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1

Svensson, Lars E. O. "International Fiscal Policy Transmission." Scandinavian Journal of Economics 89, no. 3 (1987): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3440201.

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2

Gmeiner, Robert, and Sven Larson. "The Fiscal Transmission Mechanism of Inflation." American Business Review 26, no. 1 (2023): 180–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.37625/abr.26.1.180-202.

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The link between money creation and inflation has been theoretically demonstrated, but different inflation responses to Federal Reserve activity after the Great Recession and COVID recession showed the incomplete nature of the theory. We model a “fiscal transmission mechanism” whereby Federal Reserve purchases of Treasury securities lead to inflation as new dollars flow through fiscal deficits into the economy. In our model, other Federal Reserve activity generally lacks inflationary effects. Using a nonstructural vector autoregression approach, we test for the presence of this mechanism and o
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3

Nandi, Aurodeep. "Fiscal deficit targeting alongside flexible inflation targeting: India’s fiscal policy transmission." Journal of Asian Economics 63 (August 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2019.06.002.

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4

Aligishiev, Zamid, and Hamed Ghiaie. "Cyclical Fiscal Multipliers." IMF Working Papers 2025, no. 108 (2025): 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9798229011242.001.

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This paper investigates dynamic relationships between U.S. government expenditure multipliers and the economy's cyclical position from 1949 to 2018 using a Time-Varying Parameter Vector Autoregression (TVP-VAR) model. We challenge the existing literature, which predominantly relies on predefined economic regimes and assumes a stable relationship between fiscal multipliers and business cycles. Our findings identify two distinct periods: fiscal multipliers were counter-cyclical from 1949 to the late 1980s, followed by a significant decline in their effectiveness during recessions thereafter. The
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5

Khalid, Mahmood, Wasim Shahid Malik, and Abdul Sattar. "The Fiscal Reaction Function and the Transmission Mechanism for Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (2007): 435–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.435-447.

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Modern macroeconomics literature emphasises both the short run and long run objectives of fiscal policy [Romer (2006)]. In the short run it can be used to counter output cyclicality and/or stabilise volatility in macro variables, which is descriptively same as of effects of the short run monetary policy. Further for the long-run, fiscal policy can also affect both the demand and supply side of the economy. But in most traditional analyses it is assumed that fiscal policy would adjust to ensure the intertemporal budget constraint to be satisfied, while monetary policy is free to adjust its inst
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6

Roşoiu, Iulia. "Uncertainty and the Transmission of Fiscal Policy." Procedia Economics and Finance 32 (2015): 769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(15)01460-4.

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7

Haug, Alfred A., Tomasz Jędrzejowicz, and Anna Sznajderska. "Monetary and fiscal policy transmission in Poland." Economic Modelling 79 (June 2019): 15–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2018.09.031.

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8

Fukuda, Shin-ichi. "International transmission of monetary and fiscal policy." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 17, no. 4 (1993): 589–620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(93)90048-w.

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9

Bose, Jolayemi Lydia, and Akinlo Anthony Enisan. "FISCAL POLICY TRANSMISSION CHANNELS AND MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES PERFORMANCE IN NIGERIA." European Journal of Economics, Law and Politics 8, no. 2 (2021): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/elp.v8no2a11.

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The paper investigates the impact of fiscal policy channels on selected macroeconomic variables in Nigeria over the period of 1970-2018. The study employed the Bayesian approach of the Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Model, after examining the prior and posterior mean values on the models specified. The paper established that channels of transmission from fiscal policy affected the performance of macroeconomic variables in the country that is, the instability on macroeconomic variables performances in Nigeria are highly influenced by the fiscal policy transmission channels. The study co
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10

JACKSON, Emerson Abraham. "Economics of Fiscal Dominance and Ramifications for the Discharge of Effective Monetary Policy Transmission." Theoretical and Practical Research in Economic Fields 15, no. 1 (2024): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505/tpref.v15.1(29).03.

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This paper explores the intricate dynamics of fiscal dominance and its profound implications for monetary policy efficacy, contributing to the discourse on the interplay between fiscal and monetary policies. The theoretical foundation critically examines existing literature, integrating empirical evidence to construct a comprehensive understanding. Model blocks strategically elucidate the significance of fiscal variables in shaping monetary transmission mechanisms. The ensuing analysis scrutinises the disruptive potential of fiscal dominance on conventional monetary policy tools. The conclusio
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11

de Soyres, François, Alexandre Gaillard, Ana Maria Santacreu, and Dylan Moore. "Supply Disruptions and Fiscal Stimulus: Transmission through Global Value Chains." AEA Papers and Proceedings 114 (May 1, 2024): 112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20241099.

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We study the impact of demand and supply factors on bottlenecks and inflation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Initial policy interventions, from lockdowns to fiscal stimuli, triggered shifts in consumer spending and supply chain disruptions. The reopening of economies normalized consumption patterns, but attributing bottlenecks to specific factors remains challenging due to diverse policy responses. This paper empirically integrates fiscal spending, mobility measures, and supply constraints to analyze interconnected factors influencing bottlenecks and inflation internationally. We find an import
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12

Belchior Silva Moreira, Tito. "Brazil: An empirical study on fiscal policy transmission." CEPAL Review 2011, no. 103 (2011): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/2ee8c53d-en.

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13

Kawakami, Kei, and Rafael Romeu. "Identifying Fiscal Policy Transmission in Stochastic Debt Forecasts." IMF Working Papers 11, no. 107 (2011): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781455261369.001.

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14

Cardi, Olivier, and Gernot J. Müller. "Habit formation and fiscal transmission in open economies." Journal of International Economics 85, no. 2 (2011): 256–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinteco.2011.07.007.

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15

Grin, Ruslan I. "TRANSFORMATION OF FISCAL POLICY IN THE CONTEXT OF DIGITALIZATION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 1/12, no. 154 (2025): 122–31. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2025.01.12.016.

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Present article examines the main factors of the digitalization impact on fiscal policy in order to determine the changes fiscal policy is undergoing in the new digital realities. Among the main factors of digitalization, the expansion of available information and an increase in the speed of its transmission are considered. The study proves the connection between the penetration of digitalization and fiscal decentralization, fiscal transparency and the improvement of financial institutions. The hypothesis is proposed that along with the expansion of the information field, access to information
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16

Mursito, Hardian. "Mechanisms Fiscal Policy Transmission with Structure Vector Auto Regression Approach (S-Var)." Jurnal Multidisiplin Indonesia 3, no. 11 (2024): 4473–79. https://doi.org/10.58344/jmi.v3i11.1942.

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This study aims to analyze the transmission mechanism of fiscal policy in Indonesia using the Structure Vector Autoregression (S-VAR) approach, focusing on macroeconomic variables such as government spending, tax revenue, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, and budget deficit over the period 2010 to 2020. The results of the analysis show that government spending has a significant positive impact on GDP growth, reflecting the effectiveness of expansionary fiscal policy in promoting economic growth and reducing unemployment in the short term. However, the impact on inflation s
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17

Jonathan, Brian. "Fiscal Policy Effect on Stock Market in ASEAN 5." PARAHYANGAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT REVIEW 3, no. 1 (2025): 258–72. https://doi.org/10.26593/pedr.v3i1.8825.

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This research is aimed to investigate the effect of fiscal policy on the stock market in ASEAN 5. This paper takes different approach in building the framework of direct and indirect transmission. Alongside choosing ASEAN 5 as sample with the focus of economic integration and SVAR. The finding are as follow: fiscal policy have positive relation with direct transmission but negative towards stock market. Bond yield is affected positively by fiscal primary balance and has a positive impact on stock market index. Central rates have a negative impact by Primary balance but positive impact towards
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18

Zhou, Zejiong, and Wenhui Lu. "The Impact of Fiscal Expenditure and Technological Innovation on High Quality Economic Development." International Journal of Social Sciences and Public Administration 6, no. 2 (2025): 218–26. https://doi.org/10.62051/ijsspa.v6n2.25.

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In order to explore the mechanism and transmission path between fiscal expenditure, scientific and technological innovation and high-quality economic development, based on the connotation of fiscal expenditure, scientific and technological innovation and high-quality economic development and related theoretical basis, this paper discusses the theoretical mechanism of fiscal expenditure and scientific and technological innovation affecting high-quality economic development and the panel data of 31 provinces in China from 2013 to 2022, and uses spatial econometric model to analyze the impact of
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19

Malešević Perović, Lena. "Transmission of Fiscal Spillovers on Interest Rates in EMU." Ekonomický časopis 68, no. 9 (2020): 939–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31577/ekoncas.2020.09.04.

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20

Dreher, Axel, Kai Gehring, Christos Kotsogiannis, and Silvia Marchesi. "Information transmission within federal fiscal architectures: theory and evidence." Oxford Economic Papers 70, no. 1 (2017): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oep/gpx036.

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Abstract This paper explores the role of information transmission and misaligned interests across levels of governments in explaining variation in the degree of decentralization across countries. We analyse two alternative policy-decision schemes—‘decentralization’ and ‘centralization’— within a two-sided incomplete information principal–agent framework. The quality of communication depends on the conflict of interests between the government levels and on which government level controls the degree of decentralization. We show that the extent of misaligned interests and the relative importance
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21

International Monetary Fund. "Commodity Markets and the International Transmission of Fiscal Shocks." IMF Working Papers 88, no. 104 (1988): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451947724.001.

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22

Cardi, Olivier, Romain Restout, and Peter Claeys. "Imperfect mobility of labor across sectors and fiscal transmission." Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 111 (February 2020): 103815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2019.103815.

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23

Carbajo Nogal, Carlos. "La potestad reguladora de las Comunidades Autónomas en materia del ISD y su reflejo en las transmisiones de empresas familiares." Pecvnia : Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de León, no. 12 (June 1, 2011): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/pec.v0i12.620.

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Las Comunidades Autónomas han establecido una serie de beneficios fiscales en el ISD, que se suman a las aplicables en el plano estatal y con las que comparten necesariamente protagonismo, cuyo análisis nos facilita una idea exacta del régimen fiscal aplicable en este impuesto a la transmisión de la empresa familia que no es uniforme en todos los Entes territoriales.<br /><br /><br />The Autonomous Regions have established certain tax benefits in the ISD, which they add the applicable ones in the state plane and with those who share necessarily protagonism, which analysis fac
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24

Zhang, Dingzu, Xingjie Shen, and Cong Peng. "National Audit, Media Attention, and Efficiency of Local Fiscal Expenditure: A Spatial Econometric Analysis Based on Provincial Panel Data in China." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (2022): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010532.

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Improving the efficiency of local fiscal expenditure is an important way to swiftly mitigate local fiscal risks according to the current economic situation. Based on the provincial panel data of 30 provinces in mainland China (except Tibet Autonomous Region) from 2007 to 2018, a Tobit spatial error model was constructed to test the impact of national auditing on local fiscal expenditure efficiency and to investigate the intermediary role of media attention. Findings show that the disclosing, resisting, and preventing functions of the national audit significantly improve local fiscal expenditur
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25

Leeper, Eric M., Nora Traum, and Todd B. Walker. "Clearing Up the Fiscal Multiplier Morass." American Economic Review 107, no. 8 (2017): 2409–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20111196.

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We quantify government spending multipliers in US data using Bayesian prior and posterior analysis of a monetary model with fiscal details and two distinct monetary-fiscal policy regimes. The combination of model specification, observable data, and relatively diffuse priors for some parameters lands posterior estimates in regions of the parameter space that yield fresh perspectives on the transmission mechanisms that underlie government spending multipliers. Short-run output multipliers are comparable across regimes—posterior means around 1.3 on impact—but much larger after 10 years under pass
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26

Linnemann, Ludger. "Distortionary Taxation, Debt, and the Transmission of Fiscal Policy Shocks." FinanzArchiv 61, no. 3 (2005): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/001522105774978976.

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27

Raashid, Muhammad, Abdul Saboor, and Shahzad Ahmad. "Fiscal policy transmission mechanism in Pakistan: A general equilibrium analysis." Business Review 15, no. 1 (2020): 50–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54784/1990-6587.1009.

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28

Devereux, Michael. "Non-Traded Goods and the International Transmission of Fiscal Policy." Canadian Journal of Economics 21, no. 2 (1988): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135300.

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29

Gonzalez-Hernandez, Ramon A., and Cem Karayalcin. "Habit formation, adjustment costs, and international transmission of fiscal policy." Journal of International Money and Finance 32 (February 2013): 341–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2012.04.008.

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30

BILBIIE, FLORIN O., ANDRÉ MEIER, and GERNOT J. MÜLLER. "What Accounts for the Changes in U.S. Fiscal Policy Transmission?" Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 40, no. 7 (2008): 1439–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-4616.2008.00166.x.

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31

Juessen, Falko, and Ludger Linnemann. "Markups and fiscal transmission in a panel of OECD countries." Journal of Macroeconomics 34, no. 3 (2012): 674–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmacro.2012.05.005.

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32

Patrick, Ologbenla, and Omolade Adeleke. "Fiscal Policy and Macroeconomic Shocks in Nigeria: A Structural Vector Auto - Regression SVAR Approach." Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 10, no. 3(J) (2018): 220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v10i3.2329.

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The paper investigates fiscal policy and macroeconomic shocks in Nigeria. It was motivated by the non - existence of consensus on the nature and levels of interactions between fiscal policy variables and macroeconomic variables. The study utilizes quarterly data from 1980 Q1 to 2015 Q4 which are analyzed using Structural Vector Auto - Regression (SVAR) to examine the responses of fiscal policy to some macroeconomic shocks and vice versa. The results indicate that exchange rate is the major macroeconomic medium through which external shocks influence fiscal policy variables in Nigeria. The leve
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33

Pradhan, Swapan-Kumar, Előd Takáts, and Judit Temesvary. "How Does Fiscal Policy affect the Transmission of Monetary Policy into Cross-border Bank Lending? Cross-country Evidence." International Finance Discussion Paper, no. 1400 (November 2024): 1–58. https://doi.org/10.17016/ifdp.2024.1400.

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We use a rarely accessed BIS database on bilateral cross-border bank claims by bank nationality to examine the interaction of monetary and fiscal policies. We find significant interactions: the transmission of the monetary policies of major currency issuers is significantly influenced by the fiscal stance of source (home) lending banking systems. Fiscal consolidation in a source country amplifies the effect of currency issuers' monetary policy on lending. For instance, a reduction in the German debt-to-GDP ratio amplifies the negative impact of US monetary policy tightening on USD-denominated
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34

Shobande, Olatunji Abdul, and Oladimeji Tomiwa Shodipe. "New Keynesian Liquidity Trap and Conventional Fiscal Stance: An Estimated DSGE Model." Economics and Business 33, no. 1 (2019): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eb-2019-0011.

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Abstract The study investigates the effect of New Keynesian liquidity trap on fiscal stance in the United States, United Kingdom and Japan economies. We developed our DSGE model in the context of an optimal and persistent interactive fiscal policy, which allows us to track the transmission channel through which shocks are distributed among real economic variables. The evidence suggests that zero lower bound mitigates the ability of monetary policy to absorb the effect of exogenous shock on the macroeconomic variables while expansionary fiscal policy was able to absorb the shock persistence tra
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35

Wei, Zhudeng, Xiuqi Fang, Yun Su, Beibei Li, Xueqiong Wei, and Jun Yin. "Comparison of climatic impacts transmission from temperature to grain harvests and economies between the Han (206 BC–AD 220) and Tang (AD 618–907) dynasties." Holocene 28, no. 10 (2018): 1598–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618782592.

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The present study aims to compare quantitatively the similarities and differences of transmission processes extending from climate change to grain harvests and economies (macro-economy and fiscal balance) between the Han (206 BC–AD 220) and Tang (AD 618–907) dynasties of China. It is found that both the Han and Tang periods displayed close positive correlations among temperature, grain harvest, macro-economy and fiscal balance and conveyed a positive feedback–oriented transmission pattern with the upgrade of climatic impact level from grain harvest to economic system. Compared with the Han per
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36

David, Antonio, Jaime Guajardo, and Juan Yepez. "The Rewards of Fiscal Consolidation." IMF Working Papers 19, no. 141 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498317054.001.

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This paper investigates the effects of fiscal consolidation announcements on sovereign spreads in a panel of 21 emerging market economies during 2000-18. We construct a novel dataset using a global news database to identify the precise announcement date of fiscal consolidation actions. Our results show that sovereign spreads decline significantly following news that austerity measures have been approved by the legislature (congress or parliament), in periods of high sovereign spreads or in countries under an IMF program. In addition, consolidation announcements are less contractionary when sov
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37

Senekovič, Marko. "Countries’ Structural Characteristics and the Magnitude of Fiscal Shock." Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy 71, no. 1 (2025): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.2478/ngoe-2025-0001.

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Abstract The transmission channels of stabilizing fiscal policy remain partially unexplored, which presents a challenge for the effective management of economic policy. Using a broad dataset and vector autoregression methodology, this paper examines the relationship between selected structural characteristics of economies and the magnitude of fiscal multipliers. The results indicate that fiscal multipliers tend to be smaller in more developed economies, in business -friendly environments, and in EU and EMU member states. Additionally, findings on public and private debt, as well as savings lev
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38

Jaishi, Manoj. "Macroeconomic Effects of Fiscal Deficits on GDP Per Capita of Nepalese Economy." Chaturbhujeshwar Academic Journal 2, no. 1 (2024): 29–55. https://doi.org/10.3126/caj.v2i1.72215.

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This study investigates the macroeconomic effects of fiscal deficit on Nepalese’s GDP per Capita for 2001/02 to 2022/23 while considering inflation rate, interest rate, final consumption expenditure, and gross fixed capital formation as a control variable. The time series analysis was done by collecting data from secondary sources. The ARDL model was employed for the co-integration test; the Granger causality test was performed to check the direct and indirect relationship of the fiscal deficit with the GDP per Capita. The finding reveals that, in the long run, fiscal deficit and GDP per Capit
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39

Blagrave, Patrick, Giang Ho, Ksenia Koloskova, and Esteban Vesperoni. "Fiscal Spillovers: The Importance of Macroeconomic and Policy Conditions in Transmission." Spillover Notes 17, no. 02 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484320303.062.

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40

Blagrave, Patrick, Giang Ho, Ksenia Koloskova, and Esteban Vesperoni. "Cross-Border Transmission of Fiscal Shocks: The Role of Monetary Conditions." IMF Working Papers 18, no. 103 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781484353530.001.

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41

Aliuddin, Sadaf. "Global Savings and Global Investment: The Transmission of Identified Fiscal Shocks." CFA Digest 42, no. 4 (2012): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/dig.v42.n4.28.

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42

Kojo, Naoko C., Arye L. Hillman, and Emanuele Baldacci. "Growth, Governance, and Fiscal Policy Transmission Channels in Low-Income Countries." IMF Working Papers 03, no. 237 (2003): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781451875737.001.

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43

Baldacci, Emanuele, Arye L. Hillman, and Naoko C. Kojo. "Growth, governance, and fiscal policy transmission channels in low-income countries." European Journal of Political Economy 20, no. 3 (2004): 517–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2003.12.002.

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44

Feyrer, James, and Jay Shambaugh. "Global Savings and Global Investment: The Transmission of Identified Fiscal Shocks." American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 4, no. 2 (2012): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pol.4.2.95.

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This paper examines the effect of exogenous shocks to savings on world capital markets. Exogenous tax increases in the United States (from Romer and Romer 2010) are only partially offset by changes in domestic private savings, and only a small amount is absorbed by increased domestic investment (contra Feldstein and Horioka 1980). Almost half the change in taxes is transmitted abroad through a change in the US current account. Other countries experience decreases in current accounts and increases in investment in response to exogenous US tax increases. We cannot reject symmetric responses acro
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45

Mayer, Eric, Sebastian Rüth, and Johann Scharler. "Government debt, inflation dynamics and the transmission of fiscal policy shocks." Economic Modelling 33 (July 2013): 762–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.05.011.

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46

Kozubai, I., U. A. Kalmatov, T. S. Borukeev, and U. D. Chalybaev. "OPTIMIZATION OF OLD CASH REGISTERS USING AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION OF FISCAL DATA." Vestnik of the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University 23, no. 8 (2023): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36979/1694-500x-2023-23-8-47-51.

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47

Anantha Ramu, M. R., and K. Gayithri. "Fiscal deficit and inflation linkages in India: tracking the transmission channels." Journal of Social and Economic Development 19, no. 1 (2017): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40847-017-0042-2.

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48

Pan, Junbai, Kun Lv, Shurong Yu, and Dian Fu. "What Mechanisms Do Financial Marketization and China’s Fiscal Decentralization Have on Regional Energy Intensity? Evidence Based on Spatial Spillover and Panel Threshold Effects Perspectives." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (2022): 5759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095759.

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Energy efficiency and energy intensity are gradually gaining attention, and it is now an important proposition to reconcile financial marketization, fiscal decentralization, and regional energy intensity. Using Chinese mainland provincial panel data (except Tibet) from 2007 to 2019, this study applied the dynamic panel system generalized method of moments model, the spatial Durbin model, and the panel threshold model to investigate the mechanisms of financial marketization and fiscal decentralization on regional energy intensity. The study found that financial marketization can play a signific
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49

Baksa, Daniel, Ales Bulir, and Dyna Heng. "A Simple Macro-Fiscal Model for Policy Analysis: An Application to Cambodia." Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research 9, no. 1 (2022): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20448/ajeer.v9i1.3733.

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usiness cycle, Fiscal policy, Cambodia, Forecasting, Simulation, Debt management. Macroeconomic management in many developing countries is often heavily dependent on fiscal policies. This paper develops a semi-structural macro-fiscal model for simulating and forecasting macroeconomic policies in Cambodia. The model is calibrated to capture key characteristics of Cambodia’s economy and serves as a tool for scenario analysis. We demonstrate its application with an illustrative scenario of the macroeconomic effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. The model’s results conform with past empirical analyses
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50

Acharya, Viral V. "Fiscal Dominance - A Theory of Everything in India." Indian Public Policy Review 1, no. 2(Nov-Dec) (2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55763/ippr.2020.01.02.001.

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Issue: Nov-Dec 2020
 This article focuses on the different channels through which fiscal dominance of the central bank affects financial stability in India, notably through its effect on bank recapitalization and regulation, default closure norms, monetary policy decisions, bond market regulations, capital flow measures and central bank balance sheet. Fiscal dominance also has other side effects on the economy, such as crowding out of private sector investment, external sector fragility of corporate sector financing, financial fragility of firms reliant on market financing, and finally, p
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