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1
Yusuf, Nasruddin, and Faradila Hasan. "Pilar-Pilar Kerukunan Beragama di Sulawesi Utara." Gorontalo Journal of Government and Political Studies 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32662/gjgops.v3i2.1116.
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This article discusses the pillars that are at the root of maintaining harmony among religious communities in North Sulawesi Province. When in several cities in Indonesia riots and conflicts occurred only in the City of Manado (North Sulawesi Province) there were no riots and conflicts, whereas when viewed from demographic status that is similar to cities that occurred riots, Manado City has the potential for conflict. However, there are three pillars that make conflict and riots not occur, although it cannot be denied that there are always events that are related to the issue of SARA (Suku, Agama, Ras, dan Antar Golongan; Stands for Ethnic, Religion, Race and Intergroups) that can be the cause of riots in North Sulawesi Province. However, it can always be handled well so that riots and conflicts do not occur. The method used in this study is a qualitative method using anthropological and sociological approaches. The three pillars are the pillar of culture, pillar of religious leaders and the choice of government. The first pillar is culture to be one of the pillars of harmony in North Sulawesi Province because of the existence of mapalus culture. The second pillar, namely religious leaders, becomes a mobilizer in the community and plays a role in calling for sovereignty. The third breakdown is the government in which the government takes an important role by collaborating with religious leaders to safeguard harmony in North Sulawesi Province.Artikel ini membahas mengenai pilar-pilar yang menjadi akar dari terjaganya kerukunan antar umat beragama di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Ketika di beberapa kota di Indonesia terjadi kerusuhan dan konflik hanya di Kota Manado (Provinsi Sulawesi Utara) tidak terjadi kerusuhan dan konflik, padahal jika dilihat dari status demografi yang mirip dengan kota-kota yang terjadi kerusuhan, Kota Manado berpotensi untuk terjadi konflik. Namun terdapat tiga pilar yang membuat konflik dan kerusuhan tidak terjadi meskipun tidak dapat dipungkiri bahwa selalu saja muncul kejadian yang berkaitan dengan isu sara yang dapat menjadi pemantik kerusuhan di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Akantetapi, selalu saja dapat diatasi dengan baik sehingga tidak terjadi kerusuhan dan konflik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode pendekatan antropologis dan sosiologis. Tiga pilar tersebut yaitu pilar budaya, pilar tokoh agama dan pilar pemerintah. Pilar pertama yaitu kebudayaan menjadi salah satu penopang kerukunan di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara karena adanya budaya “mapalus”. Pilar kedua yaitu tokoh agama menjadi penggerak disalam masyarakat dan berperan dalam menyerukan kedaiman. Pilar ketiga yaitu pemerintahan dimana pemerintah mengambil peran penting dengan bekerjasama dengan tokoh agama untuk menjaaga kerukuanan di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara.
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Shao, Xiao Ping, and Yu Cheng Xia. "Modeling and Numerical Optimal Simulation of Coal Pillar’s Failure Process on Longwall Leaving Coal Pillar Mining." Applied Mechanics and Materials 88-89 (August 2011): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.88-89.285.
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To further optimize mining methods and parameters at regions of “protecting water mining”, this paper has made modeling and numerical optimal simulation of coal pillar’s failure process under two kinds of mining method including “taking 8 remaining 7” leaving the region pillars and “taking 12 remaining 8” leaving strip coal pillars for Yubojie coal mine in northern Shaanxi province in China. Simulation showed that the stability of strip coal pillars is better than the region coal pillars at the same advancing distance. The region coal pillars first appeared corner plastic failure and maybe become hexagonal pillars. Plastic failure of the rectangular pillar extended and penetrated from the corner along the edge. Plastic damage of pillars showed tendency from the middle to the roadway side of the face along the length direction of face. Stability of central elastic core of coal pillar is the basis of pillar stability. Simulation results showed that it is feasible to optimize mining methods and parameters of “protecting water mining" areas based on modeling and numerical simulation of pillar failure process. The method has provided a useful reference to mining method and optimization design research for other regions with same type of domestic and international coal mines.
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Liu, Peng Liang. "Stowing and Mining Interval Width and Stowing Body Strength Index in Tool Pillar Stowing Faces." Advanced Materials Research 962-965 (June 2014): 1189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.962-965.1189.
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This paper put forward the technical ideas of tool pillar mining with stowing that is dividing mining and stowing into two stages and recycling pillars based on the first stage stowing body support roof by analyzing tool pillar faces characteristic with pillar and goaf septal arrangement. Due to the stope drift and pillar size are both small, the goaf should be timely stowing in order to ensure stability of pillars and stowing body, author introduced stowing and mining interval width and stowing body strength determined method in two stages. This paper calculated pillar load of the first stage and stowing body load of the second stage with enlarge pressure arch theory, determined stowing and mining interval width in two stages and stowing body strength in the first stage combined with safety factor. At last author determined the second stage stowing body strength according to the surface movement and deformation control requirement with numerical simulation.
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Jitmaneeroj, Boonlert. "Reform priorities for corporate sustainability." Management Decision 54, no. 6 (July 11, 2016): 1497–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-11-2015-0505.
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Purpose – Most companies rarely work on sustainable development as a whole, which includes environmental, social, governance, and economic pillars. The purpose of this paper is to explore causal relationships between pillar scores and overall score of sustainability and identify the most critical pillar to which policy makers should allot limited resources with the highest priority. Design/methodology/approach – Based on Thomson Reuters ASSET4 database of global corporate sustainability, this paper examines the causal relations between pillar scores and overall score of sustainability by using the three-stage integrative methodology consisting of cluster analysis, data mining, and partial least square path modeling. Findings – This paper finds that each pillar has unequal effects on the overall corporate sustainability and that the overall score is affected by not only the direct effects from pillar scores but also the indirect effects from the causal interrelations among pillars. Moreover, the patterns of causal directions and the most critical pillar are sensitive to industries. Social performance is the most critical pillar for the majority of industries, followed by environmental performance, and economic performance, respectively. The governance performance, however, is not the most critical pillar in any industry. Practical implications – To construct a roadmap for reform priorities, policy makers should follow the top-down approach which involves hierarchical decisions. Using the three-stage methodology, the policy makers first decide on the most critical pillar score before selecting the most critical category score underneath. Originality/value – Relaxing traditional assumptions of simple average overall score of corporate sustainability, the three-stage integrative framework allows for causal interrelations among pillars and different weights on individual pillars.
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Penadés-Plà, Vicent, David Martínez-Muñoz, Tatiana García-Segura, Ignacio J. Navarro, and Víctor Yepes. "Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of Optimized Post-Tensioned Concrete Road Bridges." Sustainability 12, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 4265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12104265.
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Most of the definitions of sustainability include three basic pillars: economic, environmental, and social. The economic pillar has always been evaluated but not necessarily in the sense of economic sustainability. On the other hand, the environmental pillar is increasingly being considered, while the social pillar is weakly developed. Focusing on the environmental and social pillars, the use of methodologies to allow a wide assessment of these pillars and the integration of the assessment in a few understandable indicators is crucial. This article is structured into two parts. In the first part, a review of life cycle impact assessment methods, which allow a comprehensive assessment of the environmental and social pillars, is carried out. In the second part, a complete environmental and social sustainability assessment is made using the ecoinvent database and ReCiPe method, for the environmental pillar, and SOCA database and simple Social Impact Weighting method, for the social pillar. This methodology was used to compare three optimized bridges: two box-section post-tensioned concrete road bridges with a variety of initial and maintenance characteristics, and a pre-stressed concrete precast bridge. The results show that there is a high interrelation between the environmental and social impact for each life cycle stage.
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Sarwono, Sarwono. "Studi karakteristik gerusan lokal pada beberapa tipe pilar jembatan." JURNAL SUMBER DAYA AIR 12, no. 1 (May 17, 2017): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.32679/jsda.v12i1.167.
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The local scouringcharacteristicsuroundings several bridge pillars forms have a different characteristics, some forms of pillars of the bridge are considered optimum when equipped with the data: discharge, slope of riverbed, material, and on the same flow direction, that will produce the most shallow scouring. The objective of this study is to find the form of pillars that will generate the most superficial scouring. The study is conducted at the Laboratory of River in Surakarta. The used flume has length of 10.00 m, width 0.40 m and height of 0.40 m. The forms of pillar studied are two cylindrical pillars, sheet pile and full walls pillar. The slope of the riverbed (i) are varied, there are three: 0.006, 0.0125 and 0.020. The flow discharge rate there are five variations: 5,37 m3/s, 8,94 m3/s, 12,52 m3/s, 14,31 m3/s, 17,89 m3/s. Land was used at material for river bed, and, there are three kinds of value D50: 0.60 mm, 0.80 mm and 1.00 mm. The research method includes: a field survey, two dimension physical model test with 1:20 scale.The results showed for each pillar shapes have different characters. The deepest scouring suroundings the pillar beside the point, at the beginning of the first minute to the 20th minute in a sudden deep scour the riverbed and form of river bed suroundings are the pillars up and down irregularly. In the 20th minute until the end of the stream scouring decreased almost linearly lines are horizontzl. In general the pile type pillars was found to cause the minimum scouring than other pillar shapes.
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Ma, Tianhui, Long Wang, Fidelis Tawiah Suorineni, and Chunan Tang. "Numerical Analysis on Failure Modes and Mechanisms of Mine Pillars under Shear Loading." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6195482.
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Severe damage occurs frequently in mine pillars subjected to shear stresses. The empirical design charts or formulas for mine pillars are not applicable to orebodies under shear. In this paper, the failure process of pillars under shear stresses was investigated by numerical simulations using the rock failure process analysis (RFPA) 2D software. The numerical simulation results indicate that the strength of mine pillars and the corresponding failure mode vary with different width-to-height ratios and dip angles. With increasing dip angle, stress concentration first occurs at the intersection between the pillar and the roof, leading to formation of microcracks. Damage gradually develops from the surface to the core of the pillar. The damage process is tracked with acoustic emission monitoring. The study in this paper can provide an effective means for understanding the failure mechanism, planning, and design of mine pillars.
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Zhu, Haiyan, Ya-Pu Zhao, Yongcun Feng, Haowei Wang, Liaoyuan Zhang, and John D. McLennan. "Modeling of Fracture Width and Conductivity in Channel Fracturing With Nonlinear Proppant-Pillar Deformation." SPE Journal 24, no. 03 (March 11, 2019): 1288–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/194500-pa.
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Summary Channel fracturing acknowledges that there will be local concentrations of proppant that generate high-conductivity channel networks within a hydraulic fracture. These concentrations of proppant form pillars that maintain aperture. The mechanical properties of these proppant pillars and the reservoir rock are important factors affecting conductivity. In this paper, the nonlinear stress/strain relationship of proppant pillars is first determined using experimental results. A predictive model for fracture width and conductivity is developed when unpropped, highly conductive channels are generated during the stimulation. This model considers the combined effects of pillar and fracture-surface deformation, as well as proppant embedment. The influence of the geomechanical parameters related to the formation and the operational parameters of the stimulation are analyzed using the proposed model. The results of this work indicate the following: Proppant pillars clearly exhibit compaction in response to applied closure stress, and the resulting axial and radial deformation should not be ignored in the prediction of fracture conductivity. There is an optimal ratio (approximately 0.6 to 0.7) of pillar diameter to pillar distance that results in a maximum hydraulic conductivity regardless of pillar diameter. The critical ratio of rock modulus to closure stress currently used in the industry to evaluate the applicability of a channel-fracturing technique is quite conservative. The operational parameters of fracturing jobs should also be considered in the evaluation.
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Samsuir, Al Ikhlas, Ahmad Rivauzi, and Wirdati Wirdati. "PILAR PENDIDIKAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF IMAM AL-SYATHIBY." TARBAWY : Indonesian Journal of Islamic Education 5, no. 1 (October 1, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/t.v5i1.13324.
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This study aims to reveal about the pillars of education in the perspective of Imam al-Syathiby. This research is library research where the authors explore the opinion of Imam al-Syathiby in the book al-Muwafaqat fi Ushul al-Syari’ah that related with education. After the data is collected, it is processed by qualitative approach method. The instrument in this study is the author himself. From this study it can be concluded that the concept of education according to Imam al-Syathiby has four pillars; first, materials (science), second, teacher, third, method and forth, student. Every pillar in education must be paid attention proportionally. If not, education will not work properly. The further impact is that the goodness of human life both in the world and in the hereafter will not be realized. In this world human will be miserable, in the hereafter they will be misfortune.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap tentang pilar pendidikan dalam perspektif Imam al-Syathiby. Penelitan ini berbentuk library research dimana penulis mengeksplorasi pendapat Imam al-Syathiby dalam kitab al-Muwafaqat fi Ushuli al-Syari`ah yang berkaitan dengan pendidikan.Setelah data terkumpul, diolah dengan metode pendekatan kualitatif. Adapun instrument dalam penelitian ini adalah penulis sendiri. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsep pendidikan menurut Imam al-Syathiby memiliki empat pilar, yaitu, materi (ilmu), guru, metode dan murid. Setiap pilar dalam pendidikan tersebut harus mendapatkan perhatian sesuai dengan porsinya. Jika tidak, maka pendidikan tidak akan berjalan dengan baik. Dampak lebih jauhnya adalah tidak akan terwujudnya kemashlahatan pada kehidupan manusia di dunia dan akhirat. Di dunia manusia akan sengsara di akhirat nanti manusia akan celaka.
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Johansen, Svein T., Trude H. Olsen, Elsa Solstad, and Harald Torsteinsen. "An insider view of the hybrid organisation: How managers respond to challenges of efficiency, legitimacy and meaning." Journal of Management & Organization 21, no. 6 (February 16, 2015): 725–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2015.1.
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AbstractIn this paper we look at how managers perceive and manage meetings between different institutional logics in three types of hybrid organisations; a savings bank, a municipality and a hospital. The paper contributes to our understanding of organisational hybridity in two ways: First, drawing on Scott’s three institutional pillars, the paper shows how meetings between different institutional logics involve not just the cultural–cognitive pillar, usually highlighted in work on hybrid organisations, but all of them, including the regulative and the normative pillars. Second, the paper suggests a hierarchical relationship between meetings and responses, ranging from less elaborate responses that primarily involve the regulative pillar to more complex and all-encompassing responses that include not only the regulative and the normative but also the cultural–cognitive pillar, triggering questions and issues about identity and purpose.
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Suyanti and Zoelly's Fix Nurfadholi. "Kelemahan Indonesia Menuju Poros Maritim Dunia dan Cara Mengatasinya." Dinamika Bahari 2, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.46484/db.v2i1.269.
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This research examines Indonesia's weaknesses towards the world's maritime axis and how to overcome them. The problem under study is the Indonesian government's policy in realizing its aspirations to become a world maritime axis, weaknesses in realizing these ideals, and how to overcome them. This research is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. The data used are secondary. Data collection is done by collecting books, journals, and references from various online media. The research found that the policies carried out by the government to realize the goal of becoming a world maritime axis, are: 1) Publishing a maritime legal conduct; 2) Describe the 5 pillars of the vision for the world's maritime axis; 3) Forming a Coordinating Ministry for Maritime Affairs; 4) Increase the export of marine commodities. Indonesia's weaknesses in realizing these ideals are overcome by the 5 pillars of the vision for the world's maritime axis, namely: 1) Decreasing maritime culture, overcome by the first pillar; 2) The absence of a common understanding of the concept of a maritime country, is overcome by the second pillar; 3) Lack of maritime human resources, overcome by the first pillar; 4) There are still overlapping regulations in the maritime sector, resolved by the fourth pillar; 5) The port management is still not well managed by the third pillar; 6) The lack of the role of sea transportation is overcome by the third pillar; 7) The small contribution of the marine fisheries sector is overcome by the second pillar; The existence of thuggery and port mafia is overcome by the fifth pillar.
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Weerdesteijn, Maartje, and Barbora Holá. "“Tool in the R2P Toolbox”? Analysing the Role of the International Criminal Court in the Three Pillars of the Responsibility to Protect." Criminal Law Forum 31, no. 3 (May 9, 2020): 377–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10609-020-09394-x.
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Abstract In the last two decades, two important instruments emerged to combat mass atrocities. In 2002 the International Criminal Court (ICC) was established. Subsequently, in 2005, the international community politically committed itself to the responsibility to protect populations from mass atrocities (R2P) distinguishing three pillars: (i) the responsibility of the state to protect its own population, (ii) the responsibility to help states live up to this responsibility and (iii) the responsibility of the international community to intervene when states manifestly fail to protect their population. While the ICC is frequently referred to as a “tool in the R2P toolbox,” an analysis of the ways in which the ICC works within R2P’s pillar structure was missing. Using the R2P pillar-structure, this article systematically analyses how the ICC plays a role in the implementation of R2P. More specifically, this paper disentangles the diverse modalities of ICC engagement with states – such as ratification of its Statute, positive complementarity, opening of preliminary examinations or investigations – and demonstrates the complex dynamics of the interaction between the implementation of R2P and the actions of the ICC. The workings of the Court create fluid dynamics that shift back and forth between the different pillars at different points in time. In addition, the ICC can contribute to different pillars at the same time. In some instances, however, it fits uncomfortably in the R2P pillar structure, necessitating the conceptualisation of a pillar two and a half.
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Muller, Antonio, and Cesar Conceição Rodrigues Júnior. "The three pillars of bilingual physical education." Revista Tempos e Espaços em Educação 14, no. 33 (August 24, 2021): e16230. http://dx.doi.org/10.20952/revtee.v14i33.16230.
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This article is a literature review with the objective of characterizing bilingual physical education, to then present and discuss the biggest challenge of the discipline, which is to keep the balance between the objectives and demands of physical education along with the process of acquiring a new language, and then create concepts for how to achieve this balance. This balance proposed for the discipline is something complex and at the same time subtle, we analyzed a specific article that seeks to concentrate all the difficulties of bilingual physical education in two dilemmas, and based on this analysis, the concept of the "three pillars of bilingual physical education" is proposed. The concept of the three pillars represents, in an integral and objective way, all the demands that the teacher needs to take into consideration to teach an ideal bilingual physical education class. The first pillar represents physical education, and all its demands. The second pillar is the process of acquiring a new language. Finally, the third pillar represents the optimization of time that the teacher needs to make to adapt the new demands within the classes, where with these pillars the most common mistakes that happen in the search for an efficient bilingual physical education were presented. It was concluded that to achieve an efficient bilingual physical education there is a need to balance the objectives of physical education mixed with the acquisition process of a new language, through the concept of the three pillars.
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Agustini, Inca Buntari. "EVALUASI PELAKSANAAN PILAR UTAMA DIABETES PADA PASIEN DIABETES MELITUS TIPE 2." Jurnal Riset Kesehatan Nasional 1, no. 2 (May 28, 2019): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.37294/jrkn.v1i2.50.
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ABSTRAKDiabetes Melitus merupakan penyakit yang tidak dapat disembuhkan akan tetapi sangat memungkinkan untuk dikelola atau dikontrol. Dalam konteks pengelolaan penyakit DM, kesadaran ataupun disiplin diri penderita sangat diperlukan untuk membangun kemandirian dan mempertahankan kepatuhan penderita dalam melaksanakan manajemen pengobatan. Komponen manajemen perawatan DM terdiri dari lima pilar utama yang sudah menjadi panduan bagi praktisi kesehatan. Akan tetapi, perlu evaluasi yang nyata untuk mengetahui keberhasilan pelaksanaannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi pelaksanaan pilar utama diabetes pada pasien DM tipe 2.Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Penelitian dilakukan pada empat puskesmas di wilayah Denpasar, Bali dengan jumlah sampel 240 pasien DM tipe 2. Metode pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities.Hasil analisa data menunjukkan bahwa 81 (33,8%) responden tidak mengikuti perencanaan diet sesuai dengan yang dianjurkan, 118 (49,2%) responden setiap hari melakukan latihan fisik ringan, 174 (72,5%) responden melakukan pemeriksaan gula darah satu kali seminggu, 199 (82,9%) mengkonsumsi obat diabetes setiap hari dan 200 (83,3%) responden telah melakukan perawatan kaki setiap hari.Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan empat pilar utama diabetes sudah baik. Pelaksanaan pilar pertama diabetes yang belum baik dimungkinkan karena responden belum memahami pentingnya melaksanakan diet sesuai anjuran. Oleh sebab itu, sangat penting membuat model yang tepat untuk meningkatkan motivasi dan kesadaran responden dalam melaksanakan pilar utama diabetes sehingga berdampak siginifikan terhadap peningkatan kualitas hidup penderita. Kata kunci : diabetes melitus tipe 2, pilar utama diabetes ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease that is not curable but it is possible to be managed or controlled. In the context of DM management, patient awareness or self-discipline is needed to build and maintain the independence of patient compliance in implementing medication management. DM care management component consists of five main pillars which have become a guide for health practitioners. However, it should be a real evaluation to determine the success of the implementation. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the main pillars of diabetes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The design study was quantitative descriptive cross-sectional approach. The study was conducted at four clinics in Denpasar, Bali with a sample size of 240 patients with diabetes mellitus type 2. The sampling method was done by using purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used a questionnaire Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities. The results of data analysis showed that 81 (33.8%) of respondents did not follow the diet plan in accordance with the recommended, 118 (49.2%) of respondents each day doing light physical exercise, 174 (72.5%) of respondents do blood sugar tests one times a week, 199 (82.9%) taking diabetes medication every day, and 200 (83.3%) of respondents have been doing foot care every day. This shows that the implementation of the four pillars of diabetes has been good. Implementation of the first pillar of diabetes are not well possible because the respondents do not understand the importance of implementing the diet proverly. Therefore, it is very important to allow the right model to improve motivation and awareness of the respondents in implementing the main pillars of diabetes which impacted significantly on improving the quality of life of patients. Keywords: diabetes mellitus type 2, the main pillars of diabetes
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Martino, Davide, Wissam Deeb, Joohi Jimenez-Shahed, Irene Malaty, Tamara M. Pringsheim, Alfonso Fasano, Christos Ganos, Winifred Wu, and Michael S. Okun. "The 5 Pillars in Tourette Syndrome Deep Brain Stimulation Patient Selection." Neurology 96, no. 14 (February 16, 2021): 664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000011704.
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The selection of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) for deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery rests on 5 fundamental pillars. However, the operationalization of the multidisciplinary screening process to evaluate these pillars remains highly diverse, especially across sites. High tic severity and tic-related impact on quality of life (first 2 pillars) require confirmation from objective, validated measures, but malignant features of TS should per se suffice to fulfill this pillar. Failure of behavioral and pharmacologic therapies (third pillar) should be assessed taking into account refractoriness through objective and subjective measures supporting lack of efficacy of all interventions of proven efficacy, as well as true lack of tolerability, adherence, or access. Educational interventions and use of remote delivery formats (for behavioral therapies) play a role in preventing misjudgment of treatment failure. Stability of comorbid psychiatric disorders for 6 months (fourth pillar) is needed to confirm the predominant impact of tics on quality of life, to prevent pseudo-refractoriness, and to maximize the future DBS response. The 18-year age limit (fifth pillar) is currently under reappraisal, considering the potential impact of severe tics in adolescence and the predictive effect of tic severity in childhood on tic severity when transitioning into adulthood. Future advances should aim at a consensus-based definition of failure of specific, noninvasive treatment strategies for tics and of the minimum clinical observation period before considering DBS treatment, the stability of behavioral comorbidities, and the use of a prospective international registry data to identify predictors of positive response to DBS, especially in younger patients.
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Yu, Dan, Xiaoyong Yi, Zhimeng Liang, Jinfu Lou, and Weibing Zhu. "Research on Strong Ground Pressure of Multiple-Seam Caused by Remnant Room Pillars Undermining in Shallow Seams." Energies 14, no. 17 (August 24, 2021): 5221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14175221.
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Numerous room-and-pillar mining goaf are apparent in western China due to increasing small coal mining activities, which causes the collapse of the overlying coal pillars and the occurrence of strong ground pressure on the longwall face and surface subsidence. In this study, Yuanbao Bay Coal Mine, Shuozhou, Shanxi, was selected to study the collapse of the overlying coal pillars on the longwall face and reveal the mechanism of the pillar collapse and the disaster-causing mechanism caused by strong ground pressure. Results show that the dynamic collapse process of coal pillars is relatively complicated. First, the coal pillars on both sides of the goaf are destroyed and destabilized, followed by the adjacent coal pillars, which eventually cause a large-scale collapse of the coal pillars. This results in a large-scale cut-off movement of the overlying strata, and the large impact load that acts on the longwall face causes an unmovable longwall face support. Moreover, the roof weighting is severe when strong ground pressure occurs on the longwall face, causing local support jammed accidents. Furthermore, the data of each measurement point of the strata movement inside the ground borehole significantly increases, and the position of the borescope peeping error holes in the ground drill hole rise steeply. The range of movement of the overlying strata increases instantaneously, and the entire strata begin to move. Research on the mechanism of strong ground pressure can effectively prevent mine safety accidents and avoid huge economic losses.
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Fuad, Ahmad Masfuful. "Practicing Ihsan with Tasawuf Amaliyah." Al-Albab 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.24260/alalbab.v7i1.959.
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Moch. Djamaluddin Ahmad, Tasawuf Amaliyah, Jombang: Februari, 2018Practicing Ihsan with Tasawuf AmaliyahAs Islam is spread out by the Prophet of Muhammad (Peace be Upon Him: PbUH) for the seeks of becoming the blessing for the universe (raḥmatan lil ‘ālamīn), Islam offers three main pillars namely iman, islam, and ihsan. The first pillar of iman consisting of its principles (rukun) is the manifestation of the belief of a believer which is known as theology (akidah). The second pillar of Islam together with its five principles is the manifestation of the practice of Islamic teaching (syariat). And the third pillar of ikhsan is the essence of the practicing of the values of Allah the almighty God and the values of the worshipers as later known as hakikat.
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Bai, Minyu, Huan Liu, Fei Xie, Jijie Zhao, Weiguo Liu, and Huikai Xie. "Light trapping enhancement via structure design." International Journal of Modern Physics B 34, no. 06 (February 27, 2020): 2050040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797922050040x.
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Light trapping is of great importance in many applications including photodetectors and solar cells. Silicon-based structures and hybrid devices were designed and studied to reduce reflection, thus enhance light trapping. The typical pillar array was analyzed concerning the pillar radius and distance between pillars first. The result showed that light reflection could be reduced from the range of 0.35–0.45 to the range of 0–0.3 with wavelength from 400 to 700 nm. What should be noted is that optimal size for light trapping changed when wavelength varied. Furthermore, hybrid structure was designed to increase light trapping. The results showed that the structure with random quantum dots (QDs) covering pillar array coated with two-dimensional (2D) material is an effective way to confine the light reflection under 0.1, thus promoting light trapping.
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Eisenhut, Dominik. "Delimitation of EU-Competences under the First and Second Pillar: A View BetweenECOWASand the Treaty of Lisbon." German Law Journal 10, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 585–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200001231.
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Since the European Union (EU) agreed upon the extension of its activities to the fields of foreign, security, and criminal policy in the Maastricht Treaty, the question of the delimitation of those new areas of EU competence towards the “classical” policies under the Treaty of the European Community (TEC) has been present. The broad and rather vague scope of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) in the so-called second pillar of the EU and the area of political cooperation covered by the third pillar presents several uncertainties. One such uncertainty is the relationship between the supranational legal order under the TEC and the more intergovernmental and diplomacy-based cooperation under the Treaty on the European Union (TEU). Although the EU was organized within a single institutional structure, the substantial differences with regard to voting procedures, competences of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the role of the European Commission rendered a clear separation of competences under the different pillars compulsory: CFSP remains beyond the jurisdiction of the ECJ; the Commission and the European Parliament have only marginal rights of participation; and the legal obligations under the second pillar cannot claim supremacy over national law or direct effect.
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Nessim, Maurice. "President's Page: Pillars and columns: Building our future together." Leading Edge 40, no. 2 (February 2021): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/tle40020086.1.
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Pillars and columns, as architectural features, first came into common use in ancient Egypt as early as 2600 BC. Their purpose then, and now, was to provide essential and lasting support for important, massive structures. As pillars and columns became more visible and essential around the world, the words took on broader meanings. The word pillar is now used to describe “a person or idea regarded as reliably providing essential support for something.” A column can be defined as “a section of a magazine or newspaper devoted to a particular subject or written by a particular person.”
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SANECKA-TYCZYŃSKA, Joanna. "STATE EXTERNAL SECURITY MODEL IN POLITICAL THOUGHT OF LAW AND JUSTICE." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 161, no. 3 (July 1, 2011): 218–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.3072.
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Law and Justice (PiS) is a conservative party founded by Jaroslaw Kaczynski and Lech Kaczynski in 2001. Law and Justice had a coherent idea of the State covering the ideological basis, the model of state system and the organization of state power and national security. The problem of national security for PiS was of utmost importance - associated with the raison d'état. External security was a priority for the state government. In the political thought of Law and Justice, the Polish external security model is based on three pillars. The first and most important pillar was military cooperation with the United States within NATO. PiS politicians were in favour of the Atlantic international security model of the guiding role of NATO. The second pillar was the armed forces. The third one, extra security, was the pillar of the Polish membership in the European Union.
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Le Pabic, Charles, Julien Derr, Gilles Luquet, Pascal-Jean Lopez, and Laure Bonnaud-Ponticelli. "Three-dimensional structural evolution of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis shell from embryo to adult stages." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 16, no. 158 (September 2019): 20190175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2019.0175.
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The cuttlefish shell is an internal structure with a composition and general organization unique among molluscs. Its formation and the structure–function relation are explored during Sepia officinalis development, using computerized axial tomography scanning (CAT-scan) three-dimensional analyses coupled to physical measurements and modelling. In addition to the evolution of the overall form, modifications of the internal structure were identified from the last third embryonic stages to adult. Most of these changes can be correlated to life cycle stages and environmental constraints. Protected by the capsule during embryonic life, the first internal chambers are sustained by isolated pillars formed from the dorsal to the ventral septum. After hatching, the formation of pillars appears to be a progressive process from isolated points to interconnected pillars forming a wall-delineated labyrinthine structure. We analysed the interpillar space, the connectivity and the tortuosity of the labyrinth. The labyrinthine pillar network is complete just prior to the wintering migration, probably to sustain the need to adapt to high pressure and to allow buoyancy regulation. At that time, the connectivity in the pillar network is compensated by an increase in tortuosity, most probably to reduce liquid diffusion in the shell. Altogether these results suggest adjustment of internal calcified structure development to both external forces and physiological needs.
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Almeida da Silva, Vitor Carlos. "European Banking Union: a two-stroke reality." UNIO – EU Law Journal 6, no. 1 (July 5, 2020): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21814/unio.6.1.2710.
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This paper focuses on the study concerning the European Banking Union’s conclusion. The European Banking Union was scheduled to come into existence in 2013, but it did not become a reality until 2014 when it implemented its first pillar: The Single Supervisory Mechanism. This European project appears, after the economic and financial crisis of 2007-2008 and the sovereign debt crises of 2010, as a fundamental complement to Economic and Monetary Union, since it is one of the blocks that allows its deepening, harmonising the supervision, resolution and protection of depositors in the Euro Zone. However, the third pillar, the European Deposit Insurance Scheme, has not yet been implemented, contributing to the non completion and inefficiency of this European project in the face of a new financial crisis.This text seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the European Banking Union and its pillars. It is divided into three parts: the first part is a brief background on the motivations behind the creation of the Banking Union; the second part concerns the three pillars that constitute it; and the third and final part is a brief conclusion on the outcome of this European project.
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Wen, Dong, Wang Hua, Hai Feng Yang, Liu Tao, and Qiu Yue Jiang. "Arrangement Optimization and Crashworthiness Analysis of B-Pilla Solder Joint Based on Collision Safety." Solid State Phenomena 315 (March 2021): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.315.90.
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Through hyperworks and Lsdyna, the side impact simulation of the vehicle model with Q&P980 class B-pilla is carried out. The middle part of B-pillar is the main part to bear the impact load, which corresponds to the occupant's chest and abdomen. The invasive displacement and the speed are large and the change trend is basically the same. After the optimization of the B-pillar weld solder joint layout, the number of solder joints was reduced by 23.61%, the structural static stiffness and the first-order torsional frequency were improved, the collision performance remained basically unchanged, and the body assembly cost was reduced.
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Sokarina, Ayudia, and Rosyid Arifin. "Towards the concept of divine justice income: an imaginary dialogue." IMANENSI: Jurnal Ekonomi, Manajemen dan Akuntansi Islam 4, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.34202/imanensi.4.1.2019.14-22.
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Abstrak Tulisan ini adalah sebuah dialog imajiner antara dua akuntan yang berbeda latar belakang lingkungan pendidikan. Salah seorang dengan pendidikan sekuler (akuntan-sekuler: Asek) dan seorang lainnya berasal dari lingkungan pendidikan pesantren (akuntan-syariah: Asyah). Keduanya berdialog mengenai konsep income hingga melahirkan sebuah konsep yang mereka sebut sebagai konsep income berkeadilan Ilahi. Konsep income berkeadilan Ilahi mengandung tiga rukun yaitu: rukun paritas, rukun kewargaan, dan rukun pembuktian. Ketiga rukun itu digambarkan seperti struktur lapisan bumi. Tulisan ini menggunakan dialog imajiner sebagai sebuah metode yang dikategorikan dalam paradigma postmodern. Ini adalah sebuah cara unik untuk memberikan pencerahan bagi perkembangan akuntansi syariah. Abstract This paper is an imaginary dialogue between two accountants who have different educational background environments. The first accountant is from secular education environment (secular accountant: Asek) and the second accountant comes from pesantren education environment (sharia accountant: Asyah). Both of them discuss about the concept of income to initiate a concept which is called Divine Justice Income. The concept of Divine Justice Income consists of three pillars, namely: parity pillar (rukun paritas), kinship pillar (rukun kewargaan), and social welfare pillar (rukun pembuktian). All pillars are illustrated just like the layer of earth. This paper employs an imaginary dialogue as the method which is categorized as postmodern paradigm. This is a unique way to provide insight for the development of sharia accounting.
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Kobylkin, Sergey, and Alexander Kharisov. "Design features of coal mines ventilation using a room-and-pillar development system." Journal of Mining Institute 245 (December 2, 2020): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31897/pmi.2020.5.4.
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The safety of mining operations in coal mines for aerological factors depends on the quality of accepted and implemented ventilation design solutions. The current “Design Manual of coal mine ventilation” do not take into account the features of room-and-pillar development systems used in Russia. This increases the risk of explosions, fires, and gassing.
The detailed study of foreign experience in designing ventilation for the considered development systems e of coal deposits allowed to formulate recommendations on the ventilation scheme organization for coal mines using a room-and-pillar development system and the procedure for ventilation during multi-entry gateroad development.
Observations have shown that the use of the existing Russian procedure for airing mining sites with a room-and-pillar development system complicates the emergency rescue operations conduct. Low speeds and multidirectional air movement, difficult heat outflow, and the abandonment of coal pillars increase the risk of occurrence and late detection of endogenous fire.
The results of numerical modeling have shown that the installation (parallel to the drifts) of ventilation structures in inter-chamber pillars will increase the reliability of ventilation by transferring the ventilation scheme from a complex diagonal to a complex parallel. It will also reduce the amount of air required for the mine site and the total aerodynamic drag.
The research made it possible to formulate requirements for the design procedure for coal mines ventilation using a room-and-pillar development system, which consist in the order of working out blocks in the panel, and also the additional use of ventilation structures (light brattice clothes or blowing line brattice).
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Majeed, Bivragh, Wim De Malsche, Lei Zhang, Paolo Fiorini, Deniz Sabuncuoglu Tezcan, and Philippe Soussan. "Silicon Micro-Fabrication Technologies for Micro-Filters." International Symposium on Microelectronics 2010, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 000498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/isom-2010-wa5-paper1.
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Silicon micro-fabrication techniques allow for the development of microfluidic systems with very accurate control of size and uniformity of structures. In this paper we report on the silicon fabrication process of micro-filters for versatile application in fluidics systems. Micro-filters are composed of an ordered array of pillars and supply channels. Depending on pillar pitch, they can be used for, e.g., electrophoresis, chromatography and purification of biological mixtures. In this paper we focus on high performance liquid chromatography. The process that we have developed for micropillar fabrication consists of defining first 1μm diameter pillars with an inter-pillar distance of 1μm or less in an oxide hard mask with a DUV stepper, stitching is used to form few cm long patterns across the 200mm wafers. Second, the supply channels are defined with 1× alignment lithography. After definition of supply channels, deep reactive ion etching of silicon is performed with an optimised recipe to etch submicron pillars and supply channels of 100μm wide at the same time. The simultaneous etch of both structures avoids complex lithography steps otherwise necessary to protect the pillars while etching the supply channels or vice versa as would be done conventionally. Wafers are then anodically bonded to 200mm Pyrex wafers in order to seal the channels. Pyrex wafer also allows the use of optical detection system. Feed through holes for accessing the supply channels are etched on the backside of Si wafer. Filter characterization has been performed: a plate height of 1μm was measured and successful separation of 3 coumarin dyes is achieved.
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DEVA, Surya. "The UN Guiding Principles’ Orbit and Other Regulatory Regimes in the Business and Human Rights Universe: Managing the Interface." Business and Human Rights Journal 6, no. 2 (June 2021): 336–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bhj.2021.23.
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AbstractWhat should be the interface of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) with other regulatory regimes in the business and human rights (BHR) universe? This article explores this issue in relation to two specific contexts. First, the interface of ‘social norm’ with evolving ‘legal norms’: relation of Pillar II of the UNGPs and mandatory human rights due diligence (HRDD) laws as well as parent companies’ direct duty of care for negligence. Second, the interface of ‘soft norms’ and evolving ‘hard norms’: how the UNGPs should inform the proposed BHR treaty. It is argued that legal norms should align with Pillar II only in a ‘loose manner’. They should draw from and build on the HRDD concept under Pillar II, but not be constrained by it, because a hard alignment of Pillar I laws with Pillar II could undercut the independent but complementary status of the two pillars. Moreover, the UNGPs should serve only as a ‘starting point’ and not the ‘end point’ in the evolution of other hard or soft norms in the future. Such an approach would be desirable because the UNGPs alone are unlikely to be enough to challenge or confront the existing structure of irresponsibility and inequality.
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Carstensen, Kai. "Estimating the ECB Policy Reaction Function." German Economic Review 7, no. 1 (February 1, 2006): 1–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2006.00145.x.
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Abstract This paper estimates the policy reaction function of the European Central Bank in the first four years of EMU using an ordered probit model which accounts for the fact that central bank rates are set at multiples of 25 basis points. Starting from a baseline model which mimics the Taylor rule, the impacts of different economic variables on interest rate decisions are analysed. It is concluded that the monetary growth measure which was announced by the ECB as the first pillar of their monetary strategy does not play an outstanding role for the actual interest rate decisions. More sophisticated measures like the money overhang which uses information from both pillars are better suited. Overall, it is concluded that the revision of the monetary policy strategy in May 2003 which implied a downgrading of the first pillar will not induce any observable changes in monetary policy decisions.
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Yoo, Young Eun, Young Ho Seo, Seong Kon Kim, Tai Jin Je, and Doo Sun Choi. "Injection Molding Nano and Micro Pillar Arrays." Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (December 2006): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.449.
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An injection molding technology is developed to replicate pillars in micro/nano scale on the thin plastic substrate. Two types of pillar are to be replicated and one is square type of 10um x 10um, the other is circular type whose diameter is in range of 100 nm ~ 300 nm. For both types of the pillars, the height is about 250 nm. A pattern master is first fabricated on the photo resist(PR) layer spin coated to about 250nm of thickness on chrome/quartz plate by patterning e-beam writing and then developing the PR. The patterns on the PR master are transferred by nickel electro-plating to fabricate rigid nickel stamper. Using this nickel stamper, a substrate with nano pillars on its surface is injection molded by optimizing the conditions to fabricate DNA separating chip.
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Qureshi, Muhammad Azeem, Minhas Akbar, Ahsan Akbar, and Petra Poulova. "Do ESG Endeavors Assist Firms in Achieving Superior Financial Performance? A Case of 100 Best Corporate Citizens." SAGE Open 11, no. 2 (April 2021): 215824402110215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211021598.
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Increasing interest in sustainability performance (environmental, social, and governance pillar performance [ESGP]) and corporate financial performance (CFP) is noteworthy. However, we do not find any all-inclusive study that employs both individual components of environmental, social, and governance pillars (ESG) as well as the cumulative ESG score on both the accounting and market performance of firms. Furthermore, we do not find any study that puts forth “best practices” in the ESGP-CFP nexus. Therefore, our study intends to provide additional empirical evidence in this debate by including all three pillars of ESG as well as the overall ESG score by employing a unique sample of “100 best corporate citizens” in the United States declared by 3BL Media during 2009 to 2018. For this purpose, we employ panel vector auto regression (PVAR) that allows us to overcome the methodological challenges faced by some earlier empirical studies. The core findings are: (a) for market-based financial performance (market-to-book ratio [MTB] and Tobin’s Q), our results only confirm ESGP–CFP relationship and suggest that sustained higher commitment to the environmental pillar, consistent socially responsible conduct, and rationalized governance mechanism of the sampled firms are perceived value additive by the market players. (b) For accounting-based financial performance (return on equity [ROE] and return on assets [ROA]), we find a mix of ESGP–CFP and CFP–ESGP relationship for ROE only. Furthermore, factor error variance decomposition (FEVD) analysis reveals that environmental, social, and overall ESG performances of the sampled firms are quite good predictors of future CFP in the market. These findings assert that actively pursuing ESG endeavors can assist firms in achieving superior financial performance.
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Stevens, Yves. "The silent pension pillar implosion." European Journal of Social Security 19, no. 2 (June 2017): 98–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262717711777.
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This article discusses recent trends in occupational pension policy and identifies the rise of a second policy wave directed towards greater individualisation in occupational pension plans. It is clear that, at a global level, governments and regulatory offices are promoting the so-called third pillar as a valuable pension option and that freedom of choice of the individual is a key element in this process. This individualisation reflects the decreasing involvement of employers in occupational plans and the increasing attentiveness of governments towards individual retirement schemes. We ask whether the so-called first and third pillar are pushing the second pillar away and whether there is a silent pension pillar implosion. In the article, we describe and analyse recent legislative and regulatory initiatives in six European countries to locate the individualisation process. We also propose a new paradigm for pension policy makers in which the so-called pension pillars are abandoned and replaced by an integrated pension vision leading to a balanced target income in retirement. In this integrated vision, there is a legal link between all forms of pension in a given country. This link is reflected in social and fiscal law.
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Bagshaw, Stephen A., and Ralph P. Cooney. "FT-IR Analysis of Pillared Clay Pore Structure via Adsorbed Bipyridine Surface Probe Species." Applied Spectroscopy 50, no. 10 (October 1996): 1319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702963904953.
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Adsorption interactions of the bidentate molecules 2,2'-bipyridine and 4,4'-bipyridine with the surfaces of different alumina-pillar interlayered clays have been investigated by FT-IR spectroscopy. These interactions were examined in an attempt to establish a spectroscopic method for the determination of interpillar distances in the galleries of pillared clays. 2,2'-Bipyridine adsorbs in a bidentate C2 v, interaction to single Lewis acid sites on the surfaces of individual pillars and not to adjacent pillars, indicating that the distances between binding sites on adjacent pillars are too great to be successfully probed by this molecule. 4,4'-Bipyridine maintains the D2 h symmetry of the free molecule through interaction with Lewis acid sites on two adjacent pillars simultaneously via both ends of the molecule, thereby exhibiting possible utility as a probe of the interpillar distance. Surface-adsorbed monoprotonated 2,2'-bipyridinium cations are formed through interaction with Brönsted acid sites on the pillared clay surfaces. The IR spectrum of the surface-adsorbed protonated species suggests C2/i transoid symmetry and is presented for the first time.
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Cardwell, Michael. "European Union Agricultural Policy and Practice: The New Challenge of Climate Change." Environmental Law Review 13, no. 4 (December 2011): 271–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/enlr.2011.13.4.271.
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Climate change has been identified as a new challenge for EU agricultural policy which must be addressed as a matter of priority. The importance of climate-friendly agricultural practices in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions already receives some recognition under the current legislative framework; and the proposed regulations for the period 2014–2020, issued in October 2011, indicate that this importance will be considerably enhanced. Such practices will be examined with specific reference to: cross-compliance obligations attached to direct payments to farmers (under Pillar I of the CAP); more targeted rural development measures (under Pillar II of the CAP); and sustainability criteria in respect of feedstock for biofuels and bioliquids, as laid down by the Renewable Energy Directive. In addition, the article will consider two broader issues which each present an obstacle to any regulation in this area. The first issue is the inherent difficulty in creating a regime that is sensitive to the complexities and uncertainties which pervade the climate change debate, yet, at the same time, can be effective in practice. A second issue is the further inherent difficulty of finding in this context the appropriate balance between measures implemented under respectively Pillar I and Pillar II of the CAP, both Pillars having their apparent strengths and weaknesses.
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Niles, Skye, Shawhin Roudbari, and Santina Contreras. "Integrating Social Justice and Political Engagement into Engineering." International Journal of Engineering, Social Justice, and Peace 7, no. 1 (August 26, 2020): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ijesjp.v7i1.13568.
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Many engineering activists have emphasized the need to reframe engineering as a sociotechnical field in order to expand engineers' contributions to social justice and peace. Yet, reframing engineering as sociotechnical does not always lead to critical engagement with social justice. We provide several examples of how “social” aspects have been brought into engineering in a depoliticized manner that limits engagement with political and social justice goals. We link these examples to Cech’s three pillars of the “culture of disengagement” in engineering: social/technical dualisms, meritocracy, and depoliticization. We argue that reframing engineering as sociotechnical addresses the first pillar, the social/technical dualism, but does not necessarily include the second and third pillars. We propose that all three pillars can be addressed through integrating explicit attention to political engagement and social justice in efforts to reframe engineering as a sociotechnical field. Doing so can increase engineers’ capacity to contribute to social justice and peace.
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Sroka, Anton, Stanisław Knothe, Krzysztof Tajduś, and Rafał Misa. "Underground exploitations inside safety pillar shafts when considering the effective use of a coal deposit." Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi 31, no. 3 (March 1, 2015): 93–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/gospo-2015-0027.
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Abstract Underground mining exploitation creates damage in surface building structure and in underground constructions as well. For this reason, many mining companies gave up carrying out excavations in safety pillar shafts. Currently, the situation on the market is changing. The continuous increase in excavation depth combined with an increase in exploitation costs resulted in many mining companies trying to find cheaper solutions. One of the methods is to carry out partial exploitations inside safety pillar shafts. Such exploitation is much cheaper than ordinary, because it decreases the exploitations depth, the length of transportation drifts, etc. The functionality of the shaft and its infrastructure have to be fulfil. The authors present a methodology for calculating the effects of mining on mine shafts using geometric integral methods. The paper presents the assumption of the first method developed by Bals (1939), a method based on the so-called Professor Knothe Theory (1951) and the German method of Ruhrkohle (Ehrhardt and Sauer 1961). Based on these methods, operational planning rules are given for mining in protective pillars during coal bed exploitation; additionally, the dimensioning method for shaft pillars is specified. Presented solutions are illustrated with examples from mining practice, where the continuous miner system was planned in the direct area of the mining shaft.
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Skrzypkowski, Krzysztof. "Decreasing Mining Losses for the Room and Pillar Method by Replacing the Inter-Room Pillars by the Construction of Wooden Cribs Filled with Waste Rocks." Energies 13, no. 14 (July 10, 2020): 3564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143564.
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The article presents methods of securing mining excavations using wooden cribs. For the underground room and pillar method used to excavate zinc and lead ore body in the Olkusz-Pomorzany mine in Poland, model tests for the replacement of rock pillars by wooden cribs are presented. In the first stage of research, the results of laboratory strength tests carried out on models of four-point, six-point and eight-point cribs made of wooden beech beams at a 1:28 scale arranged horizontally were determined. For the first time, a concave round notch connection was used to connect the beams of the wooden cribs. The maximal capacity of cribs consisting only of beams and filled with waste rocks taken from underground mining excavations was determined. In addition, the vertical deformations of the cribs at maximal loading force and their specific deformations are presented. Additionally, on the basis of load-displacement characteristics, the range in variability of the stiffness of empty cribs and those filled with waste rocks was calculated as a function of their compressibility. In the second stage of research, the room and pillar method was designed in the Phase2 numerical program. The aim of the study was to determine the stresses in the inter-room pillars. Based on the results of laboratory and numerical tests, a factor of safety was determined, indicating that it is possible to reduce mining losses while maintaining the safe exploitation conditions of the ore body.
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Zuber, Robert, and Ana Carolina Barry Laso. "Trust but Verify: Building Cultures of Support for the Responsibility to Protect Norm." Global Responsibility to Protect 3, no. 3 (2011): 286–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187598411x586043.
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AbstractWhether we wish to acknowledge it or not, trust issues permeate all security policy deliberations, including recent discussions at United Nations headquarters focused on building acceptance of the Responsibility to Protect (RtoP) norm and laying out plans for the full implementation of all three of its programmatic 'pillars.' This paper assesses resources for and commitments to trust building in three core areas – trust in the viability of the norm itself, trust in the persons most closely associated with the norm, and trust in the institutions (UN and Regional Bodies) projected to 'house' the norm and oversee all phases of its implementation. As this implementation process moves from consideration of state-focused, 'first pillar' preventive and early warning capacities to 'third pillar,' last-resort, direct responses to threats of atrocity crimes, the need for durable and dependable bonds of trust between RtoP advocates, diplomats and policymakers becomes more acute.
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Klaassen, P. D., M. R. Reiter, A. F. McLeod, J. C. Mottram, J. E. Dale, and M. Gritschneder. "Carina’s pillars of destruction: the view from ALMA." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 491, no. 1 (October 31, 2019): 178–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3012.
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ABSTRACT Forming high-mass stars have a significant effect on their natal environment. Their feedback pathways, including winds, outflows, and ionizing radiation, shape the evolution of their surroundings which impacts the formation of the next generation of stars. They create or reveal dense pillars of gas and dust towards the edges of the cavities they clear. They are modelled in feedback simulations, and the sizes and shapes of the pillars produced are consistent with those observed. However, these models predict measurably different kinematics which provides testable discriminants. Here we present the first ALMA Compact Array (ACA) survey of 13 pillars in Carina, observed in 12CO, 13CO, and C18O J = 2–1, and the 230 GHz continuum. The pillars in this survey were chosen to cover a wide range in properties relating to the amount and direction of incident radiation, proximity to nearby irradiating clusters and cloud rims, and whether they are detached from the cloud. With these data, we are able to discriminate between models. We generally find pillar velocity dispersions of <1 km s−1 and that the outer few layers of molecular emission in these pillars show no significant offsets from each other, suggesting little bulk internal motions within the pillars. There are instances where the pillars are offset in velocity from their parental cloud rim, and some with no offset, hinting at a stochastic development of these motions.
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Galluzzo, Nicola. "A Technical Efficiency Analysis of Financial Subsidies Allocated by the Cap in Romanian Farms Using Stochastic Frontier Analysis." European Countryside 12, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 494–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/euco-2020-0026.
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Abstract The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has undergone radical changes as a consequence of international agreements. Through a parametric approach based on Stochastic Frontier Analysis, it has been possible to estimate the impact of financial subsidies allocated under the Common Agricultural Policy for the period from 2007 to 2017 in the framework of the first and second pillars to Romanian farms that are part of the FADN dataset. The findings have revealed the positive effect of financial subsidies allocated to disadvantaged rural areas in increasing technical efficiency, and a modest impact of decoupled payments disbursed under the first pillar of the CAP on the Romanian farms investigated.
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Wei, Like, Qingxin Qi, Hongyan Li, Bin Zhang, Yongren Wang, and Linghai Kong. "A Case Study of Damage Energy Analysis and an Early Warning by Microseismic Monitoring for Large Area Roof Caving in Shallow Depth Seams." Shock and Vibration 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/709459.
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Shallow depth coal seams are widely spread in Shendong mining area, which is located in the Northwestern region of China. When working face is advanced out of concentrated coal pillar in upper room and pillar goaf, strong strata behaviors often cause support crushing accidents, and potentially induce large area residual pillars instability and even wind blast disaster. In order to predict the precise time when the accident happens, guaranteeing life-safety of miner, microseismic monitoring system was for the first time applied in shallow coal seam. Based on damage mechanics correlation theory, the damage energy model is established to describe relationship between damage level and cumulative energy of microseismic events. According to microseismic monitoring data of two support crushing accidents, the damage energy model is verified and an effective early warning method of these accidents is proposed. The field application showed that the early warning method had avoided miners suffering from all support crushing accidents in Shigetai coal mine.
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PEETERS, HANS, ANNELIES DEBELS, GERT VERSCHRAEGEN, and JOS BERGHMAN. "Flexicurity in Bismarckian Countries? Old Age Protection for Non-standard Workers in Belgium." Journal of Social Policy 37, no. 1 (December 3, 2007): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279407001523.
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In the debate on ‘flexicurity’, relatively little attention has been paid to how responsive traditional areas of social security have been to increasing flexibility in the labour market. This article tries to fill this gap by focusing on the Belgian pension system. In particular, it asks to what extent pension regulation in the three pillars has been adapted to the proliferation of atypical forms of employment. It does so by examining whether there are significant differences between old age protection of standard and non-standard workers. The article pursues a double research strategy: an analysis of Belgian legislation and relevant collective labour agreements is complemented with a statistical analysis of the Panel Study of Belgian Households (PSBH). The results show that part-time employment results in a lower first-pillar pension, while other forms of temporal flexibility such as career interruptions and temporary unemployment do not. In the second pillar, our findings suggest that workers with contractual flexibility and job mobility are discriminated against. Finally, non-standard workers do not appear to compensate for lower pension protection through increased participation in the third pension pillar. Our findings suggest the need for a re-assessment of the system of ‘assimilated’ periods. To conclude, we point to some implications for the design of flexicurity policies.
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Bai, Jinwen, Guorui Feng, Shanyong Wang, Tingye Qi, Jian Yang, Jun Guo, Zhen Li, et al. "Vertical stress and stability of interburden over an abandoned pillar working before upward mining: a case study." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 180346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180346.
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Upward mining of the residual coal seam over an abandoned pillar working is one of the effective measures to alleviate the contradiction between limited resources and increased consumption. Interburden stability over an abandoned pillar working plays a significant role in guaranteeing the safety of upward mining; however, it has not yet been extensively studied and understood. In this study, the vertical stress of the interburden over an abandoned pillar working was first investigated. The mechanical model of the interburden was established and the damage conditions were analysed. Then, the stability of the interburden over 38502 abandoned workings in Baijiazhuang coal mine was determined by mechanical analysis and field monitoring. The results show that: (i) Vertical stress of the interburden over abandoned mining zones is clearly lower than the initial stress, indicating the existence of a de-stressed effect. Moreover, vertical stress of the interburden over residual coal pillars is greater than the initial stress, which is the evidence of a stress concentration effect. (ii) The interburden over an abandoned pillar working should be regarded as an elastic rectangular plate supported by generalized Kelvin bodies in mechanical modelling. (iii) The interburden over abandoned mining zones may experience two damage stages. In the first stage, initial plastic damage appears at the central region of interburden. In the second stage, the plastic damage evolves from the central point to the surrounding areas. (iv) The mechanical analysis and field monitoring both indicate the initial damage occurred at the central region over 38502 abandoned workings in Baijiazhuang coal mine before upward mining. Related rock control measures should be implemented in that region to guarantee the safe mining of the residual coal seam.
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Fargier, Yannick, Raphaël Antoine, Ludovic Dore, Sérgio Palma Lopes, and Cyrille Fauchard. "3D assessment of an underground mine pillar by combination of photogrammetric and geoelectric methods." GEOPHYSICS 82, no. 4 (July 1, 2017): E143—E153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2016-0274.1.
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The monitoring of underground cavities plays a key role in risk management policies. Mine and underground quarry stakeholders require relevant methodologies and practices to define and assess hazards associated with these structures. To monitor these structures, geophysical methods may offer an interesting compromise among operating cost, invasiveness, and risk assessment reliability. The use of conventional 3D-electric resistivity imaging (ERI) software validated on relatively flat media is not sufficient to efficiently assess complex 3D geometries such as underground mine pillars. We have developed a new approach to evaluate pillar condition by means of a sequential use of two techniques. First, the photogrammetric method yields a detailed 3D model of the pillar geometry from a set of pictures. Second, 3D-ERI is performed based on this suitable geometry. The methodology is tested on a synthetic model to evaluate the effect of various geometry resolutions on the inversion. We also evaluated the combination of the effect of measurement and geometry error. We performed a quasi 3D-ERI survey (three parallel electrode lines) on a real limestone mine pillar to determine the benefits and limitations of the combined procedure. First results revealed the capacity of the photogrammetric methods to obtain a high-precision geometry and its key role during the inversion process. Second results of the real case study revealed that a highly accurate geometry is required to detect accurately conductive anomalies in a complex 3D context.
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Panigrahi, Durgacharan, Satish Kumar Sinha, and Garib Nath Singh. "A STUDY INTO OCCURRENCE OF FIRE IN OPENCAST WORKINGS OVER DEVELOPED COAL PILLARS AND EVOLVING CONTROL PARAMETERS FOR ITS SAFE EXTRACTION / BADANIE PRZYPADKU WYSTĄPIENIA POŻARU W WYROBISKACH ODKRYWKOWYCH PONAD UDOSTĘPNIANYMI FILARAMI WĘGLOWYMI I OPRACOWANIE PARAMETRÓW KONTROLNYCH DLA ZAPEWNIENIA ICH BEZPIECZNEGO WYDOBYCIA." Archives of Mining Sciences 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 1145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amsc-2013-0078.
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Abstract In India, a number of opencast mines are being worked over the coal pillars developed by underground bord and pillar method of mining. In these cases, the fires have occurred in most of these opencast mines causing loss of the coal reserve, production, productivity and safety. In this research work, 13 such mines have been studied over a period of three years and critical parameters for occurrence of these fires have been identified. This paper presents the details of observations for two such mines and detailed statistical analyses have been carried out by using confidence interval (C.I.) and analysis of variance (ANOVA-Two-way classification) for finding out the range of these critical parameters which can be controlled to reduce the occurrence of these fires.
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Audretsch, David Bruce, Maksim Belitski, and Nataliia Cherkas. "Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: The role of institutions." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): e0247609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247609.
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Entrepreneurship activity varies significantly across cities. We use the novel data for 1,652 ecosystem actors across sixteen cities in nine developing and transition economies during 2018–2019 to examine the role that institutional context plays in facilitating the productive entrepreneurship and reducing the unproductive entrepreneurship. This study is the first to develop and test a model of multi-dimensional institutional arrangements in cities. It demonstrates that not just that institutions matter in shaping the entrepreneurship ecosystem in cities, but in particular those institutional arrangements enhancing the productive and reducing unproductive entrepreneurship. Our findings suggest that differences between normative, cognitive, and regulatory pillars are associated with variance in both types of entrepreneurship in cities. For the formation of productive and high-growth entrepreneurs, all three pillars of institutional arrangement matter. For unproductive entrepreneurship normative pillar of institutions and the role of civil society matter most. This study has theoretical and practical implications for entrepreneurship ecosystem policy in cities.
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Li, Genwei, Shuaifeng Lu, Sifei Liu, Jing Liu, Peng Shi, and Bowen Fan. "Application and Effect of Loading Rates on Coal Sample Failure." Shock and Vibration 2021 (March 17, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6681082.
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In order to evaluate the coal pillar stability in recovery of residual room pillars under different mining rates, this paper studies the influence of loading rate on the mechanical properties of the coal body. The uniaxial compression tests of coal samples in Yangcheng area at different loading rates were carried out with the MTS815 electrohydraulic servo rock mechanics test system. The stress-strain curves and the evolution characteristics of AE signals were analyzed. At same time, the mechanism of damage and failure of specimens are also discussed. The results show the following. (1) With the increase in loading rate, the ultimate stress and ultimate strain of specimens decrease first and then increase. (2) Loading rate has a significant effect on the stability adjustment of specimens. With the decrease in loading rate, the earlier the stress adjustment is, the larger the adjustment range is, and the failure mode changes from shear failure to tensile failure. (3) In addition, when the loading rate increases, the AE evolves from continuous dense to discrete catastrophe, which indicates that the failure of the sample at a larger loading rate is sudden, which is not conducive to the maintenance of the stability of the coal pillar. (4) Finally, the failure mechanism of the specimen structure under different loading rates is obtained, and the improvement measures for the effect of mining velocity of working face on the stability of coal pillar are put forward. The results reveal the loading rate effect of mechanical properties of coal and provide a reference for controlling the stability of the residual coal pillar.
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Liakos, Nikolaos, Vikas Kumar, Siwarit Pongsakornrungsilp, Jose Arturo Garza-Reyes, Bhumika Gupta, and Pimlapas Pongsakornrungsilp. "Understanding circular economy awareness and practices in manufacturing firms." Journal of Enterprise Information Management 32, no. 4 (July 3, 2019): 563–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jeim-02-2019-0058.
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Purpose Circular economy (CE) has evolved as a result of the growing environmental awareness, environmental legislation and the need for social responsibility. However, awareness levels of CE are not as high as expected and practices are further behind than they should be, with a significant lack of research around the subject in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to examine the current state of awareness levels and the practices around CE in manufacturing firms. Moreover, the study aims to empirically validate one of the earlier proposed CE models. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a quantitative survey questionnaire based approach. More than 500 people from various manufacturing organisations were contacted directly over a 40-day long sampling process through the FAME database, personal contacts and LinkedIn. The survey resulted in 103 completed responses. Given the exploratory nature of the study, the data were mainly analysed using descriptive statistics. To validate the CE model, a correlation analysis was also conducted. Findings The research findings show that with the growing emphasis on CE across the globe by governing bodies, firms are becoming more aware of CE practices. The analysis also shows some useful insights on the state of each of the pillars (economic benefits, environmental impact and resource scarcity) of CE. The findings also indicate that the environmental impact pillar of CE is at a more developed state than the other two pillars which are, mostly, in a research state. Research limitations/implications The study provides manufacturing firms with a thorough understanding of the state of CE practices and importance of its successful implementation. The findings of the study advocates consideration of all three pillars of CE by managers as a guide to plan for an efficient strategy around CE implementation. Moreover, our study adds to existing efforts by the academic community to raise the awareness towards CE practice among all relevant stakeholders. The findings of this study are based on the responses from a limited 103 survey responses from manufacturing firms. Originality/value This study adds to the very limited empirical literature on CE awareness and practices in manufacturing firms. This is also one of the first studies attempting to empirically validate an existing CE model.
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Benli, Vahit Ferhan. "Basel’s Forgotten Pillar: The Myth of Market Discipline on the Forefront of Basel III." e-Finanse 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fiqf-2016-0120.
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Abstract Although Basel II fortified the first two pillars with market transparency enhancing Pillar III disclosures and encouraged the usage of major Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) such as Moody’s, Standard and Poor’s, and Fitch as quasi governmental authorities to overcome asymmetric informational problems on risk and capital adequacy fronts of the global financial system, the recent global financial crisis has proven just the opposite. The banks and regulators were not in a position to truly assess the risk and capital adequacy frameworks of the global and domestic financial institutions based on the assessments of the rating agencies. To overcome the problem of informational asymmetry for the market participants, the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision set out new proposals for enhanced Pillar III disclosures in the areas of credit risks and capital reporting standards on the forefront of Basel III that would come into effect on April 1, 2016. This paper is a critical evaluation of the new reporting proposals of BCBS within the critical role of the credit rating agencies.
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Phale, Koketso, Fanglin Li, Isaac Adjei Mensah, Akoto Yaw Omari-Sasu, and Mohammed Musah. "Knowledge-Based Economy Capacity Building for Developing Countries: A Panel Analysis in Southern African Development Community." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 7, 2021): 2890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052890.
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The Southern African Development Community is lagging behind in terms of knowledge economy relative to other regions worldwide. This dramatically reduces the chances of keeping up with their economically established counterparts in terms of sustainable development. This paper therefore, applies multivariate panel data analysis which is predicted on the Cobb–Douglas production function to analyze the affiliation flanked by knowledge-based economy pillars and economic growth from 1998–2018. The World Bank knowledge-based economy framework is employed. To achieve the study goal, the long-run effect regarding proxies of each pillar in the knowledge-based economy on economic growth is first estimated. Afterwards, the average impact of each pillar is examined using the average impact index (AII). Employment of both conventional unit root and co-integration tests showed all observed series are stationary and co-integrated. Further estimation of the long-run relationship using both static and dynamic models (fixed effect and generalized method of moment) portrayed that government effectiveness, adjusted savings on education expenditure, tertiary enrollment, scientific and technical journals, and mobile cellular subscriptions have significant positive impact on economic growth. Finally, the AII estimation unveiled that the innovation pillar is the most impactful aspect on economic growth followed by education and skills with the least being information and communication technology infrastructure. Feasible policy recommendations are further suggested.