Academic literature on the topic 'Fish meal as feed'
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Journal articles on the topic "Fish meal as feed"
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Dafwang, I. I., S. A. Offiong, and J. M. Olomu. "THE EFFECTS OF REPLACING FISHMEAL WITH BLOODMEAL IN BROILER FINISHER RATIONS." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v7i1.2113.
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Experiments were conducted with Ross-type broiler chickens to determine the optimum level of inclusion of fish meal and the replacement value of blood meal for fish meal in broiler finisher rations. The optimum level of inclusion of fish meal was found to be 5%. Fish meal levels beyond 10 per cent tended to produce unacceptable fishy taste and odour in the meat. This level was successfully replaced by 4% blood meal without adverse effect on growth performance and taste or odour of the meat. The use of blood meal resulted in lower feed costs and feed cost per kg weight gain.
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Solomon, J. R., and I. A. Abawale. "Response of the african catfish Clarias gariepinus, Burchell 1822 to diets of comercially and locally formulated fish feed in relation to cost benefits." Tropical Freshwater Biology 26, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 87–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tfb.v26i1.7.
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The growth performance of catfish Clarias gariepinus using imported feeds and locally made feeds of the same crude protein were compared. C. gariepinus (mean weight 12.8g) juvenile were reared in cages for a period of 12 weeks on different feed. Two imported feeds (skretting and copens) were purchased and two local feeds (corresponding to treatment) were compounded to contain the same level of crude protein. Locally ingredients used are maize, fish meal, groundnut cake, soya bean meal, bone meal, lysine, methionine, premix, vegetable oil, salt but varying fish meal and soya bean meal as follows, treatment 1- (11.38% to 7.5%), treatment 2-(7.5% to 11.38%) respectively. The pelleted feeds were fed at the rate of 5% of the fish biomass. The growth response was assessed in terms of daily weight gain, relative weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, mortality and survival rate. The results showed that the two local feeds promoted positive growth, implying that the use of different levels fish meal and soya bean meal (11.38% and 7.5%) favoured culture of juvenile C. gariepinus.Key Words, Clarias gariepinus, diet, fish feed, formulation, growth
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Khachankou, A. A., I. V. Katovich, and A. P. Pazyvaila. "QUALITY OF COMPONENTS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN FOR PRODUCTION OF MIXED FEED." Transactions of the educational establishment “Vitebsk the Order of “the Badge of Honor” State Academy of Veterinary Medicine 57, no. 1 (2021): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.52368/2078-0109-2021-57-1-112-116.
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A comprehensive study of feed staff of animal origin was carried out to identify the most efficient ways of the use as components of compound feeds. In the samples of feeds (fish meal, fish extrudate, meat and bone meal), parameters of nutritional value and safety were determined. It was found that the most stable content of crude protein and essential critical amino acids was characteristic of fish meal, which is advisable to be used for the purpose of balancing compound feed for young animals in protein and lysine.
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Rasidi. "Potential utilization of mussel meals as an alternative fish feed raw material for aquaculture." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1119, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1119/1/012063.
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Abstract Increasing the target of aquaculture production will increase the need for feed which an increase will follow in the need for fish meal. The constraint in aquaculture fish feed dependence on a fish meal import is known. In efforts to find local raw materials to reduce dependence on fish meals, one source of quality animal protein from marine resources as raw material for feed that needs to be studied and developed is mollusks or mussels. This review summarizes the use of mussel meal in aquaculture feed and is expected to provide a comprehensive overview of the existing studies’ potential on mussels meal used as a feed ingredient in fish feed. Many species of mussel have been tested for raw material in fish feed such as blue mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis), Freshwater mussels (Anodonta anatina & Unio mancus), Mytilus edulis L and Green mussel (Perna viridis). Mussels contain high levels of nutrients and bio-actives which were utilized in the form of mussel meals for feed ingredients. The constraint mussels have high heavy metals such as Pb, Hg and Pb. The utilization of mussel meals as a source of protein feed could increase the growth of several types of cultured fish. One alternative used organic acid as a feed additive to reduce toxicity of heavy metals in fish. The conclusion is that mussel meals have the potential as raw material and an alternative protein source to reduce dependence on a fish meal in aquaculture fish feed.
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Ismail, Yahya, Syahruddin Syahruddin, and Srisukmawati Zainudin. "PERFORMA AYAM KAMPUNG SUPER YANG DIBERI TEPUNG USUS AYAM SEBAGAI SUBTITUSI TEPUNG IKAN." Jambura Journal of Animal Science 3, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35900/jjas.v3i2.9783.
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The aim of this research was to analyze the performance of the super native chicken and the optimal level of chicken intestine meal which can substitute fish meal in the feed ration. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments given were P0 = 10% fish meal + 0% chicken intestine meal in the feed rations, P1 = 7.5% fish meal + 2.5% chicken intestine meal in the feed rations, P2 = 5% fish meal + 5% chicken intestine meal in the feed rations, P3 = 2.5% fish meal + 7.5% chicken intestine meal in the feed ration, P4 = 0% fish meal + 10% chicken intestine meal in the feed ration.The number of super native chickens used in this study was 100 chickens. The results showed that giving chicken intestine meal as a substitute for fish meal in the feed ration had no significant effect (P 0.05) on feed ration consumption, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio of super native chicken. It can be concluded that giving chicken intestine meal as a substitute for fish meal in the feed ration gives the same performance. Chicken intestine meal can substitute or replace fish meal up to a level of 10% in the feed ration super native chicken.
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HEPERKAN, DILEK, and ÍHSAN ALPERDEN. "Mycological Survey of Chicken Feed and Some Feed Ingredients in Turkey." Journal of Food Protection 51, no. 10 (October 1, 1988): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-51.10.807.
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Level of mold contamination and mycoflora were determined for 144 mixed feed and feed ingredients, including corn, sunflower cake, soja cake, meat and bone meal, and fish meal. Four samples were found to be free of mold. Among the feed samples examined, the mold count has been found to be low (102 to 103 colonies/g) for fish meal, high (104 to 105 colonies/g) for meat-bone meal and sunflower cake, and extremely high (more than 105 colonies/g) for soja cake, corn and mixed feed. The predominant flora in the feed samples consisted of Penicillium, Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor and Eurotium, respectively. The most frequently encountered species was found to be Penicillium aurantiogriseum, followed by Aspergillus flavus.
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Ishiwu, C. N., A. G. Opara, J. E. Obiegbuna, and P. A. Okeke. "Assessment of growth performance of African catfish (Clariasgariepinus) fed with feed produced from blend of pigeon pea (Cajanuscajan) bambara groundnut (Vignasubterranea) and fish meal." Global Journal of Agricultural Sciences 19 (April 2, 2020): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjass.v19i1.3.
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A 3-factor -factorial experiment (2K) was designed to produce fish feeds from mixture of pigeon pea, bambara groundnut and fish meal as major ingredients, while maize, red palm oil, salt and micro nutrient pre-mix were added as minor ingredients. The raw materials were processed into flours. The ingredients were weighed out in various ratios and mixed. The mixture was extruded; sun-dried and packaged and labeled F1-F8 and a commercial feed labeled F9 served as control. The feeds were feed to juvenile Clariasgariepinus kept in 9 separate plastic bowels and fed for 42 days. The forty-five fish of uniform weight and age were grouped into 9 and stocked in the nine artificial ponds, each pond contained five fish. The feeds were analyzed for proximate composition, while the growth performance of the fish was evaluated at the end of the feeding period. Result showed that F3 (20g pigeon pea, 20g Bambara ground nut and 16g fish meal) contains the highest protein (33.14 %) and F1(20g pigeon pea, 30g bambara ground nut and 16g fish meal) the least (23.13 %). F3 exhibited the highest specific growth rate (1.14 %) followed by the F9 (control) which contains 1.09%. The highest weight gain (16 g) was observed in the fish fed the control feed. However, F3 and F4 (20g pigeon pea, 30g bambara ground nut and 18g fish meal) ranked next to the control with respect to growth performance. It is therefore possible to produce quality catfish feed from bend of pigeon pea, Bambara ground nut and fish meal.
Keywords: catfish, fish feed, bambara groundnut, pigeon pea, fish meal
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Kuzegera Isabirye, David, James Higenyi, Elizabeth Kizito, and Esau Galukande. "Evaluation of Partial Replacement of Fish Meal with Lablab Purpureus Seed Meal on the Performance of Broilers." Uganda Journal of Agricultural Sciences 20, no. 2 (February 4, 2022): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujas.v20i2.2.
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This study investigated the use of Lablab purpureus seed meal as protein ingredient replacing fish meal. One hundred eighty (180) broiler chicks were used in a complete randomized block design. Three treatments were used; A (fish meal, as control), B (30% fish replacement by roasted lablab with enzyme supplement) and C (45% fish replacement by roasted lablab with enzyme supplement). The parameters studied were; feed consumption, weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Results revealed significant (P<0.05) differences in feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio among the treatments. Throughout the study, chicks registered high feed intake on diet C and A while that in group B reported the least. Average weight gains were high for group C and A while group B registered the lowest. Feed conversion ration; lowest for group C and highest in group B. Therefore, a better performance of broilers is enhanced consumption by high intake of feed, high weight gains and low FCR, 45% dietary fish meal can be replaced by Lablab purpureus seed meal with enzyme supplement in a compounded broiler finisher.
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Htin, Nwe Nwe, and May Phyo Chit. "Effects of the Ratio of Dietary Fish Meal to Soybean Meal on the Performance of Broiler Chicks." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 4, no. 1 (August 8, 2021): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v4i1.575.
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A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with a total of 160 day-old commercial broiler chicks which were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with five replicates into 20 pens and brooded. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. From day old chick to 21 day, the broiler chicks were fed Diet 1 (5% fish meal and 25% soybean meal, 1: 5), Diet 2 (3% fish meal and 30% soybean meal, 1: 10) was served as control diet, Diet 3 (2% fish meal and 30% soybean meal, 1: 15) and Diet 4 (1.5% fish meal and 30% soybean meal, 1: 20). From day 22 onwards, the broiler chicks were fed finisher diet, Diet 1 (5% fish meal and 25% soybean meal, 1: 5), Diet 2 (2.6% fish meal and 26% soybean meal, 1: 10, serve as control diet, Diet 3 (1.8% fish meal and 27% soybean meal, 1: 15) and Diet 4 (1.3% fish meal and 26% soybean meal, 1: 20). Weekly performances and mortality are measured. By feeding FS5 diet (5% fish meal and 25% soybean meal), the heavier body weight, increased feed consumption and feed conversion ratio of broiler chicks was observed when compared to that of other treatment groups. Conclusively, it is obvious that the ratio of dietary fish meal to soybean meal 1: 5 (FS5) improved body weight but the lower feed efficiency of this diet should be considered in economical point of view.
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Gaponov, N. V., and L. N. Gamco. "Bioconversion of fish meal nutrients in primates." Veterinariya, Zootekhniya i Biotekhnologiya 1, no. 1 (2021): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.zoo.bio.202101011.
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The article presents a study of the effect of fish meal, in the amount of 18% in the structure of the diet, on the organism of primates. Fishmeal is known to be rich in energy and protein. One kilogram of it contains up to 700 g of pure protein and up to 15 MJ of exchangeable energy. It should be noted that fish meal is easily digested and well absorbed by the body of animals. Among other things, it contains a lot of calcium, fat, vitamins of group B, phosphorus and other elements. But the use of fish meal in the rations of primates, in an amount above 18%, has not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to study the effect of fish meal on hematological, biochemical blood parameters, to determine the variability of rations of rhesus monkeys, and based on the data obtained to determine the prospects for its further use in feeding primates. For this purpose, developed technological methods of preparation of feed with fish meal. The chemical composition of the obtained feeds has been determined. The nutritional value of the feed obtained was studied by the main indicators of chemical composition. The effect of fishmeal rations on blood and biochemical blood parameters and nutrient digestibility of fishmeal rations on rhesus monkeys was studied. And also calculated the economic efficiency of the use of fish meal in the structure of ration. On the basis of experimental data, it was established that the introduction of fish meal into the diet provides an improvement in the process of assimilation of feed, which has a beneficial effect on hematological and biochemical blood parameters in experimental primates. And provides a reduction in the cost of full granular feed.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Fish meal as feed"
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Pomerleau, Yvan N. "Fish meal supplementation of high quality grass silage in dairy cows." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20842.
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The aim of this study was to maximize good quality grass silage utilization either by supplying a source of rumen undegradable protein or by a reduction of the concentrate in the diet. A randomized incomplete block design was used to evaluate feed intake, milk production and health incidence occurring in fifty-nine Holstein dairy cow (11 primiparous) distributed randomly to receive three different diets between wk 4 and 24 of lactation. The diets were composed of grass silage (predominance of timothy) offered ad libitum supplemented either with a mixture of cereal grains (wheat:barley 50:50) at 100% of recommendations plus soybean meal (Trt 1), or fish meal (Trt 2), or with cereal grains at 75% of recommendations plus fish meal (Trt 3). The grass silage was harvested at an approximate chop length of 8--10 cm, averaged 37.1% DM and was stored in heap silos.Finally, an economic evaluation of the treatments was done using milk income, feed cost, health cost, and net income. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Spain, James Nobles. "Evaluating fish meal as a protein source for lactating dairy cows." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54429.
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A series of experiments were conducted to measure the mode of action by which fishmeal exerts its effect on milk composition of dairy cows. Production Study One measured the effect of increased fishmeal intake on milk production and milk composition in dairy cattle. Milk fat percentage and yield were decreased by increased fishmeal intake. This decrease was not associated with changes in ruminal fermentation patterns. Plasma long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids were increased with increased fishmeal intake.
Mammary slices from lactating bovine mammary gland were incubated with eicosapentaenoic acid. Changes in ¹⁴C-acetate metabolism were measured. Acetate oxidation and incorporation into milk lipid were not changed by eicosapentaenoic acid. However, tissue from mammary gland of cows milked 6 to 8 h prior to slaughter had 2 fold higher activity than tissue milked 1 h before slaughter.
Disappearance of dry matter, crude protein, and lipid in fish meal from undegradable bags in the rumen was measured. Dry matter and crude protein degradation of fish meal were similar to published values. Lipid escaped rapidly with greater than 70% removed by 8 h. A subsequent fish oil infusion study revealed that intraruminal fish oil treatment did not significantly alter ruminal fermentation, or change fatty acid profiles in duodenal digesta, plasma, or milk. Duodenal infusion increased plasma concentrations of n-3 fatty acids but did not affect milk lipid fatty acid composition.
A second production study compared the effects of fish meal versus fish oil on milk production and composition, and changes in fatty acids in plasma and milk. Fish meal significantly increased plasma n-3 fatty acids compared to the fish oil treatment. Residual fatty acids contained in fish meal seemed to be protected from rumen degradation and probably remained intact for digestion and absorption since plasma n-3 fatty acid concentrations increased. No changes in milk yield or composition were due to the experimental treatments. Fat in fish meal and fish oil source differed significantly in their ability to alter milk composition and plasma fatty acid profiles.Ph. D.
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Pine, Harvey J. Daniels William H. "Replacement of fish meal with poultry by-product meal as a protein source in sunshine bass, Morone chyrsops x Morone saxatilis, diets." Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Fall/Thesis/PINE_HARVEY_41.pdf.
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Cervantes, Cevallos Carlos Ángel. "Replacement of fish meal by meal worm (Eisenia foetida) in the feed of broilers as an alternative source of protein." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5346.
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This investigation was conducted in the rural community of Cuambo, located in the northeast of Imbabura province, in the Mira river basin of Salina parish, at 1530 meters above sea level and with an average temperature of 19 C. The principal objective of this investigation was to evaluate the effect of four levels of substitution of fish meal for earthworm meal in broiler chicken diets. The fieldwork occurred in two stages over the course of 20 months: A. Creation of the feed: This step lasted from the installation of an earthworm culturing area through the cultivation, harvest, and drying of the worms until obtaining the flour and then the feed with the respective formulas and acquisition of primary materials. B. Cultivation of broiler chickens: This was carried out in a community member's house adapted to function like a chicken coop that had been previously prepared to receive the chicks. The study lasted 7 weeks. A completely random design (CRD) was used with five treatments and five repetitions per treatment, with five chickens per experimental unit. ANOVA, Tukey analysis at 5%, and orthogonal polynomial analysis were used to evaluate the data. The factor under study was the percentage of earthworm flour in a basic diet. The treatments were as follows: T0: Control (Pronaca commercial feed) T1: 100% earthworm meal T2: 75% earthworm meal T3: 50% earthworm meal T4: 25% earthworm meal Analyzed variables: Weekly weight gain, Weekly food conversion, Accumulated food conversion, Total food consumption, Efficiency index, Yield, Organoleptic analysis, Economic analysis. From the results obtained, we conclude that treatment 0 (T0) is the best because it gave the best results in weight gain, food conversion, efficiency index, yield, and cost of production. In the organoleptic analysis T4 received the most points for appearance and flavor; T3 received the most for color, smell, and texture. The treatment with greatest acceptability was T4, with the most points. In production costs, the least expensive was T1, but it is not recommended for use because the chickens had poor results in the studied variables.
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Chapin, Clifford Arthur. "Protein partition and digesta flow in lactating Holsteins fed 2:1 and 1:2 soybean meal:fish meal." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/74521.
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Attempts to improve upon the crude protein feeding system have strived to characterize feedstuffs with respect to ruminal protein degradability. In vitro an in situ procedures fall short of this goal by not accounting for ruminal turnover. Six lactating cows, fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae, were utilized for in vivo determination of protein degradability by employing a double-marker system. Treatments were corn silage-based diets supplemented with 2:1 soybean meal:fish meal nitrogen (SF) or 1:2 soybean meal:fish meal nitrogen (FS) at levels of 15. 9 and 16.0 percent protein. Ruminal cobalt ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CoEDTA) infusions marked liquid phase (LP) digesta and Yb-soaked hay was used as a solid phase (SP) marker. Duodenal digesta was separated into SP and LP at 3000xg.
Least squares means of LP flows did not differ for total, precipitable protein, or microbial nitrogen, for SF and FS. Total solid phase flow of dry matter was higher for FS (9.06 kg/d) than for SF (7.97 kg/d), although intakes did not differ. Milk composition and yield did not differ for FS and SF. Average daily gain was 0.12 kg/d for SF and 1:26 kg/d for FS. Whole-tract digestibilties were not different although rumen digestibility of dry matter was 24.9% for FS and 35.7% for SF, and duodenal recovery of N was 93.8% for SF and 107.5% for FS.
Inclusion of a higher level of fish meal in the diet increased the proportion of feed proteins delivered to the small intestine, increasing weight gain while having no effect on milk production.Master of Science
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Amaya, Elkin A. Davis D. Allen. "Fish meal replacement in practical diets for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared in green water systems." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2006%20Summer/Theses/AMAYA_ROJAS_25.pdf.
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Alvarado, Mario D. "Fishmeal substituted for soybean meal fed at two TDN levels for lactating dairy cows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45742.
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Thirty multiparous Holstein and twelve multiparous Jersey cows were used to determine the effect of diets (3x2 factorial) containing 0,1,2 kg of fish meal (FM) and energy levels of 70 and 75% TDN on milk production and composition. Basal diets contained 83% corn silage and 10.3% concentrate for the 70% TDN ration and 60% corn silage, 10.3% concentrate and 24.5% high moisture corn for the 75% rations. High moisture corn in the higher TDN diets decreased both acid and neutral detergent fiber, and increased dry matter content. Nitrogen degradability was lower in the higher TDN rations and decreased with increasing fishmeal levels. Dry matter degradability tended to be similar for all diets. Milk and FCM production was similar for all diets. Milk fat percentage was similar for TDN levels but decreased as fishmeal level increased. Milk protein percentage increased with 75% TDN but was not affected by fishmeal. Kilograms of milk protein produced followed a trend similar to milk protein percentage. Dry matter intake was higher with higher TDN diets, but tended to be lower during the first 4 weeks of the study with increasing levels of fishmeal. Bodyweight fluctuated during the experiment and followed a pattern similar to dry matter intake. Blood plasma urea concentration was similar for all diets.Master of Science
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Devic, Emilie D. P. "Assessing insect-based products as feed ingredients for aquaculture." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24370.
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Research has been actively looking for alternative feed ingredients to reduce the reliance of the aquafeed industry on marine ingredients, namely fish meal (FM) and fish oil (FO). In this context, insects, in particular housefly (Musca domestica) and black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae, have been identified as promising candidates. Although a global insect farming industry is emerging, it is for now constrained by regulatory and technical bottlenecks that raise the question ‘where and how insect-based products could be integrated into aquaculture’. The literature indicated a high interspecies variability of the results when replacing FM with insect meals in fish diets and previous work failed to consider the existing challenges related to the insect production to demonstrate commercial relevance and applicability. In this thesis, maggot meals (MM) and frass (insect digestate) were assessed as strategic feed ingredients for two commercially important farmed species: Atlantic salmon, (Salmo salar) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), in their relevant contexts. Case studies showed that both housefly and BSF MM are high quality feed ingredients and suitable alternative to FM. Specifically, dietary inclusions of up to 200 g/kg of crude or defatted housefly larvae meal did not compromised the feed digestibility and utilisation and the growth performance and body composition of salmon parr (freshwater stage), compared to a FM-based control diet. Hormone (17α-methyltestosterone) treated diets containing between 250 and 1000 g/kg BSF or housefly meal were found as effective as a commonly used pure hormone-treated FM in sex-reversal process leading to 99.8 to 100% males, high survival and evenness of the fish produced. In a commercial diet for advanced nursing of Nile tilapia fingerlings, up to 80 g/kg BSF meal was included without impairing the fish performance and body composition; dietary inclusion was limited by the lipid content of the crude MM. Finally, BSF frass derived from brewery spent grains or processed food wastes were found more effective when used as soil bio-fertilisers with minimum application rate of 10.0 tonnes/ha or 5.0 tonnes/ha, respectively (for a spring onion culture), rather than supplemental feeds for tilapia farmed in semi-intensive conditions (fertilised pond). The study also indicated that site-specific conditions should be accounted to support appropriate and sustainable use of insect-based products but in any case, juvenile fish should be strategically targeted given their requirements. It is expected that this approach, could support the sustainable intensification of aquaculture and contribute more broadly to food security whilst contributing to the development of a circular economy.
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Árendásová, Veronika. "Využití hmyzí mouky pro potravinářské a krmní účely." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-449726.
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Insect meal has excellent potential as food or feed. There is a need to provide enough food for the growing population, which is linked to the increasing demand for livestock production. Meat and fish have always been the staple of the human diet as a rich source of proteins and fats for human nutrition. Fish is a good source of animal protein and fat for humans, which forms the basis of the diet of a large number of people who generally live in coastal areas. The increasing demand for fish is associated with a growing interest in high-quality and affordable fish feed. Nowadays, the main ingredient in fish feed is fishmeal, and the price is constantly increasing. The sustainability of the aquaculture industry depends on finding a substitute for fishmeal with the same nutritional value and availability. Recently, there has been a growing interest in animal protein from insects for fish fattening. This thesis focused on analysing insect meal from mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) and its use for food and feed purposes. The theoretical part describes the mealworm, the use of insect meal for human nutrition, and fish fattening. It also describes the requirements of fish for individual nutrients and the characterisation of insects for feeding purposes, focusing on the mealworm used as an alternative feed ingredient in fish. The individual major nutrients, namely protein, lipids, fatty acids, amino acids, fibre, chitin, and selected minerals, were determined in the experimental part. The experimental part was divided into two parts, and the first part was divided into two phases. The first phase was used to determine the nutritional components in two fractions of insect meal from Tenebrio molitor larvae. The first fraction contained the fine fraction, and the second fraction the coarse fraction of insect meal. In the second phase, the content of nutritionally significant components was only determined in the insect meal from dried larvae without fractionation. A fish feed was designed from the analyses results. In the second part, the effect of the addition of insect meal from Tenebrio molitor for food purposes was investigated; specifically, the sensory properties of muffins were monitored. From the results, it can be observed that the nutritional composition of the insect meal suggests the possibility of using the mealworm larvae as an ingredient in the fish diet. The insect meal contains a high proportion of valuable proteins and lipids necessary for fish farming and a low proportion of carbohydrates, which unlike humans, fish do not need in their diet. The sensory analysis results indicate that consumers are not prepared to eat foods with added insects.
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Leal, Margarida Meneses. "Effect of alternative fish feed and electricity independent oxygenation in decoupled aquaponic systems." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/23561.
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Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina VeterináriaAquaponic systems combine Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) and hydroponic systems, combining the production of animal protein and plants. RAS wastewater enriched in nutrients is used by plants in hydroponic units. RAS rely on fishmeal and fish oil, which are finite resources as aquafeed ingredients, but alternative and more sustainable ingredients have been developed; black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens) meal is one of the most promising alternatives. Therefore, the aim of experiment 1 was to investigate if using a fishmeal based diet (FIM) or, alternatively, a black solider fly meal based diet (BSF) has different effects on lettuce growth in decoupled aquaponic systems. Three different treatments were applied: one hydroponic treatment (control treatment); and two aquaponic treatments. The nutrient solution was made with fish wastewater from a RAS fed either with fishmeal based diet (FIM treatment) or black soldier fly meal based diet (BSF treatment). Abiotic parameters of the nutrient solutions were monitored (temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen), air temperature, relative humidity, as well as micro- and macronutrients in the nutrient solutions; and fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), number of leaves, water consumption and SPAD values of the lettuce. Similar lettuce yields were observed between the treatments. However, in FIM treatment, higher sodium concentrations were seen in the nutrient solution. This is the first study showing the benefits of using alternative fish diets in decoupled aquaponic systems, to avoid potentially harmful sodium levels in aquaponic nutrient solutions. Aquaponics and hydroponics can be unsustainable in areas where electricity is unavailable, expensive or unstable; thus, the experiment 2 was carried out to test an alternative method of oxygenating nutrient solutions without electricity using H2O2, and its potential effects on lettuce growth in hydroponic and aquaponic systems. Three treatments were applied: hydroponic control treatment with compressed air (H air); and two other treatments with nutrient solutions provided with a passive H2O2-supply instead of compressed air: a hydroponic treatment (H H2O2) and an aquaponic treatment (RAS H2O2). The same parameters as in experiment 1 were examined and no significant differences in terms of growth or yield were observed. Hence, it shows that this method of oxygenation is a valid alternative for setups in areas where the electrical grid is a limitation.
RESUMO - Sistemas aquapónicos combinam os sistemas de recirculação em aquacultura (RAS) e sistemas hidropónicos, combinando a produção de proteína animal e plantas. A água residual do RAS rica em nutrientes é usada por plantas nas unidades hidropónicas. RAS depende da farinha e óleo de peixe, que são recursos finitos, como ingredientes para a ração dos peixes mas, ingredientes alternativos foram desenvolvidos; a farinha de mosca soldado negra (Hermetia Illucens) é das mais promissoras. Assim, o objetivo da experiência 1 foi investigar se o uso da ração baseada em farinha de peixe (FIM) ou alternativamente, a ração baseada em farinha de mosca soldado negra (BSF), produz diferentes efeitos no crescimento da alface em sistemas aquapónicos desacoplados. Usou-se três tratamentos, um tratamento hidropónico (controlo) e dois tratamentos aquapónicos, com solução nutritiva preparada com água residual de um RAS alimentado com ração baseada em farinha de peixe, tratamento FIM, ou baseada em farinha de mosca soldado negra, tratamento BSF. Parâmetros abióticos das soluções nutritivas foram monitorizados (temperatura, condutividade elétrica, oxigénio dissolvido), temperatura do ar, humidade relativa, tal como os micro- e macronutrientes; e massa fresca, massa seca, número de folhas, consumo de água e valores SPAD das alfaces. Observou-se semelhantes produções de alface entre os tratamentos. Porém, no tratamento FIM, maiores concentrações de sódio foram encontradas na solução nutritiva. Este é o primeiro estudo que mostra os benefícios do uso de rações alternativas em sistemas aquapónicos desacoplados. A aquaponia e hidroponia podem ser insustentáveis em áeras onde a eletricidade está indisponível, cara ou instável; assim, a experiência 2 foi realizada para testar um método alternativo de oxigenação das soluções nutritivas sem uso de electricidade usando H2O2. Usou-se três tratamentos: tratamento hidropónico controlo com ar comprimido (H air); e dois tratamentos com soluções nutritivas com fornecimento passivo de H2O2 em vez de ar comprimido: um tratamento hidropónico (H H2O2) e um tratamento aquapónico (RAS H2O2). Os mesmos parâmetros da experiência 1 foram obtidos e não se observou diferenças significativas em termos de crescimento ou rendimento. Assim, demonstra que este método de oxigenação é uma alternativa válida em áreas onde a rede elétrica é instável.
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Books on the topic "Fish meal as feed"
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Dominion Experimental Farms and Stations (Canada), ed. Fish meal as a live stock food. Ottawa: Dept. of Agriculture, 1997.
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Carroll, Diane J. Using fish meal in dairy rations. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University Extension Service, 1995.
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Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan., ed. Fish meal: Project profile. Islamabad: Board of Investment, Prime Minister's Secretariat, 1989.
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Alcosser, Sandra. A fish to feed all hunger. Boise, Idaho: Ahsahta Press/Boise State University, 2010.
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Alcosser, Sandra. A fish to feed all hunger. Boise, Idaho: Ahsahta Press, Boise State University, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Fish meal as feed"
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Hertrampf, Joachim W., and Felicitas Piedad-Pascual. "Fish Meal." In Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds, 177–91. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4018-8_18.
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Rumpold, Birgit A. "Global consumer perception of insects as feed." In Insects as animal feed: novel ingredients for use in pet, aquaculture and livestock diets, 116–25. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245929.0015.
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Abstract This chapter provides a global overview of farmers' and stakeholders' as well as consumers' perception of insect-based feeds from the literature and discusses gaps, lessons learnt and future needs in order to improve the acceptance of insects as feed, as well as the acceptance of meat and fish fed with insect containing feed.
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Murthy, L. Narasimha, Girija G. Phadke, A. Jeyakumari, and S. Vijayakumar. "Secondary Raw Material and Low-Cost Fish for Fish Meal Production and Its Implications in the Animal Feed Industry." In Advances in Fish Processing Technologies, 183–200. New York: Apple Academic Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003300595-10.
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Bimbo, Anthony P. "Fish Meal and Oil." In The Seafood Industry, 348–73. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118229491.ch26.
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Bimbo, Anthony P. "Fish Meal and Oil." In The Seafood Industry, 325–50. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2041-2_20.
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Ravishankar, Nakul, Anant Kumar, and Gayathri Mahalingam. "Coriander in Fish Feed." In Handbook of Coriander (Coriandrum sativum), 247–60. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204626-20.
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Jobling, Malcolm. "Bioenergetics: feed intake and energy partitioning." In Fish Ecophysiology, 1–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2304-4_1.
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Lovell, Tom. "Feed Formulation and Processing." In Nutrition and Feeding of Fish, 107–27. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-1174-5_5.
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Li, Meng H. "Feed Formulation and Processing." In Nutrition and Feeding of Fish, 135–52. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4909-3_8.
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Afonso, Clélia Paulete Correia Neves, and Teresa Margarida Lopes da Silva Mouga. "Seaweeds as Fish Feed Additives." In Seaweeds as Plant Fertilizer, Agricultural Biostimulants and Animal Fodder, 150–86. Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press, 2019.: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429487156-9.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Fish meal as feed"
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Hermon, Hermon, Riska Riska, and Sahrul Sahrul. "Utilization of Rejected Salted Fish as Fish Meal." In 6th International Seminar of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (ISANFS 2021). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/absr.k.220401.062.
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Shea, Zachary, and Bo Zhang. "Enhancing Soybean Meal Demand and Market by Developing Soy Meal Based Aquafeeds." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/gbos5039.
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Generally, about 50-70% of aquaculture production costs are feed related since fish meal is highly expensive ($1,500/metric ton). Due to this, there is a pressing need to find alternative and sustainable sources for fish meal. While soy meal is one alternative, it is limited at how much can be used for fish feed due to the presence of antinutritional factors, such as trypsin inhibitors (TI). This study examines Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed five different diets that varied in how much soy meal was present, either 0%, 30%, or 60%, and the if the soy came from a low or high TI variety. The five diets were the fish meal control that had no soy meal present, two diets using commercial soy meal with high levels of TI at 30% and 60% inclusion levels (30% and 60% SBM) and two diets using the low-TI variety VT Barrick at 30% and 60% inclusion levels (30% and 60% VSBM). Each diet was fed to three 100 L tanks with 10 fish each for 7 weeks. Fish were weighed at the start of the trial, after 2, 4, and 7 weeks to measure specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, and percentage weight gain. After 7 weeks, four fish from each diet had their liver and viscera weighed to determine hepatosomatic index (HIS) and viscerosomatic index (VSI) as well as collecting fecal samples for microbiota analysis. Fish fed the FM, 30% SBM and 30% VSBM were found to have similar growth performances, while the 60% SBM and 60% VSBM were found to have lower growth than the other three diets with the 60% VSBM having the lowest growth.
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Monoarfa, Hilda, Chalil Chalil, Edhi Taqwa, and Sri Sarjuni. "Analysis of Poultry Feed Efficiency: Local Efforts to Reduce Reliance on Imported Fish Meal in Indonesia." In 2016 Global Conference on Business, Management and Entrepreneurship. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/gcbme-16.2016.162.
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Stoiber, C., K. Teichmann, B. Standen, C. Gruber, A. Tacconi, and M. Mohnl. "Effect of a phytogenic feed additive on survival and performance of shrimps receiving a fish meal reduced diet." In GA – 69th Annual Meeting 2021, Virtual conference. Georg Thieme Verlag, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1736819.
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Wu, Haizhou, Bita Forghani, Ingrid Undeland, and Mehdi Abdollahi. "Lipid oxidation in sorted herring (Clupea harengus) filleting co-products and its relationship to composition." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/uelt7673.
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In industrial fish filleting, around 30–70 % of the total weight of the fish end up as side streams (often called by- or co-products), such as the head, backbone, caudal fin, skin, and intestines. Currently, these fractions are dedicated to low value uses as fodder meals or mink feed, even if they contain significant amounts of protein, long chain (LC) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and other nutrients such as vitamins and minerals. However, most fish processors mix their side streams, not least when it comes to small pelagic species like herring. This practice limits use of the side streams for food production since the raw material gets very complex, and since blood, enzymes and lipids from e.g., the viscera and head parts easily contaminate the cleaner parts like the backbones and tails, accelerating e.g., their oxidative or enzymatic degradation. In the present study, lipid oxidation in ice-stored sorted and minced herring fractions (head, backbone, viscera+belly flap, tail, fillet) from spring and fall, and its association with endogenous pro-oxidants, antioxidants and lipid substrates were investigated. Peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) had increased significantly in all fractions after 1 day, but for both seasons, the most rapid PV and TBARS development occurred in head, which also had highest hemoglobin (Hb) levels and lipoxygenases (LOX) activity. Viscera+belly flap was overall the most stable part, and also had the highest -tocopherol content. Pearson correlation analyses across all five fractions confirmed a significant impact of Hb, LOX and -tocopherol on the lipid oxidation susceptibility, while content of total iron, copper, lipids or PUFA provided no significant correlation. Overall, the study showed which pro-oxidants that should be inhibited or removed to succeed with value adding of herring filleting side streams along with the fillet itself.
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Obaid, Mohammad, Charles Han, and Mark Billinghurst. ""Feed the Fish"." In the 5th Australasian Conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1514402.1514408.
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Böscke, R., and B. Wollenberg. "Chronic Recurrent Parotitis after a Fish Meal." In Abstract- und Posterband – 91. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für HNO-Heilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V., Bonn – Welche Qualität macht den Unterschied. © Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1711452.
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Edward A Caraway, David Parker, Mike Ruby, Glen Green, Jan Spears, Mark Olsen, Marty Rhoades, and Zena Buser. "Identification of Malodorous Compounds from a Fish Meal Plant." In International Symposium on Air Quality and Waste Management for Agriculture, 16-19 September 2007, Broomfield, Colorado. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.23860.
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Cai-Juan, Soong, Razamin Ramli, and Rosshairy Abdul Rahman. "Fish consumption and track to a fish feed formulation." In INNOVATION AND ANALYTICS CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION (IACE 2015): Proceedings of the 2nd Innovation and Analytics Conference & Exhibition. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4937074.
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Wray, Carrie, and John Sander. "Copper-water Interactions in Fish Meal: Impact on Hydroperoxide Formation." In Virtual 2021 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/am21.02.
Full textReports on the topic "Fish meal as feed"
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Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.
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The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.
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Gothilf, Yoav, Roger Cone, Berta Levavi-Sivan, and Sheenan Harpaz. Genetic manipulations of MC4R for increased growth and feed efficiency in fish. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7600043.bard.
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The hypothalamic melanocortin system plays a central role in the regulation of food consumption and energy homeostasis in mammals. Accordingly, our working hypothesis in this project was that genetic editing of the mc4r gene, encoding Melanocortin Receptor 4 (MC4R), will enhance food consumption, feed efficiency and growth in fish. To test this hypothesis and to assess the utility of mc4r editing for the enhancement of feed efficiency and growth in fish, the following objectives were set: Test the effect of the mc4r-null allele on feeding behavior, growth, metabolism and survival in zebrafish. Generate mc4r-null alleles in tilapia and examine the consequences for growth and survival, feed efficiency and body composition. Generate and examine the effect of naturally-occurring mc4r alleles found in swordfish on feeding behavior, growth and survival in zebrafish. Define the MC4R-mediated and MC4R-independent effects of AgRP by crossing mc4r- null strains with fish lacking AgRP neurons or the agrpgene. Our results in zebrafish did not support our hypothesis. While knockout of the agrpgene or genetic ablation of hypothalamic AgRP neurons led to reduced food intake in zebrafish larvae, knockout (KO) of the mc4r gene not only did not increase the rate of food intake but even reduced it. Since Melanocortin Receptor 3 (MC3R) has also been proposed to be involved in hypothalamic control of food intake, we also tested the effectofmc3r gene KO. Again, contrary to our hypothesis, the rate of food intake decreased. The next step was to generate a double mutant lucking both functional MC3R and MC4R. Again, the double KO exhibited reduced food intake. Thus, the only manipulation within the melanocortin system that affected food intake in consistent with the expected role of the system was seen in zebrafish larvae upon agrpKO. Interestingly, despite the apparent reduced food intake in the larval stage, these fish grow to be of the same size as wildtype fish at the adult stage. Altogether, it seems that there is a compensatory mechanism that overrides the effect of genetic manipulations of the melanocortin system in zebrafish. Under Aim 3, we introduced the Xna1, XnB1l, and XnB2A mutations from the Xiphophorus MC4R alleles into the zebrafish MC4R gene. We hypothesized that these MC4R mutations would act as dominant negative alleles to increase growth by suppressing endogenous MC4R activity. When we examined the activity of the three mutant alleles, we were unable to document any inhibition of a co-transfected wild type MC4R allele, hence we did not introduce these alleles into zebrafish. Since teleost fish possess two agrpgenes we also tested the effect of KO of the agrp2 gene and ablation of the AgRP2 cells. We found that the AgRP2 system does not affect food consumption but may rather be involved in modulating the stress response. To try to apply genetic editing in farmed fish species we turned to tilapia. Injection of exogenous AgRP in adult tilapia induced significant changes in the expression of pituitary hormones. Genetic editing in tilapia is far more complicated than in zebrafish. Nevertheless, we managed to generate one mutant fish carrying a mutation in mc4r. That individual died before reaching sexual maturity. Thus, our attempt to generate an mc4r-mutant tilapia line was almost successful and indicate out non-obvious capability to generate mutant tilapia.
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Breewood, Helen, and Tara Garnett. What is feed-food competition? Edited by Walter Fraanje. Food Climate Research Network, January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/dde79ca0.
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This building block explores key statistics about competing uses for food system resources, focusing on the use of land, crops and wild fish for feeding humans or feeding livestock – a trade-off known as feed-food competition. It also outlines different ways in which people interpret these figures and sets out how these differing perspectives link to broader debates about what we should eat and how we should produce food, particularly concerning what role (if any) livestock should play in the global food system.
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Harpaz, Sheenan, Steven G. Hughes, and Pinhas Lindner. Optimization of Diet for Post Larvel/Juvenile Sea Bass and Hybrid Stripped Bass Based on Enzymatic Profiles of their Digestive Tracts. United States Department of Agriculture, December 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604924.bard.
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The overall goal of this research work was to identify the main proteolytic activities which take place in the digestive tracts of young bass fish, and use the knowledge acquired in order to improve feed protein utilization in juvenile fish based on their digestive capacity. The results of the work clearly showed that the young fish possess the entire profile of proteolytic enzymes which is found in adult fish. Yet, in the young fish the level of activity is substantially lower per gram tissue (or gram protein) as compared with the activity found in the digestive tracts of the same fish at an older (larger) age. In addition it was found that the main proteolytic enzyme in these fish is chymotrypsin which accounts for almost 80% of the proteolytic activity. An effort aimed at enhancing this activity has lead to the interesting finding that alcohol substantially enhances the proteolytic activity of fish intestines. Fish intestinal homogenates were used in order to evaluate the suitability of various feeds for the fish. Potential feed proteins were subjected to the proteolytic activity of the fish enzymes in vitro, in a manner simulating the natural process. The proteolytic activity was monitored by the valuation of the products, i.e. amino acid released. This method has proven to be a powerful tool which enables us to predict with a very high degree of accuracy the potential of a feed to promote growth. Selection of feed based on the proteolytic capacity of the fish degestive tracts can now be implemented in feed formulation, as anticipated in the original research proposal.
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Jung, Carina, Matthew Carr, Denise Lindsay, Eric Fleischman, and Chandler Roesch. Microbiome perturbations during domestication of the green June beetle (Cotinis nitida). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/43342.
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Animal-associated microbiomes are critical to the well-being and proper functioning of the animal host, but only limited studies have examined in-sect microbiomes across different developmental stages. These studies revealed large shifts in microbiome communities, often because of significant shifts in diet during insects’ life cycle. Establishing insect colonies as model laboratory organisms and understanding how to properly feed and care for animals with complex and dynamic life cycles requires improved data. This study examined laboratory raised green June beetles (Cotinis nitida) captured from the field upon emergence from pupae. Starting with wild-caught adults, two generations of beetles were reared in the laboratory, ending with an entirely laboratory raised generation of larvae. The study compared the microbiomes of each generation and the microbiomes of larvae to adults. This study suggests that a diet of commercial, washed fruit for adults and commercial, packaged, organic alfalfa meal for larvae resulted in depauperate gut microbiome communities. Fermentative yeasts were completely absent in the laboratory-raised adults, and major bacterial population shifts occurred from one generation to the next, coupled with high morbidity and mortality in the laboratory-raised generation. Providing laboratory-raised beetles fresh-collected fruit and the larvae field-harvested detritus may therefore vastly improve their health and survival.
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Hoy, Michael D. Herons and Egrets. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2017.7208742.ws.
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Herons and egrets commonly cause damage at aquaculture facilities and recreational fishing waters where fish are held at high densities. Fish-eating birds also can have an impact on intensively managed sport fisheries. Damage occurs when herons and egrets feed on fish purchased and released for recreational sport fishing activities. Values of these fish can be quite high given the intensity of management activities and the direct relationship of fishery quality to property value. Herons and egrets are freshwater or coastal birds of the family Ardeidae. Herons and egrets discussed in this section are all piscivorous. They are opportunistic feeders, however, and will consume small amphibians, insects, and reptiles. Due to these food preferences, herons and egrets are attracted to shallow lakes and human-made impoundments. Native bird species are covered under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) and given federal protection. Depredation permits can be obtained through the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. In addition, individual states may require their own permits for legal take of these bird species.
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Gantt, Elisabeth, Avigad Vonshak, Sammy Boussiba, Zvi Cohen, and Amos Richmond. Carotenoid-Rich Algal Biomass for Aquaculture: Astaxanthin Production by Haematococcus Pluvialis. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613036.bard.
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The synthesis of carotenoids has been studied toward enhancing the production of ketocarotenoids, since fish and crustaceans raised by aquaculture require astaxanthin and other ketocaroteinoids in their feed for desirable pigmentation. Notable progress has been made in attaining the goals of determining improved conditions for ketocarotenoid production in Haematococcus pluvialis and in elucidating the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway. For production of astaxanthin a number of strains of the green alga Haematococcus were evaluated, a strain CCAG was found to be optimal for photoautotrophic growth. Of four mutants, selected for enhanced carotenoid production, two hold considerable promise because caroteinoid accumulation occurs without encystment. The biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids was elucidated in photosynthetic organisms by characterizing novel genes encoding carotenoid enzymes and by examining the function of these enzymes in a bacterial complementation system. Two cyclases (b- and e-) were cloned that are at a critical branch point in the pathway. One branch leads to the formation of b-carotene and zeaxanthin and astaxanthin, and the other to the production of a-carotene and lutein. Cyclization of both endgroups of lycopene to yield b-carotene was shown to be catalyzed by a single gene product, b-lycopene cyclase in cyanobacteria and plants. The formation of a-carotene was found to require the e-cyclase gene product in addition to the b-cyclase. By cloning a b-hydroxylase gene we showed that a single gene product forms zeaxanthin by hydroxylatin of both b-carotene rings. It is expected that a second hydroxylase is required in the synthesis of astaxanthin, since canthaxanthin rather than zeaxanthin is the precursor. Evidence, from inhibitor studies, suggests that astaxanthin is formed from canthaxanthin and that b-carotene is a major precursor. Feasibility studies with the photobioreactors have shown that a two-stage system is the most practical, where Haematococcus cultures are first grown to high cell density and are then switched to high light for maximal astaxanthin production. The basic knowledge and molecular tools generated from this study will significantly enhance Haematococcus as a viable model for enhanced astaxanthin production.
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Nicholson, Claire, Jonathan Wastling, Peter Gregory, and Paul Nunn. FSA Science Council Working Group 6 Food Safety and Net Zero Carbon July 2022 Interim Report. Food Standards Agency, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sac.fsa.vxz377.
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The UK has a legal commitment to reach net zero carbon (NZC) emissions by 2050. This is a topic that has recently been building momentum, with clean growth being one of the four Grand Challenges set out by the UK Government. The ways we grow, process and transport food are major contributors to climate change, accounting for more than a quarter of all greenhouse gas emissions. Reducing this will require substantial changes in agriculture, manufacturing, and transport. Consequently, the Science Council and FSA Chief Scientific Adviser (CSA) agreed that a deeper understanding of the potential implications of achieving net zero on food systems, together with identification of areas of uncertainty, would be of considerable value to FSA in pre-empting future policy and evidence needs in this area. In early discussions to scope the work required, Defra indicated to the FSA Science Council Secretariat that there are many new developments and changes to activity in primary production aimed at achieving net zero. The Science Council agreed, therefore, to concentrate its first investigations on changes expected in primary food production. Primary production is the production of chemical energy in organic forms by living organisms. The main source of this energy is sunlight. For the purposes of this review, primary food production includes the growing and harvesting of plants as food for humans or feed for animals, and the rearing and slaughter of animals including livestock, fish and a wide variety of aquatic and marine organisms. A Science Council Working Group 6 (WG6) began work in summer 2021, led by Science Council members Mrs Claire Nicholson (WG6 Chair) and Prof Jonathan Wastling (WG6 Deputy Chair). The brief for WG6 is to investigate the potential food safety implications arising from changes to primary food production practices and technologies that reduce carbon emissions in the next 10 years. The work programme (described in this report) covers 4 phases, with phases 1 and 2 now complete. The work so far has drawn diverse, wide-ranging, sometimes slightly conflicting, views and opinions from across academia, the FSA, Defra, industry bodies and individual food producers. This interim report summarises: The work undertaken to date (phases 1 and 2) What has been learnt including changes to practice already underway or imminent Issues arising from the changes that the FSA should be aware of Further work planned by WG6 to understand the nature of the risks in more depth (phases 3 and 4) The Science Council aims to complete its investigations by the end of 2022 and present its findings to the FSA Board as soon as possible afterwards.
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Hulata, Gideon, Thomas D. Kocher, and Micha Ron. Elucidating the molecular pathway of sex determination in cultured Tilapias and use of genetic markers for creating monosex populations. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695855.bard.
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The objectives of this project were to: 1) Identify genetic markers linked to sex-determining genes in various experimental and commercial stocks of O. niloticusand O. aureus, as well as red tilapias; 2) Develop additional markers tightly linked to these sex determiners, and develop practical, non-destructive genetic tests for identifying genotypic sex in young tilapia; A third aim, to map sex modifier loci, was removed during budget negotiations at the start of the project. Background to the topic. A major obstacle to profitable farming of tilapia is the tendency of females to reproduce at a small size during the production cycle, diverting feed and other resources to a large population of small, unmarketable fish. Several approaches for producing all-male fingerlings have been tried, including interspecific hybridization, hormonal masculinization, and the use of YY-supermale broodstock. Each method has disadvantages that could be overcome with a better understanding of the genetic basis of sex determination in tilapia. The lack of sex-linked markers has been a major impediment in research and development of efficient monosex populations for tilapia culture. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements. We identified DNA markers linked to sex determining genes in six closely related species of tilapiine fishes. The mode of sex determination differed among species. In Oreochromis karongaeand Tilapia mariaethe sex-determining locus is on linkage group (LG) 3 and the female is heterogametic (WZ-ZZ system). In O. niloticusand T. zilliithe sex-determining locus is on LG1 and the male is heterogametic (XX-XY system). We have nearly identified the series of BAC clones that completely span the region. A more complex pattern was observed in O. aureus and O. mossambicus, in which markers on both LG1 and LG3 were associated with sex. We found evidence for sex-linked lethal effects on LG1, as well as interactions between loci in the two linkage groups. Comparison of genetic and physical maps demonstrated a broad region of recombination suppression harboring the sex-determining locus on LG3. We also mapped 29 genes that are considered putative regulators of sex determination. Amhand Dmrta2 mapped to separate QTL for sex determination on LG23. The other 27 genes mapped to various linkage groups, but none of them mapped to QTL for sex determination, so they were excluded as candidates for sex determination in these tilapia species. Implications, both scientific and agricultural. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that at least two transitions in the mode of sex determination have occurred in the evolution of tilapia species. This variation makes tilapias an excellent model system for studying the evolution of sex chromosomes in vertebrates. The genetic markers we have identified on LG1 in O. niloticusaccurately diagnose the phenotypic sex and are being used to develop monosex populations of tilapia, and eliminate the tedious steps of progeny testing to verify the genetic sex of broodstock animals.
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Atkinson, Dan, and Alex Hale, eds. From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.126.
Full textAbstract:
The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under four headings: 1. From Source to Sea: River systems, from their source to the sea and beyond, should form the focus for research projects, allowing the integration of all archaeological work carried out along their course. Future research should take a holistic view of the marine and maritime historic environment, from inland lakes that feed freshwater river routes, to tidal estuaries and out to the open sea. This view of the landscape/seascape encompasses a very broad range of archaeology and enables connections to be made without the restrictions of geographical or political boundaries. Research strategies, programmes From Source to Sea: ScARF Marine and Maritime Panel Report iii and projects can adopt this approach at multiple levels; from national to site-specific, with the aim of remaining holistic and cross-cutting. 2. Submerged Landscapes: The rising research profile of submerged landscapes has recently been embodied into a European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) Action; Submerged Prehistoric Archaeology and Landscapes of the Continental Shelf (SPLASHCOS), with exciting proposals for future research. Future work needs to be integrated with wider initiatives such as this on an international scale. Recent projects have begun to demonstrate the research potential for submerged landscapes in and beyond Scotland, as well as the need to collaborate with industrial partners, in order that commercially-created datasets can be accessed and used. More data is required in order to fully model the changing coastline around Scotland and develop predictive models of site survival. Such work is crucial to understanding life in early prehistoric Scotland, and how the earliest communities responded to a changing environment. 3. Marine & Maritime Historic Landscapes: Scotland’s coastal and intertidal zones and maritime hinterland encompass in-shore islands, trans-continental shipping lanes, ports and harbours, and transport infrastructure to intertidal fish-traps, and define understanding and conceptualisation of the liminal zone between the land and the sea. Due to the pervasive nature of the Marine and Maritime historic landscape, a holistic approach should be taken that incorporates evidence from a variety of sources including commercial and research archaeology, local and national societies, off-shore and onshore commercial development; and including studies derived from, but not limited to history, ethnology, cultural studies, folklore and architecture and involving a wide range of recording techniques ranging from photography, laser imaging, and sonar survey through to more orthodox drawn survey and excavation. 4. Collaboration: As is implicit in all the above, multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches are essential in order to ensure the capacity to meet the research challenges of the marine and maritime historic environment. There is a need for collaboration across the heritage sector and beyond, into specific areas of industry, science and the arts. Methods of communication amongst the constituent research individuals, institutions and networks should be developed, and dissemination of research results promoted. The formation of research communities, especially virtual centres of excellence, should be encouraged in order to build capacity.