Academic literature on the topic 'Fish - Cruder fiber. eng'

Lipid was extracted from the muscle of Cuttle fish by solvent extraction method and then purified by suitable conventional method. Various physical constants e.g. refractive index, viscosity, specific gravity, crude fat, crude fibre and ash contents and chemical parameters e.g. saponification value, saponification equivalent value, acid value, iodine value, acetyl value, peroxide value, thiocyanogen value, Reichert-Meissl value, Polenske value, Henher value, cholesterol content etc. of the lipid sample have been determined and compared with those of different standard oils. Fatty acids composition of the sample was investigated by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The muscle lipid of Cuttle fish was found to contain palmitic acid, stearic acid, linolenic acid and erucic acid respectively with some other unknown fatty acids. Antimicrobial activities of the lipid were tested by standard method and found moderate to potential antibiotic and antifungal property in this lipid. The lipid containing muscle of Cuttle fish was analyzed quantitatively for the determination of percentages of protein and minerals (N, P, K, Ca) contents by modified Kjeldahl method

Growth performance, feed utilization, survival and body indices of African catfish Clarias gariepinus juveniles fed diets containing maggot meal as replacement of fish meal was evaluated for 42 days. Sixty fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus, average weight of 10 g were randomly distributed into six circular tanks at the rate of 10 fish per tank. There were two treatments, DT1(maggot meal-based diet) and DT2 (fish meal-based diet). The fish were fed twice daily. Water quality parameters were monitored on a weekly basis throughout the experimental period. Growth, nutrient utilization and body indices parameters were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Crude protein, crude lipid and ash were higher in the fish meal-based diet (34.65%, 7.33% and 18.03% in DT2 as against 28.70%, 7.20% and 11.0.1% in DT1 respectively), while crude fibre was higher in maggot meal-based diet. The selected water quality parameters: temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia and pH were slightly lower in maggot meal based treatment, but none of them was differently significant. Mean weight gain, specific growth rate, protein intake, protein efficiency ratio, lipid intake and lipid efficiency ratio (17.25±0.70 g, 2.39±0.06 %/day, 95.50±1.27 g, 1.81±0.06, 23.96±0.32 g and 7.20±0.24 respectively) were all significantly higher in DT2. The feed conversion ratio was higher significantly in DT1. Survival, hepatosomatic index and condition factor were similar between the two treatments. Though the aforementioned body indices indicated that the total replacement of fish meal with maggot meal is not harmful to the fish, a partial replacement may be better for optimum output

Abstract Renewable resources are used to create useful, biologically sustainable materials. It has the potential to minimize waste while also challenging existing research and developments. Several researchers have concentrated their efforts on natural fiber composites. Natural fibers include plant, mineral, and animal fibers. In this project fish scales, a bio-waste, were used as a reinforcing agent in polyester/polystyrene for the fabrication of composite materials in the different weight fractions of 0, 6, 7, 9, and 11%, at a constant load of 1 N and temperature of 20 and 26°C. The hand layup technique was used to create the fabrication setup for composite materials. The creep behavior, modulus of elasticity, and stress were studied experimentally.

Abstract Fish flour is raw materials of main protein source for fish feed, however because of its existence day by day gets expensive so that the other alternative feed material needed as the alternate of fish flour that is maggot which is the larva of insects kind of fly which contains crude protein about 42%. This Study was held in Research and Aquaculture Cultivation Center of Ornamental Fish Depok, West Java in January 14th until February 14th 2013. The goal of this Study is to know the aplication of black soldier fly larval (Hermetia illucens) as the feed of rainbow kurumoi fish (Melanotaenia parva). Maggot culture was undertaken by mixing PKM and water with the comparison of 1:2 then fermented in fiber basin. Then interspersed with wire and above it there was a dry banana leaf to lay the eggs and covered by wire again, and then eggs harvesting was undertaken which was moved to the egg hatching basin which contain PKM which had been fermented. After 2 weeks maggot was ready to be harvested from the hatching basin. Maggot and maggot pellets could fulfill the need of nutrition for rainbow kurumoi fish, this case could be seen by the existence of weight increase and length increase of the fish.

The solid-state fermentation by effective microorganisms (containing photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, yeast and Bacillus sp.) improved the nutritive values of palm kernel meal (PKM). Increased crude protein (20.79%), nitrogen-free extract (40.07%) and gross energy (19.58%) were observed in fermented PKM (FPKM) relative to raw PKM while crude lipid (15.65%), crude fiber (36.45%) and ash (29.54%) were decreased. Replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with FPKM as a protein source was investigated for its effects in sex-reversed red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus). The two-month-old fish (14.85 ± 0.28 g initial weight) were fed fish meal-SBM-based diets with replacement by FPKM at 25% (25FPKM), 50% (50FPKM), 75% (75FPKM) and 100% (100FPKM), while an FPKM-free diet (0FPKM) was used as a control. The five treatments, comprising triplicate cement ponds and forty fish each, were conducted in a recirculating system over 12 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed the 50FPKM diet were superior in growth performance, while the feed utilization parameters were similar across all five treatments. Physiological adaptation of the protein-digesting (pepsin and trypsin) and lipid-digesting (lipase) enzymes was detected at all protein replacement levels (except for 25FPKM), as well as of the enzyme for cellulose digestion (cellulase), but not of the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes (amylase). Protein synthesis capacity in flesh was improved in fish fed the 50FPKM diet, while the quality of the main flesh proteins, actin and myosin, showed no significant differences across the five treatments. No differences in carcass composition and no negative effects on hematological parameters or liver histoarchitecture at the 50% replacement level of SBM by FPKM also support this alternative. Findings from the current study indicate the low-cost FPKM-containing diet for tilapia in comparison with control diet.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to determine the effect of photoperiod on the cannibalism, growth, and body composition of giant trahira (Hoplias intermedius) juveniles. A completely randomized design was employed, with four photoperiods - 0L:24D, 6L:18D, 12L:12D, and 18L:6D, hours of light (L): dark (D) - and four replicates, for a period of 90 days. The analyzed parameters were: cannibalism, growth in weight and length, food consumption, feed conversion, protein efficiency rate, muscle growth, and body composition (moisture, lipid, ash, and crude protein). Fish from the 12L:12D photoperiod showed the highest survival rate and no cannibalism, as well as a great uniformity for length and mass values at the end of the experiment. The best photoperiod for giant trahira juveniles is 12L:12D, as these fish showed growth uniformity and no cannibalism, while fish from the 6L:18D and 18L:6D groups had a greater diameter of white muscle fibers and a higher frequency of greater diameter fibers. Giant trahira showed the lowest value for lipids at 6L:18D and the highest value at 12L:12D. Photoperiod affects survival and cannibalism; regarding body composition, only lipids are influenced by photoperiod.

Background: The purpose of the current study was to determine the growth status, survival and feed utilization of catfish (Clarias gariepinus BURCHELL, 1822) fed various organic acid supplementations. Methods: In total, 1600 fish were randomly distributed into 20 tanks and fed different types of diet: A, control diet without organic acid supplementation; B, control diet supplemented with 0.05% formic, acetic, and propionic acid; C, control diet supplemented with 0.1% formic, acetic, and propionic acid; D, control diet supplemented with 0.05% butyric acid; E, control diet supplemented with 0.01% butyric acid. The control diet was a commercial diet, containing 35% crude protein, 8.58% crude fat, and 2.75% fibre. All fish were fed using a satiation method, three times per day for 56 days. At the end of the trial, growth, survival and feed utilization were determined. Water quality parameters during the trial were also measured once a week. Results: Fish fed diet type D had the significantly lowest (P<0.05) final weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR) of all diets. Similar FW, WG, and SGR were found for fish fed diets A-C and E. Meanwhile, the feed conversion ratio, feed efficiency, and survival rate of fish were not affected by any types of diet. The water quality parameters were not significantly different between tanks and weeks: dissolved oxygen 6.79-6.81 mg L-1, pH 7.11-7.19, water temperature 28.97-29.32°C, nitrite (NO2) content 0.48- 0.50 mg L-1, and ammonia (NH3) content 0.064-0.066 mg L-1. Conclusion: The supplementation of 0.05% butyric acid in the diet of C. gariepinus for 56 days reduced the growth performance of the fish. However, supplementation of an organic acid in the diet of C. gariepinus had no impact on feed utilization, survival, and water quality parameters.

The effect of different animal protein sources in broiler production was investigated. 300 seven-day old broilers of equal average initial weight were randomly allotted into five treatment groups with three replications of 20 birds each and at the end of 28 days, birds were weighed again and re-randomized to the five treatment groups with three replicates of 16 birds each. The diets consisted of four animal proteins. Treatment 1 (Control) had no animal protein while diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 had 4% fish meal, 4% crayfish waste meal, 4% blood meal and 4% meat meal, respectively. The study was conducted for 56 days with 28days starter phase and 28days finisher phase. Parameters evaluated were proximate composition of test ingredients, growth performance of experimental animals, nutrient digestibility and economic analysis. The results showed blood meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude protein level (77.68%) followed by fish meal (54.53%), crayfish waste (48.08%) and meat meal (41.67%). Cray fish waste meal had the highest (P<0.05) crude fibre (6.07%) while blood meal had the least (2.98%). Fish meal had the highest ether extract (5.99%) followed by crayfish waste meal (4.03%), meat meal (3.67%) and blood meal (3.93%). There were nonsignificant (P<0.05) differences in feed intake during both starter and finisher phases across the treatment groups. Blood meal significantly (P<0.05) depressed final live weight, weight gain, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio while other ingredients showed (P>0.05) similarities in the above parameters apart from in protein efficiency ratio for which meat meal only showed significant (P<0.05) depression. The least cost per kg feed and least cost per kg weight gain (naira) were observed with birds on crayfish diets. There was better (P<0.05) digestibility of crude protein by birds on treatment diets 1 and 2 followed by 3 and 4 while birds than on treatment diet5 had the least value (58.10%). Conclusively, the use of crayfish waste meal in broiler starter diets and combined proteins in broiler fisher diets should be encouraged.

Penambahan vitamin E sintetis pada pakan induk sangat penting, karena vitamin E tidak dapat disintesis oleh ikan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui penambahan vitamin E dalam pakan terhadap kualitas reproduksi induk ikan nila. Penelitian dilakukan di Balai Riset Pemuliaan Ikan (BRPI) Sukamandi selama tiga bulan. Pakan uji adalah pakan formulasi berkadar protein kasar 35,83%-36,13%; lemak kasar 8,17%-9,79%; BETN 43,10%-45,72%; dan serat kasar 1,98%-2,58% dengan penambahan vitamin E berbeda, yaitu: A) 0 (kontrol), B) 150, C) 225, dan D) 300 mg/kg pakan. Ikan uji berumur 6,5 bulan sebanyak 80 ekor betina dan 40 ekor jantan, dan setiap induk ikan betina diberi tanda (tagging). Wadah ikan uji adalah jaring hapa berukuran 3 m x 2 m x 1,25 m sebanyak empat buah yang ditempatkan di kolam tanah seluas 6.000 m2 dengan ketinggian air ± 1 m. Setiap jaring diisi 20 ekor induk betina dan 10 ekor induk jantan. Parameter yang diamati adalah: gonad somatik indeks, frekuensi pemijahan, fekunditas, diameter telur, derajat tetas telur, produksi larva, abnormalitas larva, dan gonad pada akhir percobaan. Sampling dilakukan setiap satu minggu sekali selama tiga bulan pemeliharaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan vitamin E 225 mg/kg pakan memberikan hasil terbaik, dapat meningkatkan produksi larva sebesar 78,55% dibanding dengan tanpa penambahan vitamin E (kontrol). Jumlah induk memijah sebesar 85% dengan jumlah frekuensi pemijahan terbanyak yaitu 28 kali dan total produksi larva tertinggi yaitu 37.927 ekor (produktivitas induk 2.231 larva/ekor) dan rataan fekunditas individu sebesar 1.886 ± 513 butir.The addition of synthetic vitamin E in broodstock feed is a necessity due to fish inability to synthesized vitamin E. Currently, there is limited information on vitamin E requirement to boost the reproductive performance of tilapia. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of vitamin E in feed on the reproductive performance of tilapia broodstock. The study was conducted for three months at the Sukamandi Fish Breeding Research Center. The test feeds were formulated feeds with crude protein content of 35.83%-36.13%, crude fat 8.17%-9.79%, NFE 43.10%-45.72%, and crude fiber of 1.98%-2.58% with the addition of different vitamin E, namely: A) 0 (control), B) 150, C) 225, and D) 300 mg/kg of feed. The test fish were aged 6.5 months consisted of 80 females and 40 males, where each female was given a unique tagging code. The fish were reared in four hapa nets sized 3 m x 2 m x 1.25 m which were constructed in a pond of 6,000 m2 with a water level of ± 1 m. Each hapa net contained 20 female and ten male broodstocks. The parameters observed were: gonadal somatic index, spawning frequency, fecundity, egg diameter, hatching rate, larval production, larval abnormalities, and gonadal development at the end of the experiment. Sampling was done once a week during the three months of the experiment. The results showed that the addition of vitamin E 225 mg/kg of feed gave the best results. Larval production increased by 78.55% compared to without the addition of vitamin E (control). The percentage of spawning broodstock was 85% with the highest number of spawning frequencies of 28 times, the highest total larvae production of 37,927 larvae (broodstock productivity 2,231 larvae/fish), and the average individual fecundity of 1,886 ± 513 eggs.

Abstract In this study nutritional values and seasonal availability of 43 local feed ingredients for pigs in Uganda, were estimated based on nutrient analyses and literature values, information needed to develop low-cost balanced rations for pigs on smallholder farms. Parameters considered were: concentration of ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), ether extract (EE), total lysine (Lys), standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys, standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P (all as % of dry matter [DM]); digestible energy (DE), (kcal kg−1 of DM); and DM concentration. Concentration of DE, total Lys, SID Lys, and STTD P were estimated. Ingredient seasonal availability and relative importance were identified. Ground sun-dried fish (Rastrineobola argentea) had highest estimated DE concentration and Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) had lowest (4209 and 535 kcal kg−1 of DM, respectively). Ground sun-dried fish had highest CP and estimated total Lys concentration (59.9 and 6.7% of DM, respectively) and banana peel (Musa sapientum), had lowest (5.21 and 0.08% of DM, respectively). Milled ingredients sampled here had higher ash than in the literature (e.g. ground sun-dried fish 58.1 vs 15.9% of DM) likely indicating sand contamination. There were 3 seasons of availability of ingredients. Banana peel, maize bran, and sweet potato vine (Ipomoea batatas) were ranked highest; and commercially-prepared ration, and kale/collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), were ranked lowest as potential feed ingredients. Ingredients with nutritional profiles suitable for pigs are available but some only in certain seasons. Estimated nutritional values may assist in ration formulation.

Orientador: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes<br>Banca: Antônio Cleber da Silva Camargo<br>Banca: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato<br>Banca: Elisabeth Cricuolo Urbinati<br>Banca: Carlo Rossi Del Carratore<br>Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade e o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal (TTGI) de dietas contendo níveis crescentes de fibra bruta (5, 7, 9, 11, 13 e 15%) para pacu. Os experimentos foram realizados no Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP. Para o teste de digestibilidade foram utilizados 288 juvenis de pacu (43:1:2,2g) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os animais foram previamente alimentados em aquários e transferidos para coletores de fezes do tipo Guelf Modificado, utilizando-se o método de coleta parcial de fezes. As rações foram marca das com 1% de oxido de cromio para a determinação da digestibilidade da proteína e energia das dietas. No ensaio de TTGI, 288 pacus (48,25:t3,06g) foram distribuídos em 24 aquários em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações contendo 1 % oxido de titânio ou cromio que apreseIitam cores diferentes, verde ou branca. Por meio de massagem abdominal foi averiguada periodicamente a cor das fezes. O TTGI foi estabelecido quando as fezes de todos os peixes apresentaram cor verde. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína, matéria seca e energia das dietas foram influenciados pelo aumento do nível de fibra apresentando redução com a elevação deste nutriente nas rações. Da mesma forma, o aumento da fibra reduziu o TTGI. Os peixes alimentados com os três níveis mais altos de fibra (11, 13 e 15%) apresentaram TTGI médio de 18 horas, enquanto os peixes alimentados com os menores níveis (5, 7 e 9%) completaram o TTGI em 20 horas. Conclui-se que em dietas para juvenis de pacu pode-se empregar até 9% de fibra bruta sem efeito negativo na digestibilidade da energia, proteína e matéria seca e sem alterar o TTGI.<br>Abstract: This work aimed evaluated the effect of increasing dietary fiber levels (5, 7, 9, lI, 13 and 15%) on pacu digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time (GTT). The experiments were developed on São Paulo State University Aquaculture Center. The digestibility trial used 288 pacu juveniles (43:t2,2g) in a completely randomized designo The fish were previouly fed in aquaria and transferred to feces collector of Guelf type, using the partial sampling method. The inert marker on the diets was chromic oxide (1 %) to establish the dietary protein and energy digestibility. In the GTT assay 288 pacu juveniles (48.25:t3.06g) were distributed in 24 aquaria with completely randomizeddesign. Fish were fed with two colored diets, green and white color,. and the color of feces was determined after abdominal pressure. The white and green diets used 1% of titanium and chromic oxides, respectively. The total GTT was determined when all fish showed green feces. The apparent energy and protein digestibility coefficients reduced as dietary fiber levels incresed. Fish fed with high fiber levels (lI, 13 and 15%) completed the GTT in 18 hours, while fish fed lower fiber levels (5, 7 and 9%) completed in 20 hours. These results indicated that 9% of dietary fiber can be used in pacu juveniles diets without negative effects on energy and protein digestibility and GTT.<br>Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-18Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:15Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 rodrigues_la_dr_jabo.pdf: 323564 bytes, checksum: ef3e875bd8342179e140a499cfccfc8c (MD5)<br>Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)<br>O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a digestibilidade e o tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal (TTGI) de dietas contendo níveis crescentes de fibra bruta (5, 7, 9, 11, 13 e 15%) para pacu. Os experimentos foram realizados no Centro de Aquicultura da UNESP, Jaboticabal - SP. Para o teste de digestibilidade foram utilizados 288 juvenis de pacu (43:1:2,2g) em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os animais foram previamente alimentados em aquários e transferidos para coletores de fezes do tipo Guelf Modificado, utilizando-se o método de coleta parcial de fezes. As rações foram marca das com 1% de oxido de cromio para a determinação da digestibilidade da proteína e energia das dietas. No ensaio de TTGI, 288 pacus (48,25:t3,06g) foram distribuídos em 24 aquários em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os peixes foram alimentados com rações contendo 1 % oxido de titânio ou cromio que apreseIitam cores diferentes, verde ou branca. Por meio de massagem abdominal foi averiguada periodicamente a cor das fezes. O TTGI foi estabelecido quando as fezes de todos os peixes apresentaram cor verde. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína, matéria seca e energia das dietas foram influenciados pelo aumento do nível de fibra apresentando redução com a elevação deste nutriente nas rações. Da mesma forma, o aumento da fibra reduziu o TTGI. Os peixes alimentados com os três níveis mais altos de fibra (11, 13 e 15%) apresentaram TTGI médio de 18 horas, enquanto os peixes alimentados com os menores níveis (5, 7 e 9%) completaram o TTGI em 20 horas. Conclui-se que em dietas para juvenis de pacu pode-se empregar até 9% de fibra bruta sem efeito negativo na digestibilidade da energia, proteína e matéria seca e sem alterar o TTGI.<br>This work aimed evaluated the effect of increasing dietary fiber levels (5, 7, 9, lI, 13 and 15%) on pacu digestibility and gastrointestinal transit time (GTT). The experiments were developed on São Paulo State University Aquaculture Center. The digestibility trial used 288 pacu juveniles (43:t2,2g) in a completely randomized designo The fish were previouly fed in aquaria and transferred to feces collector of Guelf type, using the partial sampling method. The inert marker on the diets was chromic oxide (1 %) to establish the dietary protein and energy digestibility. In the GTT assay 288 pacu juveniles (48.25:t3.06g) were distributed in 24 aquaria with completely randomizeddesign. Fish were fed with two colored diets, green and white color,. and the color of feces was determined after abdominal pressure. The white and green diets used 1% of titanium and chromic oxides, respectively. The total GTT was determined when all fish showed green feces. The apparent energy and protein digestibility coefficients reduced as dietary fiber levels incresed. Fish fed with high fiber levels (lI, 13 and 15%) completed the GTT in 18 hours, while fish fed lower fiber levels (5, 7 and 9%) completed in 20 hours. These results indicated that 9% of dietary fiber can be used in pacu juveniles diets without negative effects on energy and protein digestibility and GTT.