Academic literature on the topic 'First Premolar'

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Journal articles on the topic "First Premolar"

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Oliver, Graham, Heather Nevard, and Mary McKnight. "First premolar ankylosis." Orthodontic Update 13, no. 1 (2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/ortu.2020.13.1.25.

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A case is described of a 13-year-old boy who presented with infra-occluded primary molars in three quadrants. Creation of space allowed the second premolars in two quadrants to erupt spontaneously. The first premolar in the remaining quadrant did not erupt spontaneously, failing to reach occlusal contact despite orthodontic traction. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This case demonstrates apparent intermittent ankylosis of a maxillary first premolar.
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Mosharraf, Ramin, and Fatemeh Hajian. "Occlusal Morphology of the Mandibular First and Second Premolars in Iranian Adolescents." Dental Anthropology Journal 17, no. 3 (2018): 94–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.26575/daj.v17i3.153.

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In dental textbooks, the mandibular premolar occlusal morphology has been described as having a predominantly “U-shaped” central groove on the first premolar and a “Y-shaped” central groove on the second premolar. In this study, we examined students (n = 400) of Isfahan high schools (Iran) and first and second premolars were examined bilaterally. Morphological features of the crown, number, height and position of cusps, central grooves shape and sex of the teethwere recorded. For the mandibular first premolars, 21.5% of students exhibited H-shape grooves bilaterally; 70.0% had bilateral U-shap
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Bantawa, Shikha, Deepa Niraula, Sirjana Dahal, et al. "Assessment of root and root canal morphology of mandibular premolars using cone beam computed tomography in a tertiary center of Nepal." Journal of Gandaki Medical College-Nepal 15, no. 2 (2022): 162–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jgmcn.v15i2.48971.

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Introduction: Mandibular premolars are considered an enigma in dentistry because of their variability in anatomical and morphological features making it difficult to treat endodontically. This study was conducted to determine the root and canal morphology of mandibular premolars in the Nepalese population by using cone beam computed tomography imaging. Methods: One hundred and thirty-four cone beam computed tomography images of the Nepalese population were collected by convenience sampling method from April 1 to August 31, 2022 in Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. A total of 536 premolars (268 m
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Boff, L. B., C. E. Da Silveira Bueno, D. G. P. Rocha, et al. "Morphologic evaluation of maxillary premolar canals in a subpopulation from southern Brazil: a cone beam computed tomography study." Endodontics Today 23, no. 2 (2025): 233–40. https://doi.org/10.36377/et-0099.

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AIM. To evaluate the anatomic variations of both maxillary premolars by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Data were evaluated from 599 exams (313 women and 286 men), scanned by 300 Maxio CT, Instrumentarium®/Kavo Dental Excellence, FOV 5x5 and voxel 0.085 mm. The images were evaluated by two endodontists using Vertucci’s classification. RESULTS. The prevalence of maxillary premolars with more than one root was higher in men (48.3%) than in women (29.7%) (p < 0.05). A higher percentage of type I and type III canals (53.1% and 20.2%, respectively) was observe
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Sedeeq, Ban, Ali G. Abdullah, and Marwan Saad Azzubaidi. "Radiographic detection of anatomical variations in the mental foramen position in a sample of Salahuddin province population." Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology 129, no. 1 (2025): 21–27. https://doi.org/10.36253/ijae-15656.

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The mental foramen (MF) is an important anatomical structure represented as a bilateral opening located on the buccal surface of the mandible, most often situated between the lower first and second premolars. This study was conducted to evaluate the size& position of mental foramen in the Iraqi population of Salahuddin province. A total of 146 OPG radiographs were included according to criteria of: Position 1: Situated anterior (medial) to the first premolar; Position 2: In line with the first premolar; Position 3: Between the first and second premolars; Position 4: In line with the second
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Wadekar, Swati Ishwar, Dipali Yogesh Shah, Jimish Rajiv Shah, and Kinjal Mahesh Gathani. "Endodontic Management of a Three-rooted Mandibular First Premolar associated with Taurodontism." Journal of Operative Dentistry & Endodontics 1, no. 2 (2016): 90–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10047-0019.

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ABSTRACT Introduction Taurodontism is a morpho-anatomic variation in tooth anatomy that rarely affects mandibular premolars. Literature is replete with mandibular first premolars presenting atypical additional root canals, but concurrent presence of three roots and taurodontism is exceptional. Materials and methods This case report describes the successful endodontic diagnosis and management of a rare case of taurodontism in a mandibular first premolar with chronic apical periodontitis. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) facilitated the diagnosis of three roots and root canals associated wit
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Celikoglu, Mevlut, Hasan Kamak, Ismail Akkas, and Hüsamettin Oktay. "Effects of orthodontic treatment and premolar extractions on the mandibular third molars." Australasian Orthodontic Journal 26, no. 2 (2010): 160–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoj-2010-0026.

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Abstract Background The space available for an unerupted mandibular third may depend on the choice of premolar extracted. Aims To investigate the effects of orthodontic treatment and premolar extractions on the inclinations of the mandibular third molars and the space available for their eruption, and to compare these changes with a nonextraction group. Methods The pre- and post-treatment panoramic radiographs of 54 subjects (20 males, 34 females) were used. Eighteen of these subjects had the four first premolars extracted, 16 subjects had four second premolars extracted and 20 subjects were t
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Dawasaz, Ali Azhar, Syed Sadatullah, and Syed Kamran Bokhari. "Fused Double Supernumerary Premolars of the Mandible: A Rare Case." Case Reports in Dentistry 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/734670.

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The incidence of nonsyndromic supernumerary premolars is rare. Supernumerary premolars are likely to undergo pathological changes. The most commonly encountered complications with these teeth are dentigerous cyst and root resorption of the adjacent tooth. This paper is about impacted double fused supernumerary premolars in the right mandiblular body associated with an impacted first premolar in a 17-year-old male. Under local anesthesia, the supernumerary premolars and the impacted permanent first premolar were surgically removed. Early diagnosis followed by an appropriate treatment at the rig
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Wadood, Sundas, Muhammad Saood, Aiman Mehmood Shah, Mahnoor Alam, Sara Shujaat, and Tahira Asghar. "COMPARISON OF OVERALL AND POSTERIOR BOLTON RATIOS OF SKELETAL CLASS II MALOCCLUSION BEFORE AND AFTER DIFFERENT COMBINATIONS OF FOUR PREMOLAR EXTRACTIONS IN A PAKISTANI POPULATION." Journal of Khyber College of Dentistry 13, no. 04 (2023): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33279/jkcd.v13i04.621.

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Objectives: To fi nd whether diff erent premolar extraction patterns change the overall Bolton ratio from 91.30%, and the posterior Bolton ratio from 105.27% among the Pakistani population in a skeletal class II malocclusion.Materials and Methods: This Quasi Experimental study was conducted at at the Orthodontics Department of Khyber College of Dentistry, Peshawar on 30 dental models of skeletal class II patients. A Digital Vernier Caliper was used to measure the mesiodistal widths of the teeth me-sial to the second molar. Overall and posterior Bolton ratios were calculated before and after hy
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Patel, Suhag, Sunita Garg, Sumit Sabharwal, Neetika Jain, Shadabul Islam, and Vineet Kumar Pandey. "Study of root canal morphology of mandibular premolars in an indian population." Journal of Research in Dentistry 3, no. 5 (2016): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v3e52015814-822.

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AIM: The purpose of this study was to describe the external and internal anatomy of the mandibular premolars. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 100 extracted human permanent mandibular first and second premolars teeth were collected. The length of the tooth from the cusp tip to root apex was measured with the help of Vernier calliper. In case of curved roots, ligature wire was adapted to the root and then straightened and measured. Each tooth was examined for the number of roots, curvature of root, presence of root canal invagination. India ink was injected into the pulp chamber through the access opening
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "First Premolar"

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Zigo, Stephan. "A Comparative Study of Rotary Instrumentation of the Maxillary First Premolar Buccal Root Utilizing Cone Beam Computed Tomography." VCU Scholars Compass, 2011. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/2396.

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The study objective was to determine cementum-dentin wall thickness along the furcation groove in maxillary bifurcated first premolars after preparation with three successively larger, 0.04 tapered, nickel titanium rotary files. Pre-instrumentation and post-instrumentation imaging was accomplished utilizing Cone Beam Computed Tomography. All data was analyzed using an ANOVA. Instrumentation resulted in a significant reduction in dentin-cementum wall thickness (p < .001). At mid-groove, predicted dentin-cementum wall thickness (95% CI) was equal to or less than the proposed standard (0.50 mm
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Wu, Wen-Chou. "In vitro compressive fracture resistance of the human maxillary first premolar with different mod cavity design and restorative materials." Thesis, Birmingham, Ala. : University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. https://www.mhsl.uab.edu/dt/2007m/wu.pdf.

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Nowlin, Ryan Van. "A comparison of treatment and posttreatment results in four first premolar extraction cases : tweed standard edgewise vs. the preadjusted appliance /." Oklahoma City : [s.n.], 2003.

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Sarao, Manpreet Singh. "Comparative Analysis of WaveOne and LightSpeed LSX for the Residual Dentin Thickness of the Bifurcated Maxillary First Premolar Buccal Root Utilizing Limited Field Cone Beam Computed Tomography." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3093.

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The purpose of this study was to compare the thickness of dentin removed from the buccal root of bifurcated maxillary first premolars (BMFP) in the area of furcation groove after instrumentation with WaveOne and LightSpeed LSX files utilizing limited field cone beam computerized tomography. All data was analyzed using repeated-measured mixed-model ANOVA and differences were described using Tukey’s multiple comparison procedure. The thickness of dentin removed with LightSpeed LSX files (0.1 mm) was significantly less than the thickness of dentin removed with WaveOne files (0.2 mm). To conclud
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Rizzo, Mayara. "Stability of first and second premolars extraction space closure." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25144/tde-19072018-145926/.

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Premolars are the most commonly extracted teeth to provide space to correct crowding and excessive labial protrusion. After treatment, the extraction spaces have to remain closed. Nevertheless, several studies have shown that there is a tendency for some relapse even in patients finished with an adequate occlusion. The objective of this study was to compare the stability of extraction space closure of the first and second premolars. A sample 72 patients´ dental casts were divided into two groups. Group 1, comprised 29 patients (116 extraction spaces) were treated with first premolar extraction
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"First premolar extraction decisions and effects." View the abstract Download the full-text PDF version View the full-text HTML version, 2005. http://etd.utmem.edu/ABSTRACTS/2005%5F003%5Fbowles%5Findex.htm.

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Komolpis, Ruangrat Pawawongsak. "Cephalometric comparison between first premolar and seccond premolar extraction a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment ... for the degree of Master of Science in Orthodontics ... /." 1998. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/68944158.html.

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Yang, Jyun-Yan, and 楊駿彥. "Biomechanical analysis of post and core for mandibular first premolar with different proximal decay - finite element method." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70709811461669733917.

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碩士<br>高雄醫學大學<br>牙醫學研究所<br>97<br>Teeth with large proximal caries often need endodontic treatment. The non-vital teeth are often supported by use of posts. However, residual tooth structure has major influence on resistance of tooth fracture. Because of proximal caries, there is often compromised condition over mesial or distal side of teeth. Study for this situation is rare. The purpose of this study was to analyze the stress of post and core for mandibular first premolar with different proximal decay during normal masticatory load by finite element method (FEM). Solid models of the mandi
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Tai, Chen-Kung, and 戴晸昆. "Biomechanical analysis of post and core for mandibular first premolar with different proximal decay- finite element method." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25901446897466152652.

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碩士<br>高雄醫學大學<br>牙醫學研究所<br>96<br>Abstract Some reports point out the weakness of endodontically treated teeth, that it would reinforce the teeth by use of posts. However, residual tooth structure has major influence on resistance of tooth fracture. Teeth with proximal caries often need endodontic treatment. In those teeth, there are no tooth structure in mesial or distal side. Study for those situation is rare. The purpose of this study was to analyze the stress of post and core for mandibular first premolar with different mesial proximal decay during normal masticatory load by finite element
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Wei-Ko, Lin. "Biomechanical stress analysis of root structure of mandibular first premolar with different post diameter-finite element stress analysis." 2005. http://www.cetd.com.tw/ec/thesisdetail.aspx?etdun=U0011-2903200614042109.

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Book chapters on the topic "First Premolar"

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Pradhista, A. R., B. O. Iskandar, and Aryadi. "Non-surgical endodontic retreatment of maxillary first premolar with direct composite restoration: A case report." In Quality Improvement in Dental and Medical Knowledge, Research, Skills and Ethics Facing Global Challenges. CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003402374-38.

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Chun, Keyoung Jin, and Ho Jung Li. "A Study on the External and Internal Morphology of the Mandibular First Premolar Using a Micro-CT." In Advanced Nondestructive Evaluation I. Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-412-x.1139.

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Su, Hong, Si Chen, and Gui Chen. "Class I Cases with Four First Premolars Extraction." In Physiologic Anchorage Control. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48333-7_10.

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Travassos, Rosana Maria Coelho, Samuel Nogueira Lima, William José Lopes de Freitas, et al. "ANATOMICAL VARIATION OF THE MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLAR – CASE REPORT." In Scientific Interconnections: The Multidisciplinary Approach. Seven Editora, 2025. https://doi.org/10.56238/sevened2025.011-036.

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The present clinical case report describes a rare case of maxillary first premolar with three separate roots prepared with Solla Collors file in a single session on tooth 24. A 26-year-old female patient presented to the dental office (MFB specialized endodontics) in the city of Lauro de Freitas, BA, complaining of painful symptoms in the left maxillary first premolar, tooth #24. On clinical radiographic examination, it was observed that the canal lumen only in the cervical third of the root, the contour of the periodontal ligaments suggested an atypical anatomy with possibly more than 2 canal
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Capote, Ticiana Sidorenko de Oliveira, Suellen Tayenne Pedroso Pinto, Marcelo Brito Conte, Juliana Álvares Duarte Bonini Campos, and Marcela de Almeida Gonçalves. "Evaluation of the Anatomy of the Lower First Premolar." In Dental Anatomy. InTech, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.71038.

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Bali, Praful. "Simultaneous Immediate Extraction and Indirect Sinus Lift of a First Premolar." In Treatment Planning Steps in Oral Implantology: A Color Atlas. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/14127_24.

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Antunes Kaline Thumé, Cordeiro d'Ornellas Marcos, Noedel Daniani Deliberalli, Dotto Gustavo Nogara, and Ghres Renésio Armindo. "Three Dimensional Virtual Planning Through Cone Beam Computed Tomography for Surgical Guidance Production." In Studies in Health Technology and Informatics. IOS Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-830-3-1250.

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This paper describes a methodology through digital planning and computed tomography for the purpose of making surgical guides for insertion of skeletal anchorage devices in dentistry. Mini-orthodontic screws for anchorage are inserted virtually in the region of interest located between the teeth of the second premolar and first molar bilaterally. DICOM images were converted to STL format and overlaid by scanning the upper plaster model in order to plan the surgical guide virtually.
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Travassos, Rosana Maria Coelho, Pedro Henrique Pereira de Souza, Pedro Guimarães Sampaio Trajano Dos Santos, et al. "ENDODONTIC TREATMENT OF UPPER SECOND PREMOLAR WITH 3 ROOTS AND 3 RADICULARS – CLINICAL CASE REPORT." In Dental Sciences: Advances and Innovations in Oral Health. Seven Editora, 2025. https://doi.org/10.56238/sevened2025.007-004.

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Variations in the root canal anatomy of a maxillary first molar are often challenging to diagnose and treat; thus, clinicians must have a thorough knowledge of the same. This case report highlights the successful nonsurgical endodontic management of a maxillary first molar with an unusual morphology. Three canals were prepared using Sequence Niti rotary instruments (MK Life) to #25.06, and the root canals were irrigated with 2,5% sodium hypochlorite solution. Root canal filling was performed using the single cone technique associated with Bio-C Sealer cement and 25.06 taper gutta-percha tip we
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Kim, Tae-Woo, and Hyewon Kim. "Precise miniscrew implant insertion technique between the roots of maxillary second premolar and first molar (Kim's stent)." In Skeletal Anchorage in Orthodontic Treatment of Class II Malocclusion. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-7234-3649-2.00017-8.

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John, Dr Christa Sara, Dr Sandeep G. Shetty, and Dr Stanley Selva. "EVALUATION OF THE MODIFIED MOLAR THRUSTER APPLIANCE FOR STRESS AND DISPLACEMENT ON THE MOLARS - FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS." In Emerging Trends in Oral Health Sciences and Dentistry. Technoarete Publishers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36647/etohsd/2022.01.b1.ch001.

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A class II patient usually shows either a protrusive upper jaw, retrusive lower jaw or both. Management of the class II involves distalizing of maxillary dentition or mesialization of mandibular dentition or camouflage treatment. Distalization of maxillary dentition can be done using extra oral such as Headgear and intraoral appliances alike Pendulum Appliance, Distal Jet, Jones Jig, Molar Thruster Appliance. In this study the Molar Thruster Appliance was modified and designed to improve the efficacy and patient comfort of the appliance. This appliance is known as the Modified Molar Thruster A
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Conference papers on the topic "First Premolar"

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CHUN, KEYOUNG JIN, OUI SIK YOO, KYUNG RYUL PARK, and SEUNG HYUN YOO. "STRESS ANALYSIS OF MANDIBULAR FIRST PREMOLAR WITH FINITE ELEMENT MODELS." In Proceedings of the International Conference on ANDE 2007. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793034_0005.

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Fedotova, Veronika, Estevam Barbosa de las Casas, Osvaldo L. Manzoli, Claudia M. A. Mattos, and Eduardo A. Rodriguez. "FAILURE MECHANICS OF AN ENDODONTICALLY TREATED MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLAR: A NUMERICAL ANALYSIS." In XXXVIII Iberian-Latin American Congress on Computational Methods in Engineering. ABMEC Brazilian Association of Computational Methods in Engineering, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20906/cps/cilamce2017-1048.

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Nazruddin, Dr. "Nonsurgical Treatment of Class III Malocclusion with Nonextraction and Extraction of Mandibular First Premolar." In International Dental Conference of Sumatera Utara 2017 (IDCSU 2017). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/idcsu-17.2018.50.

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Fedotova, Veronika, Estevam Barbosa de Las Casas, Osvaldo Luís Manzoli, Claudia Machado de Almeida Mattos, and Eduardo Alexandre Rodrigues. "CRACK INITIATION AND PROPAGATION IN A POST-AND-CORE RESTORED MAXILLARY FIRST PREMOLAR: A 2D ANALYSIS." In 6º Encontro Nacional de Engenharia Biomecânica. ABCM, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.enebi2018.eeb18-0120.

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Biria, M. J., Nima Shamsaei, Farzam Farahmand, and G. Reza Eslami A. "Stress Analysis of Three-Unit All-Ceramic Dental Bridges Using FEM." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95060.

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Mechanical fracture is a common cause of failure for 3-unit dental bridges, particularly, the all-ceramic structures. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of convergence angles of the abutments on the distribution of the mechanical stresses, within the prosthesis and at the restoration-abutments interface of a 3-unit all-ceramic bridge. The 3-D geometrical data of the second premolar and first and second molar teeth were obtained using ATOS scanner system and utilized for reconstruction of a surface model of the 3-unit bridge in I-Deas as solid modeler software. This was
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Kantardžić, Ivana R., Bojana D. Ramić, Karolina Vukoje, Tijana Z. Lainović, Darko M. Vasiljević, and Larisa Blažić. "Finite element analysis of stress distribution in 3D tooth model with extensive cavities restored with direct and indirect composite restoration." In 2nd International Conference on Chemo and Bioinformatics. Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/iccbi23.363k.

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Restoring a tooth with extensive loss of biological structures is a major challenge for any clinician, as it affects biomechanical properties and survival rate of the restored tooth. Using numerical simulation with finite element analysis (FEA), this study aimed to determine the influence of two types of extensive cavities (MOD – mesio-occlusal-distal cavity, MODBP – mesio-occlusal-distal cavity with buccal and palatal cusp reduction) and two different restorations (CRd-direct composite restoration, CRi-indirect composite restoration) on the stress distribution in 3D tooth models. First, a 3D
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Branco, A., M. Polido, A. P. Serro, and C. G. Figueiredo-Pina. "STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF H2O2 USED IN WHITENING TREATMENTS ON HUMAN ENAMEL WEAR RESISTANCE." In BALTTRIB. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/balttrib.2017.22.

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Tooth whitening treatments are based on the application of bleaching agents on the teeth surface, which can impair teeth health, due to its effect on enamel properties. The present work has the purpose of studying the effect of pH of H2O2 solutions on wear resistance of teeth. Friction coefficient, enamel microhardness, morphology and topography were also evaluated to better understand the induced changes. Three pH values (2, 4 and 6) of H2O2 solution were tested. First, human molars and premolars were disinfected, polished, cut in four equal pieces and darkened in a black tea solution. After,
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Patel, Krishna, Michael Stevens, Suyash Adhikari, Greg Book, Muhammad Mubeen, and Godfrey Pearlson. "Acute cannabis-related alterations in an fMRI time estimation task." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.26.

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Introduction: Cannabis is widely popular recreational drug of choice in the US. The drug is known to alter the subjective experience of time. However, its effects on time estimation at a brain level are still largely unexplored. Our goal was to investigate acute effects of cannabis on an fMRI time estimation task by evaluating brain activation differences between cannabis and placebo conditions. We hypothesized that participants’ time estimation accuracy and corresponding BOLD response would be altered during the cannabis condition in a dose-related manner, compared to placebo. Methods: In thi
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Takahashi, Marcela Tengler Carvalho, Paulo Rodrigo Bázan, Joana Bisol Balardin, Danielle de Sá Boasquevisque, Edson Amaro Júnior, and Adriana Bastos Conforto. "Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation in the first weeks after stroke: a preliminary study." In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.252.

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Background: There is limited information about effects of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation(tDCS), delivered within the first weeks post-stroke, on performance of the paretic upper limb and on connectivity between motor areas in the affected and unaffected hemispheres. Objectives: We compared changes in Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery(FMA) scores, connectivity between the primary motor cortex of the unaffected(M1UH) and the affected hemisphere(M1AH), as well as between M1UH and the premotor cortex of the unaffected hemisphere(PMUH) before and after 6 sessions of cathodal tDCS tar
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