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1
Barman, Ditul, and Rajiv V. Gaikwad. "Evaluation of kidney status by ultrasonography in canines: an experimental study." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 1, no. 1 (February 23, 2015): 105–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v1i1.22373.
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Kidney is a major organ for homeostasis of the body's extracellular fluids by maintaining a constant internal environment. By playing such crucial responsibility kidney remains vulnerable for various diseases and disease condition. Other than laboratory findings, application of ultrasonography can be considered as one of the finest diagnostic tool to determine the architectural detail of kidney. To compare the study, we have taken two groups of canine, namely healthy and clinical. The later grouped was screened based on clinical signs, Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Serum Creatinine value. Sonography was performed by using Brightness mode instrument for both the groups. The values were analyzed by Prolate Ellipsoid formula to estimate the volume of kidney. There was significant variation in sizes between the kidneys of both the groups. Moreover, the size of the kidneys of few clinical cases, which has been suffering from renal disorder since long, reveals smaller size kidney than the healthy groups. Thus, this noninvasive method is quite practicable to evaluate the size of kidney amongst various renal failure cases. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v1i1.22373 Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.1(1): 105-108, Dec 2014
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ABD-ELFATTAH, AHMED, INÊS FONTES, GOKHLESH KUMAR, HATEM SOLIMAN, HANNA HARTIKAINEN, BETH OKAMURA, and MANSOUR EL-MATBOULI. "Vertical transmission ofTetracapsuloides bryosalmonae(Myxozoa), the causative agent of salmonid proliferative kidney disease." Parasitology 141, no. 4 (November 7, 2013): 482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182013001650.
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SUMMARYThe freshwater bryozoan,Fredericella sultana, is the main primary host of the myxozoan endoparasite,Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonaewhich causes proliferative kidney disease (PKD) of salmonid fish. Because spores that develop in bryozoan colonies are infectious to fish, bryozoans represent the ultimate source of PKD. Bryozoans produce numerous seed-like dormant stages called statoblasts that enable persistence during unfavourable conditions and achieve long-distance dispersal. The possibility thatT. bryosalmonaemay undergo vertical transmission via infection of statoblasts has been the subject of much speculation since this is observed in close relatives. This study provides the first evidence that such vertical transmission ofT. bryosalmonaeis extensive by examining the proportions of infected statoblasts in populations ofF. sultanaon two different rivers systems and confirms its effectiveness by demonstrating transmission from material derived from infected statoblasts to fish hosts. Vertical transmission in statoblasts is likely to play an important role in the infection dynamics of both bryozoan and fish hosts and may substantially contribute to the widespread distribution of PKD.
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Arslan, Gökhan. "Cytokine Gene Expression, Immune Responses and Disease Resistance of Oncorhynchus mykiss after Raphanus sativus By-products Supplementation." Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 21, no. 10 (June 24, 2021): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v21_10_05.
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In the present study, we examined the effects of aqueous methanolic extract of radish seed (Raphanus sativus) by-products (RS) on innate immune responses and growth performance of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The fish was fed diets containing 4 different doses of RS (0 % (Control), 0.1% (RS0.1), 0.5% (RS0.5) and 1% (RS1)) for 14 days. The results showed an increased activity of respiratory burst in fish of treatment groups compared to that of control on 14th day (P<0.05). An enhanced bacterial killing activity was observed in R.05 and RS1 treatment groups compared to control (P<0.05) on 7th day of the study. Lysozyme activity was elevated in fish of RS1 group on 7th day, and in all treatment groups on 14th day compared to that of the control. Myeloperoxidase activity increased significantly in RS1 and RS0.1 groups compared to the control on 7th day. IL-1b was up- regulated in head kidney of fish in RS0.1 group on 7th day and in RS0.5 group on 14th day of the study. In intestine of fish of experimental groups, IL-1b expression was significantly elevated on 7th day compared to the control. IL-12 was also up-regulated both in kidney and intestine of treatment group fish on 7th day. Similar results were observed on IL-10 expression. IL8 was up-regulated both in kidney and intestine of treated fish groups. Growth performance was affected positively in the RS1 group compared to the control. However, FCR value did not vary among different groups. Survival also improved against Aeromonas hydrophila infection in RS administered fish. All these results suggest that supplementation of RS through diets for 7 days could improve immune responses and growth in rainbow trout.
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Schmidt-Posthaus, Heike, Ernst Schneider, Nils Schölzel, Regula Hirschi, Moritz Stelzer, and Armin Peter. "The role of migration barriers for dispersion of Proliferative Kidney Disease—Balance between disease emergence and habitat connectivity." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): e0247482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247482.
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Natural and uninterrupted water courses are important for biodiversity and fish population stability. Nowadays, many streams and rivers are obstructed by artificial migration barriers, often preventing the migration of fish. On the other hand, distribution of pathogens by migrating fishes is still a point of concern. Pathogen transport and transmission is a driving force in the dynamics of many infectious diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate the possible consequences of the removal of an artificial migration barrier for the upstream transport of Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of Proliferative Kidney Disease (PKD) in brown trout, by migrating fish. To test this question, a river system was selected with a migration barrier separating a PKD positive river from a PKD negative tributary. After removal of the barrier, PKD prevalence and pathology was examined during five years after elimination of the barrier. In the tributary, no PKD was recorded at any time of the survey. By means of unidirectional PIT (passive integrated transponder)-tagging, we confirmed upstream migration of adult brown trout into the tributary during the cold season, presumably for spawning. By eDNA, we confirmed presence of T. bryoalmonae and Fredericella sp., the definitive host, DNA in water from the PKD positive river stretch, but not in the PKD negative tributary. Our study illustrates the importance of the connectivity of streams for habitat maintenance. Although migration of brown trout from a PKD-positive river into a PKD-negative tributary, mainly for spawning, was confirmed, upstream spreading of PKD was not observed.
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Gopinath, Bamini, David C. Harris, Victoria M. Flood, George Burlutsky, and Paul Mitchell. "Consumption of long-chain n-3 PUFA, α-linolenic acid and fish is associated with the prevalence of chronic kidney disease." British Journal of Nutrition 105, no. 9 (January 24, 2011): 1361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114510005040.
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Due to the anti-inflammatory properties of PUFA, it has been suggested that they may protect against kidney damage in adults. However, relatively few epidemiological studies have examined this hypothesis in human subjects. We investigated the association between dietary intakes of PUFA (n-3, n-6 and α-linolenic acid), fish and the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). A total of 2600 Blue Mountains Eye Study (1997–9) participants aged ≥ 50 years were analysed. Dietary data were collected using a semi-quantitative FFQ, and PUFA and fish intakes were calculated. Baseline biochemistry including serum creatinine was measured. Moderate CKD was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate of < 60 ml/min per 1·73 m2. Participants in the highest quartile of long-chain n-3 PUFA intake had a significantly reduced likelihood of having CKD compared with those in the lowest quartile of intake (multivariable-adjusted OR 0·69, 95 % CI 0·49, 0·99). α-Linolenic acid intake was positively associated with CKD (OR, per standard deviation increase in α-linolenic acid, 1·18, 95 % CI 1·05, 1·32). Total n-3 PUFA or total n-6 PUFA were not significantly associated with CKD. The highest compared with the lowest quartile of fish consumption was associated with a reduced likelihood of CKD (OR 0·68, 95 % CI 0·48, 0·97; P for trend = 0·02). The present study shows that an increased dietary intake of long-chain n-3 PUFA and fish reduces the prevalence of CKD. Hence, a diet rich in n-3 PUFA and fish could have a role in maintaining healthy kidney function, in addition to roles of these nutrients in the prevention and modulation of other diseases.
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Saulnier, D., and P. de Kinkelin. "Antigenic and biochemical study of PKX, the myxosporean causative agent of proliferative kidney disease of salmonid fish." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 27 (1996): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao027103.
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Murwantoko, Murwantoko, Eka Diniarti, and Triyanto Triyanto. "Isolation, Characterization and Pathogenicity of Edwardsiella tarda a Causative Disease on Freshwater Fish in Yogyakarta." Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada 21, no. 1 (August 2, 2019): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfs.39920.
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Edwarsiella tarda is a cosmopolitan bacterium and is a cause of Edwardsiellosis in various fish species. The bacterial infection causes large losses on aquaculture in Asia, especially Japan. This study was conducted to isolate and characterize E. tarda as causative disease in freshwater fishes, and to determine its pathogenicity to catfish (Pangasius sp.). Bacteria were isolated from kidney of diseased fishes on Tryptone Soya Agar medium. Identification was conducted based on morphological colonies, morphological cells and biochemical tests. Fulfillment of Koch Postulates was done by injecting bacteria intraperitoneally on 7-9 cm fishes at dose of 107 cfu/fish. Pathogenicity test was carried out by intraperitoneal injection at 104, 105, 106, and 107 cfu/fish to 7-9 cm-catfish (Pangasius sp.) and followed by observation of disease signs and mortality every six hours for 7 days. Pathogenicity was determined as Lethal Dosage (LD50) using Dragstedt Behrens method. In this research we have isolated three isolates E. tarda causing disease in fishes. The clinical signs of this disease were lose of pigmentation over the lession, swollen of stomach, haemorhage on fins , small cutaneous lesions, and necrotic on fins area. The LD50 of E. tarda isolate L2, L3, and N3 were 4.64 ± 0.35x105, 1.54 ± 0.07x105, and 1.13 ± 0.13x106 cfu/fish, respectively.
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Carraro, Luca, Enrico Bertuzzo, Lorenzo Mari, Inês Fontes, Hanna Hartikainen, Nicole Strepparava, Heike Schmidt-Posthaus, et al. "Integrated field, laboratory, and theoretical study of PKD spread in a Swiss prealpine river." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 45 (October 23, 2017): 11992–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713691114.
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Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a major threat to wild and farmed salmonid populations because of its lethal effect at high water temperatures. Its causative agent, the myxozoanTetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, has a complex lifecycle exploiting freshwater bryozoans as primary hosts and salmonids as secondary hosts. We carried out an integrated study of PKD in a prealpine Swiss river (the Wigger). During a 3-year period, data on fish abundance, disease prevalence, concentration of primary hosts’ DNA in environmental samples [environmental DNA (eDNA)], hydrological variables, and water temperatures gathered at various locations within the catchment were integrated into a newly developed metacommunity model, which includes ecological and epidemiological dynamics of fish and bryozoans, connectivity effects, and hydrothermal drivers. Infection dynamics were captured well by the epidemiological model, especially with regard to the spatial prevalence patterns. PKD prevalence in the sampled sites for both young-of-the-year (YOY) and adult brown trout attained 100% at the end of summer, while seasonal population decay was higher in YOY than in adults. We introduce a method based on decay distance of eDNA signal predicting local species’ density, accounting for variation in environmental drivers (such as morphology and geology). The model provides a whole-network overview of the disease prevalence. In this study, we show how spatial and environmental characteristics of river networks can be used to study epidemiology and disease dynamics of waterborne diseases.
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Mastuti, Indah, and Ketut Mahardika. "DISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF ENLARGED CELLS DERIVED FROM GROUPER SLEEPY DISEASE IRIDOVIRUS (GSDIV) INFECTED HUMPBACK GROUPER Cromileptes altivelis." Indonesian Aquaculture Journal 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2012): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/iaj.7.1.2012.55-60.
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Characteristic of Megalocytivirus infection has been known to produce formation of inclusion body bearing cells (IBCs) on internals organs of fish predominantly on spleen and kidney. Megalocytivirus that infected grouper is known as Grouper Sleepy Disease Iridovirus (GSDIV). This study was conducted to answer the effect of entry sites of GSDIV on distribution of enlarged cells formed on the internal organs of humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis. Enlarged cells were observed histologically under the light microscope on spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney, liver, gill, heart, stomach, intestine, muscle and brain. Entry sites were designated to intramuscularly injection, intraperitoneally injection, dipped gill and inoculum added feed. Enlarged cells were formed on spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney, liver, gill, heart, stomach, muscle, except on intestine and brain. All the entry sites resulted in formation of enlarged cells on spleen, head kidney, trunk kidney, liver, heart. Spleen and head kidney were the most frequent observed organ. These results suggested that distribution of enlarged cells were not affected by the entry site of GSDIV.
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Chang, Chia-Hsuan, Sayuj Poudyal, Theeraporn Pulpipat, Pei-Chi Wang, and Shih-Chu Chen. "Pathological Manifestations of Francisella orientalis in the Green Texas Cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus)." Animals 11, no. 8 (August 3, 2021): 2284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11082284.
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Francisella orientalis (Fo) is considered to be one of the major pathogens of tilapia because of the high mortalities observed during outbreaks. Other cichlids belonging to the same family (Cichlidae) as tilapia are also quite susceptible to this pathogen. On various occasions, Fo has also been isolated from other warm water fish, including three-line grunt, hybrid striped bass, French grunt, Caesar grunt, and Indo-Pacific reef fish. However, only a few studies have reported the pathogenicity of Francisella orientalis in ornamental cichlid fish. This study fulfills Koch’s postulates by showing that a strain of Fo obtained from green Texas cichlid (Herichthys cyanoguttatus) was able to produce the same pathogenicity in healthy fish. A mortality of 100% was observed after healthy green Texas cichlid were experimentally injected with Fo at a dose of 8.95 × 105 CFU/fish. DNA extracted from the organs of predilection (spleen, head kidney) gave positive results by PCR for all fish that died during the experimental period. Spleen and head kidney presented with multifocal white nodules in the affected fish, corresponding to typical vacuolated granulomas on histopathological examination of the tissues. Based on the results of this study, it is evident that Fo can indeed infect green Texas cichlid and produce a disease typical of francisellosis.
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Drotningsvik, Aslaug, Øivind Midttun, Adrian McCann, Per Magne Ueland, Ingmar Høgøy, and Oddrun Anita Gudbrandsen. "Dietary intake of cod protein beneficially affects concentrations of urinary markers of kidney function and results in lower urinary loss of amino acids in obese Zucker fa/fa rats." British Journal of Nutrition 120, no. 7 (August 29, 2018): 740–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114518002076.
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AbstractObesity increases the risk for developing kidney disease, and protection of kidneys through changes in diet should be investigated. Fish intake has been associated with reduced risk of developing kidney disease; therefore, we wanted to investigate whether cod protein intake could prevent or delay the development of kidney damage in an obese rat model that spontaneously develops proteinuria and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. The aim of the study was to investigate any effects of cod protein intake on established markers of kidney function, amino acid composition, protein utilisation and growth in obese Zucker fa/fa rats in the early stage of decreased renal function. Male obese Zucker fa/fa rats (HsdOla:Zucker-Lepr) were fed cod muscle proteins in an amount corresponding to 25 % of dietary protein, with the remaining protein from a casein/whey mixture (COD diet). A control group was fed a diet with a casein/whey mixture as the only protein source (CAS diet). The intervention started when rats were 9–10 weeks old, and the rats were fed these diets for 4 weeks. At the end of the study, rats fed the COD diet had lower urine concentration of cystatin C, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-1 (TIM-1), amino acids, carbamide, uric acid and ammonium and higher concentrations of creatine, trimethylamine N-oxide, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine, lower kidney concentration of TIM-1 and showed better growth when compared with the CAS group. To conclude, cod protein may have the potential to delay the development of kidney damage in young obese Zucker rats and to improve protein utilisation and growth.
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Arndt, Fux, Blutke, Schwaiger, El-Matbouli, Sutter, and Langenmayer. "Proliferative Kidney Disease and Proliferative Darkening Syndrome are Linked with Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) Mortalities in the Pre-Alpine Isar River." Pathogens 8, no. 4 (October 6, 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens8040177.
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For many years, brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) mortalities within the pre-alpine Isar River in Germany were reported by the Bavarian Fisheries Association (Landesfischereiverband Bayern e.V.) and local recreational anglers during August and September. Moribund fish seemed to be affected by proliferative darkening syndrome (PDS). In addition, proliferative kidney disease (PKD) caused by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae was discussed. To investigate this phenomenon, the present field study monitored brown trout mortalities by daily river inspection in 2017 and 2018. Moribund brown trout (n = 31) were collected and examined using histology, immunohistochemistry, qPCR, and quantitative stereology. Our investigations identified 29 (93.5%) brown trout affected by PKD. Four brown trout (12.9%) displayed combined hepatic and splenic lesions fitting the pathology of PDS. The piscine orthoreovirus 3, suspected as causative agent of PDS, was not detectable in any of the samples. Quantitative stereological analysis of the kidneys revealed a significant increase of the renal tissue volumes with interstitial inflammation and hematopoietic hyperplasia in PKD-affected fish as compared to healthy brown trout. The identified T. bryosalmonae strain was classified as part of the North American clade by phylogenetical analysis. This study highlights PKD and PDS as contributing factors to recurrent autumnal brown trout mortalities.
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Gregori, Michela, Vincenzo Miragliotta, Roberto Leotta, Stefano Cecchini, Marino Prearo, and Francesca Abramo. "Morphometric Evaluation of Interrenal Gland and Kidney Macrophages Aggregates in Normal Healthy Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and after Bacterial Challenge withYersinia ruckeri." Veterinary Medicine International 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/210625.
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Macrophage aggregates (MA) occur in various organs of fish as discrete aggregations of pigmented macrophages. The study presented herein investigates the quantitative modifications from normal anatomical condition, of interrenal gland (IG) and kidney MA in six treatment groups of adult rainbow trout submitted to either specific or aspecific immune stimulation and subsequently challenged withYersinia ruckeri. Routinely stained tissue sections from both IG and kidney were analysed. The percentage of tissues occupied by MA and the MA density (number/mm2) were calculated on at least 10 randomly selected nonoverlapping fields taken from each tissue section. MA morphometric findings from challenged fish were compared to those from a control group. Results showed that fish from control group displayed a statistically significant (P<0.05) higher percentage of tissue occupied by MA and MA density. Among different treatment groups, anti-Yersinia ruckeriimmunized fish, which did not show clinical signs of disease after bacterial challenge, displayed higher values of morphometric parameters compared with symptomatic fish from other groups. Our study demonstrates that the quantification of the area occupied by MA might be an efficient parameter to evaluate the general condition of a salmonid population since it positively correlates with the health status and negatively with stress factor such as the acute bacterial infection.
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Ahmed, Gias Uddin, Mohammad Nurul Alam, and Md Mamunur Rahman. "Impact of aqua drugs and chemicals on the recoveries of fish diseases and total fish production in Sherpur region of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 1, no. 3 (February 23, 2016): 600–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v1i3.26483.
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The present study was conducted to investigate the impact of aqua-drugs and chemicals on fish health and total fish production in Sherpur region, Bangladesh from July 2014 to June 2015. Forty nine different types of aqua-drugs and chemicals were recorded in the study area; among those sixteen types mainly ADDIC drugs and chemicals were widely used by the farmers for treatment of different fish diseases. It was recorded that GR Plus, Active Blue with Copper sulphate, ID Plus, Aqua c vit and H. vit plus were used for the treatment of EUS in Pangus, Shing and Thai koi which had an average recovery of 80-90%. For the treatment of Edwardsiellosis in Pangus and Thai koi, farmers used GR Plus, ID Plus, OTC power, Aqua c vit, H.vit plus and potassium permanganate which had an average recovery of 75-80%, and for the treatment of dropsy in Thai koi and Shing GR Plus, ID Plus, OTC power, Aqua c vit, H.vit plus and potassium permanganate were used which had an average recovery of 75-85%. Histopathology of liver and kidney of fishes were almost normal in control ponds, whereas, in fish organs from drug treated ponds had pathological changes like necrosis, pyknotic cells, hemorrhage, fat droplet, ilets of langerhens, degeneration of kidney tubules and vacuums. Total production of Thai koi, Shing and Pangus was 10,000 kg/acre, 10,000 kg/acre, and 13,000 kg/acre in drugs treated ponds; whereas, such value was 5,000 kg/acre, 4,500 kg/acre and 6,500 kg/acre in non-treaded ponds, respectively in the study areas. In control ponds, mortality rate was comparatively high and production was also low than drugs treated ponds. End of the experiment, it was observed that efficacy of drugs of Aqua Drug and Disease Information Centre (ADDIC) was excellent.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2015, 1(3): 600-606
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Pilarski, F., AJ Rossini, and PS Ceccarelli. "Isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare (Bernardet et al. 2002) from four tropical fish species in Brazil." Brazilian Journal of Biology 68, no. 2 (May 2008): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842008000200025.
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Flavobacterium columnare is the causative agent of columnaris disease in freshwater fish, implicated in skin and gill disease, often causing high mortality. The aim of this study was the isolation and characterization of Flavobacterium columnare in tropical fish in Brazil. Piracanjuba (Brycon orbignyanus), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and cascudo (Hypostomus plecostomus) were examined for external lesions showing signs of colunmaris disease such as greyish white spots, especially on the head, dorsal part and caudal fin of the fish. The sampling comprised 50 samples representing four different fish species selected for study. Samples for culture were obtained by skin and kidney scrapes with a sterile cotton swabs of columnaris disease fish and streaked onto Carlson and Pacha (1968) artificial culture medium (broth and solid) which were used for isolation. The strains in the liquid medium were Gram negative, long, filamentous, exhibited flexing movements (gliding motility), contained a large number of long slender bacteria and gathered into ‘columns'. Strains on the agar produced yellow-pale colonies, rather small, flat that had rhizoid edges. A total of four Flavobacterium columnare were isolated: 01 Brycon orbignyanus strain, 01 Piaractus mesopotamicus strain, 01 Colossoma macropomum strain, and 01 Hypostomus plecostomus strain. Biochemical characterization, with its absorption of Congo red dye, production of flexirubin-type pigments, H2S production and reduction of nitrates proved that the isolate could be classified as Flavobacterium columnare.
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de Souza Suguiura, Igor Massahiro, Rafaela Macagnan, Aline Myuki Omori, Elder Luis Buck, Josiane Aniele Scarpassa, Lucienne Garcia Pretto-Giordano, Laurival Antônio Vilas-Boas, Zoilo Pires de Camargo, Eiko Nakagawa Itano, and Mario Augusto Ono. "First report of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection in fish." Medical Mycology 58, no. 6 (November 27, 2019): 737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mmy/myz120.
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Abstract The thermodimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is the etiological agent of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a deep mycosis endemic in Latin American countries that affects mainly male rural workers. Infection by P. brasiliensis has also been reported in several species of terrestrial animals; however, the capacity of the fungus to infect aquatic organisms is poorly known. The aim of this study was to detect P. brasiliensis in a fish species, Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), the most farmed and widely distributed fish in endemic areas for human PCM in Brazil. As a first step, the humoral immune response against the fungus was evaluated in an experimental group of three fish immunized with inactivated P. brasiliensis yeast cells. For the seroepidemiological study, serum samples of Nile tilapia raised in cages (n = 109) and in ponds (n = 105), collected from a fish slaughterhouse, were analyzed for P. brasiliensis antibodies by ELISA using gp43 as antigen. All the inoculated fish produced antibodies against the fungus. The seropositivity observed in fish raised in cages and ponds was 17.4 and 5.7%, respectively. Due to the higher seropositivity observed in caged fish, 100 tissue samples (encephalon, liver, and kidney), from another group of tilapia raised in cages, were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR; Pb-ITSR and Pb-ITSE). Three tissue samples (liver n = 1, kidney n = 1, and enchepahlon n = 1) from three different fish resulted positive to PCR. This is the first report to show serological and molecular evidence of P. brasiliensis infection in a fish species.
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Pojezdal, Ľubomír, Mikolaj Adamek, Eva Syrová, Dieter Steinhagen, Hana Minářová, Ivana Papežíková, Veronika Seidlová, Stanislava Reschová, and Miroslava Palíková. "Health Surveillance of Wild Brown Trout (Salmo trutta fario) in the Czech Republic Revealed a Coexistence of Proliferative Kidney Disease and Piscine Orthoreovirus-3 Infection." Pathogens 9, no. 8 (July 24, 2020): 604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9080604.
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The population of brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in continental Europe is on the decline, with infectious diseases confirmed as one of the causative factors. However, no data on the epizootiological situation of wild fish in the Czech Republic are currently available. In this study, brown trout (n = 260) from eight rivers were examined for the presence of viral and parasitical pathogens. Salmonid alphavirus-2, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, piscine novirhabdovirus (VHSV) and salmonid novirhabdovirus (IHNV) were not detected using PCR. Cell culturing showed no viruses as well, and serological analysis of 110 sera did not detect any specific antibodies against VHSV or IHNV. Fish from two rivers were positive for the presence of piscine orthoreovirus-3 (PRV-3), subtype PRV-3b. However, none of the PRV-3-positive fish showed gross pathologies typically associated with PRV infections. By far the most widespread pathogen was Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae which was confirmed in each of the examined locations, with a prevalence of up to 65% and 100%, as established by immunohistochemistry and PCR, respectively. Furthermore, up to 43.8% of fish showed signs of proliferative kidney disease caused by T. bryosalmonae, suggesting that this parasite is a main health challenge for brown trout in the Czech Republic.
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GRABNER, D. S., and M. EL-MATBOULI. "Experimental transmission of malacosporean parasites from bryozoans to common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus)." Parasitology 137, no. 4 (October 23, 2009): 629–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991429.
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SUMMARYTo address whether a fish host is involved in the life cycles of malacosporeans of the genus Buddenbrockia, cohabitation experiments with different bryozoan and fish species were conducted. Samples were analysed by malacosporean-specific PCR, partial sequencing of the 18S rDNA, and light and electron microscopy. Co-habitation challenges with bryozoans resulted in malacosporean infections detected mainly in the kidney of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus). Sequences of the minnow parasite and of worm-like Buddenbrockia stages in Plumatella repens were identical and showed 99·5% similarity to Buddenbrockia plumatellae and 96·3% similarity to the sequence obtained from carp. One sample, comprising 4–5 zooids of statoblast-raised bryozoans cohabitated with infected carp was PCR-positive, but no overt infection could be observed in the remaining colony. Light and electron-microscopy of kidney samples of infected minnows revealed single cells within kidney tubules, whereas in carp, sporogonic stages were found in kidney tubules. Phylogenetic analysis of the Buddenbrockia spp. known to date placed the carp-infecting species at the base of the B. plumatellae clade, but low posterior probability makes this node questionable. The present study showed that Buddenbrockia spp. were able to infect cyprinid fish, showing stages in kidney-tubules strikingly similar to those of T. bryosalmonae.
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Ortega, Cesar, Rute Irgang, Benjamín Valladares-Carranza, Constanza Collarte, and Ruben Avendaño-Herrera. "First Identification and Characterization of Lactococcus garvieae Isolated from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Cultured in Mexico." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 9, 2020): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091609.
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Lactococcosis is a hyperacute hemorrhagic septicemia disease caused by Lactococcus garvieae, which is an emerging pathogen in global fish farming. Between 2016 and 2018, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from five farms that presented outbreaks were sampled as part of a Mexican surveillance program for the detection of fish diseases. Fourteen L. garvieae isolates were recovered from sampled fish, as confirmed by biochemical tests, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and clinical and histological insights. The biochemical and protein profiles of the isolates obtained were homogeneous. Repetitive extragenic palindromic—(REP)—and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence PCR (ERIC-PCR) analyses established weak genetic heterogeneity. Rainbow trout challenged with two of the isolates used at different bacterial concentrations (10−2 and 10−4 CFU/mL) showed melanosis, and hemorrhages were observed in the fins, liver, kidney, and spleen. Isolates were obtained from all of the organs sampled, including from surviving fish, as either pure or mixed cultures. The present study is the first to confirm the presence of L. garvieae as the agent of severe lactococcosis outbreaks in the two primary Mexican states for trout farming.
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Khatun, H., MD Hossain, SN Jahan, and DA Khanom. "Bacterial Infestation in Different Fish at Rajshahi." Journal of Science Foundation 9, no. 1-2 (April 18, 2013): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v9i1-2.14650.
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The present study was carried out from July 2005 to June 2007 and diseased freshwater fishes were collected from different water bodies and fish landing centre of three study areas, namely City Corporation area, Rajshahi; Paba upazila and Charghat upazila, Rajshahi. In the present study the load of bacteria in lesion, liver and kidney of H. molitrix showed considerable variation in different months during the study period. Monthly variation of bacterial load in body lesion varied from 3.17×104 CFU/g (July05) to 2.13×107 CFU/g (March07), in liver it varied from 7.17×103 CFU/g (July05) to 5.13×106 CFU/g (March06) and in kidney it varied from 5.87×103 CFU/g (July05) to 6.33×105 CFU/g (March06). From two years observation, monthly variation of bacterial load in 3 sampling ponds were varied from 4.00×106 CFU/ml (June07) to 3.93×107 CFU/ml (July05) in case of pond-1. In pond-2 bacterial load varied from 1.27×106 CFU/ml (May07) to 5.33×107 CFU/ml (September06). In pond-3 the bacterial load varied from 2.10×106 CFU/ml (June07) to 2.10×108 CFU/ml (July06). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v9i1-2.14650 J. Sci. Foundation, 9(1&2): 77-84, June-December 2011
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Borgogna, Cinzia, Silvia Albertini, Licia Martuscelli, Filippo Poletti, Alessandro Volpe, Guido Merlotti, Vicenzo Cantaluppi, Renzo Boldorini, and Marisa Gariglio. "Evidence of BK Polyomavirus Infection in Urothelial but not Renal Tumors from a Single Center Cohort of Kidney Transplant Recipients." Viruses 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010056.
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Emerging evidence indicates that reactivation of BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) in the kidney and urothelial tract of kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) may be associated with cancer in these sites. In this retrospective study of a single center cohort of KTRs (n = 1307), 10 clear cell renal cell carcinomas and 5 urinary bladder carcinomas were analyzed from 15 KTRs for the presence of BKPyV infection through immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Three of these patients had already exhibited biopsy-proven polyomavirus-associated nephropathies (PyVAN). Although the presence of BKPyV large-T antigen was evident in the urothelium from a kidney removed soon after PyVAN diagnosis, it was undetectable in all the formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) blocks obtained from the 10 kidney tumors. By contrast, large-T antigen (LT) labeling of tumor cells was detected in two out of five bladder carcinomas. Lastly, the proportion of BKPyV DNA-FISH-positive bladder carcinoma nuclei was much lower than that of LT-positive cells. Taken together, our findings further strengthen the association between BKPyV reactivation and cancer development in KTRs, especially bladder carcinoma.
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Bailey, Christyn, Aurélie Rubin, Nicole Strepparava, Helmut Segner, Jean-François Rubin, and Thomas Wahli. "Do fish get wasted? Assessing the influence of effluents on parasitic infection of wild fish." PeerJ 6 (November 13, 2018): e5956. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5956.
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Many ecosystems are influenced simultaneously by multiple stressors. One important environmental stressor is aquatic pollution via wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. WWTP effluents may contribute to eutrophication or contain anthropogenic contaminants that directly and/or indirectly influence aquatic wildlife. Both eutrophication and exposure to anthropogenic contaminants may affect the dynamics of fish-parasite systems. With this in mind, we studied the impact of WWTP effluents on infection of brown trout by the parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae, the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD). PKD is associated with the long-term decline of wild brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations in Switzerland. We investigated PKD infection of brown trout at two adjacent sites (≈400 m apart) of a Swiss river. The sites are similar in terms of ecology except that one site receives WWTP effluents. We evaluated the hypothesis that fish inhabiting the effluent site will show greater susceptibility to PKD in terms of prevalence and disease outcome. We assessed susceptibility by (i) infection prevalence, (ii) parasite intensity, (iii) host health in terms of pathology, and (iv) estimated apparent survival rate. At different time points during the study, significant differences between sites concerning all measured parameters were found, thus providing evidence of the influence of effluents on parasitic infection of fish in our study system. However, from these findings we cannot determine if the effluent has a direct influence on the fish host via altering its ability to manage the parasite, or indirectly on the parasite or the invertebrate host via increasing bryozoa (the invertebrate host) reproduction. On a final note, the WWTP adhered to all national guidelines and the effluent only resulted in a minor water quality reduction assessed via standardized methods in this study. Thus, we provide evidence that even a subtle decrease in water quality, resulting in small-scale pollution can have consequences for wildlife.
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Haider, Aqeel, Nasreen Aslam Shah, and Muhammad Shahid. "Analysis Of Quality Of Life Of Dialysis Patients (Male And Female) With Kidney Disease." Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies 20, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46568/pjgs.v20i1.171.
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Focus of the investigation is to get some answers concerning the kidney illness and its effects on the everyday lives of the patients. Mostly patients don't think about the causes and how this illness is influencing and hauling them to finish their life step by step, so this examination will be useful to comprehend the Kidney sicknesses and financial and mental, effect of dialysis patients further to make sense of pretty much all that. Any harm which disturbs the roles of the kidneys and stops them to work normally is basically Kidney disease. Kidneys are a fist sized organ placed below the rib cage. They resemble a couple of bean formed organs in a human body and assume a significant job in managing the measure of water and synthetics (electrolytes) in the body, for example, sodium, potassium and phosphorous. In this study quantitative research method is used along with the non-probability sampling technique to collect data from the selected sample by using interview schedule and purposive and snowball sampling technique. The sample size is 250 respondents to gather the genuine information identified with this exploration from patients experiencing dialysis or kidney ailments. The Universe of this study would be the registered patients of the Liaquat National Hospital, Karachi. According to the findings dialysis really keeps the body in balance by giving it what it requires like evacuating waste, salt, and additional water from the body to cause hurt. It assists with dealing with the degree of specific synthetic substances safe in the blood like sodium, potassium and bicarbonate. It likewise controls the circulatory strain of the kidney patients.
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Das, D. R., and K. J. Chandra. "INVESTIGATION OF DISEASES OF JUVENILE CATLA FROM CULTURE POND FARMING CONDITION IN MYMENSINGH." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 15, no. 1 (September 20, 2017): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v15i1.34059.
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Investigation on health conditions and diseases of juvenile catla (Catla catla) was carried out for clinical and histopathological observations from different farms of Mymensingh region. A total of eight (8) farms, four Government (Govt.) and four Private (Pvt.) fish farms were selected for the study. The Indian major carp - catla was examined during June, 2010 to May, 2012. Monthly samplings were carried out with 5 fishes from each farm. Altogether 960 fish hosts were examined during the study period. Water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia, hardness, alkalinity, transparency and depth of water etc. were taken and management practices were investigated fortnightly interval. These were almost similar for all experimental ponds. The risk of being infestation by parasites of catla significantly (p<0.001) increased when the water quality parameters were not maintained the optimum level. Clinical examination of fishes was also carried out for any kind of abnormalities at monthly intervals. For histopathological studies skin, muscle, gill, liver and kidney were collected, processed and stained in Haematoxylin and Eosin. Histologically, catla of different fish farms were more affected in colder months (October to January). Structures of fish organs were normal from March to July. In the months of September, minor pathologies were found to be started and in the months of February the pathological condition of fish gradually reduced. Pathological changes like necrosis, fungal granuloma, protozoan and monogenean cyst, vacuolation, melanomacrophase, haemorrhage, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and clubbing were recorded in all the investigated organs. Among them fish gills and skin were more affected followed by liver and kidney. Again when considered individual fish farm, fish of Pvt. Fish farms were more affected than others. The study showed that severity of clinically and pathologically changes were gradually increased in November to January. During the period mixed infection of protozoa, monogenea and argulus were noticed in catla of the investigated farms.
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Hossain, Md Mer Mosharraf, Amimul Ehsan, Md Anisur Rahman, Monjurul Haq, and Md Bazlur Rashid Chowdhury. "Transmission and pathology of Streptococcus inane in monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in aquaculture of Bangladesh." Journal of Fisheries 2, no. 1 (May 19, 2014): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17017/jfish.v2i1.2014.28.
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Streptococcus iniae is a major fish pathogen, recently emergent outbreaks were recorded in commercially cultured monosex Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) result in significant losses termed “streptococcosis”-causes unusual appearances with multi-focal pin-point haemorrhages, abscesses, necrosis and ascites in skin, fin, muscle, liver, spleen, kidney, blood, interstitial fluid specially in central nervous system and brain. This disease was more prevalent (>26%) at summer when the water temperature was approximately >25oC, percentage of mortality was higher >41% during the overcrowding and improper water chemistry. Raised levels of glucose and ammonium in blood serum causes reduced number of free blood cells released into the haemolymph to stomach and gut, result in refrain from eating in diseased tilapia. Stocking density (200 fish/decimal; class IV) had significant effect (P<0.01) on the total production (5,000 to 5,500 kg/ha). S. iniae in the circulating blood cells, extra-tubular haemal spaces containing blood vessels, fixed phagocytes in the hepatopancreas (gastrointestinal tract), bacteria-like particles in the brain tissue, vacuum and necrosis in hepatocytes revealed with histopathology. In vitro study revealed that cohabitation of dead or infected fish with healthy fish resulted infection (horizontal transmission mechanism) to the healthy fish.
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Kristianingrum, Yuli Purwandari, Bambang Sutrisno, Sitarina Widyarini, and Kurniasih Sugiyono. "Disease incidence of freshwater fish in the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia." BIO Web of Conferences 33 (2021): 06001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213306001.
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The potential of freshwater farming in the Special Region of Yogyakarta is very high. Infectious and non-infectious diseases can cause significant economic losses. The main problem of infectious disease is caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. This study was conducted to identify diseases that attack freshwater fish using data analysis on fish disease cases in the Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UGM in 2019. A total of 239 cases of fish diseases were examined by the Laboratory Diagnostic Co-assistance students in 2019 from the Special Region of Yogyakarta which includes Sleman district, Kulonprogo district, Yogyakarta City, Bantul district and Gunungkidul district. Based on data analysis, it showed that the highest fish sample was tilapia (52%), came from Sleman Regency (94%). The highest disease infection was caused by bacterial infections (54%) followed by parasite infections (35%). Macroscopic changes were observed in the liver (25%), skin (19%). and gills (26%). These changes included a yellow swollen liver, ulcer in the skin, fragile consistency and nodules in the surface of kidneys, attachment lamella and necrosis of gill lamellas. The parasite identification resulted in following parasite taxa/species Dactylogyrus., Trichodina sp., Gyrodactylus sp. and Ichtyopthirius sp. in the Parasitology Laboratory. The histopathological changes were identified using the the Hematoxillin & Eosin st aining technique, the organs showed dermatitis (18%), hepatitis (27%) and branchitis (23%). It can be concluded that in this research the highest cases of freshwater fish disease in Yogyakarta Special Region were caused by bacterial infections of tilapia from the Sleman district.
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Deshmukh, Sidhartha, Per W. Kania, Jiwan K. Chettri, Jakob Skov, Anders M. Bojesen, Inger Dalsgaard, and Kurt Buchmann. "Insight from Molecular, Pathological, and Immunohistochemical Studies on Cellular and Humoral Mechanisms Responsible for Vaccine-Induced Protection of Rainbow Trout against Yersinia ruckeri." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 20, no. 10 (August 21, 2013): 1623–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00404-13.
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ABSTRACTThe immunological mechanisms associated with protection of vaccinated rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss, against enteric redmouth disease (ERM), caused byYersinia ruckeri, were previously elucidated by the use of gene expression methodology and immunochemical methods. That approach pointed indirectly to both humoral and cellular elements being involved in protection. The present study correlates the level of protection in rainbow trout to cellular reactions in spleen and head kidney and visualizes the processes by applying histopathological, immunohistochemical, andin situhybridization techniques. It was shown that these cellular reactions, which were more prominent in spleen than in head kidney, were associated with the expression of immune-related genes, suggesting a Th2-like response.Y. ruckeri, as shown byin situhybridization (ISH), was eliminated within a few days in vaccinated fish, whereas nonprotected fish still harbored bacteria for a week after infection. Vaccinated fish reestablished normal organ structure within a few days, whereas nonprotected fish showed abnormalities up to 1 month postinfection. Protection in the early phase of infection was mainly associated with the expression of genes encoding innate factors (complement factors, lysozyme, and acute phase proteins), but in the later phase of infection, increased expression of adaptive immune genes dominated. The histological approach used has shown that the cellular changes correlated with protection of vaccinated fish. They comprised transformation of resident cells into macrophage-like cells and increased occurrence of CD8α and IgM cells, suggesting these cells as main players in protection. Future studies should investigate the causality between these factors and protection.
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Hossain, M. Farhad, M. Mamnur Rahman, and MA Sayed. "Experimental Infection of Indigenous Climbing Perch Anabas testudineus with Aeromonas hydrophila Bacteria." Progressive Agriculture 22, no. 1-2 (September 25, 2013): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v22i1-2.16472.
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The present study was conducted to know the pathogenicity and LD50 of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from diseased climbing perch Anabas testudineus against apparently healthy homologous fish and the distribution of the bacteria in the organs of the experimentally infected fish. A total of 10 fish of average body weight of 18 g were used. For pathogenicity test, two different doses viz. 9.2 × 107 and 9.2 × 106 CFU/fish were injected intramuscularly. Pathogenicity of A. hydrophila was confirmed at water temperature of 28.53oC by the mortality of 40% to 100% of all tested fish within 4 to 9 days. The highest bacterial load was found to be 9.4 × 108 CFU/g in the intestine and the lowest bacterial load was found to be 2.8 × 103 CFU/g in the kidney of the tested fish. Four different serial concentrations, vide 9.2 × 107, 9.2 × 106, 9.2 × 105 and 9.2 × 104 CFU/fish of the bacteria were injected in each of four different groups of 10 fish. The calculated LD50 value at 27.3oC water temperature was 2 × 107 CFU/fish of 18 g of average body weight. In all the cases of intramuscular injection, external pathology was found. Reddish anal region and fin bases were observed. Injected A. hydrophila was re-isolated from liver, kidney and intestine of the challenged fish. It was understood that the isolate was a high virulent pathogen for A. testudineus.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v22i1-2.16472 Progress. Agric. 22(1 & 2): 105-114, 2011
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Ilmiah, St Hidayah Triana, Asmi Citra Malina A. R. Tassakka, Alex Rantetondok, and Hilal Anshary. "THE EFFECT OF VITAMIN C AND AEROMONAS VACCINE ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AND DISEASE RESISTANCE OF GROUPER (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus)." Marine Research in Indonesia 34, no. 2 (December 31, 2009): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/mri.v34i2.512.
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We evaluated the effectiveness of vitamin C and Aeromonas salmonicida vaccine in grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) for increasing immune responses and protection against A .salmonicida. The vitamin C used was polyethoxylated ascorbic and tocopherol. The vaccine was prepared from formalin-killed cells and concentrated extracellular products of a single isolate A. salmonicida. Bath immersion vitamin C and vaccine trials were conducted for 60 min. Fish used had a mean weight 25 g. Control groupers were injected with tryptic soy broth. The results showed that vitamin C enhanced phagocytic activity in head kidney leucocytes of grouper 7, 14, 28 and 36 days after treatments. A significant different of the antibody titre was found between control fish and the treated fish at 42 days after treatments. In addition, at day 42, Relative Percent Survival (RPS) for control group was 53.3 %, vitamin C-treated group was 80.0 % and vaccinated group was 90.0 %. The results of this study suggest that bath immersion of vitamin C provided an increasing of phagocytic activity (non-specific immune responses), titre antibody (specific immune responses) and protection against A. salmonicida infection in grouper. A. salmonicida vaccine also en-hanced titre antibody and protection against A. salmonicida infection in grouper.
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Riepe, Tawni B., Victoria Vincent, Vicki Milano, Eric R. Fetherman, and Dana L. Winkelman. "Evidence for the Use of Mucus Swabs to Detect Renibacterium salmoninarum in Brook Trout." Pathogens 10, no. 4 (April 12, 2021): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040460.
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Efforts to advance fish health diagnostics have been highlighted in many studies to improve the detection of pathogens in aquaculture facilities and wild fish populations. Typically, the detection of a pathogen has required sacrificing fish; however, many hatcheries have valuable and sometimes irreplaceable broodstocks, and lethal sampling is undesirable. Therefore, the development of non-lethal detection methods is a high priority. The goal of our study was to compare non-lethal sampling methods with standardized lethal kidney tissue sampling that is used to detect Renibacterium salmoninarum infections in salmonids. We collected anal, buccal, and mucus swabs (non-lethal qPCR) and kidney tissue samples (lethal DFAT) from 72 adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) reared at the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Pitkin Brood Unit and tested each sample to assess R. salmoninarum infections. Standard kidney tissue detected R. salmoninarum 1.59 times more often than mucus swabs, compared to 10.43 and 13.16 times more often than buccal or anal swabs, respectively, indicating mucus swabs were the most effective and may be a useful non-lethal method. Our study highlights the potential of non-lethal mucus swabs to sample for R. salmoninarum and suggests future studies are needed to refine this technique for use in aquaculture facilities and wild populations of inland salmonids.
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Cano, Irene, David Stone, Jacqueline Savage, Gareth Wood, Brian Mulhearn, Joshua Gray, Nick Stinton, et al. "Isolation of a Chinook Salmon Bafinivirus (CSBV) in Imported Goldfish Carassius auratus L. in the United Kingdom and Evaluation of Its Virulence in Resident Fish Species." Viruses 12, no. 5 (May 25, 2020): 578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12050578.
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This is the first record of a fish nidovirus isolated from a consignment of goldfish at the United Kingdom (UK) border. The full-length viral genome was 25,985 nt, sharing a 97.9% nucleotide identity with the Chinook salmon bafinivirus (CSBV) NIDO with two deletions of 537 and 480 nt on the ORF Ia protein. To assess the potential impact on UK fish species, Atlantic salmon, common carp and goldfish were exposed to the virus via an intraperitoneal (IP) injection and bath challenge. Moribundity was recorded in only 8% of IP-injected goldfish. A high viral load, ≈107 of the CSBV PpIa gene, was measured in the kidney of moribund goldfish. Mild histopathological changes were observed in the kidneys of challenged carps. Ultrastructural observations in renal tubule epithelial cells of goldfish showed cylindrical tubes (≈15 nm in diameter) and tubular structures budding spherical virions (≈200 nm in diameter) with external spike-like structures. Negative staining showed both circular and bacilliform virions. Seroconversion was measured in common carp and goldfish but not in Atlantic salmon. This study reinforces the potential risk of novel and emerging pathogens being introduced to recipient countries via the international ornamental fish trade and the importance of regular full health screens at the border inspection posts to reduce this risk.
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He, Jian, Nan-Nan Chen, Zhi-Min Li, Yuan-Yuan Wang, Shao-Ping Weng, Chang-Jun Guo, and Jian-Guo He. "Evidence for a Novel Antiviral Mechanism of Teleost Fish: Serum-Derived Exosomes Inhibit Virus Replication through Incorporating Mx1 Protein." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19 (September 26, 2021): 10346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910346.
Full textAbstract:
Exosomes are associated with cancer progression, pregnancy, cardiovascular diseases, central nervous system-related diseases, immune responses and viral pathogenicity. However, study on the role of exosomes in the immune response of teleost fish, especially antiviral immunity, is limited. Herein, serum-derived exosomes from mandarin fish were used to investigate the antiviral effect on the exosomes of teleost fish. Exosomes isolated from mandarin fish serum by ultra-centrifugation were internalized by mandarin fish fry cells and were able to inhibit Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms of exosomes in inhibiting ISKNV infection, the protein composition of serum-derived exosomes was analyzed by mass spectrometry. It was found that myxovirus resistance 1 (Mx1) was incorporated by exosomes. Furthermore, the mandarin fish Mx1 protein was proven to be transferred into the recipient cells though exosomes. Our results showed that the serum-derived exosomes from mandarin fish could inhibit ISKNV replication, which suggested an underlying mechanism of the exosome antivirus in that it incorporates Mx1 protein and delivery into recipient cells. This study provided evidence for the important antiviral role of exosomes in the immune system of teleost fish.
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Tamba, Jaya Maruli, Henni Syawal, and Iesje Lukistyowati. "Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria from Striped Catfish (Pangasionodon hypophthalmus) kept in Aquaculture Ponds." Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan 26, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jpk.26.1.40-46.
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Koto Masjid Village is the largest production center in striped catfish fish farming activities in Riau Province. One of the inhibiting factors is the disease caused by bacteria, this study aims to determine the types of pathogenic bacteria that have the potential to infect striped catfish. This research was conducted in August - November 2019, samples of striped catfish used in the study amounted to 15 tails with an average length of 15-25 cm taken from 5 ponds in Kampung II, Koto Masjid Village, XIII Koto Kampar Subdistrict, and then identified bacteria by Conventional Laboratory in Fish Parasites and Diseases, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine, Riau University, Pekanbaru. This study uses a survey method that is by taking samples from the field in Pu and then the isolation of bacteria is carried out from the kidney organ in the TSB media then purified on the TSA media. The results of the study found 3 types of pathogenic bacteria namely Aeromonas sp., Edwardsiella sp., and Pseudomonas sp. Water quality during the study was pH 6.6-70, DO 4.05-4.35 mg/L, NH3 0.035-0.2 mg/L and Temperature 28-300C.
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Pardamean, Erikson Sahala, Henni Syawal, and Morina Riauwaty. "Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria in Cyprinus carpio Reared in Floating Cages." Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan 26, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/jpk.26.1.26-32.
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Pathogenic bacteria is disease causing microorganisms that can attack fish and can cause mass death in cultured fish. The purpose of this study was to identify the types of pathogenic bacteria Cyprinus carpio that were reared in floating cages. This study used a survey method that is purposive sampling and the fish sample were obtained from, PLTA Koto Panjang. the fishes were identified in the Fish Parasite and Disease Laboratory, Fish and Marine Faculty, University of Riau. Fish samples used were 15-20 cm goldfish totaling 12 tails with 3 times taken from 4 different cages. The kidneys organ were examined and to find out the type the bacteria. Result shown identified of pathogenic bacteria consist of 3 types of bacteria namely Aeromonas sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Edwardsiella sp. Water quality during the study was Temperature: 27-300C, pH 6-7, DO 3.67-4.28 ppm, and ammonia 0.048-0.64 mg/L.
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Abraham, Thangapalam Jawahar, Prakash Kumar Mallick, Harresh Adikesavalu, and Sayani Banerjee. "Pathology of Edwardsiella tarda infection in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell 1822), fingerlings." Archives of Polish Fisheries 23, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aopf-2015-0016.
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AbstractEdwardsiella tarda is one of the serious fish pathogens infecting both cultured and wild fish species. This study aimed to assess the phenotypic characterization and pathogenicity of E. tarda isolated from Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) with dropsy and histopathological alterations. The causative agent was identified with Vitek 2, and its pathogenicity was determined by intramuscular injection. The challenged catfish exhibited vertical hanging, frothing, excess mucus production, listing, swollen abdomen, anorexia, fin and tail rot, and reddish operculum. The LD50of E. tarda PBB and PBP strains was found to be 8.52 × 106and 1.68 × 107cells fish-1, respectively. Histopathological observations on catfish infected naturally revealed lymphocyte infiltration in muscle and focal necrosis, hyperplasia, edema, and swelling of the gill lamellar epithelium. The kidney of diseased fish exhibited ischemic type tubulopathy, necrosis of nephritic tubules, hyperplastic hematopoietic tissue, rupture of the tubular basement membrane, hydropic dystrophy of nephritic cells, neutrophil infiltration, fibrinoid necrosis of nephretic tubules, hemosiderin deposition, and edema. The liver sections revealed lymphocyte infiltration, dilation of hepatic sinusoids, expansion of space between hepatic sinusoids, and focal necrosis. The inflammatory responses observed in kidney and liver in the present study were presumably suppuration and were attributed to the potential virulence factors of E. tarda.
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Kristianingrum, Yuli Purwandari, Sitarina Widyarini, Kurniasih Kurniasih, Bambang Sutrisno, Charles Rangga Tabbu, and Sugiyono Sugiyono. "IMMUNODIAGNOSIS INFEKSI Aeromonas hydrophila PADA IKAN." Jurnal Sain Veteriner 36, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jsv.38858.
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Aeromonas hydrophila causes a disease that often infects fish and is known as Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS), Hemorrhagi Septisemia, Ulcer disease or Red-Sore disease. The aims of this study were to develop polyclonal antibody of Aeromonas hydrophila in the rabbits to confirm the diagnosis of Aeromonas hydrophila in the fish by immunohistochemistry staining method. Preparation of polyclonal antibodies was performed on the rabbits used to Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria that have been tested biochemically by intravenous and intraperitoneal injection. Doses of Aeromonas hydrophila bacteria were 109 CPU/ml of 0.5 ml at first injection, 1 ml at second injection, 2 ml at thirth injection and 3 ml at fourth injection. Blood serum collection was performed at week 5 after injection from an ear and intracardial vein. The result of antibody titer was 28 = 1024 which measured by tube test. Furthermore, polyclonal antibody was used to immunohistochemistry staining with 400x dilution. The results of the staining showed that an immunopositive reaction in the liver, skin,lien, gill, kidney, and heart of fish to Aeromonas hydrophila antibody. The research conclution was polyclonal antibody from rabbit can be used to accurately confirm the diagnosis of Aeromonas hydrophila based on antigen and antibody reaction.
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Smith, Nicole C., Sherri L. Christian, Nardos T. Woldemariam, Kathy A. Clow, Matthew L. Rise, and Rune Andreassen. "Characterization of miRNAs in Cultured Atlantic Salmon Head Kidney Monocyte-Like and Macrophage-Like Cells." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11 (June 2, 2020): 3989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113989.
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Macrophages are among the first cells to respond to infection and disease. While microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the process of monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation in mammals, less is known in teleost fish. Here, Atlantic salmon head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) were used to study the expression of miRNAs in response to in vitro culture. The morphological analysis of cultures showed predominantly monocyte-like cells on Day 1 and macrophage-like cells on Day 5, suggesting that the HKLs had differentiated from monocytes to macrophages. Day 5 HKLs also contained a higher percentage of phagocytic cells. Small RNA sequencing and qPCR analysis were applied to examine the miRNA diversity and expression. There were 370 known mature Atlantic salmon miRNAs in HKLs. Twenty-two miRNAs (15 families) were downregulated while 44 miRNAs (25 families) were upregulated on Day 5 vs. Day 1. Mammalian orthologs of many of the differentially expressed (DE) miRNAs are known to regulate macrophage activation and differentiation, while the teleost-specific miR-2188, miR-462 and miR-731 were also DE and are associated with immune responses in fish. In silico predictions identified several putative target genes of qPCR-validated miRNAs associated with vertebrate macrophage differentiation. This study identified Atlantic salmon miRNAs likely to influence macrophage differentiation, providing important knowledge for future functional studies.
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Rhodes, Linda D., Alison M. Coady, and Rebecca K. Deinhard. "Identification of a Third msa Gene in Renibacterium salmoninarum and the Associated Virulence Phenotype." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 11 (November 2004): 6488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.11.6488-6494.2004.
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ABSTRACT Renibacterium salmoninarum, a gram-positive diplococcobacillus, causes bacterial kidney disease, a condition that can result in extensive morbidity and mortality among stocks of fish. An immunodominant extracellular protein, called major soluble antigen (MSA), is encoded by two identical genes, msa1 and msa2. We found evidence for a third msa gene, msa3, which appears to be a duplication of msa1. Unlike msa1 and msa2, msa3 is not present in all isolates of R. salmoninarum. The presence of the msa3 locus does not affect total MSA production in culture conditions. In a challenge study, isolates possessing the msa3 locus reduced median survival in juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) by an average of 34% at doses of ≤105 cells per fish compared to isolates lacking the msa3 locus. In contrast, no difference in survival was observed at the highest dose, 106 cells per fish. The phenotype associated with the msa3 locus and its nonuniform distribution may contribute to observed differences in virulence among R. salmoninarum isolates.
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Herbert, Shannon, Ziyang Fu, Kathleen Woolf, David St-Jules, Collin Popp, Lu Hu, Huilin Li, et al. "Dietary Inflammatory Index and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab038_024.
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Abstract Objectives Inflammation is associated with several chronic diseases, including chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Because dietary choices may impact chronic inflammation, the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) was developed to assess the inflammatory potential of the diet. Using the DII, this study examined the association of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and diet in patients with CKD and T2D. Methods Baseline three-day food records were obtained from 241 participants in a lifestyle intervention study, and analyzed using Nutrition Data System for Research (2014). DII scores were calculated, with higher scores suggesting a more pro-inflammatory diet. Participants were dichotomized into an anti-inflammatory diet (AID; DII < 0; n = 118) or pro-inflammatory diet (PID; DII ≥ 0; n = 123) group, based on DII score. CVD risk factors included estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), C-reactive protein (CRP), systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, pulse wave velocity, fasting lipids (total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides), and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C). Independent two sample t-tests assessed differences in CVD risk factors between groups. Results Participants were 50% male, 88% non-Hispanic, 66% white, and 65 ± 9SD years of age with a mean body mass index of 33.7 ± 5.1SD kg/m2. Approximately 51% of the participants followed a diet that would be considered pro-inflammatory. Participants in the AID group had a higher eGFR (AID: 75 ± 21SD mL/min/1.73m2, PID: 68 ± 20SD mL/min/1.73m2; p = 0.017) compared to the PID group. No significant differences were found between groups for the other CVD risk factors (CRP, systolic BP, diastolic BP, pulse wave velocity, fasting lipids [total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides], and HbA1C). Conclusions Participants reporting an AID had a higher eGFR than those reporting a PID. Contrary to expectations, other CVD risk factors did not differ between groups. Additional research should examine the role of an AID, emphasizing whole grains, fruits, vegetables, fatty fish, nuts, and legumes, for disease management in patients with CKD and T2D. Funding Sources Supported by NIH RO1 DK100492.
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Burr, Sarah E., Dmitri Pugovkin, Thomas Wahli, Helmut Segner, and Joachim Frey. "Attenuated virulence of an Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida type III secretion mutant in a rainbow trout model." Microbiology 151, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 2111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.27926-0.
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Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is the causative agent of furunculosis, a severe systemic disease affecting salmonid fish. This bacterium contains a type III protein secretion system that is responsible for the secretion and translocation of the ADP-ribosylating toxin, AexT, into the cytosol of fish cells. This study showed that inactivation of the type III secretion system by marker-replacement mutagenesis of the gene ascV, which encodes an inner-membrane component of the type III secretion system, attenuated virulence in a rainbow trout model. The isogenic ascV deletion mutant was phagocytosed by peripheral blood leukocytes but the wild-type (wt) A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolate was not. Histological examination of fish experimentally infected with the wt bacterium revealed extensive tissue necrosis and bacterial aggregates in all organs examined, including the heart, kidney and liver, indicating that the isolate established a systemic infection. Cumulative mortality of fish experimentally infected with the wt bacterium reached 88 %. In contrast, no mortality was observed among fish infected with the same dose of the ascV mutant, and histological examination of fish infected with this strain revealed healthy organs. The results indicate that the type III secretion system of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida is required to establish systemic infection.
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Patwary, ZP, MAR Faruk, and MM Ali. "Clinical and Histopathological Study of Important Air-Breathing Fishes." Progressive Agriculture 19, no. 1 (November 23, 2013): 69–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.17109.
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A study was conducted to know the health and disease problems of three important air-breathing fishes viz. Shing (Heteropneustes fossilis), Magur (Clarias batrachus) and Thai Koi (Anabas testudineus) through clinical and histopathological technique from June 2007 to March 2008 collected from selected farms and from local markets. Generally, during December and January, acute pathologies were recorded. Clinical signs of Shing included haemorrhage, extended belly and ulceration. Histopathologically, partly missing and splitted epidermis and dermis, necrotic, vacuoled and ruptured myotomes of muscle with fungal granuloma were observed. Major gill pathologies included partly missing and highly hypertrophied, haemorrhagic gill lamellae, presence of monogenetic trematode and pyknotic cells. In liver, haemorrhagic areas, necrotic, vacuoled, hyperplasid hepatocytes, cell debris, pyknotic nuclei and plenty of inflammatory cells were evident. Haemorrhages, vacuolation, necrosis, missing and ruptured kidney tubules and pyknotic nuclei were the major pathologies of kidney. Clinically, dark red lesion, haemorrhage, necrosis and ulcer in body surface were seen in Magur. Histopathologically observed pathologies in Magur were almost similar to that of Shing. Clinical signs of Thai Koi included discoloration, loss of scales and fins, abnormal caudal fin, haemorrhage in gill and ulcer. Marked histopathology in the skin and muscle were observed such as totally lost epidermis, dermis separated from muscle, severely ruptured, degenerated and missing of myotomes in many places. In gills, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, telangiectasis, clubbing, haemorrhage and massive necrosis in both primary and secondary gill lamellae were found. Pathologies observed in liver and kidney were most alike to that of Shing. In the months of February and March, all the investigated organs of the three fish species were at a healing stage.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v19i1.17109 Progress. Agric. 19(1): 69 - 78, 2008
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Zhu, Qin, Jiali Zeng, Jian Li, Xueming Chen, Jianxia Miao, Qinyang Jin, and Hongyu Chen. "Effects of Compound Centella on Oxidative Stress and Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Pathway Expression in Diabetic Kidney Disease Rats." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (May 30, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9817932.
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The formula of Compound Centella mainly contains 3 traditional Chinese herbs: Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (JiXueCao), Astragalus Membranaceus Fish. (HuangQi), and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. f. (LeiGongTeng). Though this formula is effective for treating diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in clinic, the exact mechanism is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the effect and antioxidant mechanism of Compound Centella on DKD rats. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to analyse 3 herbs in Compound Centella. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the normal group (NG), DKD group (DKDG), Compound Centella group (CCG), and losartan group (LG), with 8 rats in each group. On the first day of the experiment, rats in the NG were fed with ordinary –feed, while the other groups were fed with high-fat and high-sugar feed. On the 29th day, except the NG, the other 3 groups received a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin (STZ, 35 mg/kg). Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was measured on the 1st day, 32nd day, 46th day, 56th day, 84th day, and 112th day. Total protein/creatinine ratio of urine was determined by the phenol red assay on the 1st day and 112th day. Serum creatinine (Scr) was determined by an automatic biochemical analyser on the 112th day. Kidneys were collected on the 112th day for analysis and evaluation. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe kidney pathological changes. The mRNA and protein expressions of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in renal tissues were detected by RT-qPCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Oxidative stress was evaluated by detecting the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and heme oxidase-1 (HO-1). The results showed that the content of asiaticoside, astragaloside, and triptolide in the herb was 5960, 809, and 2.42 μg/g and in the Compound Centella was 340, 64, and 0.1403 μg/mL by HPLC. Compound Centella reduced the urine protein/creatinine ratio and improved renal pathology in the kidneys of DKD rats. In addition, the mRNA and protein expressions of Keap1 and Nrf2 in kidneys were upregulated by Compound Centella. The expressions of MDA were downregulated but HO-1 were upregulated by Compound Centella. Therefore, the protective effect of Compound Centella in the kidney of DKD rats may be related to regulating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway under oxidative stress, suggesting Compound Centella as a promising treatment against DKD.
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Moliterno, Paula, Carmen Marino Donangelo, Luciana Borgarello, Matías Pécora, Alicia Olascoaga, Oscar Noboa, and José Boggia. "Association of Dietary Patterns with Cardiovascular and Kidney Phenotypes in an Uruguayan Population Cohort." Nutrients 13, no. 7 (June 27, 2021): 2213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13072213.
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The impact of habitual diet on chronic diseases has not been extensively characterized in South America. We aimed to identify major dietary patterns (DP) in an adult cohort in Uruguay (Genotype Phenotype and Environment of Hypertension Study—GEFA-HT-UY) and to assess associations with metabolic, anthropometric characteristics, and cardiovascular and kidney phenotypes. In a cross-sectional study (n = 294), DP were derived by the principal component analysis. Blood and urine parameters, anthropometrics, blood pressure, pulse wave velocity, and glomerular filtration rate were measured. Multivariable adjusted linear models and adjusted binary logistic regression were used. Three DP were identified (Meat, Prudent, Cereal and Mate) explaining 22.6% of total variance in food intake. The traditional Meat DP, characterized by red and barbecued meat, processed meat, bread, and soft drinks, was associated with worse blood lipid profile. Prudent DP, characterized by vegetables, fish, and nuts, and lower loads for bread and crackers, was associated with reduced risk of vitamin D deficiency. Cereal and Mate DP, was characterized by higher loads of cereals, bread, and crackers, and mate infusion, with higher odds of excessive body weight. No direct associations of dietary patterns with hypertension, arterial stiffness, chronic kidney disease, and nephrolithiasis were found in the studied population, nor by age categories or sex.
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URKU, C. "Isolation and characterization of Pseudomonas putida caused granulomas in cultured sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) in Turkey." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, no. 1 (April 9, 2021): 2661. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.26748.
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The present study describes a Pseudomas infection in diseased European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) caused by Pseudomonas putida in Turkey. Detected symptoms in the diseased fish were internally white nodules in the liver and kidney. Bacteriological samples from the kidney, spleen, liver and blood were streaked onto Tryptic Soy Agar (TSA) and Brain Heart Infusion Agar (BHIA) containing 1.5 % NaCl. After incubation, bacterial colonies produced florescent pigment under the ultraviolet light were observed. The morphological and physiological characteristics of bacterial colonies were determined together with their biochemical characteristics by using API 20E and API 20NE, and isolated bacteria were identified as Pseudomonas putida. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene of one isolate was partially sequenced and showed 99 % identity with the Genbank sequences of P. putida. Histopathologically, the granulomatous lesions and presence of Gram-negative basil shaped bacteria in these lesions were observed in the liver and kidney. This study represents the first report of P. putida isolation and identification as a primer agent and granulomas in the kidney and liver in the diseased sea bass in the Black Sea, Turkey.
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Ramos-Pinto, Lourenço, Marina Machado, Josep Calduch-Giner, Jaume Pérez-Sánchez, Jorge Dias, Luís E. C. Conceição, Tomé S. Silva, and Benjamín Costas. "Dietary Histidine, Threonine, or Taurine Supplementation Affects Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Immune Status." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051193.
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AAs have become interesting feed ingredients to be used in functional fish feeds as not only are they protein building blocks, but they also participate in several other key metabolic processes. In the present study, a comprehensive analysis of transcriptomics, hematology, and humoral immune parameters (plasma and skin mucus) were measured twice over the course of the feeding trial (four weeks). Plasma antiprotease activity increased in fish fed Thr compared to those fed the CTRL and Tau treatments, regardless of sampling time. The bactericidal activity in skin mucus decreased in fish fed Tau and His treatments compared to those fed the CTRL diet after two weeks. The membrane IgT (mIgT) was upregulated in fish fed Tau after four weeks, while C-type lectin domain family domain 10 member (clec10a) was downregulated in fish fed Thr after two weeks of feeding. By comparing the molecular signatures of head-kidney by means of a PLS-DA, it is possible to visualize that the main difference is between the two sampling points, regardless of diet. Altogether, these results suggest that dietary supplementation with these AAs at the tested levels causes mild immune-modulation effects in gilthead seabream, which should be further studied under disease challenge conditions.
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Hofsoe-Oppermann, Paulina, Jolanta Kiełpińska, Remigiusz Panicz, and Sven M. Bergmann. "Detection of white sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) in wild sturgeons (Actinopterygii: Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae) in Poland." Journal of Veterinary Research 64, no. 3 (September 16, 2020): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jvetres-2020-0055.
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AbstractIntroductionWhite sturgeon iridovirus (WSIV) disease is caused by a virus of the eponymous family and is mostly triggered by stressful environmental conditions, i.e. high rearing density, excessive handling, or temporary loss of water. The aim of this study was to develop the most effective diagnostic method for quick and efficient confirmation or exclusion of the presence of WSIV.Material and MethodsA total of 42 samples (spleen, gills, intestine, skin, kidney, and brain) were collected from eight sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii and A. oxyrinchus) aged ≤5+ farmed or caught between 2010 and 2014 in open waters (Dąbie Lake and Szczecin Lagoon). They were tested for WSIV presence using conventional PCR, qPCR, and in situ hybridisation (ISH).ResultsIn gross examination, all fish appeared to be healthy. Neither species showed clinical signs typical of WSIV infection. In the majority of cases, fragments of iridoviral DNA were found using molecular methods in the kidneys, and also in the liver, gills, and skin. The detection rate using ISH was 47.37% and most commonly the brain and kidney tissues were positive. The most efficient of the methods used was real-time PCR, with 100% effectiveness in detection of WSIV DNA.ConclusionThe study demonstrates the capabilities for WSIV diagnosis available to sturgeon farmers and water administrators, indicating useful methods of adequate sensitivity as well as organs to sample in order to achieve the highest probability of viral detection.
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MURWANTOKO, MURWANTOKO, DINI WAHYU KARTIKA SARI, CHRISTINA RETNO HANDAYANI, and RICHARD J. WHITTINGTON. "Genotype determination of megalocytivirus from Indonesian Marine Fishes." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 5 (September 21, 2018): 1730–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190519.
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Murwantoko, Sari DWK, Handayani CR, Whittington RJ. 2018. Genotype determination of megalocytivirus from Indonesian Marine Fishes. Biodiversitas 19: 1730-1736. Megalocytivirus is the newest genus within the family of Iridoviridae which can be divided into groups represented by red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV), infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and turbot reddish body iridovirus (TRBIV), threespine stickleback iridovirus (TSIV). This virus caused serious systemic disease in cultured marine fishes for consumption and ornamental freshwater fishes with significant mortality. The objective of this study was to determine the genotype of megalocytivirus which infected marine fishes from Lampung, Karimun Jawa, Situbondo and Batam based on major capsid protein (MCP), ATPase, DNA polymerase, CY15 and IRB6. The liver, spleen and kidney tissues of humpback grouper (Cromileptes altivelis), tiger grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus), baramundi (Lates calcarifer) were fixed in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin for histological and fixed in 70% ethanol for molecular analysis. Molecular analysis was performed by amplification of MCP, ATPase, DNA polymerase, CY15 and IRB6 genes and followed by sequencing. Genotype was determined by alignment of the sequences with various genotypes of megalocytivirus from Genbank. Histological examination showed that hypertrophy, inclusion body forming bearing cells were found in liver, spleen and kidney tissues. Polymerase chain reaction with MCP primer produced specific DNA bands. Those results confirmed the infection of megalocytivirus on marine cultured fish samples. The analysis from 10 isolates on five genes revealed that two genotypes of megalocytivirus as infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) and red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) genotypes were existed in Indonesia. The ISKNV genotype was confirmed in fish samples from Lampung, Jepara, Bali; while RSIV genotype was found in fishes from Batam, and Situbondo. Interestingly, both ISKNV and RSIV genotypes were confirmed in fish samples from Karimun Jawa. This paper is the first report on the present of ISKNV and RSIV genotypes in Indonesia based on MCP, ATPase, DNA polymerase, CY15 and IRB6 genes.
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Glazunova, L. A., A. R. Musina, A. A. Yurchenko, Y. V. Glazunov, and E. M. Gagarin. "Spread of alimentary-toxic paroxysmal myoglobinuria-haff disease (literature review)." E3S Web of Conferences 254 (2021): 09002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125409002.
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In 1924, Haff disease was first detected in East Prussia. Till now, cases of Haff disease have been recorded in Sweden, Russia, the United States, China, Brazil, Japan, and China among people and animals. During the last 40 years, there has been a significant expansion in the geographical range of Haff disease. From 1924 to 2019, 31 outbreaks were recorded in various parts of the world. The total number of victims was about 3,000 people. In Russia, the last cases of human disease were registered in 2019-2020. In fact, the source of the toxin is fish (crucian carp, carp, pike, burbot, walleye, perch, ruff, ide, yellowtail, black sea bass, eel, silver dollar, brown paku, red paku, cowfish, etc.) or crayfish. Today, the problem of the disease etiology has not been solved; the toxin with the corresponding features has not been isolated, and as a result, causal and pathogenetic treatment of alimentary-toxic paroxysmal myoglobinuria has not been developed. Over this period, several hypotheses were made that are leading in the study of the etiology of the occurrence of Haff disease (thiaminase theory, tannic, arachidonic). This disease-causing substance is known to be heat-resistant and break down the metabolism of skeletal muscles, resulting in the release of myoglobin, which disorders kidney function. It has also been found that toxic substances themselves gradually resolve from the fish, according to its diet (depending on what prevails - plankton, zooplankton or larvae, mollusks, crustaceans). For finding out the origin of the disease, it is essential to conduct comprehensive research by biologists, hydrologists, doctors, and veterinarians.
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Kang, Gyoungsik, Kwang-Min Choi, Dong-Hee Cho, Min-Soo Joo, Min-Jin Heo, Won-Sik Woo, and Chan-Il Park. "The First Detection of Kudoa hexapunctata in Farmed Pacific Bluefin Tuna in South Korea, Thunnus orientalis (Temminck and Schlegel, 1844)." Animals 10, no. 9 (September 21, 2020): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091705.
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The consumption of fish and shellfish worldwide is steadily increasing, and tuna is a particularly valuable fish species. However, infection caused by Kudoa spp. is causing problems in many fish including the Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis), and there is much controversy about the association of these infections with foodborne disease. In this study, using haematological and histological analyses of the blood and internal organs (liver, spleen, kidney, heart, stomach, intestine, gill, and muscle) of Pacific bluefin tuna cultured in South Korea, infection with Myxosporea was first identified, and molecular biological analysis was conducted. In this study, Kudoa hexapunctata was finally identified. The Pacific bluefin tunas analysed in this study did not show any gross pathology lesions, such as visible cysts and/or myoliquefaction, of infection with this species. The histological analytical results can provide guidelines for the identification of K. hexapunctata. In the case of K. hexapunctata-induced infection, unlike other countries, such as Japan, there have been no reports in South Korea, and this study is the first to detect K. hexapunctata infection in Pacific bluefin tuna cultured in South Korea. The correlation between K. hexapunctata and food poisoning is not yet clear, however, it is thought that continuous observation of its infection is necessary.
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Sotomayor, Camilo G., Dion Groothof, Joppe J. Vodegel, Tomás A. Gacitúa, António W. Gomes-Neto, Maryse C. J. Osté, Robert A. Pol, et al. "Circulating Arsenic is Associated with Long-Term Risk of Graft Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Prospective Cohort Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020417.
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Arsenic is toxic to many organ systems, the kidney being the most sensitive target organ. We aimed to investigate whether, in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), the nephrotoxic exposure to arsenic could represent an overlooked hazard for graft survival. We performed a prospective cohort study of 665 KTRs with a functional graft ≥1 year, recruited in a university setting (2008‒2011), in The Netherlands. Plasma arsenic was measured by ICP-MS, and dietary intake was comprehensively assessed using a validated 177-item food-frequency questionnaire. The endpoint graft failure was defined as restart of dialysis or re-transplantation. Median arsenic concentration was 1.26 (IQR, 1.04‒2.04) µg/L. In backwards linear regression analyses we found that fish consumption (std β = 0.26; p < 0.001) was the major independent determinant of plasma arsenic. During 5 years of follow-up, 72 KTRs developed graft failure. In Cox proportional-hazards regression analyses, we found that arsenic was associated with increased risk of graft failure (HR 1.80; 95% CI 1.28–2.53; p = 0.001). This association remained materially unaltered after adjustment for donor and recipient characteristics, immunosuppressive therapy, eGFR, primary renal disease, and proteinuria. In conclusion, in KTRs, plasma arsenic is independently associated with increased risk of late graft failure.