Journal articles: 'Fishing – South Africa – Paternoster'

1

Bishop, Michael. "Asserting Customary Fishing Rights in South Africa." Journal of Southern African Studies 47, no. 2 (March 4, 2021): 291–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2021.1893989.

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WICKENS, P. A. "Fur seals and lobster fishing in South Africa." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 6, no. 3 (September 1996): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1099-0755(199609)6:3<179::aid-aqc184>3.0.co;2-n.

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JOUBERT, A. R., R. JANSSEN, and T. J. STEWART. "Allocating fishing rights in South Africa: a participatory approach." Fisheries Management and Ecology 15, no. 1 (December 5, 2007): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2400.2007.00566.x.

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Stewart, Theodor J., Alison Joubert, and Ron Janssen. "MCDA Framework for Fishing Rights Allocation in South Africa." Group Decision and Negotiation 19, no. 3 (March 7, 2009): 247–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10726-009-9159-9.

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Hoogendoorn, Gijsbert. "Fly-fishing as ecotourism in South Africa: a case study." Journal of Ecotourism 16, no. 2 (November 7, 2016): 152–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1253702.

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Witbooi, E. "Current Legal Development: South Africa: Subsistence Fishing in South Africa: Implementation of the Marine Living Resources Act." International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law 17, no. 3 (September 1, 2002): 431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180802401077108.

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Cockcroft, Andrew C. "Jasus lalandii 'walkouts' or mass strandings in South Africa during the 1990s: an overview." Marine and Freshwater Research 52, no. 8 (2001): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf01100.

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Faunal mass mortalities are a sporadic, but not uncommon, feature of the West and South coasts of South Africa. Five mass mortalities of West Coast rock lobsterJasus lalandii, including three of the most severe ever recorded in South Africa, occurred in the 1990s and resulted in the stranding of about 2263 tonnes of lobster. The bulk (97%) of the loss occurred in the last three years of the decade. The five events occurred within an 80 km stretch of coastline that straddled two fishing zones and resulted from hypoxic conditions associated with highbiomass dinoflagellate blooms. In each case, the quantity of lobsters stranded was directly related to the extent or duration of low-oxygen conditions. Small females constituted the bulk of the lobster stranded in most events. The lobster fisheries in the affected fishing zones suffered severe impacts. Recovery in one zone appears to be extremely slow, whereas the other zone is more resilient. Not only would a continuation of the trend of increasing frequency and severity of lobster strandings devastate the rock-lobster fishing industry and the employment prospects of small fishing communities, but it could also seriously affect the ecology of the region.

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Wickens, P. "Conflict between Cape (South African) fur seals and line fishing operations." Wildlife Research 23, no. 1 (1996): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9960109.

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Cape (South African) fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) interact with line-fishermen in South Africa, particularly during fishing for the migratory species snoek (Thyrsites atun), and mostly when snoek are specifically being targeted. Loss of fish and tackle as a result of seals is estimated to be between at least a half and one million Rand (A$l75000-372000) annually or 3.3-7% of the total annual landed value of snoek. The presence of seals may also disturb fishing operations by causing fish to sound although this is difficult to quantify. Deliberate killing of seals by fishermen during line-fishing occurs indiscriminately and particularly during the peak snoek fishing period; however, estimation of this mortality is currently impossible.

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Young, Michael. "Achieving Equity in the Fishing Industry: The Fate of Informal Fishers in the Context of The Policy for the Small-Scale Fisheries Sector in South Africa." Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal/Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regsblad 16, no. 5 (May 17, 2017): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/1727-3781/2013/v16i5a2435.

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The implementation of the Marine Living Resources Act 18 of 1998 which governs fisheries management in South Africa is guided by a series of objectives. Chief amongst these are the need to ensure resource sustainability, promote economic growth and achieve equity in the fishing industry. Striking a balance among these competing imperatives is a necessary but also monumental task, one which South Africa has arguably failed to achieve to date. In particular, as far the equity objective is concerned, a group of fishers, including both subsistence and artisanal fishers, have continued to be marginalised and overlooked in the fishing rights allocation process. The Policy for the Small-Scale Fisheries Sector in South Africa aims to provide recognition and redress to this sector of the fishing industry. It seeks to achieve this objective by adopting a community-based, co-management approach. The Policy accordingly envisages that fishing rights will be allocated to small-scale fishing communities and that these communities will become involved in managing fisheries together with government. This contribution reviews and critically analyses the scope of application of the Small-Scale Policy and the management approach adopted by the Policy, with a view to assessing its potential to achieve the objective of providing redress to the formerly marginalised groups of fishers. This analysis takes place against the backdrop of the significant resource constraints in the fisheries arena and the country’s vision for its future economic development as described in the National Development Plan.

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Sowman, Merle, and Jackie Sunde. "Social impacts of marine protected areas in South Africa on coastal fishing communities." Ocean & Coastal Management 157 (May 2018): 168–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.02.013.

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Kleinschmidt, H., W. H. H. Sauer, and P. Britz. "Commercial Fishing Rights Allocation in Post-apartheid South Africa: Reconciling Equity and Stability." African Journal of Marine Science 25, no. 1 (June 2003): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/18142320309503998.

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Götz, A., S. E. Kerwath, C. G. Attwood, and W. HH Sauer. "Effects of fishing on a temperate reef community in South Africa 1: ichthyofauna." African Journal of Marine Science 31, no. 2 (August 1, 2009): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/ajms.2009.31.2.12.884.

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RODEWALD, NICOLA, REINETTE SNYMAN, and CAROL A. SIMON. "Worming its way in—Polydora websteri (Annelida: Spionidae) increases the number of non-indigenous shell-boring polydorin pests of cultured molluscs in South Africa." Zootaxa 4969, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 255–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4969.2.2.

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Polychaete worms of the Polydora-complex (commonly referred to as polydorins) include some of the most common pests of cultured molluscs. Modern culture of molluscs, particularly oysters, is associated with large-scale movement of stock which facilitates movement of polydorins either as “hitchhikers” on the transported molluscs or in the packaging. In 2009, a species identified as Polydora cf. ciliata Johnston, 1838 was reported from oysters in a culture facility in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. Since then, more specimens of this species were recorded on farmed oysters from Namibia, Kleinzee and Paternoster on the west coast of South Africa, but tentatively reidentified as Polydora cf. websteri Hartman in Loosanoff and Engle, 1943 based on morphology and limited genetic evidence. The main aim of this study is therefore to clarify the identity of these specimens by integrating morphological and genetic (mitochondrial COI, Cyt b and nuclear 18S rRNA) evidence. Specimens from South Africa match the morphology of the lectotype of P. websteri and are morphologically and genetically very similar to P. websteri from Australia, China, Japan, and the east, gulf and west coasts of the USA. This confirms the presence of P. websteri in South Africa, making this the second most widespread polydorin pest of aquaculture known. Understanding the full distribution range of the species will help to better understand its global route of invasion and consequently assist with preventing or at least minimising further spread. Polydora websteri increases the number of polydorin pests in South Africa to seven.

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Harris, J. M., M. Sowman, G. M. Branch, B. M. Clark, A. C. Cockcroft, C. Coetzee, A. H. Dye, et al. "The process of developing a management system for subsistence fisheries in South Africa: recognizing and formalizing a marginalized fishing sector in South Africa." South African Journal of Marine Science 24, no. 1 (June 2002): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/025776102784528583.

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Fairweather, TP, AJ Booth, WHH Sauer, and RW Leslie. "Spatial description of hake-directed fishing activity off the west coast of South Africa." African Journal of Marine Science 28, no. 1 (April 2006): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/18142320609504129.

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Sribnaya, Tatiana A., and Natalya А. Bodneva. "POTENTIAL OF THE ASTRAKHAN REGION IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT OF RGANIZED FISHING TOURISM." SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 1. ECONOMICS AND LAW, no. 1-2 (2020): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4650-2020-1-2-18.

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Fishing tourism is one of the modern types of tourism that is aimed at meeting the needs of a certain segment of tourists in fishing. This type of tourism is organized by special enterprises to favorable places for fishing. Fishing tours in most cases include specialized services such as: fishing license, tackle rental, boat rental, instruction and joint fishing with a qualified fishing guide, as well as services aimed at preserving and preparing the fish caught. Such countries as Finland, Norway, Egypt, Namibia, South Africa, Iceland, Sweden, Slovakia, Thailand and Israel occupy high positions in the international market of fishing tourism and are famous for their fish resources. As for fishing tourism in Russia, the demand for fishing tourism is currently increasing. Tourist companies are engaged in expanding the geography of fishing tours and improving the quality of service, which affects the increase in demand for this type of tour. The analysis of the potential of the Astrakhan region, carried out in the article, allowed us to identify opportunities for the development of organizational fishing tourism.

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Groeneveld, J. C., and A. C. Cockcroft. "Potential of a trap-fishery for deep-water rock lobster Palinurus delagoae off South Africa." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 8 (1997): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97190.

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An experiment to investigate the potential of a trap-fishery for deep-water rock lobster Palinurus delagoae was conducted off the east coast of South Africa between 1994 and 1996. The 75–425 m depth interval between 27°S and 32°S was stratified according to depth and latitude, and three regions (North, Central and South) were sampled systematically over the three years. Sampling by commercial vessels operating long-lines and traps included an experimental phase (fixed fishing positions) and a commercial phase (no restriction on fishing location). Generalized linear models were used to investigate the influence of year, region, sampling phase, month and soak time. Sampling phase was significant, with traps set during the commercial phase catching more than those set in the experimental phase. The effect of soak time on catch rates was not significant. The almost-50% decrease in the combined abundance index combined with a marked decrease in mean lobster size over the study period suggests a relatively low fisheries potential for this species in South African waters; this may be attributable to the relative scarcity of suitable habitat in the area.

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Nicolaai, N. N., and A. Jooste. "A preliminary quantitative assessment of gillnet fishing in subtropical Lake Tzaneen, Northern Province, South Africa." African Journal of Aquatic Science 27, no. 2 (January 2002): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2002.9626586.

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19

SOLANO-FERNÁNDEZ, SOFÍA, COLIN G. ATTWOOD, RUSSELL CHALMERS, BARRY M. CLARK, PAUL D. COWLEY, TRACEY FAIRWEATHER, SEAN T. FENNESSY, et al. "Assessment of the effectiveness of South Africa's marine protected areas at representing ichthyofaunal communities." Environmental Conservation 39, no. 3 (April 16, 2012): 259–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892912000070.

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SUMMARYNational and international policies have encouraged the establishment of a representative network of marine protected areas (MPAs) in South Africa, with the aim of protecting marine biodiversity. The extent to which these marine and estuarine protected areas (EPAs) represent marine fish species and communities was assessed by comparing their species compositions with those of exploited areas, as sampled using four fishing techniques. Seven hundred fish species were sampled, representing one-third of South Africa's marine fishes. MPAs in coastal habitats scored c. 40% on the Bray-Curtis measure of similarity for species representativeness, but this score declined markedly for offshore ‘trawlable’ fishing grounds. The combined effects of sampling error, temporal variation and the effects of fishing on relative abundance suggest that 80% similarity would be the maximum achieveable. Forty-nine per cent of all fish species that were recorded were found in the 14 MPAs sampled. Redundancy in the MPA network was low, with fish species most commonly being represented in only one MPA or absent. There was greater redundancy in the 33 EPAs, with 40% of species being found in two or more EPAs, but many of these estuaries were adjacent to each other and embedded in large MPAs. Deep water fish communities (>80 m deep) and communities located on the west and south-east coasts of South Africa were most poorly represented by MPAs. Routine fishery surveys provide a robust and repeatable opportunity to assess species representativeness in MPAs, and the method used could form the basis of an operational definition of ‘representative’. In contrast to an assessment based on presence-absence data, this analysis of quantitative data presents a more pessimistic assessment of protection.

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Palmer, Ryan M., and Jen D. Snowball. "The willingness to pay for dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus) restocking: using recreational linefishing licence fees to fund stock enhancement in South Africa." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 5 (April 8, 2009): 839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp075.

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Abstract Palmer, R. M., and Snowball, J. D. 2009. The willingness to pay for dusky kob (Argyrosomus japonicus) restocking: using recreational linefishing licence fees to fund stock enhancement in South Africa. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 839–843. The economic feasibility of stock enhancement of Argyrosomus japonicus in South Africa was investigated using a willingness-to-pay (WTP) survey. The pilot study provides a unique example of the use of the contingent valuation method as a valuation tool for a proposed stock enhancement programme. An increase in the cost of a recreational fishing permit is used as a potential vehicle of payment. The median value of the maximum that fishers were willing to pay for a recreational fishing permit was R155 (South African Rand) for frequent fishers and R100 for non-frequent fishers. Analysis showed that a fee of more than R100 excluded up to 50% of anglers from the fishery, but that a fee of R100 excluded only 28% of recreational anglers and would generate an additional R12 million annually from the sale of recreational fishing permits. The estimated costs of set-up and running of a stock enhancement programme are substantially lower than this, suggesting that stock enhancement may be an economically feasible management option that deserves more investigation. The WTP method itself produces robust results and is likely to be an effective tool in the management of the marine environment.

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Witt, Matthew J., Eric Augowet Bonguno, Annette C. Broderick, Michael S. Coyne, Angela Formia, Alain Gibudi, Gil Avery Mounguengui Mounguengui, et al. "Tracking leatherback turtles from the world's largest rookery: assessing threats across the South Atlantic." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1716 (January 5, 2011): 2338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.2467.

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Despite extensive work carried out on leatherback turtles ( Dermochelys coriacea ) in the North Atlantic and Indo-Pacific, very little is known of the at-sea distribution of this species in the South Atlantic, where the world's largest population nests in Gabon (central Africa). This paucity of data is of marked concern given the pace of industrialization in fisheries with demonstrable marine turtle bycatch in African/Latin American waters. We tracked the movements of 25 adult female leatherback turtles obtaining a range of fundamental and applied insights, including indications for methodological advancement. Individuals could be assigned to one of three dispersal strategies, moving to (i) habitats of the equatorial Atlantic, (ii) temperate habitats off South America or (iii) temperate habitats off southern Africa. While occupying regions with high surface chlorophyll concentrations, these strategies exposed turtles to some of the world's highest levels of longline fishing effort, in addition to areas with coastal gillnet fisheries. Satellite tracking highlighted that at least 11 nations should be involved in the conservation of this species in addition to those with distant fishing fleets. The majority of tracking days were, however, spent in the high seas, where effective implementation of conservation efforts is complex to achieve.

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Sauer, W. H. H. "The impact of fishing on chokka squidLoligo vulgaris reynaudiiconcentrations on inshore spawning grounds in the South-Eastern Cape, South Africa." South African Journal of Marine Science 16, no. 1 (December 1995): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/025776195784156502.

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Weir, Caroline R., Tamar Ron, Miguel Morais, and Agostinho Domingos C. Duarte. "Nesting and at-sea distribution of marine turtles in Angola, West Africa, 2000–2006: occurrence, threats and conservation implications." Oryx 41, no. 2 (April 2007): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060530700186x.

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AbstractThe status of marine turtles in Angola, West Africa, is poorly known, and therefore during 2000–2006 a combination of both dedicated and opportunistic beach and at-sea turtle surveys were carried out, and interviews conducted with fishing communities and at markets. Green Chelonia mydas, olive ridley Lepidochelys olivacea, leatherback Dermochelys coriacea and loggerhead turtles Caretta caretta were recorded, and nesting of the first three species confirmed during September–March (peaking November–December). Green turtles nested mainly in the south, leatherback turtles in north and central Angola, and olive ridley turtle nesting was widespread. Olive ridley turtle nest density at Palmeirinhas averaged 32 nests km−1. At-sea surveys produced 298 turtle records, with peak occurrence during August. Significant anthropogenic-related mortality (including exploitation of meat and eggs and fishing bycatch) was recorded, in addition to natural predation and other threats. Maintenance of the long-term sustainability of these turtle populations should focus on the involvement of fishing communities and increasing awareness throughout Angola.

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Groenmeyer, Sharon. "Confronting stereotypes in the fishing industry in post-apartheid South Africa: A case study of women on the West Coast in the Western Cape, South Africa." African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 6, no. 4 (July 4, 2014): 355–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2014.966042.

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Andrew, TG, QA Rouhani, and SJ Seti. "Can small-scale fisheries contribute to poverty alleviation in traditionally non-fishing communities in South Africa?" African Journal of Aquatic Science 25, no. 1 (January 2000): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/160859100780177938.

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Götz, A., S. E. Kerwath, C. G. Attwood, and W. HH Sauer. "Effects of fishing on a temperate reef community in South Africa 2: benthic invertebrates and algae." African Journal of Marine Science 31, no. 2 (August 1, 2009): 253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/ajms.2009.31.2.13.885.

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du Preez, Mario, and Deborah E. Lee. "The contribution of trout fly fishing to the economy of Rhodes, North Eastern Cape, South Africa." Development Southern Africa 27, no. 2 (June 2010): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03768351003740654.

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Sjöstedt, Martin, and Aksel Sundström. "Coping with illegal fishing: An institutional account of success and failure in Namibia and South Africa." Biological Conservation 189 (September 2015): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.09.014.

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Sowman, M., J. Sunde, T. Pereira, B. Snow, P. Mbatha, and A. James. "Unmasking governance failures: The impact of COVID-19 on small-scale fishing communities in South Africa." Marine Policy 133 (November 2021): 104713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104713.

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Dudley, S. F. J., R. C. Haestier, K. R. Cox, and M. Murray. "Shark control: experimental fishing with baited drumlines." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 7 (1998): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98026.

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Protective gill-nets (shark nets) have been successful in reducing the frequency of shark attacks on the coast of KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, since 1952. This is achieved primarily through a local reduction in numbers of large sharks. Yet the nets are non-selective in terms of shark species caught and take a by-catch of dolphins, sea turtles, batoids and teleosts. Baited lines, or drumlines, as used in the Queensland shark control programme, were tested as possible alternatives to gill-nets. They demonstrated greater species selectivity for sharks and also a reduced by-catch of non-shark animals. The shark catch included the three species responsible for most shark attacks on the KZN coast, Carcharhinus leucas, Galeocerdo cuvier and Carcharodon carcharias. The probability of the bait being scavenged, or a shark being caught, was modelled in relation to a number of physical environmental factors. Although there was insufficient variability in the effort data for a quantitative comparison of catch rates between nets and drumlines, the results suggested that an optimal solution may be to deploy a combination of nets and drumlines.

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Sherley, Richard B., Barbara J. Barham, Peter J. Barham, Kate J. Campbell, Robert J. M. Crawford, Jennifer Grigg, Cat Horswill, et al. "Bayesian inference reveals positive but subtle effects of experimental fishery closures on marine predator demographics." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1871 (January 17, 2018): 20172443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.2443.

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Global forage-fish landings are increasing, with potentially grave consequences for marine ecosystems. Predators of forage fish may be influenced by this harvest, but the nature of these effects is contentious. Experimental fishery manipulations offer the best solution to quantify population-level impacts, but are rare. We used Bayesian inference to examine changes in chick survival, body condition and population growth rate of endangered African penguins Spheniscus demersus in response to 8 years of alternating time–area closures around two pairs of colonies. Our results demonstrate that fishing closures improved chick survival and condition, after controlling for changing prey availability. However, this effect was inconsistent across sites and years, highlighting the difficultly of assessing management interventions in marine ecosystems. Nevertheless, modelled increases in population growth rates exceeded 1% at one colony; i.e. the threshold considered biologically meaningful by fisheries management in South Africa. Fishing closures evidently can improve the population trend of a forage-fish-dependent predator—we therefore recommend they continue in South Africa and support their application elsewhere. However, detecting demographic gains for mobile marine predators from small no-take zones requires experimental time frames and scales that will often exceed those desired by decision makers.

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Yemane, D., J. G. Field, and M. H. Griffiths. "Effects of fishing on the size and dominance structure of linefish of the Cape region, South Africa." African Journal of Marine Science 26, no. 1 (June 2004): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/18142320409504055.

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Tomalin, Bruce J., and Robert Kyle. "Subsistence and recreational mussel (Perna perno) collecting in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: fishing mortality and precautionary management." South African Journal of Zoology 33, no. 1 (January 1998): 12–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02541858.1998.11448448.

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Petersen, Carolyn. "Educating and training out of poverty? Adult provision and the informal sector in fishing communities, South Africa." International Journal of Educational Development 27, no. 4 (July 2007): 446–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedudev.2006.09.019.

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Faasen, Helena, and Scotney Watts. "Local community reaction to the ‘no-take’ policy on fishing in the Tsitsikamma National Park, South Africa." Ecological Economics 64, no. 1 (October 2007): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.06.026.

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Chersich, Matthew, Caradee Wright, Francois Venter, Helen Rees, Fiona Scorgie, and Barend Erasmus. "Impacts of Climate Change on Health and Wellbeing in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9 (August 31, 2018): 1884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091884.

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Given its associated burden of disease, climate change in South Africa could be reframed as predominately a health issue, one necessitating an urgent health-sector response. The growing impact of climate change has major implications for South Africa, especially for the numerous vulnerable groups in the country. We systematically reviewed the literature by searching PubMed and Web of Science. Of the 820 papers screened, 34 were identified that assessed the impacts of climate change on health in the country. Most papers covered effects of heat on health or on infectious diseases (20/34; 59%). We found that extreme weather events are the most noticeable effects to date, especially droughts in the Western Cape, but rises in vector-borne diseases are gaining prominence. Climate aberration is also linked in myriad ways with outbreaks of food and waterborne diseases, and possibly with the recent Listeria epidemic. The potential impacts of climate change on mental health may compound the multiple social stressors that already beset the populace. Climate change heightens the pre-existing vulnerabilities of women, fishing communities, rural subsistence farmers and those living in informal settlements. Further gender disparities, eco-migration and social disruptions may undermine the prevention—but also treatment—of HIV. Our findings suggest that focused research and effective use of surveillance data are required to monitor climate change’s impacts; traditional strengths of the country’s health sector. The health sector, hitherto a fringe player, should assume a greater leadership role in promoting policies that protect the public’s health, address inequities and advance the country’s commitments to climate change accords.

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Travers, Morgane, Yunne-Jai Shin, Lynne Shannon, and Philippe Cury. "Simulating and testing the sensitivity of ecosystem-based indicators to fishing in the southern Benguela ecosystem." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 63, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 943–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f06-003.

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The sensitivity of size-based, species-based, and trophodynamic indicators is examined for the fish community of the southern Benguela ecosystem (South Africa) through simulations of different fishing scenarios using the multispecies model OSMOSE. The simulations suggest that it may be erroneous to consider one absolute reference direction of change for any indicator because the direction of change is specific to both the multispecies assemblage and the fishing scenario considered. The analysis of species versus community indicators is helpful for understanding which processes drive the emergent properties of the ecosystem. Informative about the structure and state of the ecosystem, both types of indicators weighted by biomass or by abundance should be used to evaluate ecosystem changes. Indicators characterizing size distribution (e.g., slope of size spectrum) appear to be more helpful in distinguishing the cause of ecosystem changes than mean community indicators because their response is specific to the fishing scenario simulated (i.e., global or hake-targeting fishing). Some indicators do not seem to be sensitive to fishing pressure (slope of the diversity size spectrum) or do not vary consistently with other studies (W statistic).

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Kalina, Marc Ronald, Alexio Mbereko, Brij Maharaj, and Amanda Botes. "Subsistence marine fishing in a neoliberal city: a political ecology analysis of securitization and exclusion in Durban, South Africa." Journal of Political Ecology 26, no. 1 (July 23, 2019): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.23008.

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In post-apartheid South Africa, the blue economy has been identified as an untapped resource for creating employment and stimulating economic growth. However, in the port city of Durban, subsistence fishing has formed an important component of both the livelihood and identity of individuals living in marginalized communities adjacent to the harbor for over a century. However, since America's 9/11 terrorist attacks a number of new international laws and regulations have shaped local legislation and policies which seek to exclude the public from accessing the harbor area. As a consequence, increased security measures have contributed to an increasingly closed off space, where increased barriers to access have effectively isolated the harbor from the surrounding city, and restricted entry to local fishers. As a result, fisherfolk have been forced to contest their exclusion from the harbor, risking expulsion or arrest to continue practicing their livelihoods. Utilizing a political ecology framework, and integrating perspectives drawn from over a decade of qualitative fieldwork, this article explores how securitization narratives operate as a tool for the neoliberal exclusion of the poor from public space. Analysis suggests that the securitization of Durban's harbor has served to bar entry to the poor towards participating in South Africa's blue economy, while allowing elites exclusive access to marine resources.Key Words: Indian Ocean, securitization, blue economy, South Africa, subsistence fishing, neoliberalism, public space

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Bond, Patrick. "Blue Economy threats, contradictions and resistances seen from South Africa." Journal of Political Ecology 26, no. 1 (July 21, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.23504.

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South Africa hosts Africa's most advanced form of the new Blue Economy, named 'Operation Phakisa: Oceans.' In 2014, the McKinsey-designed project was formally launched by now-disgraced President Jacob Zuma with vibrant state and corporate fanfare. Financially, its most important elements were anticipated to come from corporations promoting shipping investments and port infrastructure, a new generation of offshore oil and gas extraction projects and seabed mining. However, these already conflict with underlying capitalist crisis tendencies associated with overaccumulation (overcapacity), globalization and financialization, as they played out through uneven development, commodity price volatility and excessive extraction of resources. Together this metabolic intensification of capital-nature relations can be witnessed when South Africa recently faced the Blue Economy's ecological contradictions: celebrating a massive offshore gas discovery at the same time as awareness rises about extreme coastal weather events, ocean warming and acidification (with profound threats to fast-bleaching coral reefs), sea-level rise, debilitating drought in Africa's main seaside tourist city (Cape Town), and plastic infestation of water bodies, the shoreline and vulnerable marine life. Critics of the capitalist ocean have demanded a greater state commitment to Marine Protected Areas, support for sustainable subsistence fishing and eco-tourism. But they are losing, and so more powerful resistance is needed, focusing on shifting towards post-fossil energy and transport infrastructure, agriculture and spatial planning. Given how climate change has become devastating to vulnerable coastlines – such as central Mozambique's, victim of two of the Southern Hemisphere's most intense cyclones in March-April 2019 – it is essential to better link ocean defence mechanisms to climate activism: global youth Climate Strikes and the direct action approach adopted by the likes of Dakota Access Pipe Line resistance in the US, Extinction Rebellion in Britain, and Ende Gelände in Germany. Today, as the limits to capital's crisis-displacement tactics are becoming more evident, it is the interplay of these top-down and bottom-up processes that will shape the future Blue Economy narrative, giving it either renewed legitimacy, or the kind of illegitimacy already experienced in so much South African resource-centric capitalism.Keywords: Blue Economy, capitalist crisis, Oceans Phakisa, resistance, South Africa

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Pichegru, L., D. Grémillet, R. J. M. Crawford, and P. G. Ryan. "Marine no-take zone rapidly benefits endangered penguin." Biology Letters 6, no. 4 (February 10, 2010): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2009.0913.

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No-take zones may protect populations of targeted marine species and restore the integrity of marine ecosystems, but it is unclear whether they benefit top predators that rely on mobile pelagic fishes. In South Africa, foraging effort of breeding African penguins decreased by 30 per cent within three months of closing a 20 km zone to the competing purse-seine fisheries around their largest colony. After the fishing ban, most of the penguins from this island had shifted their feeding effort inside the closed area. Birds breeding at another colony situated 50 km away, whose fishing grounds remained open to fishing, increased their foraging effort during the same period. This demonstrates the immediate benefit of a relatively small no-take zone for a marine top predator relying on pelagic prey. Selecting such small protected areas may be an important first conservation step, minimizing stakeholder conflicts and easing compliance, while ensuring benefit for the ecosystems within these habitats.

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NAPIER, VICTORIA R., GEORGE M. BRANCH, and JEAN M. HARRIS. "Evaluating conditions for successful co-management of subsistence fisheries in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Environmental Conservation 32, no. 2 (June 2005): 165–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905002195.

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Conditions important for the success of co-management have repeatedly been identified, but their relative influence has not been quantitatively evaluated. To investigate the implementation of co-management in 11 subsistence fisheries within seven rural communities in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, perceptions of the responsible authorities and the fishing communities were surveyed. Of 16 conditions often considered important for the success of co-management, only nine were correlated with perceived success, the most strongly correlated being (1) benefits of co-management must exceed costs of participation, (2) training and empowerment, and (3) existence of a long-term ‘champion’ to drive the process. The perceptions of the authorities concurred with those of the communities with regards to the attainment of conditions, but views on the success of co-management differed significantly owing to disagreements that were specific to three particular fisheries. Both groups agreed that co-management is a viable improvement on top-down authoritarian imposition of regulations. However, it takes time to become effective; perceived success was directly correlated with how long individual programmes had been operating. Failure to devolve power from national government to local institutions, and delays in awarding subsistence permits, remain the major stumbling blocks to full realization of co-management.

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Schmitz, Peter, and Duarte Gonçalves. "Using GIS and cartography as part of the whole-of-society approach to determine coercion into marine wildlife poaching and piracy." Advances in Cartography and GIScience of the ICA 1 (July 3, 2019): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-adv-1-18-2019.

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Abstract. This paper builds on a previous paper on determining a community’s vulnerability to coercion into wildlife crimes along South African game reserves with a focus on rhinoceros poaching. This paper looks at the profiling of coastal communities along the South African coast for possible coercion into piracy and marine wildlife crime as context for a whole-of-society approach. As with the previous paper the criteria and data are based on publicly available resources to do the profiling. Criteria range from access to motorised boats, history of illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing activities, poverty, unemployment, closeness to marine reserves and levels of education. The criteria for piracy are based on articles and reports on the reasons for piracy along the Somalian coast. From the analysis the highest risk for piracy is the south-western Cape around Cape Town since the proximity to international sea routes, the ability of the local population to do deep-sea fishing and existing gang activity. The risk to marine resources is similar owing to the same reasons as for piracy. It is a known fact that gangs are involved in the poaching of abalone along the south-western Cape coast. Socio-economic risks are higher along the east coast of South Africa owing to higher unemployment, poverty and lower education levels.

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Simon, Carol, Jyothi Kara, Alheit du Toit, Hendré van Rensburg, Caveshlin Naidoo, and Conrad A. Matthee. "Reeling them in: taxonomy of marine annelids used as bait by anglers in the Western Cape Province, South Africa." PeerJ 9 (August 20, 2021): e11847. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11847.

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Background Common names are frequently used inconsistently for marine annelid species used as bait in the peer-reviewed literature, field guides and legislative material. The taxonomy of many such species based on morphology only also ignores cryptic divergences not yet detected. Such inconsistencies hamper effective management of marine annelids, especially as fishing for recreation and subsistence is increasing. This study investigates the scale of the problem by studying the use and names of bait marine annelids in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Methods Fifteen recreational and six subsistence fishers at 12 popular fishing sites in the Western Cape Province donated 194 worms which they identified by common name. Worms were assigned scientific names according to a standard identification key for polychaetes from South Africa, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) amplified and sequenced. Results This study identified 11 nominal species known by 10 common names, in the families Siphonosomatidae, Arenicolidae, Sabellaridae, Lumbrineridae, Eunicidae, Onuphidae and Nereididae. Cryptic diversity was investigated through employing mitochondrial COI sequences and these data will facilitate future identifications among widely distributed species. Several species (Siphonosoma dayi, Abarenicola gilchristi, Scoletoma species, Marphysa corallina, Lysidice natalensis, Heptaceras quinquedens, Perinereis latipalpa) are reported as bait for the first time, and while the names blood- and moonshineworms were consistently applied to members of Arenicolidae and Onuphidae, respectively, coralworm was applied to members of Sabellaridae and Nereididae. Analysis of COI sequences supported morphological investigations that revealed the presence of two taxonomic units each for specimens initially identified as Gunnarea gaimardi and Scoletoma tetraura according to identification keys. Similarly, sequences for Scoletoma species and Lysidice natalensis generated in this study do not match those from specimens in China and India, respectively. Further research is required to resolve the species complexes detected and also to refine the use of names by fishermen over a wider geographic range.

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Pollock, David E. "Review of the Fishery for and Biology of the Cape Rock Lobster Jasus lalandii with Notes on Larval Recruitment." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 43, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 2107–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f86-259.

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The South African fishery for the rock lobster Jasus lalandii currently yields about 3800 metric tons (8.4 million animals) of which more than 90% are males. Males grow much faster than females, and a size limit which is fairly large in relation to the size and age at maturity protects females from exploitation for most of their lifespans, thereby ensuring a high level of larval production from the population. Exploitation rates in the fishery are controlled by means of quotas on fishing companies, as well as catch limits on individual fishing grounds. Quotas are reassessed annually to maintain instantaneous fishing mortality rates of approximately 0.3 on all grounds. Catch rates on most grounds have been increasing since area catch limits were introduced in 1980, and seasonal averages now vary between 4 and 12 kg∙trap-day−1. Although annual indices of puerulus larval recruitment are not available, and the stock–recruitment relationship is unknown, it appears that relatively stable yields can be maintained despite fluctuations in puerulus recruitment. Density-dependent regulatory mechanisms operative in juvenile and young adult stages tend to dampen large variations in the numbers of adults entering the fishable size range each year. Variations in puerulus recruitment are likely to result from changes in the paths and velocities of extensive offshore currents which eventually return larvae toward the coast of South Africa after many months of pelagic existence.

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McClanahan, Tim R., and Caroline A. Abunge. "Perceptions of fishing access restrictions and the disparity of benefits among stakeholder communities and nations of south-eastern Africa." Fish and Fisheries 17, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/faf.12118.

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Dahlet, Lol I., Nicola Downey-Breedt, Gabriel Arce, Warwick H. H. Sauer, and Maria A. Gasalla. "Comparative study of skipjack tuna Katsuwonus pelamis (Scombridae) fishery stocks from the South Atlantic and western Indian oceans." Scientia Marina 83, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.04804.22c.

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The skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, inhabits tropical and subtropical oceans the world over, and contributes substantially to total tuna catches. Both fishing pressure and anthropic influences affect skipjack populations, impacting on economic returns and investment. The present study analyses and compares spatial time series of catch and catch per unit effort (CPUE), of pole-and-line fishing of skipjack tuna from Brazil, South Africa and the Maldives. Both regional and inter-regional analyses were conducted for the period 1970-2014 in order to ultimately investigate potential associations between these fisheries, climatic conditions and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Correlation tests and spatial mapping tools were used. From 2004 to 2011, South African skipjack catches correlated positively with Brazilian ones and negatively with Maldivians. CPUEs from the Brazilian and Maldivian skipjack fisheries showed a significant positive correlation in the period 1982-1993. Yearly catches from all regions were strongly associated with the Northern Oscillation Index (p < 0.001), an ENSO index. This study reflects an effort to articulate an inter-regional appraisal of skipjack pole-and-line fisheries embedded in the context of a globally changing climate, in the face of which emerging economies are the most vulnerable. Evidence of common patterns influencing these fisheries should encourage international South-South cooperative management and understanding of the resource.

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Chasakara, Rachael, and Ntemesha Maseka. "Fishing for administrative justice in marine spatial planning: Small-scale fishers’ right to written reasons." Journal of Ocean Governance in Africa (iilwandle zethu) 2021 (2021): 122–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/joga/2021/a4.

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The emergence of marine spatial planning (MSP) has been ascribed to the inability of the ocean spaces to meet all demands simultaneously. With increasing uses and users of the ocean comes a rise in conflicts. Studies that sought to reduce those conflicts have shown the benefits of zoning the ocean in space and time. In South Africa, the Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries, which functions through a national working group (NWG) on MSP, is responsible for the implementation of MSP, which includes ocean zoning in South Africa’s ocean spaces. In the implementation of MSP, the NWG will make decisions which, this article argues, constitute administrative action triggering the constitutional right to written reasons. This article examines the small-scale fishers’ right to written reasons following a decision by the NWG. It concludes that the NWG does have an obligation to fulfil this right and that the MSP instruments are drafted in a manner that supports this duty.

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Cliff, Geremy, and Sheldon F. J. Dudley. "Reducing the environmental impact of shark-control programs: a case study from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 6 (2011): 700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf10182.

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Large-scale shark-control programs at popular beaches in New South Wales and Queensland, Australia, and KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), South Africa, provide protection against shark attack. Although these programs have enhanced bathing safety, reducing the environmental impacts of decades of fishing for large sharks and the associated by-catch remains a challenge. Over the past three decades, there have been several interventions to reduce such impact in the KZN program. The first was the release of all live sharks, including those species known to be responsible for fatal shark attacks. Measures to reduce catches of sharks associated with the winter influx of shoals of sardines, Sardinops sagax, have been increasingly successful. In addition, extensive removal of nets has resulted in a major reduction in effort. Collectively, these initiatives reduced mortalities of sharks by 64%. Baited lines, termed drumlines, were introduced at 18 beaches, where they replaced some of the nets. The former had a far lower by-catch of rays, turtles and cetaceans and significantly lower catches of certain shark species. Replacement of some nets with drumlines is planned for the remaining beaches. Only two attacks, both non-fatal, have occurred at protected beaches in KZN over the past three decades, indicating that the program has maintained its public safety mandate while it has succeeded in reducing its impact on the environment.

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van Rensburg, H., C. A. Matthee, and C. A. Simon. "Moonshine worms (Diopatra aciculata: Onuphidae, Annelida) in the Knysna Estuary, South Africa; taxonomy and distribution." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 100, no. 6 (September 2020): 897–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315420000740.

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AbstractMoonshine worms are a popular bait species used for fishing. The taxon was not detected during surveys of the macrobenthos conducted in Knysna in the 1940s and 1990s, and was first reported as a harvested bait species in the mid-2000s, suggesting that it appeared for the first time in the estuary in the last three decades. A previous molecular analysis identified the worms as Diopatra aciculata, a species first described from Australia. This study provides an updated detailed morphological description of D. aciculata in South Africa to facilitate future identifications and also investigates the species' distribution and population size in the Knysna Estuary. Specimens were examined by scanning electron, stereo- and compound microscopes. Diopatra aciculata has tubes that protrude from the sediment in sandy areas, often decorated with algae and shell fragments; a large body size, up to 600 mm long and 11.5 mm wide. It has 10–18 rings on ceratophores; 5–10 teeth on pectinate chaetae; uni- and bidentate pseudo-compound falcigers and dorsal cirri approximately as long as branchiae. Diopatra aciculata was detected up to 12 km from the mouth of the Knysna Estuary with densities measured at 18 sampled sites. Statistical analysis retrieved high and low density groups that were significantly different from one another (Kruskal-Wallis H(14, 800) = 376.55; P = 0.01), but distribution of high density sites was patchy. We estimate that the population comprises 20–24 million individuals. Given the size of individual worms and the population estimate, this species can be expected to have significant ecological impacts in the estuary.

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Barata, Paulo C. R., Eduardo H. S. M. Lima, Márcio Borges-Martins, Juarez T. Scalfoni, Claudio Bellini, and Salvatore Siciliano. "Records of the leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) on the Brazilian coast, 1969–2001." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 84, no. 6 (November 23, 2004): 1233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315404010720h.

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Data from several sources and original data are presented regarding sightings, strandings and incidental captures of leatherback sea turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) on the Brazilian coast in a 33 year period, from 1969 to 2001. Two of the turtles were small juveniles (curved carapace length=40 cm and approximately 85 cm) and the remaining animals with known carapace size were large juveniles or adults. The origin of leatherbacks observed in Brazil is unknown. Several colonies in South America, including a Brazilian one, in the Caribbean, in western Africa and even in eastern South Africa could be the source of these turtles. The data presented here suggest that more effort should be directed to the assessment of the impact of fishing gear and marine pollution on leatherbacks and that systematic surveys on beaches should be maintained in order to monitor long term fluctuations in stranding levels and spatial stranding patterns. Genetic studies and satellite telemetry would be helpful in clarifying the origin of leatherbacks stranded or incidentally captured on the Brazilian coast.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fishing – South Africa – Paternoster'

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