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Journal articles on the topic 'Fishes – Parasitic diseases – Diagnosis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Martins, Mauricio Laterça, Lucas Cardoso, Natalia Marchiori, and Santiago Benites de Pádua. "Protozoan infections in farmed fish from Brazil: diagnosis and pathogenesis." Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 24, no. 1 (March 2015): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612015013.

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The Phylum Protozoa brings together several organisms evolutionarily different that may act as ecto or endoparasites of fishes over the world being responsible for diseases, which, in turn, may lead to economical and social impacts in different countries. Apart from the recent advances for the diagnosis of fish diseases in Brazil, little is known on the protozoan parasites and their relationship with environment and host. This revision presents the most important protozoan parasites found in farmed fish from Brazil, not only with emphasis on its diagnosis, biology, transmission and host-parasite relationship, but also on some information that may be useful to researchers in determining the correct diagnosis in fish farms.

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2

BUCHMANN, KURT. "Impact and control of protozoan parasites in maricultured fishes." Parasitology 142, no. 1 (March 1, 2013): 168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003118201300005x.

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SUMMARYAquaculture, including both freshwater and marine production, has on a world scale exhibited one of the highest growth rates within animal protein production during recent decades and is expected to expand further at the same rate within the next 10 years. Control of diseases is one of the most prominent challenges if this production goal is to be reached. Apart from viral, bacterial, fungal and metazoan infections it has been documented that protozoan parasites affect health and welfare and thereby production of fish in marine aquaculture. Representatives within the main protozoan groups such as amoebae, dinoflagellates, kinetoplastid flagellates, diplomonadid flagellates, apicomplexans, microsporidians and ciliates have been shown to cause severe morbidity and mortality among farmed fish. Well studied examples are Neoparamoeba perurans, Amyloodinium ocellatum, Spironucleus salmonicida, Ichthyobodo necator, Cryptobia salmositica, Loma salmonae, Cryptocaryon irritans, Miamiensis avidus and Trichodina jadranica. The present report provides details on the parasites’ biology and impact on productivity and evaluates tools for diagnosis, control and management. Special emphasis is placed on antiprotozoan immune responses in fish and a strategy for development of vaccines is presented.

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Rahmati-Holasoo, Hooman, Ebrahimzadeh Mousavi, Mehdi Soltani, Seyedhossein Hosseini, Masoomeh Ghadam, and Reza Samani. "Capillariosis in breeder discus (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) in Iran." Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 55, no. 3 (2010): 253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas1003253r.

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The global ornamental fish trade is a rapidly growing industry. Cultivation and propagation of ornamental fishes have been increasing in the last 20 years in Iran. Discus (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) from Cichlidae is one of the most popular and expensive aquarium fish. In the past few years farming of this fish has been well developed in Iran. Two breeder discus fish (Symphysodon aequifasciatus) from two different propagation centres (with high mortality) with signs of anorexia, loss of balance, moribundity and darkness in skin colour were referred to Laboratory of Aquatic Diseases of Veterinary Faculty, University of Tehran. After the survey of ectoparasites, necropsy was performed under aseptic conditions; bacterial culture on standard media was done and the alimentary canal was extruded. In both fish no ectoparasite was detected and no bacteria from these cases grew on the standard media. In internal survey 5 and 25 nematodes were detected in each fish. A high number of free eggs were observed in intestine of fish. Regarding morphological characteristics of the nematodes and their eggs, they were identified as Capillaria sp. Treatment of other fish with levamisole was effective and the loss was terminated. Some helminthes like Capillaria pterophylli Heinze, 1933, can cause a high mortality in cichlid aquarium fishes. This study showed that infection with some species of Capillaria could cause a heavy loss in ornamental fish from Cichlidae. Diagnosis of parasites of these fishes can help us to prevent high mortalities.

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4

Junior, Jair Alves Ferreira, André Santos Leonardo, João Paulo Monteiro Vieira Bayma Azevedo, Fábio Renato Rodrigues, Karla Alvarenga Nascimento, Juliana Targino Silva Almeida Macêdo, and Pedro Miguel Ocampos Pedroso. "Outbreak of Infection by Piscinoodinium pillulare and Trichodina spp. in Tambaquis (Colossoma macropomu), Pirapitingas (Piaractus brachypomus) and Tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus) in the Federal District, Brazil." Acta Scientiae Veterinariae 46 (May 21, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/1679-9216.86827.

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Background: Piscinoodinium pillulare is a mandatory mastigophore protozoan with no parasitic specificity, and an important ectoparasite of tropical and temperate psiculture. This parasite is responsible for serious health problems in Brazilian native fish. Another important pathogenic protozoan in psciculture belongs to the genus Trichodina spp., which is commonly found on the surface of fish, gills, fins, and integument. The aim of the present study was to describe an outbreak of P. pillulare andTrichodina spp. in three species of fish intensively created, emphasizing the anatomopathological and epidemiological aspects.Cases: Five animals were necropsied, among them three tambaquis (Colossoma macropomu), one pirapitinga (Piaractus brachypomus) and one tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) from an intensive psciculture in the Federal District. Out of 1500 fishes, 18 (1.2%) became ill and died. It was reported that the animals showed decreased feed intake, discomfort, dyspnea, opercular movements, red skin lesions and consequent death. In the direct examination of scraping of the body surface of a fish, preparedbetween lamina and coverslip, a ciliated ectoparasite, with a circular bell shape, measuring approximately 20-180 μm, adhered, with morphology consistent with Trichodina spp. was evidenced. During necropsy, fragments of different organs were collected and fixed in 10% formalin, routinely processed for histology, embedded in paraffin, cut to five microns thick and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Macroscopically, there were pale scaly areas in the medial-lateral regions, moderate increase amountof mucus with brown to green lumps on the body surface, partial loss of the fins, swollen gills with whitish mucus and multifocal hemorrhagic areas on the skin and between the scales. Microscopically, moderate multifocal lymphoplasmocytic branchitis was observed with cell hyperplasia and fusion of secondary lamellae associated with trophons (protozoa), consistent with P. pillulare.Discussion: The diagnosis of infection by P. pillulare and Trichodina spp. in this study was based on the epidemiological and clinical-pathological findings. Regarding the first ones, we highlight the variety of fish species affected. P. pillulare is an example of a commensal parasite present on the substrate of culture tanks, and exerts a type of non-obligatory parasitism that uses the fish as a substrate for its fixation under favorable conditions. In this case, only Trichodina spp. was observed during the traditional evaluation of body surface and gills scraping, and histopathology was essential for the verification of the agent P. pillulare. Routine histopathological analysis may also provide a definitive diagnosis, observing the trophons attached to the gill filaments. Atrophy and fusion of secondary lamellae, which promote proliferative lesions in the gills associated with the interlamellar presence of parasites, are responsible for hypoxia, loss of balance and erratic movements. Although they were observed in a small number, Trichodina spp. are believed to be responsible, on a larger scale, for hemorrhagic lesions on the skin and between fish scales. These findings were similar to those of the literature, and the diagnosis of these parasites allows producers and technicians to adopt adequate treatment, as well as prophylactic measures that provide good environmental conditions in order to avoid economic losses.Keywords: fish diseases, protozoa, fish ectoparasites.

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5

Araujo, Fausto G. "Diagnosis of parasitic diseases." Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 83, suppl 1 (November 1988): 464–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0074-02761988000500048.

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6

Chai, Jong-Yil. "Parasitic Diseases caused by Fishes Populary Eaten Raw." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 42, no. 6 (1999): 583. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.1999.42.6.583.

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7

Stauffer,, Jay R., Matthew E. Arnegard, Martin Cetron, James J. Sullivan, Lester A. Chitsulo, George F. Turner, Soster Chiotha, and K. R. McKaye. "Controlling Vectors and Hosts of Parasitic Diseases Using Fishes." BioScience 47, no. 1 (January 1997): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1313005.

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8

Murray, Thomas S., and Michael Cappello. "The Molecular Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases." Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 27, no. 2 (February 2008): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/inf.0b013e3181658af0.

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9

Eissa, Ismail, Maather El-lamie, Salah Aly, and Nahla Sallam. "Studies on the Prevailing Parasitic Diseases in Some Marine Fishes." Egyptian Veterinary Medical Society of Parasitology Journal (EVMSPJ) 13, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/evmspj.2017.37769.

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10

Shah, Feroz, Imtiyaz Qayoom, Masood Balkhi, and Ashwani Kumar. "Impact of Parasitic Diseases on Fishes of North West Himalayan Streams." Current World Environment 10, no. 3 (December 25, 2015): 920–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.10.3.22.

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Pathological disorders caused due to metazoan parasitic infestation were studied in the hill stream fishes of northwest Himalayan region. Host specificity was found to be one of the fundamental features of metazoan parasites which belonged to the class Cestoda, Nematoda, Trematoda and phylum Acanthocephala. The study indicates that a successful co-evolution of the host and its parasite has caused the adaptation of the later by developing evading mechanisms in order to avoid extinction. Besides this it was also observed that some parasites have even understood to benefit from the well developed antiparasitic armament in fish intestinal epithelia. Thus, parasites are exploiting the antiparasitic response mechanism of the host to optimize, host finding, invasion and survival in the host. Such interaction between host and parasites are considered phylogenetically old. Some monogeneans, cestodes, digeneans and acanthocephalans were found to resist pronounced cellular and host reactions which even improved the attachment of parasite into the host predilection site. Scanning Electron Microscopy and hitstopathological examination was conducted on parasites recovered from fishes in order to understand the host parasite interaction and the damage inflicted by parasite on hill stream fish species.

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11

Ndao, Momar. "Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases: Old and New Approaches." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2009 (2009): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/278246.

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Methods for the diagnosis of infectious diseases have stagnated in the last 20–30 years. Few major advances in clinical diagnostic testing have been made since the introduction of PCR, although new technologies are being investigated. Many tests that form the backbone of the “modern” microbiology laboratory are based on very old and labour-intensive technologies such as microscopy for malaria. Pressing needs include more rapid tests without sacrificing sensitivity, value-added tests, and point-of-care tests for both high- and low-resource settings. In recent years, research has been focused on alternative methods to improve the diagnosis of parasitic diseases. These include immunoassays, molecular-based approaches, and proteomics using mass spectrometry platforms technology. This review summarizes the progress in new approaches in parasite diagnosis and discusses some of the merits and disadvantages of these tests.

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12

Ware, Bradley R., and Jerry E. Jones. "The Office Diagnosis of Common Intestinal Parasitic Diseases." Primary Care: Clinics in Office Practice 18, no. 1 (March 1991): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4543(21)00922-2.

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13

Mhaisen, Furhan T., and Abdul-Razzak L. Al-Rubaie. "Checklists of Parasites of Farm Fishes of Babylon Province, Iraq." Journal of Parasitology Research 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7170534.

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Literature reviews of all references concerning the parasitic fauna of fishes in fish farms of Babylon province, middle of Iraq, showed that a total of 92 valid parasite species are so far known from the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), and the silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) as well as from three freshwater fish species (Carassius auratus,Liza abu, andHeteropneustes fossilis) which were found in some fish farms of the same province. The parasitic fauna included one mastigophoran, three apicomplexans, 13 ciliophorans, five myxozoans, five trematodes, 45 monogeneans, five cestodes, three nematodes, two acanthocephalans, nine arthropods, and one mollusc. The common carp was found to harbour 81 species of parasites, the grass carp 30 species, the silver carp 28 species,L. abu13 species,C. auratusone species, andH. fossilisone species. A host-parasite list for each fish species was also provided.

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14

Smith, James W., and Kenneth W. Walls. "Rapid immunologic diagnosis of parasitic infections." Clinical Microbiology Newsletter 10, no. 12 (June 1988): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0196-4399(88)90093-1.

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15

Sati, S. C. "Aquatic fungi parasitic on temperate fishes of Kumaun Himalaya, India." Mycoses 34, no. 9-10 (April 24, 2009): 437–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0507.1991.tb00810.x.

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16

Sergeev, Yu Yu, and V. Yu Sergeev. "Dermatoscopy in diagnosis of infectious and parasitic skin diseases." Medical alphabet 2, no. 26 (November 19, 2019): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2019-2-26(401)-50-53.

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Entodermoscopy is one of the trends in dermatoscopic diagnosis of skin diseases, which describes specific signs of infectious and parasitic dermatoses. Current article presents a description and illustrations of the most common forms of fungal infection, including tinea capitis, herpes zoster, tuberculosis, leishmaniasis and tungiasis. Dermatoscopic examination is proposed to be used as an additional tool for evaluating the effectiveness of the therapy, allowing to control the restoration of the skin structure and its appendages in the treatment process more precisely.

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17

Manzano-Román, Raúl, and Mar Siles-Lucas. "MicroRNAs in parasitic diseases: Potential for diagnosis and targeting." Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 186, no. 2 (December 2012): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.10.001.

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18

Ashall, F., and M. A. Miles. "Diagnosis of parasitic diseases using DNA-to-DNA hybridization." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 82, no. 2 (March 1988): 235–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(88)90428-2.

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19

Shrestha, S. P., P. Bajracharya, A. Rayamajhi, and S. P. Shrestha. "Study on Status of Fish Diseases in Nepal." Nepalese Veterinary Journal 36 (December 1, 2019): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nvj.v36i0.27750.

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Fisheries play an important role in increasing the Nepalese economy as well as sustaining livelihood of some ethnic groups of our country. With the increased demand of fish, pisciculture have also increased to a great extend. Due to the rise in fish culture, there has been also rise in fish diseases. The study aims to investigate different parasitic, bacterial, fungal diseases in fish and to suggest treatment to control the diseases in four different fish farm of Nepal. A cross- sectional qualitative method was used to collect data from four selected fish farm (Kakani, Trishuli, Begnas, Mirmi) of Nepal. Infected fishes were transferred to the lab in oxygen filled plastic bags and further tested for bacterial, fungal and parasitic infection. The result of the study indicates that Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome was the most common bacterial-fungal disease that had a significant impact on common carp fish especially in Trishuli, Begnas and Mirmi. Coccidiosis caused by Eimeria spp was found to be a growing problem in rainbow trout farming (Kakani, Nuwakot) infecting intestine, liver, gut and skin causing yellow diarrhea and skin lesions. Trichodina was observed number one problematic parasitic in carp culture not only in government farm like Begnas and Mirmi, but also in commercial farms in most of the fishery areas of the country. Fin rot were more commonly reported during winter months affecting common carp, Silver carp, Bighead carp, Fingerling Fish causing fin erosion in them. Ascites in brood fishes (Trishuli) was noticed which may be due to bacterial infection and due to nutritional deficiency. Besides this, white spot in the gills (a protozoan parasitic disease) was perceived and to control it Neodox with Formalin (150ppm) was used and was found to be very effective. This study also identified some fish health management related problems in fish farms of Nepal such as lack of assistance, poor technical knowledge, and lack of suitable diagnostic laboratory and their proper use.

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Lunaschi, Lı́a I. "Two new species of bucephalids (Digenea: Bucephalidae) parasitic in freshwater fishes of Argentina." Parasitology International 53, no. 3 (September 2004): 229–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.parint.2004.01.014.

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Golovchenko, Tverdokhlebova, Shirinyan, Kiosova, and Ermakova. "PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS OF ENTEROBIASIS." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.189-193.

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In the structure of the incidence of parasitic invasions in the Russian Federation, enterobiosis – contact parasitosis is the dominant helminthiasis. According to the state report, the predominantly childish population of the country suffers from enterobiasis. So, the share of children under 17 years old in the structure of patients with enterobiasis in 2017 was 97.5% [1]. In recent years, there has been no steady positive incidence of this helminthiasis, so in 2014 the incidence of enterobiosis in the population was 148.72 per 100 thousand of the population, and in 2017 this figure increased to 154.7 per 100 thousand of the population. According to the analysis of the medical records of patients of the clinic of infectious and parasitic diseases, the percentage of adults among patients with enterobiasis in the last 5 years amounted to 20.9%. This fact is explained by the decrease in the number of surveys and the selection of ineffective methods for diagnosing this parasitosis among the adult population of the Russian Federation.One of the most important non-specific laboratory signs of parasitic invasion is the leukemoid reaction of the eosinophilic type. Among patients referred to the clinic for the purpose of eliminating parasitic diseases, the proportion of patients with eosinophilia was 35.8%. The diagnosis of parasitic invasion was made in 25.0% of patients, the rest suffered from various allergic diseases, neoplasms, pathology of the gastrointestinal tract, etc. The structure of parasitic diseases was represented mainly by 13 nosological forms. Enterobiasis was most frequently recorded (43.8%), the proportion of larvaceous helminth infections (echinococcosis, ostocarosis, dirofilariasis) was 19.5%, other gastrointestinal worms (teniarinhoz, diphyllobotriosis, opisthorchiasis, strongyloidosis) – 22.8%. 6.3% of patients had a combined invasion of two or more parasites. The clinic annually registers up to 7.6% of cases of rare imported parasitosis (loaosis, leishmaniasis, cutaneous larva migrans, etc.).

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22

Merdin, Alparslan. "Parasitic Diseases as Differential Diagnosis in the Field of Hematology." Turkish Journal of Parasitology 41, no. 1 (May 5, 2017): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5152/tpd.2017.5143.

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23

Granstrom, David E. "Recent Advances in the Laboratory Diagnosis of Equine Parasitic Diseases." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Equine Practice 11, no. 3 (December 1995): 437–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30309-7.

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24

Momčilović, S., C. Cantacessi, V. Arsić-Arsenijević, D. Otranto, and S. Tasić-Otašević. "Rapid diagnosis of parasitic diseases: current scenario and future needs." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 25, no. 3 (March 2019): 290–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.04.028.

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25

Rameshkumar, Ganapathy, Samuthirapandian Ravichandran, and Sartaj Ahmad Allayie. "Study of the functional morphology of mouthparts of parasitic isopods of marine fishes." Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease 3, no. 2 (April 2013): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60056-0.

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26

Macpherson, Calum N. L. "Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Parasitic Disease." Tropical Doctor 22, no. 1 (January 1992): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004947559202200104.

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27

Patwardhan, Vrushali, Dinesh Kumar, and Sarman Singh. "Parasitic Infections in Pediatric Population of India: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Strategies for Prevention." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 12, no. 04 (July 20, 2017): 228–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604192.

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AbstractAlmost one-fourth of the world's population is possibly suffering from parasitic diseases. Children are more vulnerable to various parasitic infections as compared with normal adults due to their outdoor activities, immature immune system, nonadherence to good hygiene practices, and preference for street food. Parasitic infections are known to put a grave strain on their physical and cognitive growth and development. Thus, awareness and importance of pediatric parasitology need escalated recognition among pediatricians. Parasitic diseases both common and uncommon that are encountered in Indian children are contemplated in this review. We have covered epidemiology, life cycle, clinical features, and diagnosis of pediatric parasitic infections that transpire in India, including some preventive strategies.

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Ćirković, Miroslav, Nikolina Novakov, Jelena Petrović, Dragana Ljubojević, Jelena Apić, Jelena Babić, and Vlado Teodorović. "FANDING OF PARASITIC NEMATODES OF FISHES PRESENT IN THE MARKET." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 6, no. 2 (February 20, 2014): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v6i2.149.

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When placing the fish and fish products on the trade it is necessary to pay attention to the presence of zoonotic parasites that can lead to infection of people especially if the fish is consumed raw or undercooked. Epidemiologically the most important are helminths from the group of Nematoda. The most important are Anisaxis spp. and Eustrongylides excisus. Anisakiasis is a serious zoonotic disease with a dramatic increase in prevalence throughout the world in the last two decades. The larvae are found in marine fish species most frequently in sardines, herring and mackerel. Eustrongylidosis is a disease that occurs primarily in freshwater fish species: catfish, zander and pike, a cause is a parasite of the genus Eustrongylides of which the most important species is Eustrongylides excisus. In this paper, the nematodes that occur in fish that are present in the market in the Republic of Serbia are present. Investigations of Anisaxis spp. were carried out at the Institute of Veterinary Medicine Novi Sad in the period of 2000-2013. Total of 2414 samples of imported marine fish was inspected. In 25 (1.29 % ) samples of herrings (Clupea harengus ) and mackerels ( Scomber scombrus ) was identified Anisakis spp. Investigations of Eustrongylides spp . were carried out in the period 2010-2013 at the Danube- Tisa -Danube Canal. Samples were collected from zander (Sander lucioperca) and European catfish (Siluris glanis) in which the presence of nematodes was found in the abdominal cavity, muscles, the lumen of the stomach and gastric wall where the parasites were encapsulated. Individuals of zander were examined during the 2013 at the Veterinary Institute Novi Sad, where the presence of larvae Eustrongylides spp.u muscle was detected. In order to avoid infecting people with parasites of fish it is necessary to carry out continuous control and monitoring. Fresh fishes and traditional fish products must be inspected for the presence of parasites before they find on the trade. Continuous education is a key factor in combating zoonotic diseases. Avoid consumption of raw or poorly cooked fish is still the best preventive procedure.

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Feriel, Youssef, Benmansour Bouchra, Kalthoum Ben Hassine Oum, and Zouari Tlig Sabiha. "Some parasitic copepods of selected Teleost and Chondrichthyan fishes from the Tunisian gulfs." African Journal of Microbiology Research 10, no. 35 (September 21, 2016): 1467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2015.7820.

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Hossain, MK, KT Islam, MD Hossain, and MH Rahman. "Environmental Impact Assessment of Fish Diseases on Fish Production." Journal of Science Foundation 9, no. 1-2 (April 18, 2013): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v9i1-2.14655.

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The present research work was conducted from July 2008 to June 2009 to investigate intensity of infestation of parasites in freshwater fishes and the impact of fish diseases on fish production in northern region of Bangladesh. Possibility of out break of diseases due to deterioration of environmental factors of water bodies was included in this study. The diseases identified were ulcer diseases, EUS (Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome), Ichthyophthiriasis, Trichodiniasis, Chilodoneliasis, Myxoboliasis, Dactylogyrosis, Gyrodactylosis, Argulosis, Pernicious anaemia, Red spot disease, Red Pest of freshwater eel, Mouth fungus, Branchiomysis, Abdominal dropsy and whirling disease. The infestation more occurred in young fishes than in adult fishes. The overall water qualities of water bodies fluctuated from July 2008 to June 2009. Physicochemical parameters have more or less significant combined effect on the deterioration of water quality as well as fish diseases. Gills were the most affected sites and parasites damaged gill filaments by rupturing blood capillaries, causing necrosis, coagulation and hemorrhage. The present study revealed the prevalence of different organisms in fishes, which are potential pathogen for them. Fishes were infested by parasites and other pathogens. From overall study it was observed that the parasites, bacteria and fungus were most important pathogen for outbreak of diseases. It was also observed that there was a direct relation between disease outbreak among fishes and environmental factors. Low alkalinity reduces the buffer capacity of water and badly affects the pond ecosystem, which in turn cause stress to the fish and become more susceptible to diseases. In case of low aquatic environmental temperature fish reduces metabolic activities, which in turn makes the fish more susceptible during the winter period towards parasitic infection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v9i1-2.14655 J. Sci. Foundation, 9(1&2): 125-131, June-December 2011

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OGAWA, K. "Diseases of cultured marine fishes caused by Platyhelminthes (Monogenea, Digenea, Cestoda)." Parasitology 142, no. 1 (July 7, 2014): 178–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014000808.

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SUMMARYMariculture is a rapidly developing industrial sector. Generally, fish are maintained in net cages with high density. Cage culture systems allow uncontrolled flow of sea water containing potentially infectious stages of fish parasites. In such culture conditions, prevention of such parasitic infections is difficult for parasites with life cycles that complete within culture sites, among which monogeneans and blood flukes are the most important platyhelminthes. Intense monogenean infections induce respiratory and osmo-regulatory dysfunctions. A variety of control measures have been developed, including freshwater bath treatment and chemotherapy. The potential to control monogenean infections through selective breeding, modified culture techniques to avoid infection, and general fish health management are discussed. It should be noted that mariculture conditions have provided some host-specific monogeneans with a chance to expand their host ranges. Blood flukes sometimes induce mass mortality among farmed fish. In-feed administration of praziquantel is the best solution to treat infected fish. Some cases are described that show how international trade in marine fish has resulted in the spread of hitherto unknown parasites into indigenous farmed and wild fish.

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Singh, Balbir. "Molecular methods for diagnosis and epidemiological studies of parasitic infections." International Journal for Parasitology 27, no. 10 (October 1997): 1135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00111-2.

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Campbell, R. A., and I. Beveridge. "The genus Acanthobothrium (Cestoda : Tetraphyllidea : Onchobothriidae) parasitic in Australian elasmobranch fishes." Invertebrate Systematics 16, no. 2 (2002): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it01004.

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The onchobothriid tetraphyllidean cestode genus Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849, parasitic in the spiral intestine of elasmobranch fishes, was investigated in the Australian region. Thirty-three species are recognised, including 27 that are new. Diagnoses compare the morphological taxonomic characters of all congeners. New species are: Acanthobothrium adlardi; A. angelae; A. arlenae; A. bartonae; A. blairi; A. brayi; A. cannoni; A. chisholmae; A. clarkeae; A. cribbi; A. edmondsi; A. gasseri; A. gibsoni; A. gloveri; A. jonesi; A. lasti; A. laurenbrownae; A. martini; A. mooreae; A. ocallaghani; A. odonoghuei; A. pichelinae; A. robertsoni; A. rohdei; A. stevensi; A. thomasae; and A. walkeri. Additional morphological data are provided for A. australe Robinson, 1965, A. pearsoni Williams, 1962, A. heterodonti Drummond, 1937 and A. urolophi Schmidt, 1973, reported previously from Australia. Acanthobothrium rhynchobatidis Subhapradha, 1955 and A. semnovesiculum Verma, 1928 are reported from Australia for the first time and are redescribed. Additional morphological details are provided for A. ijimae Yoshida, 1917 and A. grandiceps Yamaguti, 1952. Acanthobothrium wedli Robinson, 1959 is redescribed from the type host from New Zealand waters and considered a sister species of A. blairi from Tasmania. Seven new host genera for Acanthobothrium are reported: Hypnos Duméril, 1852 (Hypnidae); Pristiophorus MÜller & Henle, 1837 (Pristiophoridae); Sutorectus Whitley, 1939 (Orectolobidae); Aptychotrema Norman, 1926 and Trygonorrhina MÜller & Henle, 1838 (Rhinobatidae); Parascyllium Gill, 1862 (Parascylliidae); and Aetomylaeus Garman, 1908 (Myliobatididae). Species of Acanthobothrium are reported from the families Hypnidae, Pristiophoridae and Parascylliidae for the first time. New host species for Acanthobothrium are: Pristiophorus cirratus (Latham, 1794); Parascyllium ferrugineum McCulloch, 1911; Sutorectus tentaculatus (Peters, 1865); Aptychotrema vincentiana (Haacke, 1885); Trygonorrhina fasciata MÜller & Henle, 1841; Raja whitleyi Iredale, 1938; Raja cerva Whitley, 1939; Hypnos monopterygium (Shaw & Nodder, 1795); Dasyatis annotata Last, 1987; Urolophus cruciatus (Lacépède, 1804); Urolophus expansus McCulloch, 1916; Urolophus lobatus McKay, 1966; Urolophus paucimaculatus Dixon, 1969; Gymnura australis (Ramsay & Ogilby, 1886); Aetomylaeus nicofii (Schneider, 1801); and Myliobatis australis Macleay, 1881 (Myliobatididae). New host records for Australia include the above 16 elasmobranch species and the following three host species also known to harbour Acanthobothrium in other geographic localities: Rhynchobatis djiddensis (Forsskål, 1775) (Rhynchobatidae); Himantura uarnak (Forsskål, 1775); and Pastinachus sephen (Forsskål, 1775) (Dasyatidae). Four additional records for hosts previously reported for Acanthobothrium from Australian waters are Squalus megalops (Macleay, 1881) (Squalidae), Heterodontus portusjacksoni (Meyer, 1793) (Heterodontidae), Orectolobus maculatus (Bonnaterre, 1788) (Orectolobidae) and Trygonoptera ‘testacea’ MÜller & Henle, 1841 (Urolophidae). An emended diagnosis of the genus, key to Australian species, host-parasite checklist, phylogenetic analysis of the Australian species and an updated world list of all species of Acanthobothrium are provided.

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Wali, Asifa, Masood-ul Hassan Balkhi, Rafia Maqbool, Mohammed Maqbool Darzi, Feroz Ahmad Shah, Farooz Ahmad Bhat, and Bilal Ahmad Bhat. "Distribution of Helminth Parasites in Intestines and Their Seasonal Rate of Infestation in Three Freshwater Fishes of Kashmir." Journal of Parasitology Research 2016 (2016): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8901518.

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The present study was undertaken to determine the incidence of helminth parasites in fishes with special reference to water quality parameters in Dal Lake and River Jhelum and correlate the observations. Water, fish, and parasite samples were collected during different seasons from various sites and processed. Three fish species, namely,Schizothorax nigerHeckel 1838,Schizothorax esocinusHeckel 1838, andSchizothorax curvifronsHeckel 1838, were recovered from these water bodies. The physicochemical parameters temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, and free carbon dioxide showed variation vis-à-vis the season and location of the stations in water bodies. Acanthocephalan parasitePomphorhynchus kashmirensisKaw 1941 (27.47%) and two intestinal cestodesBothriocephalus acheilognathiYamaguti 1934 (30.63%) andAdenoscolex oreiniFotedar 1958 (32.43%) were recovered from all the three species ofSchizothorax. All the three parasites showed higher prevalence during summer and the least prevalence during winter. Parasitic infections were prevalent more in male fishes compared to females. The presence of the parasites had reduced the condition coefficient of the infected fishes in both water bodies. The study also showed that some of the physicochemical features showed a significant positive correlation with the prevalence.

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Dimitrijevic, Sanda, and Tamara Ilic. "Significance of coprological examinations in diagnosis of major helminthoses in domestic animals." Veterinarski glasnik 58, no. 3-4 (2004): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl0404369d.

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The biggest number of parasitic diseases in our country are caused by helminths. The causes of these diseases differ among each other according to biomorphological characteristics, which consequently accounts for the different nature of the disease that they cause. In order to approach the curbing and treatment of these diseases in animals, it is necessary to make a precise etiological diagnosis. A correct and timely diagnosis secures insight into the episootiological situation concerning the existing parasitic diseases in the studied field. Moreover, it enables an estimate of the health condition of animals, which determines the quality of the production process in cattle breeding. Coprological diagnostic methods are among the direct diagnostic methods and are of great practical importance in diagnosing parasitic diseases, because they are based on the finding of the immediate causes (parasites) in any stage of development. These methods are mostly applied for diagnosis of helminthoses, since the biggest number of helminths is localized in the digestive tract and the communicating organs, which is why their eggs and larvae are eliminated into the outer environment through the feces of the diseased animals.

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Jarque, Isidro, Miguel Salavert, and Javier Pemán. "PARASITIC INFECTIONS IN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 8 (July 1, 2016): 2116035. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2016.035.

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Parasitic infections are rarely documented in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. However, they may be responsible for fatal complications that are only diagnosed at autopsy. Increased awareness of the possibility of parasitic diseases both in autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplant patients is relevant not only for implementing preventive measures but also for performing an early diagnosis and starting appropriate therapy for these unrecognized but fatal infectious complications in hematopoietic transplant recipients. In this review, we will focus on parasitic diseases occurring in this population especially those with major clinical relevance including toxoplasmosis, American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, and strongyloidiasis, among others, highlighting the diagnosis and management in hematopoietic transplant recipients.

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GIADINIS (Ν.Δ. ΓΙΑΔΙΝΗΣ), N. D., Z. S. POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), and G. C. FTHENAKIS (Γ.Χ. ΦΘΕΝΑΚΗΣ). "Differential diagnosis of neurological diseases of small ruminants." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 64, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15507.

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Objective of the present review is the description of diagnostic approach in neurological cases in small ruminants. To improve description purposes in the present paper, neurological disorders of small ruminants are classified as follows: (a) congenital neurological disorders (vitamin A deficiency, copper deficiency, disorders of viral aetiology [including border disease and Schmallenberg disease], disorders with a genetic background), (b) acquired neurological disorders with an acute course (acute coenurosis, Aujeszky’s disease, bacterial meningoencephalitis, botulism, copper deficiency, copper poisoning, disorders following injury, hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, listeriosis, louping-ill, rare disorders of parasitic aetiology, pregnancy toxaemia, rabies, tetanus, tick paralysis, toxicoses, type D enterotoxaemia, vitamin B1 deficiency) and (c) acquired neurological disorders with a long-standing course (caprine arthritis-encephalitis, central nervous system abscesses, chronic coenurosis, neoplastic disorders, ovine lentiviral encephalomyelitis, scrapie).

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Dinic-Uzurov, Vera, Vesna Lalosevic, Ivana Milosevic, Ivana Urosevic, Dusan Lalosevic, and Stevan Popovic. "Current differential diagnosis of hypereosinophilic syndrome." Medical review 60, no. 11-12 (2007): 581–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0712581d.

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Introduction. Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a group of idiopathic disorders associated with single or multiple organ system dysfunction. HES must be distinguished from reactive eosinophilia in parasitic infections, allergic diseases, and especially from hematological diseases of clonal origin. Reactive eosinophilia due to infectious and parasitic diseases. Tissue helminth infections, especially toxocariasis, cause severe and long-standing hypereosinophilia. Despite specific therapy, eosinophilia may persist for over a year after diagnosis, and decreases slowly. Other helminth infections, such as trichinellosis, strongyloidosis, and rarely taeniasis and cysticercosis may also be diagnosed in patients with eosinophilia. Hematologic and other neoplastic diseases. Numerous neoplastic diseases, like Hodgkin's and other malignant lymphomas, myeloproliferative diseases, systemic mastocytosis etc., may be associated with marked eosinophilia. We had two patients with clinical and histological features resembling chronic eosinophilic leukemia, and many others with T-cell lymphoma, planocellular or adenocarcinoma etc. where eosinophilia persisted. Drug-induced eosinophilia. Drugs associated with eosinophilia include penicillins, tetracyclines, especially minocycline, clarithromycin, tetrazepam, mefloquine, and many others. Toxins associated with L-tryptophan cause eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome and toxic oil syndrome, also belonging in this group. Treatment includes drug discontinuation and administration of corticosteroids. Hypereosinophilia with organ dysfunction. Many severe diseases, such as sarcoidosis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, pemphigus vulgaris, eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases, inflammatory bowel disease and many others are associated with hypereosinophilia and target organ damage, e.g. involvement of the heart, lungs, skin, or nervous tissue. Conclusion. Eosinophilia can be classified as either familial or acquired. Hypereosinophilic syndrome is a subcategory of idiopathic eosinophilia. If the differential diagnosis of hypereosinophilia fails to resolve the etiology succesfully, the diagnosis of idiopathic HES remains.

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Pomari, E., C. Piubelli, F. Perandin, and Z. Bisoffi. "Digital PCR: a new technology for diagnosis of parasitic infections." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 25, no. 12 (December 2019): 1510–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2019.06.009.

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Mohammad S, Rania, Yasmeen Mohammad S, Aisha Tawfik Has, and Hala Said Salem. "Mini-FLOTAC Versus Other Copromicroscopic Methods in Diagnosis of Intestinal Parasitic Infections." Research Journal of Parasitology 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2018): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jp.2018.36.46.

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Chávez-Ruvalcaba, F., M. I. Chávez-Ruvalcaba, K. Moran Santibañez, J. L. Muñoz-Carrillo, A. León Coria, and R. Reyna Martínez. "Foodborne Parasitic Diseases in the Neotropics – a review." Helminthologia 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/helm-2021-0022.

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Summary Within the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, it is stated that everyone has the right to an adequate standard of living, which ensures, as well as their family, health and well-being, and food, thereby ensuring adequate nutrition. One of the major threats to overcome this is to ensure food security, which becomes particularly challenging in developing countries due to the high incidence of parasitic diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO), considers it one of the main causes of morbidity, closely linked to poverty and related to inadequate personal hygiene, consumption of raw food, lack of sanitary services, limited access to drinking water and fecal contamination in the environment. It is estimated that more than a fifth of the world’s population is infected by one or several intestinal parasites, and that in many countries of Central and South America the average percentage of infected people is 45%, being Taenia solium, Echinococcus granulosus, Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichinella spiralis, Ascaris spp, Trypanosoma cruzi and Fasciola hepatica some of the most important ones in the neotropics. One of the main reasons why these diseases are diffi cult to control is t he ignorance of their lifecycles, as well as symptoms and current epidemiology of the disease, which contributes to a late or erroneous diagnosis. The present work aims to discuss and make public the current knowledge as well as the general characteristics of these diseases to the general audience.

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Kotlyarov, P. M., and N. I. Sergeev. "IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN THE DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF PARASITIC LUNG DISEASES AND LUNG CANCER." Siberian journal of oncology 15, no. 4 (January 1, 2016): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21294/1814-4861-2016-15-4-33-39.

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Dey, Ayan, and Sarman Singh. "Progress of Science from Microscopy to Microarrays (Part 1): Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases." Journal of Laboratory Physicians 1, no. 01 (January 2009): 002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0974-2727.54800.

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ABSTRACTEven though description of the magnifying glass goes back to 1021 by an Arabic physicist in his book, Antony van Leeuwenhoek was the first man to improve the then simple microscope for viewing biological specimens in 1674. This suggests that every discovery has scope for improvement, be it physics or be it biology. In the field of biology, scientists have long studied gene expression as a hallmark of gene activities reflecting the current cell conditions and response to host immune defense systems. These studies have been cumbersome, technically demanding and time-consuming. Application of microarrays has revolutionized this field and help understand the simultaneous expression of thousands of genes in a single sample put onto a single solid support. It is also now possible to compare gene expression in two different cell types, different stages of life cycle or two tissue samples, such as in healthy and diseased ones. Thus microarrays are beginning to dominate other conventional and molecular diagnostic technologies. The microarrays consist of solid supports onto which the nucleic acid sequences from thousands of different genes are immobilized, or attached at fixed locations. These solid supports themselves are usually glass slides, silicon chips or nylon membranes. The nucleic acids are spotted or synthesized directly onto the support. Application of microarrays is new for parasites. Most of these applications are done for monitoring parasite gene expression, to predict the functions of uncharacterized genes, probe the physiologic adaptations made under various environmental conditions, identify virulence-associated genes and test the effects of drug targets. The best examples are vector-borne parasites, such as Plasmodium, Trypanosoma and Leishmania, in which genes expressed, during mammalian and insect host stages, have been elucidated. Microarrays have also been successfully applied to understand the factors responsible to induce transformation from tachyzoite-to-bradyzoite and vice versa in Toxoplasma gondii. Thus microarrays provide a novel tool for diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management of infectious disease.

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Norman, Francesca F., Belen Comeche, Sandra Chamorro, and Rogelio López-Vélez. "Overcoming challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of parasitic infectious diseases in migrants." Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 18, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2020.1713099.

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Mohammed, Moktar Omar, Md Shajedur Rahman, Md Fazlul Hoque, Nazmi Ara Rumi, and Osman Hassan Afrah. "Study on prevalence of bovine diseases at sadar upazila in dinajpur district of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 4 (January 30, 2018): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i4.35335.

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The study was conducted to investigate the status of cattle diseases with relation to seasonal variation in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh. A total of 11402 clinical cases were registered for the clinical diagnosis and therapeutic purposes at sadar upazila veterinary hospital in Dinajpur district of Bangladesh during the period of March, 2016 to February, 2017. Disease diagnosis was made on the basis of owner’s statement, general examination and clinical signs. Diagnosed diseases were categorized as general clinical disorders, parasitic diseases, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, venereal disease, and metabolic disorders. According to study the highest (64.15%) prevalence was by parasitic disease followed by bacterial diseases (10.67%), viral diseases (8.97%), metabolic disease (7.61%), and venereal disease (6.60%). In respect of seasons, the prevalence of both bacterial diseases and viral diseases were significantly (p<0.01) higher (13.88%) and (12.10%) in summer season respectively. Whereas the parasitic diseases were significantly (p<0.01) higher (68.65%) in winter season. On the basis of season, it was found that the overall prevalence of diseases was highest in summer season (47.87%) followed by rainy season (30.10%) and comparatively lower in winter season (22.03%).Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2017, 3(4): 446-453

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Rubio-Sánchez, Ricardo, and Esperanza Lepe-Balsalobre. "Strongyloides stercoralis infestation in a pediatric patient." Bionatura 3, no. 3 (August 15, 2021): 2046–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2021.06.03.27.

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Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic disease, very rare in countries like Spain, caused by the Strongyloides stercoralis nematode. We present a case of a 5-year-old patient from Ecuador who came to the Emergency Department due to fever, colicky abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, and occasional vomiting of several days of evolution. In laboratory studies, a marked leukocytosis with eosinophilia stands out, for which reason a microscopic study of the stool was carried out where larval forms compatible with Strongyloides stercoralis were observed. The diagnostic strategy of parasitic infection in developed countries is highly influenced by the low prevalence and diversity of the parasitic species, causing the diagnosis, on many occasions, to be a challenge. In the presence of eosinophilia and abdominal symptoms, it is recommended to orient the diagnosis towards a possible infection of parasitic origin to make an early diagnosis of the infection and avoid possible serious complications.

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Lehmann, Lisa Soleymani, and Jerry L. Spivak. "Rapid and Definitive Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases Using Peripheral Blood Smears." Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 7, no. 1 (January 1992): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088506669200700105.

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A timely diagnosis is essential in the management of septicemia and septic shock. Three patients are described, all of whom presented with fever and one of whom was hypotensive at the time of admission. In each patient, rapid diagnosis of the cause of fever was possible because microorganisms were identified on a peripheral blood smear obtained at the time of admission. This identification permitted prompt initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. In addition, a literature review of use of peripheral blood smears in the diagnosis of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections is provided.

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Vangala, Navatha, PramodKumar Pamu, Padmasree Sabbavarapu, and Ashwani Tandon. "Utility of cytology in the diagnosis of parasitic infestation: A retrospective study." Tropical Parasitology 9, no. 2 (2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/tp.tp_3_19.

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Stauffer, William M., Alan Magill, and Kevin C. Kain. "Parasitic Central Nervous System Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts: Clarification of Malaria Diagnosis." Clinical Infectious Diseases 43, no. 1 (July 2006): 114–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/504951.

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50

Konkova, Anna V., V. V. Volodina, E. A. Voronina, and N. Yu Terpugova. "The epidemiological significance of parasites of fishes in the Volga-Caspian fishery subdistrict (Astrakhan region)." Hygiene and sanitation 99, no. 5 (July 7, 2020): 448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.47470/0016-9900-2020-99-5-448-454.

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Introduction. The epidemiological situation of parasitic diseases among the population of the Volga-Caspian fishery subdistrict within the Astrakhan region continues to be stressful. To cancel or prolong the restrictions on biohelminthoses in the region, it is necessary to conduct regular studies on the parasitic purity of fish and fish raw materials. Material and methods. In accordance with methods generally accepted in parasitology, in the period of 2013-2017, 7,671 mature specimens of thirteen species of fish of five families (carps, pikes, sheatfishes, perches, herrings) were examined. Results. In the parasitic fauna of all types of hydrobionts examined there were sanitary-significant parasites, represented by eight types of systematic groups: nematodes (Anisakis schupakovi, Contracaecum bidentat, Estrongylides excisus), trematodes (Apophallus muehlingi, Rossicotr.ema donutses), acanthocephalans (Corynosoma strumosum). The dominant group in prevalence in the population of the Volga fish were roundworms, small - acanthocephalus. The maximum quantitative indices were characterized by trematodes, the number of which in the single fish amounted to thousands. Discussion. The level of infestation of pike, catfish, bream, carp, pike-perch, perch, white bream, rud, roach, Caspian roach, sichel, Caspian anadromous shad, blue bream, parasites dangerous to humans has remained relatively stable for a number of years. The majority of fish in the eastern part of the delta (with respect to the western part) have a higher percentage of infected individuals, and therefore, aquatic animals caught in the first specified area should be subjected to more thorough veterinary examination when preparing it for sale to the population. Conclusion. The data on the annual invasions of fish and people (along with other warm-blooded animals) with epidemiologically significant parasites indicate the active functioning of natural foci of apophallosis, rosicotremosis, opisthorchiasis, pevdoamphistomosis, anizakiosis, contratsekoleza, eustrongilidosis, and corynozomosis in the Volga delta. For the prevention of biohelminthoses, it is necessary, in addition to state control (ensuring proper product quality), to establish a direct informational notification of the population in order to clarify the importance of the issue of parasitic invasions transmitted through fish.

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