Journal articles: 'First trimester of pregnancy'

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Murugaboopathi, Sindhuja, and Hephzibah Kirubamani. "Awareness of Complications of First Trimester Pregnancy." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, no. 4 (P-2) (2019): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ijog.2321.1636.7419.9.

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COOPER, JOHN K. "First Trimester Pregnancy Complications." Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 50, no. 1 (March 2007): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/grf.0b013e318032ff14.

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Hanafy, Samy, Neveen E. Srour, and Taymour Mostafa. "Female sexual dysfunction across the three pregnancy trimesters: an Egyptian study." Sexual Health 11, no. 3 (2014): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh13153.

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Background Pregnancy is a special period in the life of women characterised by physical, hormonal and psychological changes that, in conjugation with social and cultural influences, could affect women’s sexuality as well as couples’ sexual relationships. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate female sexual dysfunction (FSD) among the three pregnancy trimesters. Methods: A total of 300 healthy heterosexual pregnant Egyptian women with stable marital relationships were included. The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire was used as a standard method for measuring female sexual function in each pregnancy trimester. Results: There was no significant relationship between FSD and women’s education, work, gravidity and parity. The incidence of FSD demonstrated significant alterations throughout pregnancy, being 68% in the first trimester, decreasing in the second trimester to 51% and increasing to 72% in the third trimester. Sexual desire decreased in the first trimester, was variable in the second trimester and decreased at the end of the third trimester (3.5 ± 1.2, 3.7 ± 1.2 and 3.4 ± 1.1 respectively). Sexual satisfaction declined significantly in the first trimester compared with the second and the third trimesters (4.2 ± 1.1, 4.8 ± 0.8 and 4.6 ± 1.0 respectively). Scores for the arousal, lubrication and orgasm domains were significantly decreased in the third trimester, where pain was increased in the second trimester compared with the first and third trimesters. Conclusion: Female sexual function is affected during pregnancy, with a significant change in all Female Sexual Function Index domains, especially in the first and third trimesters.

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Ukwenya, Victor, Afodun Adams, KK Quadri, and Ashaolu James. "First trimester tubal ectopic pregnancy." West African Journal of Radiology 22, no. 1 (2015): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1115-1474.146148.

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Lui, Man-Wa, and Pak-Chung Ho. "First trimester termination of pregnancy." Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology 63 (February 2020): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2019.06.004.

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Patil, Dr Mithil. "Level of Papp-A in The First Trimester of Pregnancy & The Pregnancy Outcome." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 2 (June 1, 2012): 322–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/feb2013/108.

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Míguez, M. Carmen, and M. Belén Vázquez. "Prevalence of Depression during Pregnancy in Spanish Women: Trajectory and Risk Factors in Each Trimester." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 6789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136789.

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The aims of this research were to determine the trajectories of probable depression and major depression during pregnancy and to identify the associated and predictor variables (sociodemographic, pregnancy-related, and psychological) for both conditions in each trimester of pregnancy. A longitudinal study was carried out with 569 pregnant Spanish women who were assessed in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. Depression was assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and a clinical interview. Measures of anxiety and stress were also included. The prevalence of probable depression in the first, second, and third trimesters was 23.4%, 17.0%, and 21.4%, respectively, and that of major depression was 5.1%, 4.0%, and 4.7%. Thus, the prevalence of both conditions was the highest in the first and third trimesters. The trajectories of probable depression and major depression followed the same pattern throughout pregnancy. All of the psychological variables studied were associated with both conditions in all three trimesters, with perceived stress being a predictor at all times. The association between the other variables and both conditions of depression was similar. Two exceptions stand out: having had previous miscarriages, which was only associated with probable depression and was also a predictor, in the first trimester; and complications during pregnancy, which was only associated with probable and major depression in the third trimester. These findings should be taken into account in routine pregnancy follow-ups, and necessary interventions should be started in the first trimester.

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Kamble, Pradnya Digambar, Amarjeetkaur Bava, Mansi Shukla, and Y. S. Nandanvar. "First trimester bleeding and pregnancy outcome." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 4 (March 30, 2017): 1484. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20171414.

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Background: The outcome of first trimester vaginal bleeding is a matter of debate. This study sought to determine the maternal and perinatal outcome in patients presenting with first trimester vaginal bleeding.Methods: This prospective observational study was done on 1007 women with first trimester vaginal bleeding at a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai over a period of one year. A detailed history was taken and USG was done to confirm diagnosis. All these patients were evaluated for the outcomes including threatened abortions, spontaneous, complete or incomplete abortions, sub-chorionic hematoma, Intra-uterine Fetal Demise, missed abortions, second and third trimester bleeding, Intra-uterine Growth Restriction, premature rupture of membranes and preterm deliveries.Results: Out of the 11835 confinements 1007 patients presented with first trimester vaginal bleeding. The incidence was highest (52.3%) in the age group of 21-30 years. 63.9% primigravidas presented with first trimester bleeding as compared to 36.1% of multigravidas. It was seen that 76.9% patients who presented before 6 weeks aborted whereas only 7% patients who presented after 10 weeks aborted. Out of the 163 patients that continued pregnancy after first trimester vaginal bleeding 1.8% had a second trimester abortion, 15.3% went into preterm labour 6.75% has premature rupture of membranes and 1.8% had antepartum hemorrhage.Conclusions: According to the results of present study, first trimester vaginal bleeding predicts auxiliary maternal and fetal complications. Also, as the clinical intermediation has an important role in continuance of pregnancy and in reducing the fetal complications precise management and planning by physician is important.

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Ginsberg, J. S., P. Brill-Edwards, R. F. Burrows, R. Bona, P. Prandoni, H. R. Büller, and A. Lensing. "Venous Thrombosis during Pregnancy: Leg and Trimester of Presentation." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 67, no. 05 (1992): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1648485.

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SummaryIn order to determine the relative frequencies of left and right leg venous thrombosis during pregnancy and the frequencies of venous thrombosis during the three trimesters, a cohort study of 60 consecutive patients with a first episode of venous thrombosis during pregnancy was performed. Fifty-eight women had isolated left leg thrombosis, two patients had bilateral venous thrombosis and no patient had isolated right leg venous thrombosis. Thirteen patients had venous thrombosis during the first trimester (21.7%), 28 during the second trimester (46.7%) and 19 during the third trimester (31.7%). These findings indicate that patients with symptoms in the right leg rarely have venous thrombosis. Because leg pain and swelling occur most frequently during the third trimester but venous thrombosis is relatively equally distributed during all three trimesters, patients presenting earlier during pregnancy are more likely to have venous thrombosis than patients presenting later during pregnancy.

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Fuchs, Anna, Iwona Czech, Jerzy Sikora, Piotr Fuchs, Miłosz Lorek, Violetta Skrzypulec-Plinta, and Agnieszka Drosdzol-Cop. "Sexual Functioning in Pregnant Women." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21 (October 30, 2019): 4216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214216.

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Sexual activity during pregnancy is determined by emotional, psychosocial, hormonal, and anatomical factors and varies during trimesters. This work aimed to establish women’s sexual activity during each trimester of pregnancy. A total of 624 women were included in the study and filled in the questionnaire three times, once during each trimester of pregnancy. The first part of the survey included questions about socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history, and medical details of a given pregnancy. The second part was the Polish version of the female sexual function index (FSFI) questionnaire. Comparison of the mean scores for the overall sexual function of each trimester revealed clinically relevant sexual dysfunction in the second and third trimesters (mean values 25.9 ± 8.7 and 22.7 ± 8.7, respectively; p < 0.01). Women were most sexually active during their second trimester. In the first trimester of pregnancy, women were most likely to choose intercourse in the missionary position. Women with vocational education were characterized by the lowest and homogenous FSFI values. Total FSFI score depended on the martial status—the highest value pertained to married women (25.2 ± 6.9; p = 0.02).

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Xing, Jinfang, Enwu Yuan, Jing Li, Yuchao Zhang, Xiangying Meng, Xia Zhang, Shouhua Rong, Zhongxing Lv, Yuan Tian, and Liting Jia. "Trimester- and Assay-Specific Thyroid Reference Intervals for Pregnant Women in China." International Journal of Endocrinology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3754213.

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Objective. The guidelines of the American Thyroid Association (ATA) recommend an upper limit reference interval (RI) of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of 2.5 mIU/L in the first trimester of pregnancy and 3.0 mIU/L in subsequent trimesters, but some reported ranges in China are significantly higher. Our study aimed to establish trimester- and assay-specific RIs for thyroid hormones in normal pregnant Chinese women. Methods. In this cross-sectional study, 2540 women with normal pregnancies (first trimester, n=398; second trimester, n=797; third trimester, n=1345) and 237 healthy nonpregnant control subjects were recruited. Serum TSH, free thyroxin (FT4), thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels were determined by automated chemiluminescence with an Immulite 2000 system (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). After outliers were excluded, the 2.5–97.5th percentiles were used to define the RIs. Results. The RIs of thyroid function in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy and in nonpregnant controls were 0.07–3.96, 0.27–4.53, 0.48–5.40, and 0.69–5.78 mIU/L for TSH and 9.16–18.12, 8.67–16.21, 7.80–13.90, and 8.24–16.61 pmol/L for FT4, respectively. Conclusion. The trimester- and assay-specific RIs of thyroid function during pregnancy differed between trimesters, which suggests that it is advisable to detect and avoid misclassification of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy for women in Henan, China.

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Argüello Torres, Juan Daniel, and Geoconda Luzardo. "Gingival Inflammation in the Presence of Bacterial Plaque in Women in the First and Second Trimester of Pregnancy." Journal of America health 2, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37958/jah.v2i1.15.

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Problem: Pregnancy hormonal changes in addition to the low control of the dental plaque generate gingivitis during the first and second trimester of the pregnancy. Objective: This study’s objective was to identify the levels of gingival inflammation having place in the first and second trimester of the pregnancy in relation to a low plaque control. Materials and Methods: This was an analytic descriptive transversal study in which 73 pregnant women that went to their monthly check to the “Centro de Salud Ministerial del Cantón Samborondón” during June and July of the year 2014 were tested. 32 of them were on their first trimester and the 41 left, on their second trimester of pregnancy. They were tested by the recollection in a document of information about their oral hygiene habits, oral hygiene indices, gingival inflammation and the presence of bacterial plaque. Results: 100% of the woman had gingivitis, from which 69.86% presented a moderate type (30.14% in the first and 39.73% in the second trimester). In the oral hygiene examination, 76.71% obtained a regular grade, from which 38.36% showed up in both trimesters. Finally, we found bacterial plaque in 67% of the patients with a range between 50.1-75%, being the 30% in the first and the 37% in the second trimester of pregnancy. Conclusion: It was found gingival inflammation in presence of bacteria plaque in every pregnant patient, showing a slightly higher intensity in the second trimester of pregnancy.

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Agarkova, L. A., I. Yu Buharina, A. L. Ulianich, E. M. Bershkova, and I. V. Tolmachev. "FEATURES OF QUALITY OF LIFE INTERRELATED WITH INDICATORS OF PSYCHOEMOTIONAL STATE OF WOMEN IN THE PERIOD OF EVERY TRIMESTRE OF PREGNANCY." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 4 (November 26, 2016): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2016-4-108-119.

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In the article the actuality of study of quality of life is described as an integrative factor which influences the psychoemotional state of women in the period of pregnancy. According to the study methodology, the content of quality of life is disclosed in the indicators of physical and psychological components of health. By means of method of descriptive statistics and analysis of reliable differences general content is presented and specific features of quality of life in women in the period of the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy are disclosed. It is found that from the first trimester to the third one the content of components of quality of life is characterized by increase of limitations in performing the physical load, improvement of general emotional state and increase of vital force and energy. Features of psychoemotional state of women in the period of the first, second and third trimesters of pregnancy are disclosed and described. It is revealed that the state of most women in every trimester of the pregnancy is characterized as a favourable one, however, in the first and last trimester for women a heightened anxiousness, lack of selfconfidence, rigidity, inability to satisfy their own needs are more typical than in the period of the second trimester of pregnancy. On the ground of results of the conducted correlational analysis the interrelationship of indicators of quality of life with indicators of psychoemotional state of pregnant women is shown and described, conditions of physical and psychological well-being in every trimester of pregnancy are identified. It was revealed that in the period of the first and second trimesters of pregnancy the conditions of physical and psychological well-being are as follows: readiness of women to respond flexibly in the new life situation, resistance towards failures, self-confidence and optimal level of anxiousness; in the period of the third trimester of pregnancy: feeling of well-being, positive mood, activity, resistance towards failures and self-confidence.

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Thomsen, Todd, David F. M. Brown, and Eric S. Nadel. "Abdominal pain in first trimester pregnancy." Journal of Emergency Medicine 24, no. 1 (January 2003): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-4679(02)00666-2.

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Schwartzberg, B. S., J. A. Conyers, and J. A. Moore. "First trimester of pregnancy laparoscopic procedures." Surgical Endoscopy 11, no. 12 (December 1997): 1216–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004649900573.

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Scherer, Lynn, and Kayla Zappolo. "Pregnancy Disasters in the First Trimester." Physician Assistant Clinics 2, no. 3 (July 2017): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpha.2017.02.004.

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de Clercq, A. G., J. Bogaerts, M. Thiery, and G. Claeys. "Ovarian actinomycosis during first-trimester pregnancy." Advances in Contraception 3, no. 2 (June 1987): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01890705.

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Sances, G., F. Granella, RE Nappi, A. Fignon, N. Ghiotto, F. Polatti, and G. Nappi. "Course of Migraine During Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Prospective Study." Cephalalgia 23, no. 3 (April 2003): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-2982.2003.00480.x.

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The aim of this study was to investigate prospectively the course of migraine during pregnancy and postpartum. Of all the pregnant women consecutively attending an obstetrics and gynaecology department for a routine first-trimester antenatal check-up, 49 migraine sufferers - two were affected by migraine with aura (MA) and 47 by migraine without aura (MO) - who had experienced at least one attack during the 3 months preceding pregnancy were identified, enrolled in the study and given a headache diary. Subsequent examinations were performed at the end of the second and third trimesters and 1 month after delivery. Migraine was seen to improve in 46.8% of the 47 MO sufferers during the first trimester, in 83.0% during the second and in 87.2% during the third, while complete remission was attained by 10.6%, 53.2%, and 78.7% of the women, respectively. Migraine recurred during the first week after childbirth in 34.0% of the women and during the first month in 55.3%. Certain risk factors for lack of improvement of migraine during pregnancy were identified: the presence of menstrually related migraine before pregnancy was associated with a lack of headache improvement in the first and third trimesters, while second-trimester hyperemesis, and a pathological pregnancy course were associated with a lack of headache improvement in the second trimester. Breast feeding seemed to protect from migraine recurrence during postpartum.

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Sukhikh, Gennadiy Tikhonovich, Vladimir Nikolaevich Serov, Vera Nikolaeva Prilepskaya, Natal'ya Eknikovna Khan, Viktor Leonidovich Tutunnik, Igor Ivanovich Baranov, Oleg Radomirovich Baev, et al. "First-trimester medical abortion." Journal of obstetrics and women's diseases 63, no. 6 (December 15, 2014): 66–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/jowd63666-86.

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The Clinical Protocol “First-Trimester Medical Abortion” is written in accordance with the Russian laws on health protection, Procedure on medical care provision to women seeking for artificial termination of pregnancy, Law on drug circulation. The evidential base for the clinical protocol was constituted by the publications included in the Cochrane Library, PUBMED and MEDLINE databases, by the results of the Russian clinical studies on the medical abortion carried out with the permission of the Ethical Committee of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, by the Russian and international regulatory documents on safe abortion (FDA, HAS). The objective of these clinical protocol is to improve the quality of medical aid in the Russian Federation provided during early pregnancy termination. The comments were discussed jointly by the work group members; a consensus was reached on the key questions of the clinical protocol and practical recommendations were developed.

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Langermans, Lisa-Marie, Wilfried Cools, Ingrid Van Limbergen, Leonardo Gucciardo, and Gilles Faron. "Optimal timing to screen for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy: first vs. second trimester." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 49, no. 5 (January 13, 2021): 539–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2020-0322.

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Abstract Objectives Although current guidelines advice to screen for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy, little is known about the best moment of testing. The goal of this study is to analyze the optimal timing (first vs. second trimester) to screen for asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy. Methods A retrospective cohort analysis, comparing patients that were screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria in the first vs. second trimester was performed. The main question was to compare the rate of positive urinary culture in both trimesters. Study included patients all followed a prenatal consultation at the University Hospital of Brussels between 2012 and 2017. Other outcomes considered were the nature of identified germs, treatments, possible risk and confounding factors (age, BMI, gravidity-parity-abortus [GPA], type of conception, ethnicity, education, prior urinary tract infection (UTI), diabetes, hypertension, prior preterm delivery and sickle cell disease) and complications (UTI, preterm delivery, preterm rupture of the membranes and chorio-amnionitis). Results A total of 2,005 consecutive files were reviewed, 655 concerned patients screened during the first trimester group and 1,350 in the second trimester group. Asymptomatic bacteriuria was present in only 71 cases (3.54%), 23 in the first trimester group (3.50%) and 48 in the second trimester group (3.55%). Escherichia coli was the most frequently identified germ (37 cases (1.8%), 14 in the first trimester group and 23 in the second trimester group). Our logistic regression analysis shows no statistical difference according to the moment the urinary culture was done for the presence of asymptomatic bacteriuria (E. coli or others), for its association with hospitalization for pyelonephritis, preterm contractions, preterm pre-labor rupture of the membranes (PPROM) and/or preterm delivery. Conclusions If recommendations remain to screen for asymptomatic bacteriuria at least once during pregnancy, this study indicates that the moment of testing (first vs. second trimester) has no clinical impact on obstetrical outcomes.

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Khatun, M. Rokeya, Amina Khatun, and Md Nowshad Ali. "Comparison of Liver Function Tests in Normal Pregnancy with Non-pregnant Matched Controls." TAJ: Journal of Teachers Association 33, no. 1 (October 18, 2020): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/taj.v33i1.49820.

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Background: Change of liver biochemical profiles is normal during pregnancy. It is almost impossible to understand disease processes that can threaten women during pregnancy without understanding normal physiological change. Aim of this study is to evaluate changes in serum liver function tests in normal pregnant women in first, second and third trimester. Material and Methods: The cross-sectional comparative study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology of Rajshahi Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh in 2019. This study consists of 90 pregnant women and 90 matched control. Among the 90 pregnant women, 30 were in first trimester, 30 were in second trimester and 30 were in third trimester. Blood samples were taken for routine liver function and protein profiles Results: Serum total and direct bilirubin concentrations were significantly lower in second and third trimester. The mean ALP level was slightly increased in 2nd trimester and drastically increased in 3rd trimesters during pregnancy. Serum ALT and AST activity was significantly increased in third trimester. No significant change in serum total proteins concentration, but serum albumin concentration was significantly lower and serum globulin concentration was significantly higher in all three trimester. Serum albumin/globulin ratio was significantly reduced in second and third trimester. Conclusion: Relative values of various liver function tests during gestational trimesters appear to be the best guide to confirm the diagnosis and treatment strategies. Thus, gynecologists should routinely monitor liver function tests in all gestational trimesters to avoid the future complications to mother and offspring. TAJ 2020; 33(1): 17-24

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Bérard, Anick, Jin-Ping Zhao, Irene Shui, and Susan Colilla. "Leflunomide use during pregnancy and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 77, no. 4 (December 8, 2017): 500–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212078.

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ObjectivesLeflunomide is known to be embryotoxic and teratogenic in rodents. However, there is less evidence in humans. We quantified the risk of major congenital malformation (MCM), prematurity, low birth weight (LBW) and spontaneous abortion associated with leflunomide exposure during pregnancy in humans.MethodsFrom a cohort of 289 688 pregnancies in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from 1998 to 2015, first-trimester leflunomide exposure and other antirheumatic drug exposures were studied for their association with MCM and spontaneous abortions. Also second or third-trimester leflunomide exposures were examined for associations with prematurity and LBW. Logistic regression model-based generalised estimating equations were used.Results51 pregnancies were exposed to leflunomide during the first trimester, and 21 during the second/third trimesters. Adjusting for potential confounders, use of leflunomide during the first trimester of pregnancy was not associated with the risk of MCM (adjusted OR (aOR) 0.97, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.16; 5 exposed cases). No association was found between second/third-trimester exposure to leflunomide and the risk of prematurity (aOR 4.03, 95% CI 0.91 to 17.85; 7 exposed cases) nor LBW (aOR 1.06, 95%CI 0.90 to 1.25; 8 exposed cases). Pregnancy exposure to leflunomide was also not associated with the risk of spontaneous abortion (aOR 1.09, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.32; 11 exposed cases).ConclusionsMaternal exposure to leflunomide during pregnancy was not associated with statistically significant increased risk of MCMs, prematurity, LBW or spontaneous abortions. However, given that relatively few women were exposed to leflunomide during pregnancy in this cohort, caution remains warranted.

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Grigore, Mihaela, Romeo Micu, Roxana Matasariu, Odetta Duma, Anca Lucia Chicea, and Radu Chicea. "Cantrell syndrome in the first trimester of pregnancy: imagistic findings and literature review." Medical Ultrasonography 22, no. 2 (May 11, 2020): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.11152/mu-2316.

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Pentalogy of Cantrell (POC) is a rare condition characterized by complete or partial expression of 5 types of congenital birth defects originating in (1) the lower sternum, (2) the anterior diaphragm, (3) the diaphragmatic pericardium, (4) the midline/ventral supraumbilical abdominal wall region, and (5) the heart. POC can be diagnosed antenatally by means of ultrasonography (US), the task being difficult if defects are minor. Advances in the field of US and the introduction of the first morphology trimester as state-of-the-art pregnancy monitoring, facilitate the early diagnosis of this condition. We performed a systematic review on 67 reported cases of POC diagnosed in the first trimester of pregnancy (published from January 1980 to July 2019). The aim of our systematic review was twofold: to assess the main US findings in the first trimester of pregnancy and to increase awareness of early diagnostic possibilities. Our study showed that POC can be diagnosed in the first trimesterof pregnancy based on key US findings such as the association between omphalocele and ectopia cordis. When these two anomalies are present, increased nuchal translucency can also be considered a marker of POC in the first trimester.

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CHEN, Danqing, Minyue DONG, Qin FANG, Jing HE, Zhengping WANG, and Xiaofu YANG. "Alterations of serum resistin in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia." Clinical Science 108, no. 1 (December 15, 2004): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs20040225.

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Resistin is expressed in human placenta and has been postulated to play a role in regulating energy metabolism in pregnancy. However, changes in serum resistin levels in normal pregnancy and in the setting of pre-eclampsia are far from understood. The purpose of the present study was to clarify the alterations in serum resistin level in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Blood samples were taken from 28 healthy non-pregnant women, 27 women in the first, 26 in the second and 26 in the third trimesters of normal pregnancy and 25 women with pre-eclampsia. Serum resistin concentrations were determined by using an ELISA, and mean serum resistin levels were compared with one-way ANOVA. Serum resistin levels were not significantly different among non-pregnant women and women in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy (P>0.05 for all). Serum resistin was significantly elevated in the third trimester of normal pregnancy compared with non-pregnant women (P<0.01) and women in the first (P<0.001) and second (P<0.001) trimesters of pregnancy. Serum resistin level was significantly lower in women with pre-eclampsia than women in the third trimester of normal pregnancy (P<0.001), but was comparable with those of non-pregnant women and women in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy (P>0.05 for all). In conclusion, we found an increase in serum resistin in the third trimester of normal pregnancy, but this increase was not present in pre-eclampsia. We postulate that these associations may offer insight into the mechanisms of maternal adaptation to pregnancy and the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.

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Darmochwal-Kolarz, Dorota, Ewelina Sobczak, Piotr Pozarowski, Bogdan Kolarz, Jacek Rolinski, and Jan Oleszczuk. "T CD3+CD8+Lymphocytes Are More Susceptible for Apoptosis in the First Trimester of Normal Human Pregnancy." Journal of Immunology Research 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/670524.

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Aims.Normal human pregnancy is a complex process of many immunoregulatory mechanisms which protect fetus from the activation of the maternal immune system. The aim of the study was to investigate the apoptosis of lymphocytes in peripheral blood of normal pregnant patients and healthy nonpregnant women.Methods.Sixty pregnant women and 17 nonpregnant women were included in the study. Lymphocytes were isolated and labeled with anti-CD3, anti-CD4, and anti-CD8 monoclonal antibodies. Apoptosis was detected by CMXRos staining and analyzed using the flow cytometric method.Results.We found significantly higher apoptosis of total lymphocytes in peripheral blood of pregnant patients when compared to healthy nonpregnant women. The percentage of apoptotic T CD3+CD8+cells in the first trimester was significantly higher when compared to the third trimester of normal pregnancy. The ratio of T CD3+CD4+ : T CD3+CD8+apoptotic lymphocytes was significantly lower in the first trimester when compared to other trimesters of pregnancy and to both of the phases of the menstrual cycle.Conclusions.The higher apoptosis of T CD3+CD8+lymphocytes and the lower ratio of T CD3+CD4+ : T CD3+CD8+apoptotic cells in the first trimester of normal pregnancy may suggest a higher susceptibility of T CD3+CD8+cells for apoptosis as a protective mechanism at the early stage of pregnancy.

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Gardenghi, Leandro Augusto, Nei Rodrigues Alves Dezotti, Marcelo Bellini Dalio, Wellington de Paula Martins, Edwaldo Edner Joviliano, and Carlos Eli Piccinato. "Lower limb venous diameters and haemodynamics during pregnancy and postpartum period in healthy primigravidae." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 32, no. 10 (December 6, 2016): 670–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355516671586.

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Objective Analyse venous haemodynamics in healthy primigravidae during pregnancy and in the postpartum. Methods Cohort with primigravidae evaluated in the three trimesters of pregnancy and postpartum. Duplex evaluated venous diameters and reflux; air plethysmography evaluated venous filling index, ejection fraction, residual volume fraction and outflow fraction in both limbs. Results During pregnancy, diameters increased in bilateral common femoral and right infravalvar great saphenous, but returned to first trimester values after delivery. Reflux developed in one woman (5%) in the second trimester and in two more women (15%) in the third trimester. No reflux was detected in postpartum. Bilateral venous filling index was higher during pregnancy. Bilateral ejection fraction and residual volume fraction did not change. Bilateral outflow fraction increased progressively. The right limb outflow fraction in left lateral decubitus was similar. All changes returned to first trimester values after delivery. Conclusions Healthy primigravidae presented changes in lower limbs’ veins during pregnancy: diameters in bilateral common femoral and infravalvar great saphenous veins increased; new reflux was developed in 15% of women, but there was no venous hypertension. Calf muscular pump function did not change. All changes returned to first trimester values after delivery.

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Akhter, Tansim, Anders Larsson, Marita Larsson, Anna-Karin Wikström, and Tord Naessen. "Artery wall layer dimensions during normal pregnancy: a longitudinal study using noninvasive high-frequency ultrasound." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 304, no. 2 (January 15, 2013): H229—H234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00670.2012.

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The vascular effects of normal pregnancy were investigated by estimating the intima and media thicknesses of the common carotid artery separately using 22-MHz ultrasound (Collagenoson, Meudt, Germany) in 57 healthy women with normal pregnancies and pregnancy outcomes, in all three trimesters and at 1 yr postpartum. A thick intima, thin media, and high intima-to-media (I/M) ratio are signs of a less healthy artery wall. Mean artery wall layer dimensions remained fairly constant during pregnancy, but the intima thickness and I/M thickness ratio appeared to improve (decrease) postpartum ( P < 0.001 for both). The cardiovascular risk parameters of age, body mass index, and blood pressure in the first trimester were associated with higher I/M ratios, especially in the second trimester, whereas higher serum estradiol levels were significantly associated with a lower I/M ratio. Changes from the first to second trimesters in I/M ratio, taking into account differential changes in intima and media thickness, were significantly ( P < 0.05–0.001) associated with all risk parameters tested except age, which was associated with increased intima thickness ( P = 0.02). Associations with third trimester values and changes from first to third trimesters were similar but less apparent. Thus, fairly constant mean artery wall layer dimensions during pregnancy appeared to improve postpartum. However, higher age, body mass index, or blood pressure and lower serum estradiol levels in the first trimester appeared to negatively affect the artery wall, strongly suggesting that pregnancy has negative vascular effects in some women. A less likely explanation involves possible adaptation to physiological changes during and after pregnancy.

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Graham, George M. "Ultrasound Evaluation of Pregnancy in the First Trimester." Donald School Journal of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 4, no. 1 (2010): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10009-1125.

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Abstract Improvements in ultrasound technology, including transvaginal sonography and higher frequency probes, have led to a better understanding of early pregnancy development. These advances and the increasing availability of ultrasound allow women to have an earlier and more accurate assessment of their pregnancy. First trimester sonographic signs have been identified that can be used to reassure women that their pregnancy is progressing normally or counsel them that their pregnancy will fail. In addition, first trimester ultrasound can accurately predict the type of twinning in multiple gestations, allowing for appropriate counseling and management. Objectives Know the first trimester ultrasound findings of a normal intrauterine pregnancy Understand the ultrasound findings that diagnose an early pregnancy failure Know the ultrasound criteria used to diagnose a multifetal gestation

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Cornelius, Marie D., Howard A. Lebow, and Nancy L. Day. "Attitudes and Knowledge about Drinking: Relationships with Drinking Behavior among Pregnant Teenagers." Journal of Drug Education 27, no. 3 (September 1997): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/l411-lx0d-g0m3-fxb1.

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Data were collected on the drinking behavior of 415 pregnant adolescents from 1990 to 1994. The relationships between knowledge and attitudes about drinking and drinking behavior were examined. Knowledge about drinking was not related to average daily volume of alcohol before or during pregnancy. Those with specific knowledge about fetal alcohol effects drank less before pregnancy, and in the first trimester, and were also less likely to drink to intoxication. Among drinkers, general knowledge about drinking was significantly related to a decrease in drinking between pre-pregnancy and first trimester, as well as between first and third trimesters. Those with more intolerant attitudes about drinking drank less before and during pregnancy. They had fewer episodes of binge drinking, intoxication, negative consequences, and problem drinking during pregnancy. They were more likely to decrease drinking from the first to third trimesters. These relationships are relevant to developing effective education programs for the high-risk group of pregnant teenagers who drink.

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Quraishi, Azhar Un Nisa, Rabia Khurshid, Syed Aadil Andrabi, and Kamran Ahmad Quraishi. "Pregnancy outcome after first trimester vaginal bleeding." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 4 (March 25, 2020): 1695. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20201247.

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Background: First trimester vaginal bleeding is one of the most common complications in pregnancy threatening its proper development and successful outcome.Methods: A case-control study was conducted from October 2016 to April 2018 in the department of obstetrics and gynecology SKIMS.200 cases with vaginal bleeding in first trimester were taken for study. Out of the cases, number of patients who had abortion, ectopic, molar pregnancy or continued their pregnancy beyond 20 weeks was noted. Those who continued their pregnancy were compared with 130 controls for complications developing later in pregnancy.Results: There was significantly higher incidence of PIH (15.4% of cases, 6.9% of controls, p value = 0.005) and abruption (7.7% and 1.5% among cases and controls respectively with p-value of 0.034) among cases than controls. Mean gestational age at delivery in cases was 35.6±3.63 weeks while in controls it was 38.5±1.94 weeks (p value <0.001). Mean birth-weight of the neonates in cases was 2.16±0.78 kgs while in controls was 3.05±0.53 kgs (p value <0.001). IUGR occurred in 9.2% of cases and 3.1% of controls (p value 0.039). There was significantly higher neonatal ICU admission rate in cases than controls (p value 0.019).Conclusions: Patients with first trimester vaginal bleeding are at increased risk for spontaneous loss and adverse pregnancy outcome.

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Abdulla Elsayed, Mostafa. "ANTIMULLERIANHORMONE: CORRELATION WITH FIRST TRIMESTER MISCARRIAGE." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 01 (January 31, 2021): 886–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12365.

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Objective: The present study assessed antiMullerian hormone (AMH) levels as a useful markerand a predictor of abortion in the first trimester among women younger than 35 years. Methods: Prospective study of women aged 18Ã¢Â€Â“34 years with a spontaneous pregnancy at less than 12 gestational weeks in Benha , Egypt, between January 2019 and November 2020 samples of blood taken at the beginning of pregnancy on booking and again at 6 weeks. Cases of anembryonic abortion and assisted conception were excluded. Blood samples were collected and assayed for serum AMH levels (on booking and at 6 weeks gestation. Data were compared between women with an embryo with no cardiac activity by ultrasound (n=50) and those with a normalpulsating embryo (n=50) by using smith statistical software. Results: Risk of pregnancy loss in the first trimester was found to be higher for low AMH (<1 ng/mL relative risk [RR], 3.66 95% confidence interval. Conclusions: LowAMH concentrations found to significantly increase the risk of abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy. Serum AMH might be a valuable marker to predict the risk of early abortion when it is below 1ng/ml.

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Mohammed, Marwa Thamir. "Physiological changes in iron and blood parameters during different pregnancy trimesters in pregnant women in Baghdad." Al-Mustansiriyah Journal of Science 29, no. 1 (October 31, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.23851/mjs.v29i1.81.

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SummaryThis work was carried out for four months in the province of Baghdad including many hospital in Bagdad during 1st of the November 2016 until 28 February 2017. 120 pregnant women included in the present study ranged in age from 14 - 42 years were randomly selected. Pregnant women were divided into three groups according to the different periods of pregnancy every trimester include 40 pregnant women divided to 20 pregnant women with anemia and 20 without anemia after taking a blood film and hemoglobin as a good adoption indicator for diagnosis of anemia, also, history taken by previously diagnosis and by physical examination. Result of the three trimesters in indicators the blood of pregnant women with or without anemia, showed that the first trimester all of the parameters of indicators the blood (Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH and MCHC) were decreased in women with anemia compared with women without anemia, also in second and third trimester decreased. However, in second trimester the values of Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH and MCHC decreased in women with anemia on the values of the first trimester. On the other hand a values of indicators the blood in a third trimester less than the second trimester. Indicator of iron (SI, TIBC, TS and SF) for women with anemia in first trimester was less than from women without anemia. However, in second trimester the values of SI, TIBC, TS and SF decreased in women with anemia on the values of the first trimester. Father more, the values of indicator of iron in a third trimester less than in the second trimester. When comparison in blood parameters (Hb, Hct, MCV, MCH and MCHC) between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimester of pregnancy women noticed that the all parameters decreased gradually from the first trimesters to second to third trimester. Iron deficiency marked increase was famous in pregnant women in the second and third trimester of pregnancy, due to high fetal and placenta growth rates and development of red cell mass mother. Thus anemia affects up to 70% of pregnant women. Blood indicators RBC, RDW, platelet and MPV for all pregnant women in the first trimester was decreased in women with anemia compared with women without anemia in all parameters of this, also in second and third trimester. Further more in second decreased from first, also in third less that from second. White blood cell and their various types (NEU, LYM, Mono, ESO and BASO) were impressed with the pregnant women with anemia in first and second trimesters WBC and NEU% increased but LYM%, Mono%, ESO% and BASO% decreased. However, in the third trimester WBC, NEU% and BASO% decreased but LYM%, Mono%, and EOS% increased. The results of the study found out that the is a clear correlation between anemia in pregnant women and some social factors, such as: occupation, monthly income and maternal education.

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Hasani, Maryam, Afsaneh Keramat, Raziyeh Maasoumi, Maryam Farjamfar, Masud Yunesian, and Bahare Afshar. "The Frequency of Vaginal Intercourse During Pregnancy: A Systematic and Meta-Analysis Stud." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 7, no. 1 (September 3, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2019.01.

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Objectives: Sexual life may change during pregnancy. Due to negative attitudes toward having sex, unpleasant feeling, and fear of several issues, women might avoid vaginal intercourse during pregnancy. Therefore, the present systematic review aimed to investigate the frequency of vaginal intercourse in pregnancy. Materials and Methods: Comprehensive literature review was conducted to find the relevant articles published (from December 1990 to April 2018) on the issue including observational studies (e.g., cross-sectional and cohort studies) that certainly determined the mean frequency of vaginal sex throughout pregnancy. In this regard, online international databases such as ISI, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Google Scholar were independently explored and checked by two authors. Duplicate articles were removed by the EndNote X7 Reference Manager. The results were analyzed using RevMan 5.3 software. The P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Totally, after excluding the duplicate and irrelevant articles based on having the mean frequency of vaginal intercourse during pregnancy, 13 articles were obtained. The range of vaginal intercourse frequency varied from 6.01 to 21 times every month pre-pregnancy, 3.67-9.87 times monthly in the first trimester, 2.78-7.21 times monthly in the second trimester, and 1.35-5.9 times monthly in the third trimester. Five out of the 13 selected articles reporting the mean and standard deviation were entered the current meta-analysis. The frequency of vaginal intercourse was obtained 7.75 (7.13-8.38) times monthly prior to pregnancy, 4.16 (3.86-4.46) times in the first trimester, 6.37 (5.60-7.14) times monthly in the second trimester, and 1.81 (1.49-2.13) times monthly in the third trimester. Conclusions: Generally, the frequency of vaginal intercourse decreased in the first trimester while increasing in the second trimester. However, a sharp decline was observed between the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

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Sunyal, D. K., Md R. Amin, MH Md. R, GM Kibria, G. M. Molla, and Md M. Zaman. "Changes of Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Arterial Blood (PaCO2) and Respiratory Rate (RR) in Pregnant Women." Journal of Medical Science & Research 10, Number 1 (January 1, 2008): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47648/jmsr.2008.v1001.02.

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In the present study the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood (PaC0:1 and respiratory rate (RR) were studied in pregnant and non-pregnant women in Dhaka city. Far this purpose a total 32 women for PaCO)and 100 women for RR with age ranging front 25 ...ears le 35 years without any recent history of respiratory diseases were selected. Normal pregnant women were taken as e.yperimental group and healthy nor-pregnant ...omen as return!. Data was collected during first trimester. second trimester and third trimester in pregnant women and also nompregnant women. The PaCOrwas determined by using 'EASY BLOOD GAS .0TO INALMER" and RR was recorded. The PaCO, and RR during different trimesters of pregnant .rumen were compared with that of non-pregnant 11.1101. Statistical analysis was drum with .tudents '1' rest. The PeCOr was significantly lower in first trimester, second trimester and third (rimester of pregnant women than that of non-pregnant women. Similarly, RR was significantly higher in first trimester. second trimester and third trimester of pregnant women than that of nonpregnant women. Again RR was significantly higher in third trimester than in first trimester and second trimester of pregnant women. There were no statistically significant difference of PaCO, among first trimester. second trimester and third trimester of pregnant women. Similarly, there were no statistically significant difference of RR between first trimester and second trimester of pregnant women. It may be concluded from the study that the progressively decreased PaCO• and increased RR throughout Me pregnancy were most likely MP be related to the effect of progesterone-induced hyperventilation. Hypermfilation in pregnancy is due to hypersensitivity of respiratory centre. Due to hyperventilation there is expel out of CO, miming decrease in PaC0r and increase in RR during pregnancy.

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Pieczyńska, Joanna, Sylwia Płaczkowska, Lilla Pawlik-Sobecka, Izabela Kokot, Rafał Sozański, and Halina Grajeta. "Association of Dietary Inflammatory Index with Serum IL-6, IL-10, and CRP Concentration during Pregnancy." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 2789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092789.

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Background: The mother’s diet has a direct impact on fetal development and pregnancy, and can also be important in the course of the body’s inflammatory response. An anti-inflammatory diet can be a promising way to counter an excessive inflammatory response in pregnancy. Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the association between the dietary inflammatory index (DII) and the pregnant women’s serum interleukin 6 (IL-6) and 10 (IL-10) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration in the course of normal and complicated pregnancy. Research Methods and Procedures: The study included 45 Polish pregnant women recruited to the study. The DII, a literature-based dietary index to assess the inflammatory properties of diet, was estimated based on a seven-day 24-h recall and an food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in each trimester of pregnancy. At the same time as the nutritional interviews, blood samples were collected for the determination of IL-6, IL-10, and CRP concentrations. The studied group was divided into subgroups with normal and complicated pregnancy and depending on the DII median. Results: With the development of pregnancy, the DII score slightly decreased in subsequent trimesters: −1.78 in the first trimester, −2.43 in the second trimester, and −2.71 in the third trimester (p = 0.092). Independent of the trimester of pregnancy and the occurrence of pregnancy complications, the DII score did not affect the differences in the serum concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and CRP, with the exception of CRP level in the second trimester in women with complicated pregnancy (subgroup with DII < median had a lower CRP level than subgroup with DII > median). In the first and third trimesters, there was a weak but significant positive correlation between the DII score and CRP concentration. During the second trimester, in the group with normal pregnancy and DII below the median, a significant negative correlation between the DII score and the serum IL-6 and IL-10 concentration was noted as well as in the third trimester for IL-6. Conclusion: The anti-inflammatory potential of a pregnant woman’s diet increases slightly with pregnancy development; however, its value has no permanent significant association with the level of CRP, IL-6, and IL-10.

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Dørup, Inge, Kristjar Skajaa, and Keld E. Sørensen. "Normal pregnancy is associated with enhanced endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 276, no. 3 (March 1, 1999): H821—H825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1999.276.3.h821.

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Normal pregnancy is characterized by reduced systemic vascular resistance, which may be mediated by nitric oxide (NO). We compared endothelial vasomotor function in 71 normal pregnant women (13 in first, 29 in middle, and 29 in last trimester) to 37 healthy age-matched controls. With external ultrasound, brachial artery diameter was measured at rest, during reactive hyperemia [with increased flow causing endothelium-dependent dilation (FMD)], and after sublingual nitroglycerin (causing endothelium-independent dilation). Compared with controls, resting flow and brachial artery diameter were significantly higher during the middle and last trimesters. Reactive hyperemia was reduced in all pregnant groups. FMD increased from the first trimester (by 26%), reaching the highest value in the last trimester (to 47% above nonpregnant values). FMD was significantly correlated to pregnancy status (nonpregnant or pregnant) and to vessel size. Nitroglycerin-induced dilation was similar in pregnant and nonpregnant women. A longitudinal study of eight women evaluated in the first, middle, and last trimesters confirmed an increase in FMD throughout pregnancy. The study supports the idea that basal and stimulated NO activity is enhanced in normal pregnancy and may contribute to the decrease in peripheral resistance.

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Tiparse, Awdhut, Birwa Gandhi, and Arpita Patel. "Ultrasonographic evaluation of first trimester bleeding." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 8 (July 26, 2017): 3614. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20173495.

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Background: Vaginal bleeding in the first trimester is a common obstetric situation ranging from an insignificant episode to life threatening emergency. The major causes are abortion, ectopic, and molar pregnancy. Ultrasonography is playing an increasing role in the diagnostic process. This study was taken up to evaluate its utility vis-à-vis clinical examination findings.Methods: A Prospective study was carried out on all inpatients admitted to Gopnath Maternity Home, Sir T. Hospital, Bhavnagar with complaints of bleeding per vaginum in the first trimester of pregnancy during the study period from December 2016 to May 2017. A complete general physical and pelvic examination was done to arrive at a clinical diagnosis. Patients were then subjected to ultrasound examination. Clinical diagnosis and ultrasound diagnosis were correlated.Results: Among these 200 cases, threatened abortion was the commonest cause of bleeding. This was observed in 74 cases (37%). There were 40 (20%) cases of missed abortion in the present study. Incomplete abortion and complete abortion in 14 and 6 cases respectively. There were 26 (13%) cases of ectopic pregnancy.Conclusions: Ultrasound is a valuable tool in the differentiation of causes of first trimester vaginal bleeding. Ultrasound is helpful in the decision-making algorithm about the safe continuation of the pregnancy, timely intervention for abnormal pregnancy.

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MARTIN, U., C. DAVIES, S. HAYAVI, A. HARTLAND, and F. DUNNE. "Is normal pregnancy atherogenic?" Clinical Science 96, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 421–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0960421.

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Serum cholesterol, triacylglycerols and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) subfractions were determined in 120 primagravid women during normal gestation (40 in each trimester) and in 20 non-pregnant age-matched controls. LDL subfractions were determined by PAGE, and an LDL score was calculated. The higher the score, the smaller the subfractions. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of the hyperlipidaemia, high oestrogen concentrations and insulin resistance known to exist in normal pregnancy on LDL subfraction formation. Pregnant women had an increased mean serum cholesterol concentration [5.78 (S.D. 1.09) mmol/l] in the first trimester compared with the non-pregnant controls [5.11 (0.77) mmol/l; P< 0.01]. The serum cholesterol concentration increased progressively throughout gestation to a mean of 8.14 (1.39) mmol/l in the third trimester (P< 0.001 compared with the second trimester). Triacylglycerol concentrations in the first trimester were similar to those of controls, and there was a non-significant increase by the second trimester to 1.32 (0.44) mmol/l. However, by the third trimester the mean triacylglycerol concentration had doubled [2.58 (0.98) mmol/l; P< 0.001 compared with the first and second trimester]. During gestation the LDL score increased dramatically, from 1.17 (0.39) during the first trimester to 2.01 (0.37) in the second trimester (P< 0.001) to 2.73 (0.48) in the third trimester (P< 0.001 compared with the second trimester). Thus an atherogenic lipid profile develops during normal gestation. The significance of these changes remains unclear, but thay may have important implications for mother and foetus.

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De Santis, Marco, Elena Di Gianantonio, Elena Cesari, Guido Ambrosini, Gianluca Straface, and Maurizio Clementi. "First-Trimester Itraconazole Exposure and Pregnancy Outcome." Drug Safety 32, no. 3 (2009): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200932030-00006.

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Kilic, Gokhan, Banu Dane, Taner Molla, Osman Sevket, and Ramazan Dansuk. "Acute Abdomen in the First Trimester Pregnancy." Journal of Case Reports 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2015): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17659/01.2015.0029.

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Sliutz, Gerhard, Ramona Sanani, Babette Spängler-Wierrani, and Franz Wierrani. "First trimester uterine rupture and scar pregnancy." Medical Hypotheses 73, no. 3 (September 2009): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2009.02.023.

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Almeida, Glauce Romeiro de, Ricardo dos Santos Simões, Antonio Silvinato, and Wanderley Marques Bernardo. "Ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 66, no. 11 (November 2020): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.11.1472.

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Almeida, Glauce Romeiro de, Ricardo dos Santos Simões, Antonio Silvinato, and Wanderley Marques Bernardo. "Ultrasound in the first trimester of pregnancy." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 66, no. 10 (October 2020): 1323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.7.1323.

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Sevket, Osman, Seda Ates, Elif Sarioglu, Seda Keskin, and Banu Dane. "Cornual Ectopic Pregnancy at Late First Trimester." Journal of Gynecologic Surgery 30, no. 1 (February 2014): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/gyn.2012.0059.

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BRAMBATI, BRUNO, LUCIA TULUI, ALESSANDRO LANZANI, GIUSEPPE SIMONI, and MAURIZIO TRAVI. "First-trimester Genetic Diagnosis in Multiple Pregnancy." Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 47, no. 6 (June 1992): 386–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006254-199206000-00010.

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Rasmussen, Diane, and Martin Myers. "VARICELLA IN THE FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 6, no. 9 (September 1987): 877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198709000-00030.

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Sainsbury, D. C. G., T. J. Dorkin, S. MacPhail, and N. A. Soomro. "Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in first-trimester pregnancy." Urology 64, no. 6 (December 2004): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.06.038.

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Cassina, Matteo, Marco De Santis, Elena Cesari, Marion van Eijkeren, Matitiahu Berkovitch, Giorgio Eleftheriou, Francesco Raffagnato, Elena Di Gianantonio, and Maurizio Clementi. "First trimester diclofenac exposure and pregnancy outcome." Reproductive Toxicology 30, no. 3 (November 2010): 401–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.04.010.

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Cassina, Matteo, Marco De Santis, Elena Cesari, Marion van Eijkeren, Matitiahu Berkovitch, Giorgio Eleftheriou, Francesco Raffagnato, Elena Di Gianantonio, and Maurizio Clementi. "First trimester diclofenac exposure and pregnancy outcome." Reproductive Toxicology 30, no. 2 (September 2010): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.05.051.

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Brameld, K. J., J. E. Dickinson, P. OʼLeary, C. Bower, J. Goldblatt, B. Hewitt, A. Murch, and R. Stock. "First Trimester Predictors of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes." Obstetric Anesthesia Digest 29, no. 4 (December 2009): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.aoa.0000362075.67893.e0.

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Journal articles on the topic 'First trimester of pregnancy'

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