Academic literature on the topic 'Fish farm wastes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fish farm wastes"
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Sanz-Lázaro, Carlos, Francisco Navarrete-Mier, and Arnaldo Marín. "Biofilm responses to marine fish farm wastes." Environmental Pollution 159, no. 3 (March 2011): 825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2010.10.035.
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LANARI, D., and C. FRANCI. "Biogas production from solid wastes removed from fish farm effluents." Aquatic Living Resources 11, no. 4 (July 1998): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0990-7440(98)80014-4.
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KUMAR, SANJEEV, N. SUBASH, S. SHIVANI, S. S. SINGH, and A. DEY. "EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT COMPONENTS UNDER INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM (IFS) FOR SMALL AND MARGINAL FARMERS UNDER SEMI-HUMID CLIMATIC ENVIRONMENT." Experimental Agriculture 48, no. 3 (March 15, 2012): 399–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479712000087.
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SUMMARYFor efficient utilisation of available farm resources and to increase the income per unit of land, seven integrated farming systems were developed and different combinations of crop, animal, fish and bird were evaluated at three locations of Eastern India, viz. Patna, Vaishali and Munger districts, to sustain productivity, profitability, employment generation and nutrient recycling for lowland situations from 2007–2008 to 2009–2010. Among the tested different Integrated Farming System (IFS) models, viz. (i) crop + fish + poultry, (ii) crop + fish + duck, (iii) crop + fish + goat, (iv) crop + fish + duck + goat, (v) crop + fish + cattle, (vi) crop + fish + mushroom and (vii) crop alone, crop + fish + cattle model recorded higher rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain equivalent yield (RGEY) (18.76 t/ha) than any other combinations, but in terms of economics, crop + fish + duck + goat model supersedes over all other combinations. The highest average net returns (USD 2655/yr) were recorded from crop + fish + duck + goat system over all other systems tested here. Higher average employment of 656 man-days/year were also recorded from crop + fish + duck + goat system because of better involvement of farm family labours throughout the year. Based on a sustainability index (SI) derived from different models, crop + fish + duck + goat system was found superior with a maximum sustainability for net returns (73.1%), apart from the addition of appreciable quantity of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium into the system in the form of recycled animal and plant wastes. The wastes/by-products of crop/animals were used as input for another component to increase the nutrient efficiency at the farm level through nutrient recycling. Results on integration of different components with crop depending upon suitability and preferences were found encouraging, and to enhance the productivity, economic returns, generating employment for farm families and maintaining soil health of the farm, the crop + fish + duck + goat combination could be adopted in the eastern part of India than cultivating the crop alone on the same piece of land under irrigated condition. Addition of organic residues in the form of animal and plant wastes could also help in improving the soil-health and thereby productivity over a longer period of time with lesser environmental hazards. The livelihoods of small and marginal farmers could be improved by their adoption of IFS technologies on a larger scale, as they provide scope to employ more labour year-round.
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Mulokozi, Deogratias Pius, Håkan Berg, and Torbjörn Lundh. "An Ecological and Economical Assessment of Integrated Amaranth (Amaranthus hybridus) and Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Farming in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania." Fishes 5, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes5030030.
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Organic wastes can be recycled in an ecologically sound way in fishponds by applying integrated agriculture and aquaculture systems (IAA). This kind of waste recycling can help to protect the environment from pollution and improve fishpond yields. Additionally, IAA provides an opportunity for diversification of the output from two or more existing subsystems leading to higher overall farm economic returns. This study explored the potential application of amaranth wastes (AW) as a dietary ingredient for tilapia in a tilapia-amaranths integrated system (ITA). An experimental diet (AD) contained 10% (based on the control diet, CD) inclusion of AW collected from a nearby vegetable market. The experiments included triplicate treatments with; (i) fish fed on AD, where the pond water was used for irrigating the amaranth plants (IAA-fish), and (ii) fish fed on CD, where no pond water was used for irrigating the amaranth plants (non-IAA fish). 90 days after fish stocking, eighteen 4 m2 amaranth plots were prepared and treated with (i) tap water without fertilization (control amaranths), (ii) water from IAA-fish pond and organically fertilized (IAA amaranths), and (iii) tap water and inorganically fertilized (non-IAA amaranths). The use of AW improved the fish feed conversion ratio. The overall net income from ITA was 3.2, 2.3, 2.6, and 1.8 higher than from non-IAA amaranths, IAA-amaranths, non-IAA fish, and IAA fish sub-systems respectively.
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ONIGA, CATALIN COSTIN, DORINA MOCUTA, STELICA CRISTEA, and ŞTEFANA JURCOANE. "Economic efficiency of conversion of classical fish farm in organic by use of wastes fish in Green Houses." Romanian Biotechnological Letters 25, no. 6 (October 18, 2020): 2174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/25.6/2174.2179.
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The scientific approach of the following paper refers to an integrated system between aquaculture and hydroponics called aquaponics, a sustainable technology of producing food and diminishing waste. Implementing an aquaponic system would be a response to the drastic global changes such as climate imbalance, soil degradation, water shortage, population growth and so on. Building a system of this kind should be highly related to its economic perspective. There is scarce research regarding the economic expectation and too irrelevant to conclude a point of view. A good example of a similar practice has been applied to Cornell University (US-Professor Michael Timmons). Engineering input and perspective on responsible aquaculture development with an emphasis on business management and formation were provided to us. Considering this, we find it very challenging and we are determined to test the application of an aquaponic system in the hospitality business sector. The advantages of this application are: fresh fish and quality greens, small production surface, controlled environment, sufficient income to sustain a family and tourism development in Danube regions. The investment, overall performance and economic return are management dependent. A real risk evaluation process could improve the system added value.
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Symonds, Andrew Mark. "A comparison between far-field and near-field dispersion modelling of fish farm particulate wastes." Aquaculture Research 42 (February 2011): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02662.x.
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Abdallah, Said Elshahat, Wael Mohamed Elmessery, Abdelfattah A. Elkeway, and Mesbah Morgan Abdelaal. "UTILIZATION OF HEAT EXCHANGERS IN DRYING OF FISH FARM WASTES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF FEED CONCENTRATES." Misr Journal of Agricultural Engineering 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 487–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/mjae.2017.97143.
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Buryniuk, Mardell, Royann J. Petrell, Susan Baldwin, and K. Victor Lo. "Accumulation and natural disintegration of solid wastes caught on a screen suspended below a fish farm cage." Aquacultural Engineering 35, no. 1 (June 2006): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2005.08.008.
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Ullah, Md Akram, Mahbubur Rahman, Md Robiul Hasan, Md Monjurul Hasan, and Md Shafawat Hossain. "Present status and economic benefit of integrated fish farming system in Noakhali region, Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 6, no. 3 (October 17, 2020): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v6i3.49804.
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The present study investigated to know the current status and assessment of the economic benefit of twenty-five integrated fish farms in Noakhali region of Bangladesh. Qualitative and quantitative research data were collected between November 2018 to July 2019 through farm visit, focus group discussion and questionnaire interview. This total farming system covers a total 111.27 hectares of landmass where 78.51 hectares were used for fish production and 32.76 hectares for other production. Six major categories of integration were found, namely fish-poultry-livestock-horticulture, fish-poultry-horticulture, fish-livestock-horticulture, fish-horticulture, fish-poultry and fish-livestock integration. There are 21 fish species, 4 types of reared poultry and 3 types of reared livestock and a variety of fruits and vegetables were cultivated throughout the year. An increasing trend of integration was found in the study area. Total fish production from those 25 integrated farms was 326.4 tons/year, and the production value was BDT 43.37M approximately. Average production of fish, horticulture and poultry were 4.54, 13.96 and 1201.79 tons/ha/year. Total investment in 25 different integrated fish farms was about BDT 185.63M while total return was about BDT 227.85M. The benefit of an integrated farming system was BDT 0.38 M/ha/year. The wastes from livestock and poultry directly or indirectly used as fertilizer in the pond and horticulture farming system. A few farms convert this bio-waste as electrical energy through biogas plants to meet up farm’s electricity demand. With the help of proper guideline, technical and financial support the production of these integration systems could be boosted up. It will play a remarkable positive impact on the total economy of the country.
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2020, 6(3): 525-529
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Melendres, Adriano R. "Growth and absorption response of Eucheuma denticulatum(Burman) Collins & Hervey) to fish farm water quality condition." Journal of Aquaculture & Marine Biology 10, no. 4 (2021): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/jamb.2021.10.00319.
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Two sampling sites (573m apart) were selected, one serves as the experimental site with floating cages for milkfish and pompano located near the coast, and the other representing the control site also with floating cages containing the same fish species located in a deeper area of the bay. Biomass and growth rates of E. denticulatum was measured on a monthly interval, along with physico-chemical parameters in the two sites, monitored for a period of up to one year. Results showed that seaweed species grew well within the conditions of the experimental fish farming site, where water temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen were found to be well within the optimal range. Growth, aside from the seasonal changes in the weather pattern that influenced water movement, was affected by the presence of epiphytes, predators and fouling organisms that were present during culture. These factors have reduced potential biomass, nutrient absorption, and growth rates of the seaweeds. The introduction of the extractive species in the fish farm appeared to have checked the adverse effects of fish culture activities whose daily inputs of commercial feeds, aside from feces and metabolic wastes, could be the main contributor to the suspended solids in the surrounding waters. The levels of ammonia at 0.5 m (average: 0.047mg/L) in the experimental site was observed to be lower than that of the control site, whereas the levels of nitrate (ave: 0.226mg/L) and phosphate (ave: 0.149mg/L) in the same depth remained relatively high suggesting that these nutrients were not absorbed much.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fish farm wastes"
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Sanz, Lázaro Carlos. "Consecuencias ecológicas del enriquecimiento por materia orgánica procedente de la acuicultura y de vertidos de petróleo en ecosistemas costeros." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10776.
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El objetivo de esta tesis es estudiar el efecto del enriquecimiento por materia orgánica producida por el cultivo de peces en el mar y por los vertidos de petróleo en el medio marino. Este trabajo intenta explicar las consecuencias ecológicas de los impactos generados por este tipo de contaminación, y en diseñar de test de toxicidad para evaluar la contaminación en el sur de las costas europeas. Específicamente, en relación con el impacto de la acuicultura, los estudios de recuperación durante la Apertura de peces bentónicos de reducción de piscicultura marina, el papel de la depredación en el sistema bentónico dispersión de los residuos y los vínculos horizontales y verticales con un impacto bentónico.The aim of this thesis is to study the effect of organic matter enrichment produced by marinefinfish farming and oil spills on the marine environment. This work is focused on elucidating theecological consequences of the impact generated by this type of pollution, and on designingtoxictity tests to evaluate pollution for southern European coasts. Specifically, related with aquaculture impact, it studies benthic recovery during open sea fish farming abatement, the role of predation in the benthic system and links horizontal and vertical waste dispersion with benthic impact.
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Renman, Ola. "Utvärdering av strömmätningar vid Höga Kusten : Strömmars betydelse för lokalisering av odlingslokaler och utformning av kontrollprogram i kustområden." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-68442.
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A study was made to evaluate how current measurementscould help to determine how particles from fish farms are dispersed. During sixweeks of the summer 2012, two different current measurements were conducted.One of them consisted of measurements each fifth minute at 5 m and 15 m atthree locations for 14-16 days each. The other consisted of profilemeasurements at each location at four times during the period of six weeks. Forthe current measurements two instruments (model RCM 9) were used. A two weekmeasurement can give enough data to make an evaluation of how the currents at alocation will transport litter from a fish farm. A longer probing time wouldhowever be desirable since the currents along the northern east coast of Swedenare mainly driven by factors that are changing during the year such as airpressure, temperature, precipitation etc. Water current measurements can be ofgreat help both when determining how particles from a fish farm is dispersedand also for governing authorities in the processes of both allowing new fishfarms and also when supervision of fish farms is needed.
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Hahn, R. Louise. "Salmon farm wastes as a potential nutrient subsidy to adjacent intertidal communities in Clayoquot Sound, British Columbia." 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/600.
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Brager, Lindsay Michelle. "Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Suspended Particulate Matter Surrounding Finfish Farms on the East and West Coasts of Canada." 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10222/21677.
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Achieving optimization of IMTA sites and modeling the efficiency of such a system requires knowledge of the spatiotemporal distribution and variability of TPM surrounding the finfish farms. The objective of this study was to quantify the impact of finfish farms on the surrounding particle field. Platforms equipped with transmissometers, fluorometers and CTD’s were towed around the sites while undulating through the water column in a high-resolution 3D spatial survey approach. In addition, combination turbidity and chlorophyll a sensors were moored at a variety of locations and depths. Surveys were conducted concurrently with the deployment of current meters. Farms surveyed were found to have little impact on the surrounding suspended particle field (mean effect < 1 mg L-1). Results provided evidence of minimal enhancement from fish farm wastes, primarily in surficial waters (0.5- 2 m depth) immediately adjacent to the cages, and evidence of predominantly tidal driven (M2) TPM dynamics.
Books on the topic "Fish farm wastes"
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Cairns, Adam John. Simple hack kit measurement of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in bottom sediments near a cage culture fis farm (Lake Wolsey, Manitoulin Island) and the potential use of COD for monitoring benthic accumulation or organic waste. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Earth Sciences, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Fish farm wastes"
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Tett, Paul. "Fish Farm Wastes in the Ecosystem." In Aquaculture in the Ecosystem, 1–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6810-2_1.
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Joyce, Alyssa, Simon Goddek, Benz Kotzen, and Sven Wuertz. "Aquaponics: Closing the Cycle on Limited Water, Land and Nutrient Resources." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 19–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_2.
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AbstractHydroponics initially developed in arid regions in response to freshwater shortages, while in areas with poor soil, it was viewed as an opportunity to increase productivity with fewer fertilizer inputs. In the 1950s, recirculating aquaculture also emerged in response to similar water limitations in arid regions in order to make better use of available water resources and better contain wastes. However, disposal of sludge from such systems remained problematic, thus leading to the advent of aquaponics, wherein the recycling of nutrients produced by fish as fertilizer for plants proved to be an innovative solution to waste discharge that also had economic advantages by producing a second marketable product. Aquaponics was also shown to be an adaptable and cost-effective technology given that farms could be situated in areas that are otherwise unsuitable for agriculture, for instance, on rooftops and on unused, derelict factory sites. A wide range of cost savings could be achieved through strategic placement of aquaponics sites to reduce land acquisition costs, and by also allowing farming closer to suburban and urban areas, thus reducing transportation costs to markets and hence also the fossil fuel and CO2 footprints of production.
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Raitz, Karl. "By-products." In Making Bourbon, 179–90. University Press of Kentucky, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813178752.003.0010.
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Some early farm distillers disposed of their slop by dumping it into streams, killing fish, fouling the water, and drawing irate protests from neighbors. Nuisance abatement laws were invoked to combat the practice. Other distillers adopted livestock feeding systems that combined slop with hay and fodder. Penned livestock then created a secondary problem: animal waste runoff from the feeding pens. Some distillers gave away or sold their slop to neighboring farmers. Livestock brokers began to buy cattle and hogs specifically for consignment to distilleries, where the animals would be fed to market weight. After 1900, the Kentucky State Board of Health began a campaign to combat waterborne diseases spread by sewage and slop contamination.
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Emsley, John. "Landscape room: environmental cons, concerns and comments: An exhibition of molecules that stalk the world." In Molecules at an Exhibition. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198502661.003.0010.
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A hundred years ago, if you talked about protecting the environment you meant preventing floods or forest fires. Homes and farms could be ruined and families wiped out by a flash flood, a surge tide, or a raging fire. Meanwhile in industrial regions the skies were polluted with fumes, smoke and smog, rivers were little more than open drains and slag was piled up in great heaps. People complained but there was little they could do, because their livelihoods depended on the very industries which were causing the pollution. Excesses were curbed, but change was painfully slow. Fifty years ago, when you spoke of protecting the environment you meant controlling urban sprawl and cleaning up the wastes of industry. The climate of opinion now favours quicker changes, and much has been achieved since then: slag heaps have been sculpted into grassy knolls, derelict sites have been demolished and turned into sport centres or superstores, rivers now support fish and wildlife abounds on their banks. The belching smoke and choking fogs of coal-burning industries are only memories. And while the air in cities is now fouled by traffic fumes, there are signs that this pollution too will disappear as cars become cleaner. People today have other environmental concerns. They want action taken on different kinds of pollution. It is not enough to pull down old factories, gas works and foundries and to turf over the site: we want the soil beneath to be decontaminated too, so that homes can be built there and children can play safely in gardens. People want power to be generated without causing acid rain. They want all rivers and lakes to be so clean that people can fish from them or swim in them. When it comes to breathing, we have little choice. The air we breathe comes with the neighbourhoods in which we live and work. Clearly, we have some control: we can avoid traffic fumes, and change the ventilation of the rooms we are in, but even so the mixture that we are taking in is still a cocktail of gases, some of which are not natural, and some of which may be hurting us.
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Millon, Mark. "Devon and its Evolving Food Culture." In Food and Drink: the cultural context. Goodfellow Publishers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.23912/978-1-908999-03-0-2338.
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Bordering Cornwall to the west and Dorset and Somerset to the east and north, Devon is one of England’s largest counties. With Exeter as its capital, it is bounded by the English Channel to the south and the Bristol Channel some 70 miles to the north. In between is a bucolic landscape of gently rolling and verdant pastures for the grazing of dairy cattle and sheep; rich arable farmland; and the rugged, upland country of Dartmoor and Exmoor. This is enviable agricultural country. Devon’s beautiful pasturelands provide grazing for dairy cattle and the county is the source of rich dairy products such as milk, cream, Devon’s famous clotted cream, as well as an increasing and outstanding range of farmhouse cheeses. On upland farms, native breeds such as Red Ruby and South Devon cattle, as well as lamb raised on Dartmoor and Exmoor, provide excellent meats. Organic vegetables and fruit are cultivated in the rich red earth of Devon. Wild foods such as game as well as mushrooms and plants foraged in woodlands add to the local diet, while an increasing range of artisan, hand-crafted foods are produced on both small, cottage scale as well as at a level that allows for national and even international distribution. A fabulous catch of fish and shellfish is landed by day boats and trawlers alike in the ports of Brixham and Exmouth. Regional foods are most ably washed down with traditional cask-conditioned ales, raspingly tannic Devon farmhouse ‘scrumpy’ or cider, and an increasing number of award-winning Devon wines.
Conference papers on the topic "Fish farm wastes"
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Li, Lin, Zhiyu Jiang, and Muk Chen Ong. "A Preliminary Study of a Vessel-Shaped Offshore Fish Farm Concept." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61665.
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The aquaculture industry is aiming to move fish farms from near-shore area to open seas because of many attractive advantages in the open water. However, one major challenge is to design the structure to withstand the environmental loads due to wind, waves and current. The purpose of this paper is to study a vessel-shaped fish farm concept for open sea applications. The structure includes a vessel-shaped hull, a mooring system and fish cages. The shape of the hull minimizes the wave loads coming from the bow, and the single-point mooring system is connected to the turret at the vessel bow. Such a system allows the whole fish farm to rotate freely about the turret, reduces the environmental loads on the structure and increases the spread area of fish wastes. A basic geometry of the vessel hull was considered and the hydrodynamic properties were obtained from frequency domain analysis. A preliminary mooring system was designed to avoid possible interactions with the fish cages. Time domain simulations were performed by coupling the hull with the mooring system. A simplified rigid model of the fish cages was considered. The global responses of the system and the mooring line loads were compared in various waves and current conditions. The effects due to misalignment of waves and current directions on the responses were also studied.
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Li, Lin, Zhiyu Jiang, Jungao Wang, and Muk Chen Ong. "Predicting the Heading Misalignment of a Vessel-Shaped Offshore Fish Farm Under Waves and Currents." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77476.
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A vessel-shaped fish farm concept for open sea applications has been proposed recently. The whole system consists of a vessel-shaped floater, fish cages positioned longitudinally along the floater, and a single-point mooring system. The whole system weathervanes; this feature increases the spread area for the fish waste. However, the downstream cages may experience reduced water exchange when the vessel is parallel to the currents. This situation may jeopardize the fish health. A dynamic positioning (DP) system may be necessary to improve the flow conditions. This paper investigates the misalignment angle between the heading of the vessel-shaped fish farm and the currents under combined wave and current conditions. The misalignment angle is critical for the estimation of the DP system consumption. A numerical model of the fish farm system with flexible nets is developed. Current reduction factors are included to account for the flow velocity reductions between the net panels. The heading of the system is obtained by finding the equilibrium condition of the whole system under each combined wave and current condition. An integrated method using metamodels is proposed and applied for the prediction of the misalignment angle for a reference site. The probability distribution of the misalignment angle between the vessel heading and the currents is calculated using the Kriging metamodel for the reference site. Based on the prediction, the requirement for the DP system to improve the flow condition in the fish cages is discussed.
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Jeong, S. J., J. K. Shin, J. Y. Lee, and J. H. Yoon. "Development of the New Aquaculture Fishcage for Open Ocean Areas." In 25th International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2006-92534.
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Until now, Korean aquaculture industry has been grown largely in quality and quantity. However, an increase of quantity has caused lots of problems like sea pollution lately. Nearly 82% of Korean aquaculture farms had been installed mainly at inshore of the southern sea, so, sewage, factory wastes, high density of farms at the limited area and autoinfection have deteriorated inshore fisheries. Now, the open sea has been on the rise for the solution to these problems since it has clear seawater that will expect to decrease the environmental pollution with much current. As a matter of fact, it is impossible to move the existing fish cages to the open sea due to the rough environmental conditions such as higher waves, strong currents etc.; therefore, it is necessary to develop new fish cage equipment that will fully meet the open sea conditions. In this research, the theoretical study and experimental analysis have been carried out for the structural fish cage design which is feasible for the open sea.
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Gansel, Lars C., Siri Rackebrandt, Frode Oppedal, and Thomas A. McClimans. "Flow Fields Inside Stocked Fish Cages and the Near Environment." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-50205.
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This study explores the average flow field inside and around stocked Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fish cages. Laboratory tests and field measurements were conducted to study the effects of biofouling and especially fish behaviour on the flow patterns around and through fish cages. Currents were measured around an empty and a stocked fish cage in a fjord to verify the results obtained from laboratory tests without fish and to study the effects of fish swimming in the cage. Fluorescein, a non-toxic, fluorescent dye, was released inside a stocked fish cage for visualization of 3-dimensional flow patterns inside the cage. Atlantic salmon tend to form a torus shaped school and swim in a circular path, following the net during the daytime. Current measurements around an empty and a stocked fish cage show a strong influence of fish swimming in this circular pattern: while most of the oncoming water mass passes through the empty cage, significantly more water is pushed around the stocked fish cage. Dye experiments show that surface water inside stocked fish cages converges towards the center, where it sinks and spreads out of the cage at the depth of maximum biomass. Furthermore, the converging surface water swirled in the direction of the swimming fish. In order to achieve a circular motion, fish must accelerate towards the center of the cage. This inward-directed force must be balanced by an outward force that pushes the water out of the cage, resulting in a low pressure area in the center of the rotational motion of the fish. Thus, water is pulled from above and below the fish swimming depth. The laboratory tests with empty cages agree well with field measurements around empty fish cages, and give a good starting point for further laboratory tests including the effect of fish-induced currents inside the cage to document the details of the flow patterns inside and adjacent to stocked fish cages. The results of such experiments can be used as benchmarks for numerical models to simulate the water flow in and around net pens, and model the oxygen supply and the spreading of wastes in the near wake of stocked fish farms.
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Rao, Ramana K., Brian L. Stormwind, Ishrat Chaudhuri, and Marcus Garcia. "Multiple Pathway Health Risk Assessment and Multimedia Environmental Monitoring Programs for a Municipal Waste Resource Recovery Facility in Maryland." In 12th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec12-2207.
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Following a 1986 decision by Montgomery County in Maryland to construct a municipal waste resource recovery facility near the town of Dickerson, the local community expressed concern regarding the potential human health effects from air emissions of dioxins and trace metals released through the stack of the proposed facility. To address this concern, the County conducted health risk studies and ambient monitoring programs before and after the facility became operational. The purpose of the health risk studies was to determine potential cancer and non-cancer risks to the nearby residents from the operations of the facility. The purpose of the ambient monitoring programs was to determine if any changes would occur in the ambient levels of certain target chemicals in the environmental media, and if such changes can be attributed to the operations of the facility. Accordingly, the County conducted a multiple pathway health risk assessment in 1989 prior to the construction of the facility. The pre-operational health risk assessment was based on estimated stack engineering parameters and available stack emissions data from municipal waste resource recovery facilities that were operating in the United States, Canada and Europe during the 1980’s. The health risk assessment used established procedures that were accepted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and many state agencies at that time. The Montgomery County Resource Recovery Facility (RRF) became operational in the spring of 1995. The facility is equipped with the state-of-the-art air pollution control (APC) equipment including a dry scrubber-fabric filter baghouse system to control organics and trace metals, ammonia injection system to control nitrogen oxides, and activated carbon injection system to control mercury. In 2003, the County retained ENSR International to update the 1989 health risk assessment study. In the 2003 operational-phase update, as-built engineering data and measured stack emissions data from a total of eighteen quarterly stack emissions tests were used. The study was conducted in accordance with the U.S. EPA’s Human Health Risk Assessment Protocol for Hazardous Waste Combustion Facilities published in 1998 [1], and an Errata, published in 1999 [2]. Both the 1989 study and the 2003 study demonstrated that there is a very low chance (less than one chance in a million) for occurrence of cancer and no adverse non-cancer health effects to the nearby community as a result of exposure to facility-related emissions. The multi-media ambient monitoring programs were conducted in abiotic and biotic environmental media. These programs included an air-monitoring component and a non-air monitoring component. The pre-operational phase of the air media and non-air media monitoring was conducted in 1994–1995. The pre-operational program was designed to produce baseline data for target chemicals in both air and non-air media. The operational-phase air media monitoring was conducted in 1997 and 2003. The operational-phase non-air media monitoring was conducted in 1997 and 2001. Target chemicals monitored in both air and non-air media included polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs/PCDFs) and selected toxic metals (arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, and nickel). The non-air media included crops, farm pond surface water and fish tissue, and cow’s milk. The ambient levels of target chemicals monitored in the operational phase of the facility (1997, 2001 and 2003) demonstrated no measurable difference from the ambient levels of these chemicals monitored in the pre-operational phase (1994–95) of the facility, in both the air media and non-air media. The results of the health risk studies and ambient monitoring programs demonstrate that municipal waste combustion facilities that are equipped with the state-of-the-art air pollution control equipment pose no significant health risk to the population.
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Khoshnoud, Farbod, Ibrahim I. Esat, Richard H. C. Bonser, Clarence W. de Silva, Michael M. McKerns, and Houman Owhadi. "Self-Powered and Bio-Inspired Dynamic Systems: Research and Education." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65276.
Full textAbstract:
Animals are products of nature and have evolved over millions of years to perform better in their activities. Engineering research and development can benefit greatly by looking into nature and finding engineering solutions by learning from animals’ evolution and biological systems. Another relevant factor in the present context is highlighted by the statement of the Nobel laureate Richard Smalley: “Energy is the single most important problem facing humanity today.” This paper focuses on how the research and education in the area of Dynamic Systems can be geared towards these two considerations. In particular, recent advances in self-powered dynamic systems and bio-inspired dynamic systems are highlighted. Self-powered dynamic systems benefit by capturing wasted energy in a dynamic system and converting it into useful energy in the mode of a regenerative system, possibly in conjunction with renewable energies. Examples of solar-powered vehicles, regenerative vibration control, and energy harvesting are presented in the paper. Particularly, development of solar-powered quadrotor, octocopter, and tricopter airships are presented, a self-powered vibration control of a mass-spring system using electromagnetic actuators/generators, and piezoelectric flutter energy harvesting using bi-stable material are discussed. As examples of bioinspired dynamic systems, flapping wing flying robots, vertical axis wind turbines inspired by fish schooling, propulsion inspired by jellyfish, and Psi Intelligent Control are given. In particular, various design and developments of bird-inspired and insect-inspired flapping wings with the piezoelectric and electromagnetic actuation mechanisms, a scaled vertical axis wind turbine farm consist of 4 turbines and the corresponding wind tunnel testing, jellyfish-inspired pulsing jet and experimenting the increase in efficiency of energy consumption, and a multi-agent/robotic based predictive control scheme inspired by Psi precognition (event or state not yet experienced). Examples of student projects and research carried out at Brunel University and the experimental rigs built (in all the mentioned areas) are discussed, as an integrated research and educational activity. For the analysis and understanding of the behavior of self-powered and bio-inspired systems, Optimal Uncertainty Quantification (OUQ) is used. OUQ establishes a unified analysis framework in obtaining optimized solutions of the dynamic systems responses, which takes into account uncertainties and incomplete information in the simulation of these systems.