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Journal articles on the topic 'Fischer-Tropsch process'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 9 June 2025

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1

M. Shireesha, A. Jatin Bhanu Shankar, P. Sarath, K. Vishwajeeth,, D. Sohan Subodh, and Shaik Imran. "Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Wastewater Treatment Study using DW SIM." International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering 13, no. 5 (November 30, 2023): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijsce.i9701.13051123.

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This project focuses on utilizing DWSIM to treat wastewater from the Fisher Tropsch Process. A well-known technique for transforming synthesis gas, a combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, into liquid hydrocarbons is the Fischer-Tropsch process. However, this procedure creates wastewater, which if not adequately treated, includes a variety of chemicals that can be detrimental to aquatic life. To get rid of these contaminants and satisfy regulatory standards, the Fischer-Tropsch process requires water treatment. The most often employed therapeutic modalities are physical, pharmacological, and biological therapies. In order to maintain the Fischer-Tropsch process' sustainability and environmental friendliness, efficient and effective water treatment is essential. The Fischer-Tropsch process can continue to be an effective way to make liquid hydrocarbons while minimizing its negative effects on aquatic habitats with the right water treatment. As a result, the goal of this research is to examine the treatment process, determine the chemical oxygen demand (COD) level of Fischer Tropsch water obtained by distillation, reduce its concentration, and prepare the water for neutralization.

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2

M., Shireesha. "Fischer Tropsch Synthesis Wastewater Treatment Study using DW SIM." International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE) 13, no. 5 (February 28, 2024): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijsce.I9701.13051123.

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<strong>Abstract:</strong> This project focuses on utilizing DWSIM to treat wastewater from the Fisher Tropsch Process. A well-known technique for transforming synthesis gas, a combination of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, into liquid hydrocarbons is the Fischer-Tropsch process. However, this procedure creates wastewater, which if not adequately treated, includes a variety of chemicals that can be detrimental to aquatic life. To get rid of these contaminants and satisfy regulatory standards, the Fischer-Tropsch process requires water treatment. The most often employed therapeutic modalities are physical, pharmacological, and biological therapies. In order to maintain the Fischer-Tropsch process' sustainability and environmental friendliness, efficient and effective water treatment is essential. The Fischer-Tropsch process can continue to be an effective way to make liquid hydrocarbons while minimizing its negative effects on aquatic habitats with the right water treatment. As a result, the goal of this research is to examine the treatment process, determine the chemical oxygen demand (COD) level of Fischer Tropsch water obtained by distillation, reduce its concentration, and prepare the water for neutralization.

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3

Zhang, Shuai, Kangzhou Wang, Fugui He, Xinhua Gao, Subing Fan, Qingxiang Ma, Tiansheng Zhao, and Jianli Zhang. "H2O Derivatives Mediate CO Activation in Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis: A Review." Molecules 28, no. 14 (July 19, 2023): 5521. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145521.

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The process of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is commonly described as a series of reactions in which CO and H2 are dissociated and adsorbed on the metals and then rearranged to produce hydrocarbons and H2O. However, CO dissociation adsorption is regarded as the initial stage of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and an essential factor in the control of catalytic activity. Several pathways have been proposed to activate CO, namely direct CO dissociation, activation hydrogenation, and activation by insertion into growing chains. In addition, H2O is considered an important by-product of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reactions and has been shown to play a key role in regulating the distribution of Fischer–Tropsch synthesis products. The presence of H2O may influence the reaction rate, the product distribution, and the deactivation rate. Focus on H2O molecules and H2O-derivatives (H*, OH* and O*) can assist CO activation hydrogenation on Fe- and Co-based catalysts. In this work, the intermediates (C*, O*, HCO*, COH*, COH*, CH*, etc.) and reaction pathways were analyzed, and the H2O and H2O derivatives (H*, OH* and O*) on Fe- and Co-based catalysts and their role in the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis reaction process were reviewed.

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4

Mazurova, Kristina, Albina Miyassarova, Oleg Eliseev, Valentine Stytsenko, Aleksandr Glotov, and Anna Stavitskaya. "Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts for Selective Production of Diesel Fraction." Catalysts 13, no. 8 (August 16, 2023): 1215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal13081215.

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The Fischer–Tropsch process is considered one of the most promising eco-friendly routes for obtaining synthetic motor fuels. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis is a heterogeneous catalytic process in which a synthesis gas (CO/H2) transforms into a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons, mainly linear alkanes. Recently, an important direction has been to increase the selectivity of the process for the diesel fraction. Diesel fuel synthesized via the Fischer–Tropsch method has a number of advantages over conventional fuel, including the high cetane number, the low content of aromatic, and the practically absent sulfur and nitrogen impurities. One of the possible ways to obtain a high yield of diesel fuel via the Fischer–Tropsch process is the development of selective catalysts. In this review, the latest achievements in the field of production of diesel via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis using catalysts are reviewed for the first time. Catalytic systems based on Al2O3 and mesoporous silicates, such as MCM-41, SBA-15, and micro- and mesoporous zeolites, are observed. Together with catalytic systems, the main factors that influence diesel fuel selectivity such as temperature, pressure, CO:H2 ratio, active metal particle size, and carrier pore size are highlighted. The motivation behind this work is due to the increasing need for alternative processes in diesel fuel production with a low sulfur content and better exploitation characteristics.

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5

Dry, Mark E. "The Fischer–Tropsch process: 1950–2000." Catalysis Today 71, no. 3-4 (January 2002): 227–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-5861(01)00453-9.

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6

Dry, Mark E. "The fischer-tropsch process - commercial aspects." Catalysis Today 6, no. 3 (January 1990): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0920-5861(90)85002-6.

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7

Wender, I. "Rentech, Inc. and fischer-tropsch process." Applied Catalysis A: General 131, no. 2 (October 1995): N13—N14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0926-860x(95)80272-x.

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8

Davlatova, Muhabbat. "Study of the process of obtaining hydrocarbons on the basis of synthesis gas and the fischer-tropsch synthesis reaction." E3S Web of Conferences 390 (2023): 05033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339005033.

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The Fischer–Tropsch process is a collection of chemical reactions that converts a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, known as syngas, into liquid hydrocarbons. These reactions occur in the presence of metal catalysts, typically at temperatures of 150–300°C (302–572°F) and pressures of one to several tens of atmospheres. The Fischer–Tropsch process is an important reaction in both coal liquefaction and gas to liquids technology for producing liquid hydrocarbons. In the usual implementation, carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the feedstocks for FT, are produced from coal, natural gas, or biomass in a process known as gasification. The process then converts these gases into synthetic lubrication oil and synthetic fuel. This process has received intermittent attention as a source of low-sulfur diesel fuel and to address the supply or cost of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons. Fischer-Tropsch process is discussed as a step of producing carbon-neutral liquid hydrocarbon fuels from CO2 and hydrogen. The article is devoted to the use of synthesis gas as an alternative petroleum raw material for obtaining artificial liquid fuels, hydrocarbons (Fisher-Tropsch synthesis) and aldehydes (hydroformylation or oxo-synthesis). The mechanisms of the considered reactions are discussed.

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9

Zhao, Yu-Long, and Ding-Zhu Wang. "A slurry fischer—tropsch/ZSM-5 process." Applied Catalysis 75, no. 2 (January 1991): N20—N21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)82741-4.

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10

Markova, M., A. Stepacheva, A. Gavrilenko, and I. Petukhova. "Ru-containing Catalysts for Liquid-phase Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/10.33619/2414-2948/48/04.

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The search for new stable and active catalysts of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is one of the key directions for production of liquid fuels from alternative raw materials. Stabilization of the active phase is the main task in the development of catalysts for hydrogenation of CO into liquid fuels. This problem can be solved by choosing the optimal support, as well as the synthesis method. This work is devoted to the development of new polymer mono– and bimetallic Ru-containing catalysts for liquid phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It is shown that the use of 1% Ru-HPS and 10% Co — 1% Ru-HPS allows to obtain a high yield of gasoline hydrocarbons (more than 70%), providing a high conversion of CO (up to 23%). The selected polymer-based systems showed high stability in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process.

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11

Markova, M., A. Stepacheva, A. Gavrilenko, and I. Petukhova. "Ru-containing Catalysts for Liquid-phase Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." Bulletin of Science and Practice 5, no. 11 (November 15, 2019): 37–44. https://doi.org/10.33619/10.33619/2414-2948/48/04.

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The search for new stable and active catalysts of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is one of the key directions for the production of liquid fuels from alternative raw materials. Stabilization of the active phase is the main task in the development of catalysts for hydrogenation of CO into liquid fuels. This problem can be solved by choosing the optimal support, as well as the synthesis method. This work is devoted to the development of new polymer mono– and bimetallic Ru-containing catalysts for liquid phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It is shown that the use of 1% Ru-HPS and 10% Co — 1% Ru-HPS allows obtaining a high yield of gasoline hydrocarbons (more than 70%), providing a high conversion of CO (up to 23%). The selected polymer-based systems showed high stability in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process.

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12

Shareef, Muhammad Faizan, Muhammad Arslan, Naseem Iqbal, Nisar Ahmad, and Tayyaba Noor. "Development of Hydrotalcite Based Cobalt Catalyst by Hydrothermal and Co-precipitation Method for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 12, no. 3 (October 28, 2017): 357. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.12.3.762.357-362.

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This paper presents the effect of a synthesis method for cobalt catalyst supported on hydrotalcite material for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The hydrotalcite supported cobalt (HT-Co) catalysts were synthesized by co-precipitation and hydrothermal method. The prepared catalysts were characterized by using various techniques like BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), TGA (Thermal Gravimetric Analysis), XRD (X-ray diffraction spectroscopy), and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). Fixed bed micro reactor was used to test the catalytic activity of prepared catalysts. The catalytic testing results demonstrated the performance of hydrotalcite based cobalt catalyst in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with high selectivity for liquid products. The effect of synthesis method on the activity and selectivity of catalyst was also discussed. Copyright © 2017 BCREC Group. All rights reservedReceived: 3rd November 2016; Revised: 26th February 2017; Accepted: 9th March 2017; Available online: 27th October 2017; Published regularly: December 2017How to Cite: Sharif, M.S., Arslan, M., Iqbal, N., Ahmad, N., Noor, T. (2017). Development of Hydrotalcite Based Cobalt Catalyst by Hydrothermal and Co-precipitation Method for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis. Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis, 12(3): 357-363 (doi:10.9767/bcrec.12.3.762.357-363)

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13

Yin, Qiang, Hanqing Wang, Jinping Zhao, Chengjun Li, and Yu Mao. "A DFT study towards dynamic structures of iron and iron carbide and their effects on the activity of the Fischer–Tropsch process." RSC Advances 13, no. 48 (2023): 34262–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra06467k.

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14

Ordomsky, V. V., and A. Y. Khodakov. "Mastering a biphasic single-reactor process for direct conversion of glycerol into liquid hydrocarbon fuels." Green Chem. 16, no. 4 (2014): 2128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3gc42319k.

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15

Мария Евгеньевна, Маркова,, Степачёва, Антонина Анатольевна, and Сульман, Михаил Геннадьевич. "MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF LIQUID-PHASE FISCHER-TROPSCH KINETICS." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 3(49) (October 28, 2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2022.3.6.

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Моделирование процесса синтеза Фишера-Тропша является довольно сложным. Существует большое разнообразие кинетических моделей, которые были разработаны для описания реакции синтеза Фишера-Тропша. В данной статье приводится математическая модель процесса, описывающая начальный период расходования СО и образования основных продуктов в присутствии железо-рутений содержащего катализатора на основе сверхсшитого полистирола. Modeling the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process is quite complex. There is a wide variety of kinetic models that have been developed to describe the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction. This paper presents a mathematical model of the process describing the initial period of CO consumption and the formation of basic products in the presence of an iron-ruthenium containing catalyst based on hypercrosslinked polystyrene.

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16

Maqbool, Wahab, Sang Jin Park, and Euy Soo Lee. "Steam Methane Reforming of Natural Gas with Substantial Carbon Dioxide Contents – Process Optimization for Gas-to-Liquid Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 316–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.316.

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Steam methane reforming has been a conventional process to produce synthesis gas which is an important feedstock to many chemicals. However, for gas to liquid (GTL) applications this reforming process is not suitable as it produces synthesis gas with very high hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio than required by the Fischer Tropsch synthesis in GTL line. In this work, a GTL process is designed in which synthesis gas is produced by steam reforming from a natural gas feedstock containing relatively substantial carbon dioxide contents in it. Synthesis gas composition is tailored by tail gas recycling from the Fischer Tropsch products. Process simulation and optimization is performed on Aspen HYSYS to produce synthesis gas with hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio of 2 which is desired in GTL technology.

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17

Sedighi, B., M. Feyzi, and M. Joshaghani. "Response surface methodology as an efficient tool for optimizing the Fischer–Tropsch process over a novel Fe–Mn nano catalyst." RSC Advances 6, no. 83 (2016): 80099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra10678a.

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18

Dry, Mark E. "Fischer–Tropsch reactions and the environment." Applied Catalysis A: General 189, no. 2 (December 1999): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(99)00275-6.

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19

Ming, Hui, Bruce G. Baker, and Marek Jasieniak. "Characterization of cobalt Fischer–Tropsch catalysts." Applied Catalysis A: General 381, no. 1-2 (June 2010): 216–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2010.04.014.

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20

Vandu, C. O., A. B. M. Heesink, G. F. Versteeg, and H. Boerrigter. "Studies on the iron-catalyzed Fischer-Tropsch process in a laminar flow slurry column reactor." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 12, no. 4 (2006): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0604195v.

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The Fischer-Tropsch process was studied in a laminar flow slurry bubble column reactor. Prior to the experiments, hydrodynamic studies were done in a cold-flow model of the reactor. A mathematical model was also developed for the reactor, based on the kinetic data of an iron-based catalyst. The present modeling approach employed enabled the computation of the extent of gas contraction due to reaction. Six sets of experimental runs were carried out to validate the model, the last utilizing biosyngas, produced by the gasification of willow. The model developed was suitable to predict the performance of the reactor, with the rate parameters adjusted, necessitated by the fact that the catalyst activity changes with time-on-stream. The effect of a number of selected parameters on the Fischer-Tropsch process was also investigated.

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21

Kulikova, Mayya V. "The new Fischer-Tropsch process over ultrafine catalysts." Catalysis Today 348 (May 2020): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2019.09.036.

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22

Lwazzani, M. Amine, Andrés A. García García Blanco, Martí Biset-Peiró, Elena Martín Morales, and Jordi Guilera. "Unveiling the Influence of Activation Protocols on Cobalt Catalysts for Sustainable Fuel Synthesis." Catalysts 14, no. 12 (December 13, 2024): 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal14120920.

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The Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis process is projected to have a significant impact in the near future due to its potential for synthesizing sustainable fuels from biomass, carbon dioxide and organic wastes. In this catalytic process, catalyst activation plays a major role in the overall performance of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis. Catalyst activation temperatures are considerably higher than the typical operating conditions of industrial reactors. Consequently, ex situ activation is often required for industrial Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis processes. This study evaluated the influence of different activation approaches (in situ, ex situ, passivation and low-temperature activation). Catalytic experiments were conducted in a fixed-bed reactor at 230 °C and 20 bar·g using a reference supported Co/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. Experimental results demonstrate that catalysts can be effectively reduced ex situ. This work reveals that re-activation of the catalyst after ex situ reduction is unnecessary, as the reaction conditions themselves re-reduce any superficial oxides formed, owing to the reducing nature of the reactant mixture. This approach could simplify reactor design by enabling temperature requirements to match operating conditions (e.g., 230 °C), thereby reducing both investment and operational costs and eliminating additional catalyst preparation steps.

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23

Tucker, Chelsea L., Ankur Bordoloi, and Eric van Steen. "Novel single pass biogas-to-diesel process using a Fischer–Tropsch catalyst designed for high conversion." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 22 (2021): 5717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se01299a.

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Single pass Fischer–Tropsch biogas-to-diesel process for off-grid fuel production in remote regions. Diesel yields optimized by operating at a higher-than-industrial CO conversions of 80% with a manganese-promoted cobalt catalyst.

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24

Duerksen, Alexander, Johannes Thiessen, Christoph Kern, and Andreas Jess. "Fischer–Tropsch synthesis with periodical draining of a liquid-filled catalyst by hydrogenolysis." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 4 (2020): 2055–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se01269a.

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25

Marchese, Marco, Paolo Marocco, Andrea Lanzini, and Massimo Santarelli. "Economic appraisal of Power-to-Liquid Fischer-Tropsch plants exploiting renewable electricity, green hydrogen, and CO₂ from biogas in Europe." E3S Web of Conferences 334 (2022): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202233402002.

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The present work analyses the techno-economic potential of Power-to-Liquid routes to synthesize Fischer-Tropsch paraffin waxes for the chemical sector. The Fischer-Tropsch production unit is supplied with hydrogen produced by electrolysis and CO2 from biogas upgrading. In the analysis, 17 preferential locations were identified in Germany and Italy, where a flow of 1 t/h of carbon dioxide was ensured. For each location, the available flow of CO2 and the capacity factors for both wind and solar PV were estimated. A metaheuristic-based approach was used to identify the cost-optimal process design of the proposed system. Accordingly, the sizes of the hydrogen storage, electrolyzer, PV field, and wind park were evaluated. The analysis studied the possibility of having different percentage of electricity coming from the electric grid, going from full-grid to full-RES configurations. Results show that the lowest cost of Fischer-Tropsch wax production is 6.00 €/kg at full-grid operation and 25.1 €/kg for the full-RES solution. Wind availability has a key role in lowering the wax cost.

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26

Pei, Yiqiang, Jing Qin, Yuli Dai, and Kun Wang. "Investigation on the spray development, the combustion characteristics and the emissions of Fischer–Tropsch fuel and diesel fuel from direct coal liquefaction." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 13 (January 30, 2017): 1829–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016687861.

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Diesel fuel is largely consumed by transportation services, and diesel fuel from direct coal liquefaction and Fischer–Tropsch fuel have been produced as alternatives in coal-rich areas. However, the physicochemical characteristics of the two fuels are not quite the same as those of diesel fuel derived from crude oil. Therefore, the spray development, the combustion characteristics and the emissions of diesel fuel from direct coal liquefaction, Fischer–Tropsch fuel and commercial diesel fuel were studied in this paper. The spray development was investigated by using planar laser-induced fluorescence, and the results showed that the spray characteristics of coal-liquefied fuel were similar to those of commercial diesel fuel. Diesel fuel from direct coal liquefaction has a longer ignition delay and a higher heat release rate from premixed combustion than commercial diesel fuel does because of its lower cetane number at low loads. However, the same combustion characteristics with commercial diesel fuel can be achieved by mixing diesel fuel from direct coal liquefaction and Fischer–Tropsch fuel in a ratio of 3 to 1. With increasing engine load, the in-cylinder temperature and the pressure increased which reduced the effect of the cetane number on the ignition delay and the combustion process. The regulated emissions from Fischer–Tropsch fuel were the lowest of these fuels; the unregulated emissions measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, however, were slightly higher than those of the other two fuels.

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27

Маркова, М. Е., and А. А. Степачёва. "INFLUENCE OF THE SUPPORT AND THE SYNTHESIS METHOD ON THE ACTIVITY OF Ru-CONTAINING CATALYSTS IN THE LIQUID-PHASE FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS." Вестник Тверского государственного университета. Серия: Химия, no. 1(51) (March 13, 2023): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/vtchem2023.1.4.

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Синтез Фишера-Тпроша – важный процесс получения синтетических углеводородов из синтез-газа. Однако, на данный момент он применяется в промышленности в ограниченных масштабах, что связано с низкой активностью катализаторов, их быстрой дезактивацией, а также высокой экзотермичностью реакции. Разработка новых активных и стабильных катализаторов синтеза Фишера-Тропша является важной задачей для исследователей. В данной работе проведено сравнение методов синтеза рутенийсодержащих катализаторов, а также используемых носителей, в процессе жидкофазного синтеза Фишера-Тропша. Fischer-Tprosch synthesis is an important process for obtaining synthetic hydrocarbons from synthesis gas. However, at the moment, it is used in industry on a limited scale due to the low activity of catalysts, their rapid deactivation, as well as the high exothermicity of the reaction. The development of new active and stable Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalysts is an important task for researchers. In this paper, the methods of synthesis of ruthenium-containing catalysts, as well as the catalyst supports used, were compared in the process of the liquid-phase Fischer-Tropsch synthesis.

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28

Zhao, Xianhui, Ahmad Naqi, Devin M. Walker, Tim Roberge, Matthew Kastelic, Babu Joseph, and John N. Kuhn. "Correction: Conversion of landfill gas to liquid fuels through a TriFTS (tri-reforming and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis) process: a feasibility study." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 3, no. 8 (2019): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se90032b.

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Correction for ‘Conversion of landfill gas to liquid fuels through a TriFTS (tri-reforming and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis) process: a feasibility study’ by Xianhui Zhao et al., Sustainable Energy Fuels, 2019, 3, 539–549.

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29

Zubkov, I. N., A. N. Saliev, M. A. Zubkova, D. V. Telegin, O. P. Papeta, A. V. Dulnev, and R. E. Yakovenko. "Conversion of CO2 into Synthetic Motor Fuels." Ecology and Industry of Russia 28, no. 11 (November 5, 2024): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2024-11-4-9.

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The process of CO2 conversion into synthetic hydrocarbons including the stages of synthesis gas production on the catalyst NIAP 06-06 and hydrocarbon synthesis by the Fischer-Tropsch method on a bifunctional zeolite-containing catalyst has been investigated. Experimental studies of the process of catalytic conversion of CO2 into synthesis gas were carried out in order to obtain gas with the ratio of H2/CO close to the required ratio for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The possibility of obtaining gasoline and diesel fractions of hydrocarbons with a high content of isomeric structures that increase the performance characteristics of motor fuels has been shown. The yield of hydrocarbons C5+ with 1 m3 of initial CO2 and H2 at the synthesis temperature of 220 °C is found to be 44.5 g.

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Hoffman, Adam S., Joseph A. Singh, Stacey F. Bent, and Simon R. Bare. "In situ observation of phase changes of a silica-supported cobalt catalyst for the Fischer–Tropsch process by the development of a synchrotron-compatible in situ/operando powder X-ray diffraction cell." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, no. 6 (October 26, 2018): 1673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518013942.

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In situ characterization of catalysts gives direct insight into the working state of the material. Here, the design and performance characteristics of a universal in situ synchrotron-compatible X-ray diffraction cell capable of operation at high temperature and high pressure, 1373 K, and 35 bar, respectively, are reported. Its performance is demonstrated by characterizing a cobalt-based catalyst used in a prototypical high-pressure catalytic reaction, the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, using X-ray diffraction. Cobalt nanoparticles supported on silica were studied in situ during Fischer–Tropsch catalysis using syngas, H2 and CO, at 723 K and 20 bar. Post reaction, the Co nanoparticles were carburized at elevated pressure, demonstrating an increased rate of carburization compared with atmospheric studies.

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31

Wang, Lulu, Mohammad Al-Mamun, Yu Lin Zhong, Lixue Jiang, Porun Liu, Yun Wang, Hua Gui Yang, and Huijun Zhao. "Ca2+ and Ga3+ doped LaMnO3 perovskite as a highly efficient and stable catalyst for two-step thermochemical water splitting." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 1, no. 5 (2017): 1013–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6se00097e.

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High performance and stable catalysts for two-step thermochemical water splitting are key to synthesising direct fuels in the form of H<sub>2</sub> or liquid hydrocarbon fuels by the Fischer–Tropsch process.

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32

Nabiev, Timur D., Artur R. Davletshin, Albina R. Nabieva, Rishat R. Shiriyazdanov, and Natalya A. Shamova. "MOTOR FUEL COMPONENTS PRODUCTION BY FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS." Oil and Gas Business, no. 4 (September 5, 2024): 218–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17122/ogbus-2024-4-218-239.

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The Fischer – Tropsch synthesis makes it possible to obtain various types of products depending on the catalyst used (linear long-chain alkanes, components of motor fuels, gases, heavy products). The article provides an analysis of the development of industrial Fischer – Tropsch synthesis technologies. The authors investigated the Fischer – Tropsch process on a model mixture consisting of carbon monoxide and hydrogen on a bifunctional zeolite-free catalyst consisting of a carrier – montmorillonite treated with sulfuric acid, intercalated with a polyvalent zirconium cation, promoted with a solution of cobalt nitrate and organometallosiloxane (ruthenium carbonophenylsiloxane), which allows to obtain components of motor fuels in one stage. The studies were conducted at temperature 210 °C (previously conducted experiments indicate that at this temperature the maximum yield of iso-paraffins is achieved) and pressures 4, 6, 8 MPa. It has been found that the highest yield of iso-paraffins is achieved at pressure 6 MPa. The analysis of the obtained gasoline fraction for compliance with State Standard 32513-2013 for motor gasoline has been carried out. It has been established that the product complies with environmental class K5 and can be used as a component of commercial motor fuel.

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33

Jess, A., R. Popp, and K. Hedden. "Fischer–Tropsch-synthesis with nitrogen-rich syngas." Applied Catalysis A: General 186, no. 1-2 (October 1999): 321–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(99)00152-0.

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34

Davis, B. H. "Fischer-Tropsch conversion of gas to liquid." Applied Catalysis A: General 155, no. 1 (July 1997): N4—N7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(97)80024-5.

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35

Atsbha, Tesfalem Aregawi, Taeksang Yoon, Byung-Hoon Yoo, and Chul-Jin Lee. "Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis for Direct Catalytic Conversion of CO2 to Methanol and Liquid/High-Calorie-SNG Fuels." Catalysts 11, no. 6 (May 29, 2021): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11060687.

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Catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 has great potential to significantly reduce CO2 and contribute to green economy by converting CO2 into a variety of useful products. The goal of this study is to assess and compare the techno-economic and environmental measures of CO2 catalytic conversion to methanol and Fischer–Tropsch-based fuels. More specifically, two separate process models were developed using a process modeler: direct catalytic conversion of CO2 to Fischer–Tropsch-based liquid fuel/high-calorie SNG and direct catalytic conversion of CO2 to methanol. The unit production cost for each process was analyzed and compared to conventional liquid fuel and methanol production processes. CO2 emissions for each process were assessed in terms of global warming potential. The cost and environmental analyses results of each process were used to compare and contrast both routes in terms of economic feasibility and environmental friendliness. The results of both the processes indicated that the total CO2 emissions were significantly reduced compared with their respective conventional processes.

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36

Geerlings, J. J. C., J. H. Wilson, G. J. Kramer, H. P. C. E. Kuipers, A. Hoek, and H. M. Huisman. "Fischer–Tropsch technology — from active site to commercial process." Applied Catalysis A: General 186, no. 1-2 (October 1999): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-860x(99)00162-3.

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Bhatt, B. L., R. Frame, A. Hoek, K. Kinnari, V. U. S. Rao, and F. L. Tungate. "Catalyst and process scale-up for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis." Topics in Catalysis 2, no. 1-4 (March 1995): 235–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01491970.

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38

Cao, Chunshe, Jianli Hu, Shari Li, Wayne Wilcox, and Yong Wang. "Intensified Fischer–Tropsch synthesis process with microchannel catalytic reactors." Catalysis Today 140, no. 3-4 (February 2009): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2008.10.016.

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39

Ghorbani, Bahram, Armin Ebrahimi, Sajedeh Rooholamini, and Masoud Ziabasharhagh. "Integrated Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process with hydrogen liquefaction cycle." Journal of Cleaner Production 283 (February 2021): 124592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124592.

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40

Elmalik, Elfatih E., Eman Tora, Mahmoud El-Halwagi, and Nimir O. Elbashir. "Solvent selection for commercial supercritical Fischer–Tropsch synthesis process." Fuel Processing Technology 92, no. 8 (August 2011): 1525–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.03.014.

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41

Dry, Mark E. "Present and future applications of the Fischer–Tropsch process." Applied Catalysis A: General 276, no. 1-2 (November 2004): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2004.08.014.

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42

Li, Hansheng, Bo Hou, Jungang Wang, Xin Huang, Congbiao Chen, Zhongyi Ma, Jinglei Cui, Litao Jia, Dekui Sun, and Debao Li. "Effect of hierarchical meso–macroporous structures on the catalytic performance of silica supported cobalt catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis." Catalysis Science & Technology 7, no. 17 (2017): 3812–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cy01180f.

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A series of meso–macroporous silica supports with the same macroporous diameter but different mesoporous diameters were prepared by introducing phase separation into a sol–gel process and used to prepare cobalt catalysts for Fischer–Tropsch synthesis.

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Fratalocchi, Laura, Carlo Giorgio Visconti, Luca Lietti, Gianpiero Groppi, Enrico Tronconi, Ernesto Roccaro та Roberto Zennaro. "On the performance of a Co-based catalyst supported on modified γ-Al2O3 during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis in the presence of co-fed water". Catalysis Science & Technology 6, № 16 (2016): 6431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cy00583g.

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The effect of water on the Fischer–Tropsch performance of a supported cobalt catalyst has been studied in a fixed bed reactor by running co-feeding experiments for more than 1000 h under industrially relevant process conditions.

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44

Chan Park, Ji, Dong Hyun Chun, Jung-Il Yang, Ho-Tae Lee, Sungjun Hong, Geun Bae Rhim, Sanha Jang, and Heon Jung. "Cs promoted Fe5C2/charcoal nanocatalysts for sustainable liquid fuel production." RSC Advances 5, no. 55 (2015): 44211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra03439f.

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Cs promoted Fe<sub>5</sub>C<sub>2</sub>/charcoal nanocatalysts especially at Cs/Fe = 0.025, prepared by a melt-infiltration and a wetness impregnation process, demonstrated an excellent catalytic performance for the high-temperature Fischer–Tropsch reaction.

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SAXENA, S. C. "Bubble Column Reactors and Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis." Catalysis Reviews 37, no. 2 (May 1995): 227–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01614949508007096.

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46

Wang, Yu, Hou-Xing Li, Xue-Gang Li, Wen-De Xiao, and De Chen. "Hydrogenation of CO to olefins over a supported iron catalyst on MgAl2O4 spinel: effects of the spinel synthesis method." RSC Advances 10, no. 67 (2020): 40815–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08387a.

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In the process of CO hydrogenation to olefins by the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, the support is a key factor in the activity, selectivity, and thermal and chemical stability of the catalysts, and magnesium aluminate spinel has recently been reported to be very effective.

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47

Itkulova, Sh S., and G. D. Zakumbaeva. "Olefine Production from Syngas over Bimetallic Supported." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 2, no. 1 (April 15, 2016): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj360.

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<p>Bimetallic cobalt-containing catalysts supported on alumina have been studied in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It has been shown that a promotion of Co/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> by iridium leads to dispergation of both metals. It was supposed that the metal dispergation occurred due to M-M interaction with formation of the bimetallic nano-particles of cluster type. These particles have the high catalytic activity, selectivity and stability in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. It was observed that by regulation of the process conditions it is possible to obtain the definite hydrocarbon fractions. Thus, the increase both CO+H<sub>2</sub> ratio and space velocity is accompanied by high olefin yield.</p>

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48

Alsudani, Farah T., Abdullah N. Saeed, Nisreen S. Ali, Hasan Sh Majdi, Hussein G. Salih, Talib M. Albayati, Noori M. Cata Saady, and Zaidoon M. Shakor. "Fisher–Tropsch Synthesis for Conversion of Methane into Liquid Hydrocarbons through Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) Process: A Review." Methane 2, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/methane2010002.

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The interest in Gas-to-Liquid technology (GTL) is growing worldwide because it involves a two-step indirect conversion of natural gas to higher hydrocarbons ranging from Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) to paraffin wax. GTL makes it possible to obtain clean diesel, naphtha, lubes, olefins, and other industrially important organics from natural gas. This article is a brief review discussing the state-of-the-art of GTL, including the basics of syngas manufacturing as a source for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS), hydrocarbons synthesis (Fischer-Tropsch process), and product upgrading. Each one is analyzed, and the main characteristics of traditional and catalysts technologies are presented. For syngas generation, steam methane reforming, partial oxidation, two-step reforming, and autothermal reforming of methane are discussed. For Fischer–Tropsch, we highlight the role of catalysis and selectivity to high molecular weight hydrocarbons. Also, new reactors technologies, such as microreactors, are presented. The GTL technology still faces several challenges; the biggest is obtaining the right H2:CO ratio when using a low steam-to-carbon ratio. Despite the great understanding of the carbon formation mechanism, little has been made in developing newer catalysts. Since 60–70% of a GTL plant cost is for syngas production, it needs more attention, particularly for developing the catalytic partial oxidation process (CPO), given that modern CPO processes using a ceramic membrane reactor reduce the plant’s capital cost. Improving the membrane’s mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability can commercialize the process. Catalytic challenges accompanying the FTS need attention to enhance the selectivity to produce high-octane gasoline, lower the production cost, develop new reactor systems, and enhance the selectivity to produce high molecular weight hydrocarbons. Catalytically, more attention should be given to the generation of a convenient catalyst layer and the coating process for a given configuration.

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Liu, Tongshuang, Jun Deng, Min Yao, Xiaojing Yong, Tiejian Zhao, Xin Yi, and Yongjun He. "Experimental Study on the Thermal Behavior Characteristics of the Oxidative Spontaneous Combustion Process of Fischer–Tropsch Wax Residue." Fire 7, no. 10 (September 30, 2024): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire7100348.

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Coal-to-liquid technology is a key technology to ensuring national energy security, with the Fischer–Tropsch synthesis process at its core. However, in actual production, Fischer–Tropsch wax residue exhibits the characteristics of spontaneous combustion due to heat accumulation, posing a fire hazard when exposed to air for extended periods. This significantly threatens the safe production operations of coal-to-liquid chemical enterprises. This study primarily focuses on the experimental investigation of the oxidative spontaneous combustion process of three typical types of wax residues produced during Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) was used to test the thermal flow curves of the three wax residue samples. Kinetic analysis was performed using the Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose (KAS) and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa (FWO) methods to calculate their apparent activation energy. This study analyzed the thermal behavior characteristics, exothermic properties, and kinetic parameters of three typical wax residue samples, exploring the ease of reaction between wax residues and oxygen and their tendency for spontaneous combustion. The results indicate that Wax Residue 1 is rich in low-carbon chain alkanes and olefins, Wax Residue 2 contains relatively fewer low-carbon chain alkanes and olefins, while Wax Residue 3 primarily consists of high-carbon chain alkanes and olefins. This leads to different thermal behavior characteristics among the three typical wax residue samples, with Wax Residue 1 having the lowest heat release and average apparent activation energy and Wax Residue 3 having the highest heat release and average apparent activation energy. These findings suggest that Wax Residue 1 has a higher tendency for spontaneous combustion. This research provides a scientific basis for the safety management of the coal chemical industry, and further exploration into the storage and handling methods of wax residues could reduce fire risks in the future.

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Markova, M., A. Gavrilenko, I. Petukhova, A. Ignatenko, and A. Stepacheva. "Synthesis gas solubility in dodecane. Application in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis." Bulletin of Science and Practice 4, no. 12 (December 15, 2018): 69–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2253793.

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In the work, the measurement of the solubility of synthesis gas was carried out in the temperature range of 100–300°C and pressure range of 1.0–5.0 MPa. n–dodecane was used as a solvent, as it is one of the most frequently used solvents in the liquid-phase Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Based on the results obtained in the work, thermodynamic parameters of absorption were calculated, such as the Henry constant, absorption enthalpy and apparent activation energy of absorption. The phase equilibrium was calculated using the Soave–Redlich–Kwong cubic equation of state. It was shown that the SRK cubic equation of state can be used to predict the optimal process conditions for the liquid–phase Fischer–Tropsch process. The applicability of the data was confirmed by experiments on the variation of temperature and pressure in the synthesis of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas on a cobalt catalyst supported on silica.

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