. Evans. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 88:105, 1987. (2) A. Parker et. al. Plant Pathol. 43:1, 1994. (3) J. A. Parmelee. Can. J. Bot. 45:2267, 1967.
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Van Rooy, J. "Exsiccatae in the bryophyte collection of the National Herbarium, Pretoria." Bothalia 43, no. 1 (January 13, 2013): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v43i1.86.
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Exsiccatae in the bryophyte collection of the National Herbarium in Pretoria (PRE) are catalogued for the first time. Most of the 66 series represented in PRE were issued in Europe, but the USA is the country where the largest number of exsiccatae originated. The exsiccatae span three centuries, with the earliest specimens issued in 1845 and the latest in 2009. This indicates the long-standing exchange of material and transfer of knowledge between herbaria in South Africa and countries of the northern Hemisphere. Many of the exsiccatae in PRE are incomplete and specimens were received as duplicates in exchange sets rather than exsiccatae. PRE houses a number of important African and southern hemisphere exsiccatae including two different sets of A. Rehmann’s Musci Austro-Africani (1875–1877) and Musci Austro-Africani cont., and R. Ochyra’s Bryophyta Antarctica exsiccata.
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Kochergin, D. "Central Banks Digital Currencies: World Experience." World Economy and International Relations 65, no. 5 (2021): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-5-68-77.
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Received 28.07.2020. The article examines issues related to the introduction of central bank digital currencies (CBDC) for retail payments and wholesale settlements. The study defines and classifies central bank digital currencies, researches the main models of CBDC systems. The article also analyzes the features of various national projects for issuing Central bank digital currencies. The paper uses methods of economic-statistical and functional-structural analysis. The study concludes that CBDC are a new form of central bank money. Digital currencies can be issued in various issuing systems for the purpose of retail payments or wholesale settlements. Among the models of CBDC systems for retail payments (R-CBDC) the direct system model is the most attractive for its simplicity. This model eliminates the dependence of the Central bank on any financial and payment intermediaries. Models of synthetic and hybrid R-CBDC systems are characterized by reliability and speed in processing multiple transactions which makes them the most promising for implementation. Among the models of CBDC systems for wholesale payments (W-CBDC) the model of the system with a universal digital currency (U-W-CBDC) may be the most suitable for eliminating the main disadvantages of modern cross-border payment systems. However, a large number of technological and financial changes as well as the high operating costs of the U-W-CBDC can make such systems difficult to implement for non-developed financial market infrastructure countries. National financial regulators have different motivations for issuing digital currencies. The main advantages of digital currencies for retail payments may consist in providing users with highly liquid, low-risk, universally available means of payment. The main advantages of wholesale digital currencies are that they offer faster, safer, cheaper cross-border payments. The most advanced projects for issuing R-CBDC can be considered DCEP (People’s Bank of China) E-krona (Central Bank of Sweden). The most successful pilot projects for issuing W-CBDC are the projects Jasper (Central Bank of Canada) and Ubin (Monetary Authority of Singapore), which were able to achieve interoperability in conducting cross-border payments. Currently most CBDC are retail based on the use of distributed ledger technology and implemented in the form of DLT-tokens. Countries that develop digital currency systems can be divided into three groups. The first group is countries where the introduction of CBDC can be designed to support the national demand for central bank money (Sweden, Norway, Singapore, etc.). The second group – countries for which the adoption of digital currencies can afford to keep the place of national currencies in international settlements (USA and EU) or expanding the use of national currencies at the international level (China). The third group represents countries for which the introduction of digital currencies may be associated with the control of national monetary circulation and de-dollarization of the financial system (Uruguay, South Africa, Cambodia, etc.).
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Barnett, Linda K., Craig Emms, Alpha Jallow, Anna Mbenga Cham, and Jeanne A. Mortimer. "The distribution and conservation status of marine turtles in The Gambia, West Africa: a first assessment." Oryx 38, no. 2 (April 2004): 203–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605304000353.
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This paper reports the first systematic survey of the marine turtles of the 80 km of Gambian coastline, and brings together new data and all past records and reports of marine turtles in The Gambia. Green turtles Chelonia mydas are the most abundant turtles and this is the only species so far observed nesting in The Gambia, with peak nesting between August and October. Although 75% (60 km) of The Gambian coastline appears to be suitable for turtle nesting, most nesting activity is confined to the southern coastline. Offshore foraging habitat is apparently extensive. Strandings of green turtles, olive ridley turtles Lepidochelys olivacea, leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea and hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata have been recorded, but we were unable to find evidence for loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta. Threats are mainly of human origin, and include illegal harvesting of eggs, juveniles and adults, as well as mortality as fisheries bycatch, including trawling. One stranded green turtle apparently had fibropapilloma disease. The major threat to nesting habitats is erosion and unregulated development of the coast for tourism. Marine turtles are fully protected under Gambian law. Other national efforts to conserve turtles in The Gambia are described and assessed.
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Du Plessis, A. P., C. Boshoff, P. L. Moolman, and G. Radder. "A survey of definitions of small business in the southern African context." South African Journal of Business Management 20, no. 2 (June 30, 1989): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v20i2.940.
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This paper reports on a survey of the definition of small business as perceived by various organizations involved in small business training and development. Participants were requested to define small business in terms of quantitative as well as qualitative criteria. The definitions provided by the survey respondents were compared with published definitions of small business as formulated by the Small Business Development Corporation (SBDC), the National Manpower Commission (NMC), J.G. Smith (one of the first authors who attempted to define small business), and the Small Business Advisory Bureau (SBAB). The definitions suggested by respondents indicate a lack of definitional consensus. Although no specific definition is suggested here, it is hoped that the information provided and the interpretation thereof may stimulate and encourage efforts to formulate a simple, useful, and widely accepted definition of small business in southern Africa.
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Lubbe, C. S., S. J. Siebert, and S. S. Cilliers. "Floristic analysis of domestic gardens in the Tlokwe City Municipality, South Africa." Bothalia 41, no. 2 (December 17, 2011): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v41i2.78.
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This paper is a first attempt to describe the flora of domestic gardens from an urban environment in South Africa. A total of 835 plant species of 501 genera in 145 families was recorded from 100 gardens in a 54.9 km2 area of the Tlokwe City Municipality [Potchefstroom], North-West Province. A substantial number of alien species (580) were recorded, but also many indigenous species (255) that included South African endemics (61) and protected species on the National Red Data List (18). A number of the alien species that were commonly cultivated are declared invasive plants in South Africa (88). Most of the cultivated indigenous taxa originated from the southeastern provinces of South Africa. This study provides new knowledge on the often overlooked biodiversity of urban areas in a developing, mega-diverse country. Most studies of a similar nature were conducted in the developed countries of Europe and are of limited use in the development of management plans of urban ecosystems in southern Africa.
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Mukhebi, Adrian Wekulo. "Africa Is Rising." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 4, no. 10 (October 31, 2016): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol4.iss10.602.
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This paper highlights the narrative of Africa Rising. It indicates that indeed Africa as well as agriculture are rising. Since 2000, Sub-Saharan Gross Domestic Product has been growing at an average rate of 5% per annum. Agriculture has been growing at an average rate of 3.5% p.a, well above the 2.7% population growth. Evidence shows that this economic and agricultural growth have lead to improvements in the lives of the African people. Real income per person has increased by more than 30% since 2000, and the poverty rate has declined from 57% in 1990 to 43% in 2012. SSA’s rapid growth over the past decade and a half has been driven by high global commodity prices, increased foreign direct investments, improved economic governance, and growing domestic demand due to increasing population, spiraling urbanization, expanding labour force and rising middle class. The interesting question is how the Africa rising narrative can be sustained into the future. The paper indicates that the answer lies in the economic and agricultural transformation of Africa. The Africa Progress Report (2014) describes a strategy for economic transformation, while the Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP) provides a policy framework for agricultural transformation. The paper highlights three examples of frameworks from the author’s point of view on how Africa could create such economic and agricultural transformation. The first is based on the author’s published Mukhebi Theory of Economic Development (MUTED), which provides the case for public goods that will provide the necessary physical and soft infrastructure (national and continental nervous system) for significantly enhanced intra Africa commerce and trade. The second is based on the author’s published book My 50 Dreams, which provides an inexhaustible reservoir of knowledge for necessary technological development and innovation. The third is based on the author’s project involvement is the Africa Centers of Excellence II (ACE II) Project initiated and supported by the World Bank, which provides a framework for universities in Africa to develop necessary high level human capital with mobility across the continent. The paper concludes that Africa and its agriculture are indeed rising despite the challenges. Economic and agricultural transformation is needed to sustain the narrative of Africa rising. MUTED, Dreams and the ACE Project are examples of frameworks of how Africa could sustain and enhance the narrative
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Cobley, Alan Gregor. "The ‘African National Church’: Self-Determination and Political Struggle Among Black Christians in South Africa to 1948." Church History 60, no. 3 (September 1991): 356–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3167472.
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The first generations of black Christians in Southern Africa went through a painful process of critical examination and experiment as they struggled to assimilate new economic, social, and religious values. These values were presented to them mainly by white missionaries and were based largely on European models. It was as part of this dialectical process that an independent black churches movement—quickly labeled by friends and foes the “Ethiopian Movement”—had emerged at the end of the nineteenth century. The independent black churches spread and multiplied rapidly in South Africa. By 1919 there were seventy-six recognized sects; however, there were many more which were not officially recognized. A black newspaper reported in 1921 that there were “at least one thousand natives within the municipal boundary of Johannesburg who call themselves ministers, but who are unattached to any recognised chuch, and who live on the offerings of their respective flocks.” Although many members of these churches were active politically, the most pervasive influence of the movement was on the ideology of African nationalism, as the role of the church became a recurring theme in debates on the development of an African national identity.
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Posada, Rafael, Domingos Nascimento, Francisco Osvaldo S. Neto, Jens Riede, and Frank Kaspar. "Improving the climate data management in the meteorological service of Angola: experience from SASSCAL." Advances in Science and Research 13 (June 20, 2016): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/asr-13-97-2016.
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Abstract. The knowledge on climate variability in parts of Southern Africa is limited because of the low availability of historic and present-day ground-based observations (Niang et al., 2014). However, there is an increased need of climate information for research, climate adaptation measures and climate services. To respond to the challenges of climate change and related issues, Angola, Botswana, Germany, Namibia, South Africa and Zambia have initiated the interdisciplinary regional competence centre SASSCAL, the "Southern African Science Service Centre for Climate Change and Adaptive Land Management". As part of the initiative, Germany's national meteorological service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD) cooperates with the meteorological services of Angola, Botswana and Zambia in order to improve the management and availability of historical and present-day climate data in these countries. The first results of the cooperation between the German and the Angolan Meteorological Services are presented here. International assessments have shown that improvements of the data management concepts are needed in several countries. The experience of this cooperation can therefore provide hints for comparable activities in other regions.
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Maredza, Andrew, and Sylvanus Ikhide. "Dealing With The Challenge Of Generating Employment In South Africa: Does Banking Sector Efficiency Matter?" International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, no. 11 (October 29, 2013): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i11.8173.
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In this paper, the authors seek to investigate the nexus between banking sector efficiency and labour employment in South Africa. The Hicks-Moorsteen aggregator functions were used to generate total factor productivity (TFP) efficiency measures for the big-four commercial banks. The authors then used the pooled estimation technique to examine the link between banking sector TFP efficiency and employment. First stage results revealed that the average banking sector TFP efficiency was 68 percent implying that the observed TFP was 32 percent short of the maximum TFP possible using the available technology. Hence, the banking sector has the potential to augment productivity by 32 percent without the need for further input utilisation if they were to operate efficiently. Of paramount importance in the second stage analysis was that the authors found a positive and significant association between banking sector efficiency and national employment, meaning that national employment is influenced, inter alia, by the efficiency with which banks operate. This finding highlights how the enhancement of bank efficiency translates into increased employment in the economy. The authors therefore underscore the need for the banking sector to maintain high efficiency in order to augment efforts to achieve the objectives of the New Growth Path aimed at creating five million jobs in South Africa by 2020. They also advocate for banking sector policies and incentives that are directed at enhancing the efficiency of the banking sector.
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Stapleton, Tim. "The Composition of the Rhodesia Native Regiment during the First World War: A Look at the Evidence." History in Africa 30 (2003): 283–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361541300003259.
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Several scholars of the First World War in Southern Africa have briefly looked at the composition of the Rhodesia Native Regiment (RNR), which was formed in Southern Rhodesia in 1916 and fought in the German East Africa campaign until the armistice in November 1918. According to Peter McLaughlin, who has written the most about Zimbabwe and the Great War, “[b]y 1918 seventy-five per cent of the 2360 who passed through the ranks of the regiment were ‘aliens;’ over 1000 came from Nyasaland. The Rhodesia Native Regiment had thus lost its essentially ‘Rhodesian’ character.” This would seem to suggest that because the RNR had many soldiers who originated from outside Zimbabwe, this regiment was somehow less significant to Zimbabwe's World War I history. While McLaughlin admits that “the evidence on the precise composition of the Rhodesia Native Regiment is not available”, he claims that “approximately 1800 aliens served in the unit.”In a recent book on Malawi and the First World War, Melvin Page agrees with McLaughlin's estimate that “probably more than 1000 Malawians joined the Rhodesian Native Regiment.” However, Page freely admits that the evidence on which this approximation is based is far from conclusive. By looking at the available evidence, particularly a previously unutilized regimental nominal roll in the Zimbabwe National Archives, it is possible to gain a clearer picture of the composition of the only African unit from Zimbabwe to have fought in the First World War. This analysis will not only deal with the nationality of the soldiers, which is what the two previous writers focused on, but also their ethnic/regional origin and pre-enlistment occupations.
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Ishwaran, Natarajan. "Ecology of the Asian Elephant in lowland dry zone habitats of the Mahaweli River Basin, Sri Lanka." Journal of Tropical Ecology 9, no. 2 (May 1993): 169–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400007148.
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ABSTRACTThe ecology of the Sri Lankan elephant in the Wasgomuwa Strict Nature Reserve and its environs is reported for the first time. Seasonal changes in the availability of grazing sites influenced changes in the home range of elephants. Availability of such sites in the wet season was limited by agricultural activities. Paddylands, after the harvest of the rice crop in the late wet season, became important dry season grazing sites. In the Reserve and areas outside its southern boundary on the left bank of the Mahaweli River, (a) female herds were seen more often than solitaries (b) female herds were larger and had a higher than expected number of juveniles in the dry than in the wet season (c) about 45% of the individuals were juveniles and (d) 7.4% of adult and sub-adult females had calves. Conflict between elephants and farmers will be most intense along the southern and eastern boundaries of the Wasgomuwa National Park, established in 1984 by the addition of new areas predominantly to the northern part of the Wasgomuwa Strict Nature Reserve.
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Wood, A. R., A. den Breeÿen, and F. Beed. "First Report of Smut on Imperata cylindrica Caused by Sporisorium schweinfurthianum in South Africa." Plant Disease 93, no. 3 (March 2009): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-93-3-0322a.
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Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeusch. (Poaceae) is indigenous to the old world but is a problem weed in tropical areas throughout the world (1). A smut fungus was observed frequently on this grass at a single site near Pretoria (25°44′19″S, 28°15′39″E), South Africa during April of 2006. On the basis of the following characteristics, it was identified as Sporisorium schweinfurthianum (Thüm.) K. Vánky (2). Panicles were systemically infected and all ovaries in infected inflorescences were replaced by spores. Spores were globose or subglobose, brown, 10 to 14 × 9 to 12 μm (average 11.2 × 9.8 μm; n = 25), wall 1 μm thick, and finely verruculose. Hyaline, thin-walled sterile cells were present. This identification was confirmed by K. Vánky (personal communication to A. R. Wood). To our knowledge, this is the first report of this smut species from southern Africa. A voucher specimen has been deposited in the South African National Collection of Fungi, ARC-Plant Protection Research Institute (PREM 59895). To test pathogenicity, soil in 15 pots with individual 1-month-old seedlings was drenched with an aqueous suspension of 1 × 108 spores ml–1 amended with 0.1% Tween 80. Before treatment, the pots were placed on pot trays and remained immersed in the spore suspension in the trays at 28°C (relative humidity <80%) for 24 h. To maintain the spore concentration in the soil, the pots were not watered until 7 days after inoculation. Distilled water amended with 0.1% Tween 80 was applied as control treatments to a further 15 pots with plants. Five of the treated plants produced panicles within 4 months of inoculation. Of these, all the ovaries of four emerging inflorescences were completely replaced with a brown, powdery mass of teliospores. No smutted panicles developed on the control plants. This smut fungus may have potential as a classical biological control agent for use against I. cylindrica by reducing dispersal by seed. References: (1) L. G. Holm et al. The World's Worst Weeds: Distribution and Biology. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu, 1977. (2) K. Vánky. Australas. Plant Pathol. 29:155, 2000.
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Tunali, B., A. Yildirim, M. C. Aime, and J. R. Hernández. "First Report of Rust Disease Caused by Uromyces galegae on Galega officinalis in Turkey." Plant Disease 90, no. 4 (April 2006): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0525b.
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Galega officinalis L. is an obnoxious invasive weed in the United States and a potential target for biological control efforts. The plant, a member of the legume family, is native to western Asia and southern Europe. During September 2001, uredinial pustules were observed on leaves of G. officinalis L. in Kizilcahamam, Ankara. Specimens were examined microscopically and compared with published descriptions (2) and herbarium specimens in the U.S. National Fungus Collections, Beltsville, MD. The fungus was subsequently identified as Uromyces galegae (Opiz) Sacc. on the basis of morphological characteristics of the uredinia, urediniospores, and teliospores. The following description is from the Turkish material: uredinia subcircular to oblong, hypophyllous, rarely epiphyllous at petiole, and 0.5 to 1 mm in diameter; urediniospores subovoid to subglobose, 17.5 to 20.0 × 19.5 to 22.5 μm (average = 18.0 × 20.0 μm), wall 1 to 2 μm thick, finely echinulate, cinnamon brown, and with 3 to 5 usually equatorial germ pores; telia similar to uredinia; teliospores irregular in shape ranging from globose to ovoid to triangular, apex papillate, wall 2 to 3 μm thick, thicker at the apex, chestnut brown, strongly verrucose to tuberculate, 17.5 to 22.5 × 22.5 to 27.5 μm (average = 20.3 × 24.5 μm), pedicel hyaline, and easily broken. Voucher specimens are deposited in the U.S. National Fungus Collections (BPI 863535); a nucleotide sequence spanning the ITS2 and 28S rDNA genes of this isolate was obtained and deposited in Gen-Bank (Accession No. DQ250133). U. galegae has been reported on G. officinalis from Bulgaria, Greece, and Italy (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of U. galegae in Turkey and marks the eastern-most record for its distribution. References: (1) D. F. Farr et al. Fungal Databases. Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, On-line publication, USDA-ARS, 2005. (2) M. Pantidou and D. M. Henderson. Notes R. Bot. Gard. Edinb. 29:277, 1969.
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L.I. "First regional training course for dissemination officers of the English-speaking National Societies of east and southern Africa and the Indian Ocean (Harare, 13-22 November 1989)." International Review of the Red Cross 30, no. 275 (April 1990): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020860400075409.
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Zaffarano, Gianluca P., Lin-Mari de Klerk-Lorist, Kerstin Junker, Emily Mitchell, Raksha Vasantrai Bhoora, Giovanni Poglayen, and Danny Govender. "First report of cystic echinococcosis in rhinos: A fertile infection of Echinococcus equinus in a Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum) of Kruger National Park, South Africa." International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife 14 (April 2021): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.02.007.
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Landman, Christina. "Free but fragile: Human relations amidst poverty and HIV in democratic South Africa." Oral History Journal of South Africa 2, no. 2 (March 22, 2015): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2309-5792/8.
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Dullstroom-Emnotweni is the highest town in South Africa. Cold and misty, it is situated in the eastern Highveld, halfway between the capital Pretoria/Tswane and the Mozambique border. Alongside the main road of the white town, 27 restaurants provide entertainment to tourists on their way to Mozambique or the Kruger National Park. The inhabitants of the black township, Sakhelwe, are remnants of the Southern Ndebele who have lost their land a century ago in wars against the whites. They are mainly dependent on employment as cleaners and waitresses in the still predominantly white town. Three white people from the white town and three black people from the township have been interviewed on their views whether democracy has brought changes to this society during the past 20 years. Answers cover a wide range of views. Gratitude is expressed that women are now safer and HIV treatment available. However, unemployment and poverty persist in a community that nevertheless shows resilience and feeds on hope. While the first part of this article relates the interviews, the final part identifies from them the discourses that keep the black and white communities from forming a group identity that is based on equality and human dignity as the values of democracy.
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Heydenrych, Barry J., Richard M. Cowling, and Amanda T. Lombard. "Strategic conservation interventions in a region of high biodiversity and high vulnerability: a case study from the Agulhas Plain at the southern tip of Africa." Oryx 33, no. 3 (July 1999): 256–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1999.00068.x.
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AbstractIn terms of the persistence of biodiversity, the siting of conservation areas has traditionally been ad hoc. In the Cape Floristic Region, a hot-spot of plant biodiversity and endemism, past conservation interventions have led to the mountains being over-represented in the reserve network, while the lowlands have remained very poorly conserved. Ongoing threats to the lowlands such as the rampant spread of invasive alien plants, and land transformation for agriculture and resort development, continue to undermine biodiversity in these regions. A new conservation intervention, the Agulhas National Park, is in the process of being implemented on the coastal lowlands at Africa's southernmost tip. A flexible, reserve-selection design tool is being used to guide this process. The practical challenges in implementing a new protected area in a fragmented landscape, which has a high biodiversity and vulnerability, are examined. The role of different institutions, in partic-in particular state-private partnerships, and current investigations into conservation agencies' policies, legislation and funding mechanisms are dealt with. It is imperative that future conservation planning considers the threats to biodiversity first and foremost. Institutions such as South African National Parks and the Cape Nature Conservation Board must act strategically to avoid changes in land use that will compromise the biodiversity goals of retention and persistence. Conservation efforts will only succeed if institutional and socio-economic considerations are integrated with conservation plans aimed at ensuring the long-term persistence of biodiversity.
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Welicky, Rachel L., Maryke L. Ferreira, Paul Sikkel, and Nico J. Smit. "Diurnal activity patterns of the temporary fish ectoparasite,Gnathia africanaBarnard, 1914 (Isopoda, Gnathiidae), from the southern coast of South Africa." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 7 (August 23, 2017): 1715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417001369.
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Gnathiid isopods are one of the most common fish ectoparasites, and are found in both temperate and tropical oceans. On coral reefs, gnathiids are most active at dusk and dawn, and contribute significantly to trophic dynamics, as they are a prey resource for cleaner fish and parasitize numerous fishes. Gnathiids also inhabit temperate intertidal waters, but their activity patterns and contribution to intertidal trophic dynamics remain unstudied. To provide the first ecological data on temperate intertidal gnathiid activity patterns, 172 gnathiid-freeClinus superciliosuswere set in an intertidal system in Tsitsikamma National Park, South Africa, during early morning, morning, afternoon, early evening, and evening, high and low tide, and within the inter- and infra-tidal zone to examine gnathiid infestation levels. After exposure, gnathiids from each fish were identified to the species level, counted, and their developmental stage was recorded. All gnathiids were identified asGnathiia africana. On average, 1 ± 5SD gnathiids were collected from each fish, and the majority of gnathiids collected were stage 1. Significantly more gnathiids were collected during morning and afternoon compared with all other time periods. The number of gnathiids collected was not influenced by the fish's exposure to high or low tide, or placement within the tide zone. AlthoughG. africanais free from cleaner fish predation because cleaner fish do not reside in temperate intertidal habitat,G. africanaabundance is surprisingly small. Future studies should examine what regulatesG. africanapopulation size and the role they play in temperate intertidal food webs.
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Anthony, David. "Oswin Boys Bull and the Emergence of Southern African ‘Nonwhite’ YMCA Work." Journal of Anglican Studies 10, no. 2 (September 20, 2011): 212–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740355311000179.
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AbstractFrom 1908 to 1922, Oswin Boys Bull (1882–1971) had the primary responsibility for supervising the recruitment of African youth and students into the South African SCA and YMCA. Following the lead of overseas sojourners Luther Wishard and Donald Fraser in 1895 and John R. Mott and Ruth Rouse in 1906, Bull took his experience as a Jesus College, Cambridge classics and theology major and sportsperson into the challenging religious, racial and ethnic field of the Union of South Africa. Bringing a mix of strong spiritual roots and an unwavering commitment to the racially inclusive interpretation of Christianity, Bull blazed a trail that earned him the reputation of a pioneer ecumenist.Ably assisted by illustrious Xhosa-speaking intellectual and seasoned Christian proselytizer John Knox Bokwe, Bull made inroads into areas previously ignored by his predecessors. With a reach extending as far as neighboring historic Basutoland, Bull's efforts resulted in the establishment of branch associations in a variety of rural and urban locations. In spite of local opposition and tremendous geographical, linguistic, social and political barriers, Bull applied himself to the task of providing a firm foundation for Black and Mixed Race SCA and YMCA members to find places in previously lily-white bodies.Understanding both his limits as well as his capabilities, Bull's generosity allowed him to share the spotlight with other evangelists. His correspondence with YMCA leader John Mott demonstrates a humble willingness to see the task of ‘nonwhite’ inclusion in SCA and YMCA work to the end. By the time Max Yergan, the first permanent YMCA and SCA secretary arrived in South Africa early in 1922, Bull was able to delegate most of the duties that required a field secretary to him, satisfied that he could concentrate on the remainder of his managerial duties from the YMCA and SCA center, in Cape Town and Stellenbosch, respectively. Already fluent in Afrikaans, Bull's history of attempting to build bridges between competing and often hostile populations set the standard for the type of leadership that a complex, extremely ethnically and religiously particularistic society like South Africa would need to construct a broadly based national movement.Although O.B. Bull is known only to readers of Alan Paton's Hofmeyr, and those involved in the institutions with which he was associated, most notably, St Edmunds School, Jesus College, Cambridge, the Scriptural Union and the South African SCA and YMCA, it may now be possible for later generations to revisit the times in which he lived and worked to regain a sense of the odds against which he struggled and the resolve he showed in striving first to dream of and then fight for a more inclusive Southern African YMCA.While he was by no means perfect and was clearly himself a product of his place and time, his quests for something better within himself and his adopted country were noble.
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Bekkin, R. I. "Muslim Bank as a Historical Category: Creating Credit Institutions for Muslims In the First Half of the 20 th Century." MGIMO Review of International Relations 13, no. 5 (November 11, 2020): 149–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-5-74-149-167.
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Abstract: The article examines theoretical and practical aspects of the activities of Muslim banks in the countries of Eurasia in the first half of the 20th century. These credit institutions were created on the initiative of Muslim entrepreneurs who sought to have an affordable source of financing for their activities. Muslim banks were an important element of the financial system of a number of countries during the era of colonialism. In the context of competition in the capital markets between Western banks and credit institutions belonging to different religious and ethnic groups, as well as competition of the latter with each other, Muslim banks acted as an instrument for ensuring the economic independence of Muslim communities in a number of countries and regions in the period under review. After the countries of Asia gained independence, Muslim banks were transformed into ordinary national banks.The activities of Muslim banks are considered in the article against the background of discussions on the admissibility of loan-based banking operations in the context of the prohibition of usury (riba) in Islamic law. The article emphasizes that Muslim banks in their activities relied on the theological and legal conclusions (fatwas) of Islamic scholars who considered such activities legitimate and not falling under the Quranic concept of usury.The author adheres to the point of view that the creation of an independent state or nationalterritorial / national-cultural autonomy of Muslims was a natural result of the struggle of the Muslim bourgeoisie with competitors for the markets for goods and services in a number of countries and regions, considering both Muslim and Islamic banks only as a certain stage in the development of banking in a number of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.The article disputes the idea that both Islamic banks and the Islamic economic model as a whole are monolithic structures that cannot be modified. According to the author, the very creation of Islamic banks, as well as their convergence with conventional (non-Islamic) credit institutions, which we observe today, is a natural result of a change in the economic interests of the ruling class both in the countries of the spread of Islam and in the Western world.The article examines the history of the creation of Muslim banks in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in British India. These regions are brought together by the fact that Muslims who lived there were forced to compete with representatives of other ethno-confessional groups and communities living in the same territory. Particular attention is paid to the theological and legal discussions on the creation of a Muslim bank in Russia.
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Figueiredo Prado, Luciana, Ilana Wainer, and Pedro Leite da Silva Dias. "Tropical Atlantic Response to Last Millennium Volcanic Forcing." Atmosphere 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos9110421.
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Climate responses to volcanic eruptions include changes in the distribution of temperature and precipitation such as those associated with El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Recent studies suggest an ENSO-positive phase after a volcanic eruption. In the Atlantic Basin, a similar mode of variability is referred as the Atlantic Niño, which is related to precipitation variability in West Africa and South America. Both ENSO and Atlantic Niño are characterized in the tropics by conjoined fluctuations in sea surface temperature (SST), zonal winds, and thermocline depth. Here, we examine possible responses of the Tropical Atlantic to last millennium volcanic forcing via SST, zonal winds, and thermocline changes. We used simulation results from the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble single-forcing experiment ranging from 850 to 1850 C.E. Our results show an SST cooling in the Tropical Atlantic during the post-eruption year accompanied by differences in the Atlantic Niño associated feedback. However, we found no significant deviations in zonal winds and thermocline depth related to the volcanic forcing in the first 10 years after the eruption. Changes in South America and Africa monsoon precipitation regimes related to the volcanic forcing were detected, as well as in the Intertropical Convergence Zone position and associated precipitation. These precipitation responses derive primarily from Southern and Tropical volcanic eruptions and occur predominantly during the austral summer and autumn of the post-eruption year.
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Wilhelm, M. R., S. J. Painting, J. G. Field, M. Kerstan, and M. D. Durholtz. "Impact of environmental factors on survival of larval and juvenile Cape anchovy Engraulis encrasicolus (G.) in the southern Benguela upwelling region, determined from hatchdate distributions: implications for recruitment." Marine and Freshwater Research 56, no. 5 (2005): 561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04145.
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March larval and May juvenile Cape anchovy of the unusually strong 1999/2000 year-class were collected off South Africa. Age estimates were obtained from daily increment counts on otoliths using light microscopy for March larvae (14–70 mm standard length, SL, n = 193, 92% success rate), and scanning electron microscopy for May juveniles (52–110 mm SL, n = 80, 22% success rate). Differences between March and May hatchdate distributions were related to the prevailing temperatures. March larval hatchdate distributions showed slight modes in October/November 1999 and January/February 2000, each a month later than May juvenile hatchdate distributions (September/October and November/December). Thus, mortality rates of larvae hatched after mid-December seem to have been higher. Large areas of warm water (19–26°C sea surface temperature) on the Agulhas Bank, mid-November 1999 to March 2000, indicated conditions conducive to spawning and reduced offshore advection of spawning products. A period of strong upwelling, March to May 2000, is likely to have increased availability of planktonic food for older larvae; also causing offshore dispersal of younger larvae and food patches required by these, possibly leading to starvation mortality of younger larvae during strong upwelling. The critical period thus seemed to be later than at first-feeding.
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Metcalfe, Kristian, Nathalie Bréheret, Gaëlle Bal, Eva Chauvet, Philip D. Doherty, Angela Formia, Alexandre Girard, et al. "Tracking foraging green turtles in the Republic of the Congo: insights into spatial ecology from a data poor region." Oryx 54, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319000309.
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AbstractGlobally, marine turtles are considered threatened throughout their range, and therefore conservation practitioners are increasingly investing resources in marine protected areas to protect key life history stages and critical habitats, including foraging grounds, nesting beaches and inter-nesting areas. Empirical data on the distribution of these habitats and/or the spatial ecology and behaviour of individuals of many marine turtle populations are often lacking, undermining conservation efforts, particularly along the Atlantic coast of Africa. Here we contribute to the knowledge base in this region by describing patterns of habitat use for nine green turtles Chelonia mydas tagged with satellite platform transmitter terminals at a foraging ground in Loango Bay, Republic of the Congo, one of only a few documented mainland foraging grounds for marine turtles in Central Africa. Analyses of these data revealed that core areas of habitat use and occupancy for a wide range of size/age classes were restricted to shallow waters adjacent to Pointe Indienne in Loango Bay, with most individuals showing periods of high fidelity to this area. These data are timely given the Congolese government recently announced its intention to create a marine conservation zone to protect marine turtles in Loango Bay. Despite the small sample size of this study, these data exemplify the need for comprehensive strategies that span national jurisdictions, as we provide the first documented evidence of linkages between green turtle foraging sites in Central Africa (Loango Bay, Republic of the Congo) and Southern Africa (Mussulo Bay, Angola).