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Journal articles on the topic 'Fishes – Malawi'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Marsh, Alan C., and Anthony J. Ribbink. "Feeding schools among Lake Malawi cichlid fishes." Environmental Biology of Fishes 15, no. 1 (January 1986): 75–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00005391.

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2

Weyl, Olaf L. F., Anthony J. Ribbink, and Denis Tweddle. "Lake Malawi: fishes, fisheries, biodiversity, health and habitat." Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 13, no. 3 (August 31, 2010): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2010.504695.

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3

Duponchelle, F., A. J. Ribbink, A. Msukwa, J. Mafuka, D. Mandere, and H. Bootsma. "Food partitioning within the species-rich benthic fish community of Lake Malawi, East Africa." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1651–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f05-075.

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Temporal diet patterns were studied for nine species of haplochromine cichlids in Lake Malawi, East Africa, using a combination of stable isotope and stomach content analyses. The results illustrate the complementarity of the two approaches in elucidating dietary differences. Evidence was found that benthic algal production contributed to the energy requirements of offshore fishes that occupy depths between 10 and 30 m. The importance of the lake fly Chaoborus edulis as a food source for demersal fishes was confirmed, supporting the recent hypothesis that deep demersal fish production is principally sustained through the pelagic food chain rather than from benthic detrital sources. Isotopic differences were observed among species with apparently similar diets, feeding behavior, and depth preferences, suggesting that important resource partitioning exists among Lake Malawi benthic haplochromine cichlids.
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4

Klein, Dagmar, Hideki Ono, Colm O'hUigin, Vladimir Vincek, Tijs Goldschmidt, and Jan Klein. "Extensive MHC variability in cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi." Nature 364, no. 6435 (July 1993): 330–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/364330a0.

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5

McKaye, Kenneth R., Digby Lewis, Peter Reinthal, and Jasper Trendall. "A Guide to the Fishes of Lake Malawi National Park." Copeia 1988, no. 2 (May 18, 1988): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445908.

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6

Joo, Deokjin, Ye-seul Kwan, Jongwoo Song, Catarina Pinho, Jody Hey, and Yong-Jin Won. "Identification of Cichlid Fishes from Lake Malawi Using Computer Vision." PLoS ONE 8, no. 10 (October 25, 2013): e77686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077686.

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7

Smith, Adam R., Moira J. van Staaden, and Karen L. Carleton. "An Evaluation of the Role of Sensory Drive in the Evolution of Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes." International Journal of Evolutionary Biology 2012 (June 21, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/647420.

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Although the cichlids of Lake Malawi are an important model system for the study of sensory evolution and sexual selection, the evolutionary processes linking these two phenomena remain unclear. Prior works have proposed that evolutionary divergence is driven by sensory drive, particularly as it applies to the visual system. While evidence suggests that sensory drive has played a role in the speciation of Lake Victoria cichlids, the findings from several lines of research on cichlids of Lake Malawi are not consistent with the primary tenets of this hypothesis. More specifically, three observations make the sensory drive model implausible in Malawi: (i) a lack of environmental constraint due to a broad and intense ambient light spectrum in species rich littoral habitats, (ii) pronounced variation in receiver sensory characteristics, and (iii) pronounced variability in male courtship signal characteristics. In the following work, we synthesize the results from recent studies to draw attention to the importance of sensory variation in cichlid evolution and speciation, and we suggest possible avenues of future research.
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8

Pauers, Michael J., Joshua M. Kapfer, Christopher E. Fendos, and Craig S. Berg. "Aggressive biases towards similarly coloured males in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes." Biology Letters 4, no. 2 (January 29, 2008): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0581.

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In haplochromine cichlids, female mate choice based on male nuptial coloration has played an important role in speciation. Recent studies suggest that male coloration strongly influences the distribution of these fishes based on male–male aggression; males direct more aggression towards similarly coloured opponents while tolerating differently coloured individuals. We explored the role of male nuptial colour in aggression among the mbuna of Lake Malawi, examining aggression by male Metriaclima mbenjii , the red top cobalt zebra, towards conspecific opponents, similarly coloured heterospecific opponents and differently coloured heterospecifics. In trials in which focal males were offered a single opponent, while the total number of aggressive behaviours did not vary among opponent species, the types of behaviours did; focal males directed more lateral displays towards conspecifics than towards the other opponent species. When focal males were offered two opponents simultaneously, M. mbenjii directed more aggressive behaviours and more lateral displays towards similarly coloured opponents, regardless of species. Furthermore, when offered a conspecific and a similarly coloured opponent simultaneously, there were no differences in behaviour towards either opponent. Thus, nuptial coloration is used by males to identify competitors, and it suggests that male–male aggression may have also been an important diversifying force in speciation in rock-dwelling Lake Malawi cichlids.
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9

Clark, Frances E., Matthew A. Conte, and Thomas D. Kocher. "Genomic Characterization of a B Chromosome in Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes." Genes 9, no. 12 (December 5, 2018): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes9120610.

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B chromosomes (Bs) were discovered a century ago, and since then, most studies have focused on describing their distribution and abundance using traditional cytogenetics. Only recently have attempts been made to understand their structure and evolution at the level of DNA sequence. Many questions regarding the origin, structure, function, and evolution of B chromosomes remain unanswered. Here, we identify B chromosome sequences from several species of cichlid fish from Lake Malawi by examining the ratios of DNA sequence coverage in individuals with or without B chromosomes. We examined the efficiency of this method, and compared results using both Illumina and PacBio sequence data. The B chromosome sequences detected in 13 individuals from 7 species were compared to assess the rates of sequence replacement. B-specific sequence common to at least 12 of the 13 datasets were identified as the “Core” B chromosome. The location of B sequence homologs throughout the genome provides further support for theories of B chromosome evolution. Finally, we identified genes and gene fragments located on the B chromosome, some of which may regulate the segregation and maintenance of the B chromosome.
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10

Genner, M. J., A. Botha, and G. F. Turner. "Translocations of rocky habitat cichlid fishes to Nkhata Bay, Lake Malawi." Journal of Fish Biology 69, no. 2 (August 2006): 622–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2006.01120.x.

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11

Feller, Anna F., Vera Ogi, Ole Seehausen, and Joana I. Meier. "Identification of a novel sex determining chromosome in cichlid fishes that acts as XY or ZW in different lineages." Hydrobiologia 848, no. 16 (March 13, 2021): 3727–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04560-7.

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AbstractSex determination systems are highly conserved among most vertebrates with genetic sex determination, but can be variable and evolve rapidly in some. Here, we study sex determination in a clade with exceptionally high sex chromosome turnover rates. We identify the sex determining chromosomes in three interspecific crosses of haplochromine cichlid fishes from Lakes Victoria and Malawi. We find evidence for different sex determiners in each cross. In the Malawi cross and one Victoria cross the same chromosome is sex-linked but while females are the heterogametic sex in the Malawi species, males are the heterogametic sex in the Victoria species. This chromosome has not previously been reported to be sex determining in cichlids, increasing the number of different chromosomes shown to be sex determining in cichlids to 12. All Lake Victoria species of our crosses are less than 15,000 years divergent, and we identified different sex determiners among them. Our study provides further evidence for the diversity and evolutionary flexibility of sex determination in cichlids, factors which might contribute to their rapid adaptive radiations.
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12

Svardal, Hannes, Fu Xiang Quah, Milan Malinsky, Benjamin P. Ngatunga, Eric A. Miska, Walter Salzburger, Martin J. Genner, George F. Turner, and Richard Durbin. "Ancestral Hybridization Facilitated Species Diversification in the Lake Malawi Cichlid Fish Adaptive Radiation." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 4 (December 14, 2019): 1100–1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz294.

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Abstract The adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in East African Lake Malawi encompasses over 500 species that are believed to have evolved within the last 800,000 years from a common founder population. It has been proposed that hybridization between ancestral lineages can provide the genetic raw material to fuel such exceptionally high diversification rates, and evidence for this has recently been presented for the Lake Victoria region cichlid superflock. Here, we report that Lake Malawi cichlid genomes also show evidence of hybridization between two lineages that split 3–4 Ma, today represented by Lake Victoria cichlids and the riverine Astatotilapia sp. “ruaha blue.” The two ancestries in Malawi cichlid genomes are present in large blocks of several kilobases, but there is little variation in this pattern between Malawi cichlid species, suggesting that the large-scale mosaic structure of the genomes was largely established prior to the radiation. Nevertheless, tens of thousands of polymorphic variants apparently derived from the hybridization are interspersed in the genomes. These loci show a striking excess of differentiation across ecological subgroups in the Lake Malawi cichlid assemblage, and parental alleles sort differentially into benthic and pelagic Malawi cichlid lineages, consistent with strong differential selection on these loci during species divergence. Furthermore, these loci are enriched for genes involved in immune response and vision, including opsin genes previously identified as important for speciation. Our results reinforce the role of ancestral hybridization in explosive diversification by demonstrating its significance in one of the largest recent vertebrate adaptive radiations.
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13

Maruyama, Atsushi, Bosco Rusuwa, and Masahide Yuma. "Asymmetric Interspecific Territorial Competition Over Food Resources Amongst Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes." African Zoology 45, no. 1 (April 2010): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3377/004.045.0116.

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14

Maruyama, Atsushi, Bosco Rusuwa, and Masahide Yuma. "Asymmetric interspecific territorial competition over food resources amongst Lake Malawi cichlid fishes." African Zoology 45, no. 1 (April 2010): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15627020.2010.11657251.

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15

Genner, Turner, Barker, and Hawkins. "Niche segregation among Lake Malawi cichlid fishes? Evidence from stable isotope signatures." Ecology Letters 2, no. 3 (May 1999): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.00068.x.

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16

Van Oppen, M. J. H., G. F. Turner, C. Rico, J. C. Deutsch, K. M. Ibrahim, R. L. Robinson, and G. M. Hewitt. "Unusually fine–scale genetic structuring found in rapidly speciating Malawi cichlid fishes." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 264, no. 1389 (December 22, 1997): 1803–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1997.0248.

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17

Tweddle, D., and R. Crossley. "Effects of an earthquake on demersal cichlid fishes of southern Lake Malawi." Journal of Fish Biology 38, no. 2 (February 1991): 305–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.1991.tb03116.x.

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18

Albertson, R. C., J. T. Streelman, and T. D. Kocher. "Directional selection has shaped the oral jaws of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 9 (April 18, 2003): 5252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0930235100.

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19

Reinthal, Peter N., and Ad Konings. "Ad Konings's Book of Cichlids and All the Other Fishes of Lake Malawi." Copeia 1991, no. 4 (December 13, 1991): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1446130.

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20

Bootsma, Harvey A., Robert E. Hecky, Ray H. Hesslein, and George F. Turner. "Food Partitioning Among Lake Malawi Nearshore Fishes as Revealed by Stable Isotope Analyses." Ecology 77, no. 4 (June 1996): 1286–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2265598.

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21

Martin, Christopher H., and Martin J. Genner. "High niche overlap between two successfully coexisting pairs of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 66, no. 4 (April 2009): 579–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-023.

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Many species in high-diversity assemblages appear to coexist in similar ecological niches. It has been proposed that interspecific resource partitioning in these assemblages may only occur during periods of resource scarcity. We tested this hypothesis by measuring resource abundance, dietary overlap, foraging rate, and territoriality in a Lake Malawi rock cichlid assemblage over a period of 1 year. Our study examined two pairs of morphologically similar species, with each pair comprising one native species and one invader species that has successfully established after being translocated from another region of the lake. All four species changed their diet and foraging rate in response to seasonal variation in resource abundance. However, dietary overlap within both species pairs remained high in all seasons and was not influenced by resource availability. Similarly, territoriality did not decline during periods of low resource availability, suggesting no decrease in the strength of interspecific competition. These data suggest that these species pairs are successfully coexisting despite substantial niche overlap during resource scarcity. Thus, the coexistence of species within this radiation may not depend on the evolution of divergent resource use patterns.
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22

Moore, Emily C., and Reade B. Roberts. "Genital morphology and allometry differ by species and sex in Malawi cichlid fishes." Hydrobiologia 791, no. 1 (July 12, 2016): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-016-2912-6.

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23

Genner, Martin J., George F. Turner, and Stephen J. Hawkins. "Foraging of rocky habitat cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi: coexistence through niche partitioning?" Oecologia 121, no. 2 (November 5, 1999): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004420050930.

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24

Hashem, Shaharior, Koichiro Kawai, Patrick Senam Kofi Fatsi, Atsuya Kodama, and Hidetoshi Saito. "Genetic relationships of cichlid fishes from Lake Malawi based on mitochondrial DNA sequences." Limnology 21, no. 1 (November 8, 2019): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10201-019-00597-9.

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25

McGee, Matthew D., Brant C. Faircloth, Samuel R. Borstein, Jimmy Zheng, C. Darrin Hulsey, Peter C. Wainwright, and Michael E. Alfaro. "Replicated divergence in cichlid radiations mirrors a major vertebrate innovation." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1822 (January 13, 2016): 20151413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1413.

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Decoupling of the upper jaw bones—jaw kinesis—is a distinctive feature of the ray-finned fishes, but it is not clear how the innovation is related to the extraordinary diversity of feeding behaviours and feeding ecology in this group. We address this issue in a lineage of ray-finned fishes that is well known for its ecological and functional diversity—African rift lake cichlids. We sequenced ultraconserved elements to generate a phylogenomic tree of the Lake Tanganyika and Lake Malawi cichlid radiations. We filmed a diverse array of over 50 cichlid species capturing live prey and quantified the extent of jaw kinesis in the premaxillary and maxillary bones. Our combination of phylogenomic and kinematic data reveals a strong association between biting modes of feeding and reduced jaw kinesis, suggesting that the contrasting demands of biting and suction feeding have strongly influenced cranial evolution in both cichlid radiations.
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26

Pinho, Catarina, Vera Cardoso, and Jody Hey. "A population genetic assessment of taxonomic species: The case of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes." Molecular Ecology Resources 19, no. 5 (June 6, 2019): 1164–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.13027.

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27

Sungani, Harold, Benjamin P. Ngatunga, and Martin J. Genner. "Migratory behaviour shapes spatial genetic structure of cyprinid fishes within the Lake Malawi catchment." Freshwater Biology 61, no. 7 (April 12, 2016): 1062–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fwb.12767.

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28

Malinsky, Milan, and Walter Salzburger. "Environmental context for understanding the iconic adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 42 (October 6, 2016): 11654–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1614272113.

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29

O'QUIN, CLAIRE T., ALEXI C. DRILEA, READE B. ROBERTS, and THOMAS D. KOCHER. "A Small Number of Genes Underlie Male Pigmentation Traits in Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes." Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution 318, no. 3 (April 27, 2012): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.22006.

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30

Albertson, R. C., J. A. Markert, P. D. Danley, and T. D. Kocher. "Phylogeny of a rapidly evolving clade: The cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi, East Africa." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96, no. 9 (April 27, 1999): 5107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.9.5107.

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31

McKaye, Kenneth R., Ramsey D. Makwinja, Wickson W. Menyani, and Ojinja K. Mhone. "On the possible introduction of non-indigenous zooplankton-feeding fishes into lake Malawi, Africa." Biological Conservation 33, no. 4 (1985): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(85)90073-4.

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32

Plenderleith, Martin, Cock van Oosterhout, Rosanna L. Robinson, and George F. Turner. "Female preference for conspecific males based on olfactory cues in a Lake Malawi cichlid fish." Biology Letters 1, no. 4 (August 16, 2005): 411–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0355.

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Research on reproductive isolation in African cichlid fishes has largely focused on the role of nuptial colours, but other sensory modes may play an important role in mate choice. Here, we compare the relative importance of visual and olfactory cues in mate recognition by females of a Lake Malawi cichlid species. Female Pseudotropheus emmiltos were given a choice of spawning next to a conspecific male or a male of the closely-related sympatric Pseudotropheus fainzilberi . Significant preference for conspecific males only occurred when olfactory cues were present. This suggests that divergence of olfactory signals may have been an important influence on the explosive radiation of the East African species flock.
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33

MSISKA, O. V. "Reproductive strategies of two cyprinid fishes in Lake Malawi and their relevance for aquaculture development." Aquaculture Research 21, no. 1 (January 1990): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.1990.tb00383.x.

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34

Roberts, R. B., J. R. Ser, and T. D. Kocher. "Sexual Conflict Resolved by Invasion of a Novel Sex Determiner in Lake Malawi Cichlid Fishes." Science 326, no. 5955 (October 1, 2009): 998–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1174705.

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35

Meyer, Britta S., Adrian Indermaur, Xenia Ehrensperger, Bernd Egger, Gaspard Banyankimbona, Jos Snoeks, and Walter Salzburger. "Back to Tanganyika: a case of recent trans-species-flock dispersal in East African haplochromine cichlid fishes." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 3 (March 2015): 140498. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140498.

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The species flocks of cichlid fishes in the East African Great Lakes are the largest vertebrate adaptive radiations in the world and illustrious textbook examples of convergent evolution between independent species assemblages. Although recent studies suggest some degrees of genetic exchange between riverine taxa and the lake faunas, not a single cichlid species is known from Lakes Tanganyika, Malawi and Victoria that is derived from the radiation associated with another of these lakes. Here, we report the discovery of a haplochromine cichlid species in Lake Tanganyika, which belongs genetically to the species flock of haplochromines of the Lake Victoria region. The new species colonized Lake Tanganyika only recently, suggesting that faunal exchange across watersheds and, hence, between isolated ichthyofaunas, is more common than previously thought.
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36

BRAY, RODNEY A., COCK VAN OOSTERHOUT, JONATAN BLAIS, and JOANNE CABLE. "Astiotrema turneri n. sp. (Digenea: Plagiorchiidae) from cichlid fishes (Cichlidae: Perciformes) of Lake Malawi, south-eastern Africa." Zootaxa 1319, no. 1 (September 25, 2006): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1319.1.4.

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Astiotrema turneri n. sp. is described from the cichlid species Pseudotropheus zebra, P. emmiltos, Labeotropheus trewavasae and Melanochromis vermivorus from Lake Malawi. It differs from Astiotrema reniferum (as described by Yeh & Fotedar 1958) in its distinctly broader body, the much smaller cirrus-sac, its oblique testes, the shorter ventral sucker to ovary distance, the vitellarium reaching into the forebody and the extracaecal uterus; from Astiotrema impletum in the sucker-ratio, the longer caeca, the smaller cirrus-sac and the extracaecal uterus; and from Glossidium pedatum (and its probable synonyms Astiotrema lazeri and Afromacroderoides lazerae) in its much broader body shape, in its distinct oesophagus, the intestinal bifurcation in the posterior forebody, in the distinctly oblique testes, the extracaecal uterus and the vitellarium reaching well into the forebody.
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37

Bray, Rodney A., and Sherman S. Hendrix. "A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF MACRODEROIDIDAE, AND OTHER DIGENEANS FROM FISHES OF LAKE MALAWI, AFRICA." Journal of Parasitology 93, no. 4 (August 2007): 860–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-1084.1.

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38

Genner, M. J., M. I. Taylor, D. F. R. Cleary, S. J. Hawkins, M. E. Knight, and G. F. Turner. "Beta diversity of rock-restricted cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi: importance of environmental and spatial factors." Ecography 27, no. 5 (October 2004): 601–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2004.03824.x.

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39

GENNER, MARTIN J., PAUL NICHOLS, GARY R. CARVALHO, ROSANNA L. ROBINSON, PAUL W. SHAW, and GEORGE F. TURNER. "Reproductive isolation among deep-water cichlid fishes of Lake Malawi differing in monochromatic male breeding dress." Molecular Ecology 16, no. 3 (November 29, 2006): 651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03173.x.

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40

Allender, C. J., O. Seehausen, M. E. Knight, G. F. Turner, and N. Maclean. "Divergent selection during speciation of Lake Malawi cichlid fishes inferred from parallel radiations in nuptial coloration." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, no. 24 (November 12, 2003): 14074–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2332665100.

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41

Rupp, M. F., and C. D. Hulsey. "Influence of substrate orientation on feeding kinematics and performance of algae-grazing Lake Malawi cichlid fishes." Journal of Experimental Biology 217, no. 17 (June 19, 2014): 3057–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.105080.

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42

VAN OPPEN, MADELEINE J. H., GEORGE F. TURNER, CIRO RICO, ROSANNA L. ROBINSON, JAMES C. DEUTSCH, MARTIN J. GENNER, and GODFREY M. HEWITT. "Assortative mating among rock-dwelling cichlid fishes supports high estimates of species richness from Lake Malawi." Molecular Ecology 7, no. 8 (August 1998): 991–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00417.x.

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43

Stauffer, Jay R., and Kenneth R. McKaye. "Description of a Genus and Three Deep Water Species of Fishes (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from Lake Malawi, Africa." Copeia 1988, no. 2 (May 18, 1988): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1445885.

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44

Ahi, Ehsan Pashay, and Kristina M. Sefc. "Anterior-posterior gene expression differences in three Lake Malawi cichlid fishes with variation in body stripe orientation." PeerJ 5 (November 17, 2017): e4080. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4080.

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Morphological differentiation among closely related species provides opportunities to study mechanisms shaping natural phenotypic variation. Here, we address variation in the orientation of melanin-colored body stripes in three cichlid species of the tribe Haplochromini. Melanochromis auratus displays a common pattern of dark, straight horizontal body stripes, whereas in Aristochromis christyi and Buccochromis rhoadesii, oblique stripes extend from the anterior dorsal to the posterior mid-lateral trunk. We first validated a stably reference gene, and then, investigated the chromatophore distribution in the skin by assessing the expression levels of the iridophore and melanophore marker genes, ltk and slc24a5, respectively, as well as pmel, a melanophore pigmentation marker gene. We found anterior-posterior differences in the expression levels of the three genes in the oblique-striped species. The higher anterior expression of ltk, indicates increased iridophore density in the anterior region, i.e., uneven horizontal distribution of iridophores, which coincides with the anterior dorsalization of melanophore stripe in these species. The obliqueness of the horizontal body stripes might be a result of distinct migratory or patterning abilities of melanophores in anterior and posterior stripe regions which could be reflected by variation in the expression of genes involved in melanophore patterning. To address this, we investigated anterior-posterior expression levels of a primary set of candidate target genes with known functions in melanophore migration and stripe patterning in the adult zebrafish, and their related gene regulatory network. Among these genes, those with differences in anterior-posterior expression showed only species-specific differential expression, e.g., sdf1a, col14a1a, ifitm5, and agpat3, with the exception of fbxw4/hagoromo (differentially expressed in an oblique-and the straight-striped species). In summary, distinct anterior-posterior gradients in iridophore density found to be more similar characteristic between the two oblique-striped species. Furthermore, the species-specific differential expression of genes involved in stripe patterning might also implicate distinct molecular processes underlying the obliqueness of body stripe in two closely related cichlid species.
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45

Parnell, N. F., and J. T. Streelman. "Genetic interactions controlling sex and color establish the potential for sexual conflict in Lake Malawi cichlid fishes." Heredity 110, no. 3 (October 24, 2012): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2012.73.

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46

Reinthal, Peter N. "The Gross Intestine Morphology of a Group of Rock-Dwelling Cichlid Fishes (Pisces, Teleostei) From Lake Malawi." Netherlands Journal of Zoology 39, no. 2 (January 1, 1988): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854289x00129.

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47

Rice, Aaron N., and Phillip S. Lobel. "Enzyme activities of pharyngeal jaw musculature in the cichlid Tramitichromis intermedius: implications for sound production in cichlid fishes." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 22 (November 15, 2002): 3519–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.22.3519.

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SUMMARY Owing to its high degree of complexity and plasticity, the cichlid pharyngeal jaw apparatus has often been described as a key evolutionary innovation. The majority of studies investigating pharyngeal muscle behavior and function have done so in the context of feeding. Analysis of enzyme activities (citrate synthase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and L-lactate dehydrogenase) of pharyngeal muscles in the Lake Malawi cichlid Tramitichromis intermedius revealed differences between pharyngeal jaw muscles and between males and females. Therefore, these muscles have different performance characteristics, resulting in different functional characteristics of the muscles within the complex. Furthermore, the differences between muscles of males and females represent fundamental differences in muscular metabolic processes between sexes. This study is the first to demonstrate that the pharyngeal anatomy is not only used for food processing but is possibly responsible for sound production, in turn influencing sexual selection in cichlid fish.
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Reinthal, Peter N. "The feeding habits of a group of herbivorous rock-dwelling cichlid fishes (Cichlidae: Perciformes) from Lake Malawi, Africa." Environmental Biology of Fishes 27, no. 3 (March 1990): 215–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00001674.

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49

Fryer, Geoffrey. "Evolution in ancient lakes: radiation of Tanganyikan atyid prawns and speciation of pelagic cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi." Hydrobiologia 596, no. 1 (September 27, 2007): 425–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-007-9155-5.

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Fryer, Geoffrey. "Evolution in ancient lakes: radiation of Tanganyikan atyid prawns and speciation of pelagic cichlid fishes in Lake Malawi." Hydrobiologia 568, S1 (September 2006): 131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750-006-0322-x.

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