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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Fisica tecnica ambientale'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 March 2023

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1

Secchiaroli, Alessio. "Analisi fluidodinamica della camera di prova della galleria del vento ambientale. Applicazioni di aerodinamica ambientale." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242496.

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2

Pieratti, Elisa. "Biomass gasification in small scale plants: experimental and modelling analysis." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368365.

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The technologies for the use of biomass as an energy source are not always environmental friendly process: wood combustion, for example, can be a rather a dirty process that causes the release in air of several dangerous compounds. For those reasons it is important to develop approaches aimed at the use of biomass in a cleanest way, avoiding, whenever possible, direct combustion of solid biomass and, rather, pursuing fuel upgrade processes allowing a better combustion or direct conversion to electricity through fuel cells. The products originating from the gasification process mainly comprise a mixture of the permanent gases CO, CO2, H2 and CH4, steam, char, tars and ash. The raw synthesis gas needs to be cleaned from tars before it may be upgraded to other commodities. In most cases if tars deposit on the catalyst surface it will block the active sites i.e., carbon acts as catalyst poison. Furthermore, tars in the raw gas can also cause corrosion and blockage of pipes in downstream process equipment. One of the main challenges in biomass gasification is the minimization of tar content in the product gas in combination with optimization of the gas composition. That is, to reduce the tar content as much as possible and to increase the permanent gases. In this context, it is especially interesting the development of technologies for syngas production (i.e. synthesis gas) through biomass gasification and for syngas utilization in fuel cells system, in order to produce energy from renewable resources. In detail the SOFCs (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) work at high temperatures, and can be fed with different type of fuels, such as methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Thus, the syngas produced by means of biomass gasification, seems to be a suitable fuel for this kind of cells. This chance is particularly interesting, considering that small and medium size conversion plant technologies could be integrated in a distributed energy generation model that is expected to increase its diffusion. The aim of the present project is to verify the possibility of coupling a biomass gasifier with a SOFC for energy production. The use of steam as gasifying agent increases the syngas heating value in comparison with the use of air, since its nitrogen content cause a dilution of the obtained gaseous fuel. Moreover, another beneficial effect in using water steam, is the increase of the H2 percentage up to 50 % in volume. A high hydrogen concentration is kindly recommended if the final aim is to feed a fuel cell. However, the disadvantages of the steam gasification are the lower steam reactivity, comparing with the oxygen one, and the decreasing of the temperature inside the reactor due to the endothermicity of the main reactions. Thus, it is necessary to supply indirectly the heat of reaction. In fluidized bed gasifiers, the bed material acts as solid heat carriers and often provides the heat from char combustion; however fixed bed gasifier are more suitable for small scale application, especially when biomass is used as feedstock . In the first part of this project a small scale (semi continuous, fixed-bed) gasifier has been designed and built. The syngas composition produced has been analyzed and the hydrogen concentration was approximately 60%. In a second stage the plant has been modified in a continuous fixed-bed gasifier, to perform long test duration. The gas composition slightly changes, even if anyway exploitable in fuel cell. Between the gasifier and the fuel cell, a gas cleaning stage has been foreseen. A catalyst is needed for tar cracking. A series of air-gasification tests have been run in a fluidized bed gasifier to test two different catalysts: dolomite and iron. The results on tar concentrations have confirmed the higher efficiency of dolomite in tar cracking. Then, a catalytic filter filled with dolomite has been placed after the fixed bed gasifier for tar abatement. Finally, some tests coupling the gasifier with a solid oxide fuel cells stack have been run. The temperature field measured during the experimental activity by some K-thermocouples has been elaborated to estimate an apparent thermal conductivity coefficient to be used in a 2D model for heat transfer simulation; moreover the data on the syngas composition have been used to test the reliability of a thermo chemical equilibrium model previously developed. The agreement between the output of the equilibrium model and the experimental data is not satisfying. The main problems are the prediction of the residual solid carbon phase and the methane estimation. It is known that the methane prediction it is a difficult task, because it is mainly formed by tars cracking, and thus it is not an equilibrium compound. Several authors have already faced the problem of methane estimation modifying the model with different approaches. In this work, the experimental data have been used to tune up the model, considering the residual solid carbon formed by means of the definition of a parameter called “carbon conversion efficiency†. The accuracy between the thermodynamic equilibrium model and the experimental values significantly improves if the percentage of solid phase is considered. A second modification has been introduced to take into account the moles of carbon and hydrogen which contribute to the methane formation. A better agreement between the experimental results and the output of the modified model has been observed. The experimental campaign shows that steam gasification represents an interesting pathway for the biomass utilization, because it leads to a high quality effluent gas, suitable for feeding solid oxide fuel cells. The proposed modified equilibrium model seems to be a useful engineering tool, as the syngas composition measured is not so far from the thermodynamic predictions.
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3

Bee, Elena. "Heat pump and photovoltaic systems in residential applications - Performance, potential, and control of the system." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11572/368836.

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Air-source heat pumps coupled with photovoltaic systems are going to be a more and more promising technology, as its widespread application in residential houses will help achieving the decarbonisation of the building sector, which is strongly promoted by the European Union. The aspects that inspire confidence for this solution are that: i) the average quality of heat pumps has recently improved; ii) new and renovated buildings, with well insulated envelopes, are more suitable for low-temperature heating systems; iii) photovoltaic modules price is significantly decreased and still shows a diminishing trend; iv) the share of the electricity production from renewable sources is progressively increasing, making the use of electricity more ecologically favourable and v) heat pump and photovoltaic systems can make the residential sector flexible and ready to face the changes in the electricity system. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the manifold relationships between the building, the HVAC system and the boundary conditions, as well as the interaction of this system with the electricity grid. The work is almost entirely based on the dynamic simulation, which is performed by using more or less detailed models, depending on the objective of the single study. The heat pump is a crucial element, since its behaviour is influenced by many factors. Therefore, particular attention is pointed toward the modelling of this component and its control. The general approach mainly adopted is the comparison between a reference system, defined case by case, and other similar scenarios in which one or more variations are introduced. Since different aspects are investigated, the variations can concern either the system component (building and HVAC system), the boundary conditions or the control strategy. In particular, one of the studies provide an extensive analysis on how the climate impacts the behaviour of the system, involving nine European cities in a wide range of latitude. The role of the thermal storage (water tank and building thermal mass) is also studied, showing that its potential is exploited only when it is properly controlled. The last part of the thesis focuses on the system control, which influences the system performance more than expected. Despite this, the benefits of applying the proposed smart control strategies are not as great as those deriving from the addition of the electrical storage, in a system in which only the thermal storage is present. Even better results can be obtained by applying control strategies that also manage the battery charging/discharging. A general conclusion is that rule-based control strategies would be cheap and e↵ective; however, they require a tailored implementation and their development for the mass-market is not easy.
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4

DI, NICOLA Cristiano. "Proprietà termofisiche e prestazioni di refrigeranti a basso impatto ambientale." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242038.

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L’attività di ricerca del dottorato si è incentrata sullo studio delle proprietà termofisiche e prestazioni di nuovi gas refrigeranti e loro miscele a basso impatto ambientale. Questo studio è stato effettuato con l’ausilio di tre differenti apparati sperimentali: l’apparato isocorico, l’apparato SLE e l’impianto frigorifero sperimentale operante con un ciclo in cascata. L’apparato isocorico consente di trovare i punti P-V-T di un gas o di una sua miscela sia nella regione bifasica che del vapore surriscaldato. L’utilizzo di due bagni termostatici con oli siliconici a differente viscosità permette di studiare un range di temperature ottenibili variabile da -50°C a 100°C. È stato subito studiato il nuovo fluido refrigerante R1234yf, che ha sostituito nella climatizzazione delle automobile il gas R134a grazie al suo basso valore GWP, in linea con le nuove direttive europee. Non essendo ancora presenti dati in letteratura, i risultati sono stati pubblicati e confermati successivamente da altri studi. Successivamente, ci si è rivolti allo studio delle proprietà termofisiche della miscela R1234yf-CO2, per poi testare l’altro isomero R1234ze e la miscela R1234ze-CO2. I risultati sono stati sempre confrontati con i dati di Refprop, l’equazione di Wagner nella regione bifasica e l’equazione di stato di Martin-Hou nella regione del vapore surriscaldato. Il sistema di carica ha subito nel tempo delle modifiche per diminuire l’incertezza dovuta alla stima della massa persa, il punto debole dell’apparato isocorico. Si è creato un sistema di sottovuoto che consente in più riprese di recuperarla e pesarla, così da poter sostituire la stima precedente con una misura certa. L’impianto è stato ripetutamente testato con gas noti, per poter validare le prove effettuate. L’apparato SLE consente di determinare il punto di fusione dei gas refrigeranti e delle loro miscele, che essendo molto basso, richiede l’utilizzo dell’azoto liquido. Innanzitutto, si è trovato il punto triplo dei seguenti fluidi: - quattro idro-olefine 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene, R1234yf; trans-1,3,3,3 tetrafluoropropene, R1234ze (E); 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, R1234zf; 1,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropene, R1225ye (Z); - cinque derivati del propano 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-eptafluoropropano, R227ea; 1,1,1,3,3,3- exafluoropropano R236fa, 1,1,2,3,3,3-exafluoropropano R236ea; 1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropano, R245ca; 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropano, R245fa; - tre derivati del metano il fluorometano, R41; il difluorometano, R32; il trifluorometano, R23; - quattro derivati dell’etano il pentafluoroetano R125; 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoretano, R134a, 1,1,1,- trifluoroetano, R143a; 1,1-difluoroetano, R152a; - le miscele: R1234yf-CO2 , R1234ze-CO2 e N2O + R41. Per quanto riguarda quest’ultime, i risultati ottenuti sono stati corretti, dove necessario, con il metodo di Rossini ed interpretati tramite l’equazione di Schröder. L’impianto è stato ottimizzato, eliminando la serpentina interna in rame che avvolgeva la cella di misura e mettendo l’azoto liquido direttamente a contatto con la cella di misura, migliorando così lo scambio termico e riducendo, in tal modo, il consumo di azoto liquido. Anche il sistema di carica ha subito delle modifiche per diminuire l’incertezza del titolo nel caso di miscele. Si è creato, così come per l’apparato isocorico, un sistema di sottovuoto che consente in più riprese di recuperare e pesare la massa persa. Anche questo apparato è stato ripetutamente testato con gas noti, per poter validare le prove effettuate. Per quanto riguarda l'impianto frigorifero sperimentale, dopo averlo rimesso in funzione, si sono valutate le prestazioni frigorifere del ciclo in cascata, operante con CO2 e, successivamente, con miscele di CO2+R23 nel ciclo di bassa temperatura. Sia per il controllo della valvola di laminazione che per il carico termico nell'utilizzatore si è scelto di utilizzare il controllo PID, che ha lo scopo di simulare il comportamento di una cella frigorifera per la surgelazione degli alimenti. Per migliorare l'impianto sperimentale, si è inserito un misuratore di portata volumetrico sul ciclo di alta temperatura, previa modifica del software Labview, che elabora i dati acquisiti dall’impianto, e si è inserito nel ciclo di bassa temperatura un sistema di bypass, che consente di recuperare l'olio in circolo anche durante il transitorio, in cui l'impianto funziona in modo parzializzato .
The activity of the PhD research focused on the study of thermophysical properties and performance of new refrigerants and their mixtures with low environmental impact. This study was carried out using three different experimental set-ups: the isochoric apparatus, the apparatus SLE and experimental refrigeration system operating with a cycle cascade. The isochoric apparatus allows to find the P-V-T points of a gas or of a mixture both in the biphasic region and in superheated steam. The use of two thermostatic bath with silicone oils with different viscosities allows to study a range of temperatures ranging from -50 ° C to 100 ° C. It was immediately studied the new refrigerant R1234yf, which has replaced R134a in the car air conditioning, due to its low GWP value, in line with the new European directives. Data weren’t present in the literature yet, so results were published and subsequently confirmed by other studies. We subsequently turned to the study of thermophysical properties of the mixture R1234yf-CO2, and then we tested the other isomer and the mixture R1234ze R1234ze-CO2. The results were always compared with data from Refprop, the equation of Wagner in the biphasic region and the state equation of Martin-Hou in the region of superheated steam. The charging system has undergone changes to decrease the uncertainty due to estimation of the lost mass, the weak point of isochoric apparatus. A vacuum system was created to recover and weigh the loss mass in stages, so you can replace the previous estimate with a certain degree. The plant has been repeatedly tested with known gases, in order to validate the tests performed. The apparatus SLE allows to determine the melting point of the refrigerant gases and their mixtures, which were very low, requiring the use of liquid nitrogen. First, we found the triple point of the following fluids: - four hydro-olefin 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene, R1234yf, trans-1, 3,3,3 tetrafluoropropene, R1234ze (E), 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, R1234zf, 1.2, 3,3,3-pentafluoropropene, R1225ye (Z); - Five derivatives of propane-eptafluoropropano 1,1,1,2,3,3,3, R227ea; 1,1,1,3,3,3- exafluoropropano R236fa, 1,1,2,3,3,3 - exafluoropropano R236ea, 1,1,2,2,3- Pentafluoropropane, R245ca, 1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane, R245fa; - Three derivatives of the methane fluorometano, R41, and the Difluoromethane, R32, and the trifluoromethane, R23; - The four derivatives of ethane pentafluoroethane R125, 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane, R134a, 1,1,1,-trifluoroethane, R143a, 1.1-difluoroethane, R152a; - Mixtures: R1234yf-CO2, N2O and CO2-R1234ze + R41. Regarding the latter, the results were adjusted, where necessary, by the method of Rossini and interpreted using the equation of Schröder. The system was optimized by eliminating the internal copper coil that wrapped the measuring cell and placing the liquid nitrogen directly in contact with the measuring cell, thus improving heat transfer and reducing consumption of nitrogen liquid. The charging system has been modified to decrease the uncertainty of the title in the case of mixtures. As well as for the isochoric apparatus a vacuum system was created in order to allow more shots to recover and weigh the lost mass. Although this apparatus has been repeatedly tested with known gases in order to validate the tests Regarding the experimental refrigeration plant, after put it back in operation, we evaluated the performance of the refrigeration cycle cascade operating with CO2 and then with mixtures of CO2 + R23 in low temperature cycle. For the control both of valve laminating and of heat load we have chosen to use PID control, which aims to simulate the behavior of a refrigerator for freezing food. To improve the experimental plant, we used a volumetric flow meter on the high temperature cycle, after change of Labview software, which processes the data acquired from the plant, and we inserted a bypass system in the low temperature cycle; this system allows to recover the oil in circulation during the transition, in which the device operates in a partial load
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5

Barbaresi, Luca <1977&gt. "Valutazione in opera ed in laboratorio della trasmissione laterale nelle tipologie edilizie italiane." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/882/1/Tesi_Barbaresi_Luca.pdf.

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L’attività di ricerca del dottorando è stata rivolta allo studio della trasmissione del rumore per via strutturale negli edifici. Questo argomento e' di notevole interesse sia fondamentale che applicativo. Il fenomeno e le problematiche ad essa connesse contribuiscono alla diminuzione delle prestazioni fonoisolanti, sia per le strutture verticali (usualmente valutate rispetto al rumore aereo), sia per quelle orizzontali (valutate anche rispetto al rumore impattivo) ed è tipico degli edifici con struttura portante a telaio e tamponatura in laterizi. Si tratta delle tipiche tipologie edilizie italiane, per le quali il problema risulta amplificato rispetto ad altre tipologie. La metodologia di studio è stata di tipo sperimentale. La scelta è dettata sia dall’insufficiente avanzamento dello stato dell’arte dei metodi di calcolo teorici, o delle loro versioni numeriche, sia dalla necessità di disporre di dati certi da confrontare con i valori forniti dai metodi previsionali semplificati indicati nelle norme UNI (modello CEN); infatti queste ultime sono un recepimento letterale di quelle europee, sebbene esse si basino su tipologie costruttive, materiali e tecniche di realizzazione differenti da quelle comunemente in uso in Italia; da qui la difformità di risultati tra formule previsionali e misurazioni sperimentali. Al fine di realizzare uno studio completo delle principali casistiche della trasmissione laterale sono state utilizzate 6 configurazioni in scala reale, con elementi edilizi diversamente collegati fra loro in modo da simulare i nodi strutturali comunemente realizzati negli edifici. La parte sperimentale della ricerca è stata svolta presso le “Camere Acustiche di Prova” del Laboratorio del Lazzaretto “R. Alessi” del DIENCA. Oltre alle usuali misurazioni di isolamento acustico, sono state eseguite numerose misurazioni di vibrazione. Infatti, dal confronto dei livelli di velocità di vibrazione dei diversi elementi di una struttura, rigidamente connessi, è possibile determinare l’indice di riduzione delle vibrazioni Kij che è la grandezza chiave per modellizzare il fenomeno della trasmissione laterale. La possibilità di determinare sperimentalmente tali valori nel contesto di un lavoro di ricerca finalizzato a determinare i meccanismi di propagazione delle vibrazioni nelle strutture, permette di valutare la precisione delle formule previsionali del modello CEN e di proporne varianti e integrazioni. I valori di Kij così determinati assumono grande importanza anche in fase di progetto, fornendo dati attendibili da utilizzare per la progettazione acustica degli edifici.
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Barbaresi, Luca <1977&gt. "Valutazione in opera ed in laboratorio della trasmissione laterale nelle tipologie edilizie italiane." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2008. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/882/.

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L’attività di ricerca del dottorando è stata rivolta allo studio della trasmissione del rumore per via strutturale negli edifici. Questo argomento e' di notevole interesse sia fondamentale che applicativo. Il fenomeno e le problematiche ad essa connesse contribuiscono alla diminuzione delle prestazioni fonoisolanti, sia per le strutture verticali (usualmente valutate rispetto al rumore aereo), sia per quelle orizzontali (valutate anche rispetto al rumore impattivo) ed è tipico degli edifici con struttura portante a telaio e tamponatura in laterizi. Si tratta delle tipiche tipologie edilizie italiane, per le quali il problema risulta amplificato rispetto ad altre tipologie. La metodologia di studio è stata di tipo sperimentale. La scelta è dettata sia dall’insufficiente avanzamento dello stato dell’arte dei metodi di calcolo teorici, o delle loro versioni numeriche, sia dalla necessità di disporre di dati certi da confrontare con i valori forniti dai metodi previsionali semplificati indicati nelle norme UNI (modello CEN); infatti queste ultime sono un recepimento letterale di quelle europee, sebbene esse si basino su tipologie costruttive, materiali e tecniche di realizzazione differenti da quelle comunemente in uso in Italia; da qui la difformità di risultati tra formule previsionali e misurazioni sperimentali. Al fine di realizzare uno studio completo delle principali casistiche della trasmissione laterale sono state utilizzate 6 configurazioni in scala reale, con elementi edilizi diversamente collegati fra loro in modo da simulare i nodi strutturali comunemente realizzati negli edifici. La parte sperimentale della ricerca è stata svolta presso le “Camere Acustiche di Prova” del Laboratorio del Lazzaretto “R. Alessi” del DIENCA. Oltre alle usuali misurazioni di isolamento acustico, sono state eseguite numerose misurazioni di vibrazione. Infatti, dal confronto dei livelli di velocità di vibrazione dei diversi elementi di una struttura, rigidamente connessi, è possibile determinare l’indice di riduzione delle vibrazioni Kij che è la grandezza chiave per modellizzare il fenomeno della trasmissione laterale. La possibilità di determinare sperimentalmente tali valori nel contesto di un lavoro di ricerca finalizzato a determinare i meccanismi di propagazione delle vibrazioni nelle strutture, permette di valutare la precisione delle formule previsionali del modello CEN e di proporne varianti e integrazioni. I valori di Kij così determinati assumono grande importanza anche in fase di progetto, fornendo dati attendibili da utilizzare per la progettazione acustica degli edifici.
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Durvilli, Ilaria <1978&gt. "La modellazione 3D per la qualità acustica ed illuminotecnica della Basilica di San Vitale a Ravenna: ricostruzione archeologica-musicale del canto liturgico in Epoca Bizantina." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2247/1/DURVILLI_ILARIA_TESI.pdf.

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Durvilli, Ilaria <1978&gt. "La modellazione 3D per la qualità acustica ed illuminotecnica della Basilica di San Vitale a Ravenna: ricostruzione archeologica-musicale del canto liturgico in Epoca Bizantina." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2009. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/2247/.

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Policardi, Franco <1963&gt. "Accurate measurement, analysis and new graphic binaural implementation of the acoustic parameters in theatres and concert halls." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3138/1/TESI_DOTTORATO_VERS_FINALE.pdf.

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Policardi, Franco <1963&gt. "Accurate measurement, analysis and new graphic binaural implementation of the acoustic parameters in theatres and concert halls." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2010. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3138/.

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Marinosci, Cosimo <1974&gt. "Dynamic thermal performance of building components and application to the experimental and theoretical analysis of a ventilated façade." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3556/1/PhD_thesis_C_Marinosci.pdf.

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The general aim of this work is to contribute to the energy performance assessment of ventilated façades by the simultaneous use of experimental data and numerical simulations. A significant amount of experimental work was done on different types of ventilated façades with natural ventilation. The measurements were taken on a test building. The external walls of this tower are rainscreen ventilated façades. Ventilation grills are located at the top and at the bottom of the tower. In this work the modelling of the test building using a dynamic thermal simulation program (ESP-r) is presented and the main results discussed. In order to investigate the best summer thermal performance of rainscreen ventilated skin façade a study for different setups of rainscreen walls was made. In particular, influences of ventilation grills, air cavity thickness, skin colour, skin material, orientation of façade were investigated. It is shown that some types of rainscreen ventilated façade typologies are capable of lowering the cooling energy demand of a few percent points.
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Marinosci, Cosimo <1974&gt. "Dynamic thermal performance of building components and application to the experimental and theoretical analysis of a ventilated façade." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3556/.

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The general aim of this work is to contribute to the energy performance assessment of ventilated façades by the simultaneous use of experimental data and numerical simulations. A significant amount of experimental work was done on different types of ventilated façades with natural ventilation. The measurements were taken on a test building. The external walls of this tower are rainscreen ventilated façades. Ventilation grills are located at the top and at the bottom of the tower. In this work the modelling of the test building using a dynamic thermal simulation program (ESP-r) is presented and the main results discussed. In order to investigate the best summer thermal performance of rainscreen ventilated skin façade a study for different setups of rainscreen walls was made. In particular, influences of ventilation grills, air cavity thickness, skin colour, skin material, orientation of façade were investigated. It is shown that some types of rainscreen ventilated façade typologies are capable of lowering the cooling energy demand of a few percent points.
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D’Orazio, Dario <1978&gt. "The effective duration of the autocorrelation function of a sound signal: calculation methods, relationship with cognitive models and relevance on the subjective preference theory." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3815/2/dario_dorazio_tesi.pdf.

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D’Orazio, Dario <1978&gt. "The effective duration of the autocorrelation function of a sound signal: calculation methods, relationship with cognitive models and relevance on the subjective preference theory." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3815/.

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De, Cesaris Simona <1985&gt. "A new method for the estimation of the reverberation time from measured room impulse responses with application to Italian opera houses." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6410/1/DeCesaris_Simona_tesi.pdf.

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The Schroeder's backward integration method is the most used method to extract the decay curve of an acoustic impulse response and to calculate the reverberation time from this curve. In the literature the limits and the possible improvements of this method are widely discussed. In this work a new method is proposed for the evaluation of the energy decay curve. The new method has been implemented in a Matlab toolbox. Its performance has been tested versus the most accredited literature method. The values of EDT and reverberation time extracted from the energy decay curves calculated with both methods have been compared in terms of the values themselves and in terms of their statistical representativeness. The main case study consists of nine Italian historical theatres in which acoustical measurements were performed. The comparison of the two extraction methods has also been applied to a critical case, i.e. the structural impulse responses of some building elements. The comparison underlines that both methods return a comparable value of the T30. Decreasing the range of evaluation, they reveal increasing differences; in particular, the main differences are in the first part of the decay, where the EDT is evaluated. This is a consequence of the fact that the new method returns a “locally" defined energy decay curve, whereas the Schroeder's method accumulates energy from the tail to the beginning of the impulse response. Another characteristic of the new method for the energy decay extraction curve is its independence on the background noise estimation. Finally, a statistical analysis is performed on the T30 and EDT values calculated from the impulse responses measurements in the Italian historical theatres. The aim of this evaluation is to know whether a subset of measurements could be considered representative for a complete characterization of these opera houses.
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De, Cesaris Simona <1985&gt. "A new method for the estimation of the reverberation time from measured room impulse responses with application to Italian opera houses." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6410/.

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The Schroeder's backward integration method is the most used method to extract the decay curve of an acoustic impulse response and to calculate the reverberation time from this curve. In the literature the limits and the possible improvements of this method are widely discussed. In this work a new method is proposed for the evaluation of the energy decay curve. The new method has been implemented in a Matlab toolbox. Its performance has been tested versus the most accredited literature method. The values of EDT and reverberation time extracted from the energy decay curves calculated with both methods have been compared in terms of the values themselves and in terms of their statistical representativeness. The main case study consists of nine Italian historical theatres in which acoustical measurements were performed. The comparison of the two extraction methods has also been applied to a critical case, i.e. the structural impulse responses of some building elements. The comparison underlines that both methods return a comparable value of the T30. Decreasing the range of evaluation, they reveal increasing differences; in particular, the main differences are in the first part of the decay, where the EDT is evaluated. This is a consequence of the fact that the new method returns a “locally" defined energy decay curve, whereas the Schroeder's method accumulates energy from the tail to the beginning of the impulse response. Another characteristic of the new method for the energy decay extraction curve is its independence on the background noise estimation. Finally, a statistical analysis is performed on the T30 and EDT values calculated from the impulse responses measurements in the Italian historical theatres. The aim of this evaluation is to know whether a subset of measurements could be considered representative for a complete characterization of these opera houses.
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17

Mousli, Kindah <1982&gt. "Optimize Natural Ventilation and Thermal Mass in Residential Buildings to Achieve Thermal Comfort and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Hot Dry Climate." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7469/1/Kindah_Mousli_PHD.pdf.

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Using natural phenomena to reach indoor comfort has been known since early time and the oldest heritage architecture‘s and engineering of Middle East region, which has responded with such phenomena as well very good solutions special for hot-dry region (height temperature and radiation at summer and big variation between day and night temperature also between the hot summer and cool winter). This Architecture realized inside its houses optimum comfortable temperatures throughout nearly all the days of the yearlong. That was through equating with the volume adopting and the space taming with the different natural elements forces of the sun, atmosphere and climate as all which is common in these days as passive design strategies and reducing energy consumption . This research investigate the thermal mass and natural ventilation for traditional house (hot-dry region in Damascus) that gives high energy efficiency in providing cool indoor air through ventilation (single sided , cross ventilation) and envelope behavior, with the procedures of measurements combined with simulation program model, to improve Middle East new residential buildings through utilize combination of passive cooling and heating techniques. Natural ventilation in traditional building coupled with effects of massive construction and design assemble, provide thermal comfort (temperature control) over interior condition. This strategies are utilized to conserve energy in a hot-dry climate specially on middle east region as Damascus and other cities which have comfort traditional houses . The modern template applied by simulation program for traditional heating and cooling technique achieves thermal comfort related to occupant behavior and reduces energy consumption for new apartment of about 30-45% reduction of energy needs at Damascus, 20-35% at Cairo and 15-30% also at very hot dry climate as Riyadh.
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Mousli, Kindah <1982&gt. "Optimize Natural Ventilation and Thermal Mass in Residential Buildings to Achieve Thermal Comfort and Reduction of Energy Consumption in Hot Dry Climate." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7469/.

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Using natural phenomena to reach indoor comfort has been known since early time and the oldest heritage architecture‘s and engineering of Middle East region, which has responded with such phenomena as well very good solutions special for hot-dry region (height temperature and radiation at summer and big variation between day and night temperature also between the hot summer and cool winter). This Architecture realized inside its houses optimum comfortable temperatures throughout nearly all the days of the yearlong. That was through equating with the volume adopting and the space taming with the different natural elements forces of the sun, atmosphere and climate as all which is common in these days as passive design strategies and reducing energy consumption . This research investigate the thermal mass and natural ventilation for traditional house (hot-dry region in Damascus) that gives high energy efficiency in providing cool indoor air through ventilation (single sided , cross ventilation) and envelope behavior, with the procedures of measurements combined with simulation program model, to improve Middle East new residential buildings through utilize combination of passive cooling and heating techniques. Natural ventilation in traditional building coupled with effects of massive construction and design assemble, provide thermal comfort (temperature control) over interior condition. This strategies are utilized to conserve energy in a hot-dry climate specially on middle east region as Damascus and other cities which have comfort traditional houses . The modern template applied by simulation program for traditional heating and cooling technique achieves thermal comfort related to occupant behavior and reduces energy consumption for new apartment of about 30-45% reduction of energy needs at Damascus, 20-35% at Cairo and 15-30% also at very hot dry climate as Riyadh.
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19

Morandi, Federica <1987&gt. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation into Stop-Band Properties of Sonic Crystals." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7652/1/PhDthesis_Morandi.pdf.

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The present work explores the theoretical basis of sound propagation through periodic media and provides experimental evidences of stop-band properties of sonic crystals, periodic arrays of scatterers immersed in air. In order to investigate the sound field generated by sonic crystals, three theoretical models are used. The band structures are analysed with the Plane Wave Expansion method, while the Multiple Scattering Theory is used to calculate the magnitude of the scattered sound field. The Finite Element analysis is used for both purposes and to provide a stronger bond between the calculations of the theoretical models and the experimental results. Experimental measurement campaigns are performed at the Open University, Milton Keynes (UK) and at the University of Bologna. The two laboratories offer different testing facilities, respectively an anechoic chamber and a large industrial hall. Three square unit cells are analysed, varying the lattice constant and/or the filling fraction in order to provide a correlation between the two experimental setups. Measurements are performed to assess the characteristics of the sound field transmitted and reflected from the arrays, posing a special attention to the contribution of side and top edge diffraction. The evanescent behaviour of modes inside the lattice has been investigated by carrying out Impulse Response measurements inside the crystal and testing, with an intensity probe, the components of the sound field that exit the crystal in the two main directions. Finally, standardised indices are calculated that allow to compare the screening performance of sonic crystals to those of common noise barriers. All measurements setups report coherent results among them and with respect to the theoretical calculations, representing a solid platform for further developments.
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20

Morandi, Federica <1987&gt. "Theoretical and Experimental Investigation into Stop-Band Properties of Sonic Crystals." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2016. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7652/.

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The present work explores the theoretical basis of sound propagation through periodic media and provides experimental evidences of stop-band properties of sonic crystals, periodic arrays of scatterers immersed in air. In order to investigate the sound field generated by sonic crystals, three theoretical models are used. The band structures are analysed with the Plane Wave Expansion method, while the Multiple Scattering Theory is used to calculate the magnitude of the scattered sound field. The Finite Element analysis is used for both purposes and to provide a stronger bond between the calculations of the theoretical models and the experimental results. Experimental measurement campaigns are performed at the Open University, Milton Keynes (UK) and at the University of Bologna. The two laboratories offer different testing facilities, respectively an anechoic chamber and a large industrial hall. Three square unit cells are analysed, varying the lattice constant and/or the filling fraction in order to provide a correlation between the two experimental setups. Measurements are performed to assess the characteristics of the sound field transmitted and reflected from the arrays, posing a special attention to the contribution of side and top edge diffraction. The evanescent behaviour of modes inside the lattice has been investigated by carrying out Impulse Response measurements inside the crystal and testing, with an intensity probe, the components of the sound field that exit the crystal in the two main directions. Finally, standardised indices are calculated that allow to compare the screening performance of sonic crystals to those of common noise barriers. All measurements setups report coherent results among them and with respect to the theoretical calculations, representing a solid platform for further developments.
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21

Fratoni, Giulia <1990&gt. "Standardization of procedures and calculation models for the numerical simulation of acoustics of enclosed spaces." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/9961/1/Giulia_Fratoni_tesi.pdf.

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The present work is an exploration of the feasibility and the accuracy of a hybrid FDTD/GA simulation model when applied to broadband acoustic simulations of large-scale environments. The model selected, which has been developed by the Acoustics and Audio Group research team of the University of Edinburgh (UK), combines a wave-based method, a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) code, with a traditional GA approach, the ray-tracing method. During the investigation, the attention is focussed on the possibilities recently achieved in the wave-based part of the model thanks to the increasing computational power and to new efficient algorithms adopted. The present thesis concerns the method employed to test and assess these new potentials through various application contexts. Moreover, a thorough analysis of the most significant factors affecting the simulation process is carried out with specific assessments of the outcomes. A sample of four large environments is employed in this study, each one of them for specific peculiar reasons: a traditional opera house, a modern theatre, a multipurpose elliptical hall, and a historical university lecture hall. All the simulation process steps and the method adopted to validate the models are reported and described in detail: the 3D modeling phase, the input data, the setting of proper calculation parameters, the time cost, and the acoustic metrics considered time by time in the halls assessed. The thesis allows defining an objective benchmark between the state-of-art of acoustic simulation in medium and large-scale environments and the new advances allowed by recent research in wave-based methods. Finally, the work outlines theoretical and practical remarks on the effectiveness of the hybrid simulation method adopted, enhancing the existing scientific literature with further data and case studies for an increasingly thorough benchmark of computational acoustics techniques.
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Impiombato, Andrea Natale <1990&gt. "Geometric optimization of complex thermal-fluid dynamic system by means of constructal design." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/10056/1/Andrea_Impiombato.pdf.

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In this work the Constructal Theory is exposed in its generality, trying to approach it through examples mostly of a physical-engineering nature. Constructal Theory proposes to see living bodies as elements subject to constraints, which are built with a goal, an objective, which is to obtain maximum efficiency. Constructal Theory is characterized by Constructal Law, which states that if a system has the freedom to morph it develops over time a flow architecture that provides easier access to the currents that pass through it. The Constructal Law is as general as the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics, but it has a very different purpose which makes it unique and complementary to those laws. While the First Law points to the conservation of energy, both the Constructal Law and the Second Law point to change, that is, to a direction in time. Contrary to the Second Law, the Constructal Law applies to systems that are out of balance, that is, to systems that evolve over time. While the second law deals with state variables, the Constructal Law combines flows and design. The thesis continues with the application of the Constructal Theory for a cardiac bypass shape optimization. Through the Constructal Theory the constraints under which the system is free to morph are defined and, through the classical engineering optimization processes (numerical simulations and optimization algorithms) the optimum conditions are defined, i.e., those conditions that guarantee the minimum resistance to the passage of the fluid. The characterization of the blood flow was an important step in the study of this system, as the heartbeat induces a pulsed regime inside the veins. Therefore, the simulations conducted in transient regime consider the deformed velocity profile according to the conditions dictated by the pressure gradient established by the heartbeat.
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23

Schulte, Emily Christine <1993&gt. "Streamlining explanatory variables for household decision-making of low-carbon technologies (LCT) into a coherent decision framework." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/16651.

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Around the world, strategies are put in place to facilitate the adoption of low-carbon technologies (LCT) on the household level, yet, individual decision-making is complex. Despite information about driver and barrier related to adoption decisions for specific LCTs is abundant, its usefulness for understanding household adoption decisions is limited, because studies lack theoretical coherence and results are fragmented. This thesis aims to develop a decision framework by deriving universal mechanisms governing household adoption behavior from literature. First, related theoretical concepts are merged to a theoretical decision framework. Following an inductive approach, explanatory variables utilized in studies on decision-making concerning exemplary LCTs are clustered to superordinate explanatory variables (SEV) in the framework structure. Focussing on behavioral studies only, key SEVs, their interrelations and dynamics are analysed and combined in a practical decision framework. In the framework, the expression of general dispositions in a decision unit, and the expression of LCT traits in a technology are combined to explain behavioral driver and barrier which are predictive of behavior. A construct of hypothesis proposes explicit effects of specific general dispositions and LCT traits on behavioral driver and barrier in a functional (personal-functional), normative (environmental) and symbolic (social interaction) dimension. From a practical viewpoint, the framework offers a starting point for consumer-specific intervention strategies directly targeting general dispositions or LCT traits to enhance drivers or reduce barriers for adoption. Yet it doesn’t offer explanations as to why decision units enter the decision process, and future confirmatory research is needed to empirically test the proposed decision framework.
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Khan, Muhammad Attiq <1994&gt. "Extreme Value analysis of Annual mean Rianfall of Data from 28 stations of Pakistan from Period 1985 to 2016." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/20750.

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The climate of earth has been changing with time, over million of years and mostly in the previous two centuries with the involvement of greenhouse effect, which has put the climate on stake in an unprecedented level. Change of solar cycle patterns, atmospheric changes, impacts of El-Nino southern oscillation (ENSO), sea ice extent changes, natural biosphere variability are the reasons that show the evidence of both external and internal references to change and variability. The different earth components are also subjected to show the variation in response to all these variability. The surface air temperature has increased around 2.9°C in Boreal Asia over the last century. The nations located in Asia subjected to the greenhouse and climate change effects are expected to have more shift patterns of floods, storms, droughts and also the increase in sea level rise. The historical evidences of these region show that they are more vulnerable to the variation in monsoons, tropical cyclones and El-Nino southern oscillation
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Pieratti, Elisa. "Biomass gasification in small scale plants: experimental and modelling analysis." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2011. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/528/1/thesis_Elisa__Pieratti.pdf.

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The technologies for the use of biomass as an energy source are not always environmental friendly process: wood combustion, for example, can be a rather a dirty process that causes the release in air of several dangerous compounds. For those reasons it is important to develop approaches aimed at the use of biomass in a cleanest way, avoiding, whenever possible, direct combustion of solid biomass and, rather, pursuing fuel upgrade processes allowing a better combustion or direct conversion to electricity through fuel cells. The products originating from the gasification process mainly comprise a mixture of the permanent gases CO, CO2, H2 and CH4, steam, char, tars and ash. The raw synthesis gas needs to be cleaned from tars before it may be upgraded to other commodities. In most cases if tars deposit on the catalyst surface it will block the active sites i.e., carbon acts as catalyst poison. Furthermore, tars in the raw gas can also cause corrosion and blockage of pipes in downstream process equipment. One of the main challenges in biomass gasification is the minimization of tar content in the product gas in combination with optimization of the gas composition. That is, to reduce the tar content as much as possible and to increase the permanent gases. In this context, it is especially interesting the development of technologies for syngas production (i.e. synthesis gas) through biomass gasification and for syngas utilization in fuel cells system, in order to produce energy from renewable resources. In detail the SOFCs (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) work at high temperatures, and can be fed with different type of fuels, such as methane, carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Thus, the syngas produced by means of biomass gasification, seems to be a suitable fuel for this kind of cells. This chance is particularly interesting, considering that small and medium size conversion plant technologies could be integrated in a distributed energy generation model that is expected to increase its diffusion. The aim of the present project is to verify the possibility of coupling a biomass gasifier with a SOFC for energy production. The use of steam as gasifying agent increases the syngas heating value in comparison with the use of air, since its nitrogen content cause a dilution of the obtained gaseous fuel. Moreover, another beneficial effect in using water steam, is the increase of the H2 percentage up to 50 % in volume. A high hydrogen concentration is kindly recommended if the final aim is to feed a fuel cell. However, the disadvantages of the steam gasification are the lower steam reactivity, comparing with the oxygen one, and the decreasing of the temperature inside the reactor due to the endothermicity of the main reactions. Thus, it is necessary to supply indirectly the heat of reaction. In fluidized bed gasifiers, the bed material acts as solid heat carriers and often provides the heat from char combustion; however fixed bed gasifier are more suitable for small scale application, especially when biomass is used as feedstock . In the first part of this project a small scale (semi continuous, fixed-bed) gasifier has been designed and built. The syngas composition produced has been analyzed and the hydrogen concentration was approximately 60%. In a second stage the plant has been modified in a continuous fixed-bed gasifier, to perform long test duration. The gas composition slightly changes, even if anyway exploitable in fuel cell. Between the gasifier and the fuel cell, a gas cleaning stage has been foreseen. A catalyst is needed for tar cracking. A series of air-gasification tests have been run in a fluidized bed gasifier to test two different catalysts: dolomite and iron. The results on tar concentrations have confirmed the higher efficiency of dolomite in tar cracking. Then, a catalytic filter filled with dolomite has been placed after the fixed bed gasifier for tar abatement. Finally, some tests coupling the gasifier with a solid oxide fuel cells stack have been run. The temperature field measured during the experimental activity by some K-thermocouples has been elaborated to estimate an apparent thermal conductivity coefficient to be used in a 2D model for heat transfer simulation; moreover the data on the syngas composition have been used to test the reliability of a thermo chemical equilibrium model previously developed. The agreement between the output of the equilibrium model and the experimental data is not satisfying. The main problems are the prediction of the residual solid carbon phase and the methane estimation. It is known that the methane prediction it is a difficult task, because it is mainly formed by tars cracking, and thus it is not an equilibrium compound. Several authors have already faced the problem of methane estimation modifying the model with different approaches. In this work, the experimental data have been used to tune up the model, considering the residual solid carbon formed by means of the definition of a parameter called “carbon conversion efficiency”. The accuracy between the thermodynamic equilibrium model and the experimental values significantly improves if the percentage of solid phase is considered. A second modification has been introduced to take into account the moles of carbon and hydrogen which contribute to the methane formation. A better agreement between the experimental results and the output of the modified model has been observed. The experimental campaign shows that steam gasification represents an interesting pathway for the biomass utilization, because it leads to a high quality effluent gas, suitable for feeding solid oxide fuel cells. The proposed modified equilibrium model seems to be a useful engineering tool, as the syngas composition measured is not so far from the thermodynamic predictions.
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Prada, Alessandro. "Energy Performance of Buildings: Modeling of Dynamic Summer Behavior." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2012. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/770/1/Prada_Alessandro.pdf.

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In Europe about one third of total annual energy consumption is used in both residential and commercial buildings. In many countries already a building regulation exists to ensure the reduction of energy needs for DHW and space heating. Hence, the interest in reducing summer energy demand has grown in the last few years. The summer behavior of buildings is mostly non-stationary and, therefore, the reliability of simple quasi steady state model predictions can not be taken for granted. Since detailed hourly energy simulations emulate the dynamic interaction between environment, building structure, occupants and indoor conditions, they have the potential to provide relevant information about the building summer behavior and to indicate the possible conservation measures for the reduction of energy consumptions. However, one of the limits for the application of enhanced simulation methods, that sometimes can undermine the reliability of their results, is the difficulty to gather reliable input data. Moreover, if dynamic simulation are used in order to compare different choices, decisions are often suboptimal because of the insufficient knowledge of data that has a large consequence on results. Consequently, in order to broaden the use of building simulation in the design process, it is essentially to clarify some aspects. For instance, one of the biggest objection versus the use of detailed procedure is: "to what extent these methods are meaningful if input data are not reliable?" For this reason, the emphasis of this thesis is on the uncertainties of model predictions. In particular, the research is divided in two parts: the investigation of climate issues and the uncertainty analysis of heat transfer estimation, especially for massive wall. The purpose of the research is to support AE in the choice of the characteristics to which the model predictions are more sensitive. In fact, the results of sensitivity and uncertainty analyzes allow to know the robustness of simulation models and make AE aware if the wrong specifications can lead to uncertain results.
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Bee, Elena. "Heat pump and photovoltaic systems in residential applications - Performance, potential, and control of the system." Doctoral thesis, University of Trento, 2019. http://eprints-phd.biblio.unitn.it/3793/1/Bee_Elena_PhD_Thesis.pdf.

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Air-source heat pumps coupled with photovoltaic systems are going to be a more and more promising technology, as its widespread application in residential houses will help achieving the decarbonisation of the building sector, which is strongly promoted by the European Union. The aspects that inspire confidence for this solution are that: i) the average quality of heat pumps has recently improved; ii) new and renovated buildings, with well insulated envelopes, are more suitable for low-temperature heating systems; iii) photovoltaic modules price is significantly decreased and still shows a diminishing trend; iv) the share of the electricity production from renewable sources is progressively increasing, making the use of electricity more ecologically favourable and v) heat pump and photovoltaic systems can make the residential sector flexible and ready to face the changes in the electricity system. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the manifold relationships between the building, the HVAC system and the boundary conditions, as well as the interaction of this system with the electricity grid. The work is almost entirely based on the dynamic simulation, which is performed by using more or less detailed models, depending on the objective of the single study. The heat pump is a crucial element, since its behaviour is influenced by many factors. Therefore, particular attention is pointed toward the modelling of this component and its control. The general approach mainly adopted is the comparison between a reference system, defined case by case, and other similar scenarios in which one or more variations are introduced. Since different aspects are investigated, the variations can concern either the system component (building and HVAC system), the boundary conditions or the control strategy. In particular, one of the studies provide an extensive analysis on how the climate impacts the behaviour of the system, involving nine European cities in a wide range of latitude. The role of the thermal storage (water tank and building thermal mass) is also studied, showing that its potential is exploited only when it is properly controlled. The last part of the thesis focuses on the system control, which influences the system performance more than expected. Despite this, the benefits of applying the proposed smart control strategies are not as great as those deriving from the addition of the electrical storage, in a system in which only the thermal storage is present. Even better results can be obtained by applying control strategies that also manage the battery charging/discharging. A general conclusion is that rule-based control strategies would be cheap and e↵ective; however, they require a tailored implementation and their development for the mass-market is not easy.
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COCCIARINI, MONIA. "Environmental sustainability of planned large crowd gathering events; a few case studies in the Marche Region." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242847.

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La sostenibilità ambientale degli eventi a larga partecipazione di persone è un processo specifico che include tematiche ambientali, economiche e sociali. Un grande evento è, infatti, una situazione straordinaria che può cambiare il normale sistema sociale di una comunità di persone, pertanto è molto importante pianificarne le conseguenze ambientali per prevenire situazioni di criticità e per garantire la sicurezza dei partecipanti e dei residenti. Vengono studiati con la ricerca due eventi: (1) il 25° Congresso Eucaristico Nazionale tenutosi ad Ancona dal 4 all’11 settembre 2011 e (2) il Campionato del Mondo ORC di Vela d’Altura, tenutosi ad Ancona dal 21 al 29 giugno 2013. Per il primo, è stata eseguita un’analisi di dati ambientali (prima, durante e dopo l'evento) con l'uso di strumenti specifici in grado di misurare tutte le interazioni tra uomo e ambiente, la qualità dell'aria, la produzione di rifiuti, il consumo di energia, così da analizzare tutte le modifiche sull'ambiente collegate all'evento stesso. Poi sono state utilizzate le analisi Carbon Footprint e LCA per identificare i problemi ambientali causati dal grande evento e gli obiettivi ambientali al fine di trovare soluzioni sostenibili per il successivo caso studio. Il secondo evento è stato quindi analizzato con uno standard specifico per la gestione di eventi, EBI 2012, edito dal Rina e dalla Società EcoCongress. Inoltre è stato preparato un questionario per capire quanto è importante la tutela ambientale per chi ha partecipato al Mondiale di Vela ORC. Le risposte sono state utili per analizzare la sensibilità ambientale, il comportamento e le idee dei partecipanti al campionato del mondo.
Environmental sustainability of major events is a specific process that includes environmental, economic and social tips. A major event is an extraordinary situation that can change normal social system of a community of people. By the way, it is very important to plan major events environmental consequences to prevent any case of crisis and to ensure resident and participants safety. The research studies two major events (1) the 25th Eucharistic National Congress held in Ancona from 4th to 11st of September 2011 and (2) the ORC World Championship, held in Ancona from 21st to 29th June 2013. For the first one, the analysis follows the environmental data of the event (before, during and after the event) with the use of specific instruments that can measure all interactions between humans and environment, air quality, waste production, energy consumption in order to analyze all the modifications on the environment connected to the event. Then the Carbon Footprint was measured and LCA analysis was used to identify environmental problems caused by the event, value environmental goals and find sustainable solutions for the next event. The second case study is analyzed with a specific standard about events management, EBI 2012 by Rina and EcoCongress. Finally, a questionnaire to understand how much sensitivity about environment during events is in the participants was prepared. The answers have been used to analyze sensitivity, environmental behavior and ideas of the participants during the world championship.
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CATTANI, Lucia. "L'edificio energeticamente sostenibile : verifiche energetiche, strategie per la raccolta dati e tecniche d'intervento per edifici esistenti." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/83.

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BORRELLI, Martina. "Dalla riqualificazione energetica degli edifici esistenti agli edifici ad energia quasi zero: Set-up, misure sperimentali, divario delle prestazioni e modellazione numerica." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Bergamo, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10446/178720.

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MUTTILLO, MIRCO. "Energy efficiency of photovoltaic panel." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11697/147991.

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The need to increase the share of electricity produced from renewable resources has pushed the installation of photovoltaic systems. Solar sources in recent years have experienced strong growth both in terms of investments and installations. In fact, in 2018, solar energy had a global generation capacity of 43% compared to all other power generation technologies. In the coming years, the use of solar energy will grow rapidly, especially for use in different applications. Therefore, studying the behavior of photovoltaic panels and having a model that accurately describes their behavior is essential for the design of the system. Furthermore, increasing the efficiency of the panel in anomalous conditions such as defects, breaks or partial shading is essential. As described, the doctoral thesis is focused on increasing the efficiency of the panels, on the modeling of photovoltaic panels and on the preliminary study of the causes of loss of efficiency and power produced by finding solutions through monitoring systems and applications for reconfigurable panels. After the introduction of the photovoltaic panels, the thesis is followed by a chapter dedicated to mathematical modeling using an equivalent electric model of a photovoltaic panel. This chapter allows to describe the behavior of a photovoltaic panel under normal operating conditions and variable environmental conditions. From a preliminary review of the methods in the literature for the estimations of the parameters, a new method for the extraction of the parameters is proposed. This method starts from the data provided by the manufacturer in the datasheet of the panel and estimates the five parameters. These parameters are needed to model a panel with a single diode equivalent circuit. The proposed method was compared with some works in the literature and the error concerning the data provided by the manufacturer was evaluated A chapter follows on the modeling and simulation of photovoltaic panels through the PSpice environment. In the literature, there are various more or less complex PV Spice models. Some Spice models do not take into account irradiation and temperature variation significant for the design of electronic circuits to be connected to the photovoltaic panels. This proposed model can simulate a photovoltaic panel with temperature and solar radiation variation. With the proposed Spice model as a block is possible to simulate photovoltaic plants both at low power and high power and force partial shading conditions to understand their behavior. After the description of models for photovoltaic panels, the study on possible anomalies present in photovoltaic systems due to defects on the panels or breakages was presented. Thanks to the combination of thermography and electrical measurements for the reconstruction of the IV characteristic of the individual panels, it was possible to understand the various anomalies. Indeed, it is possible to estimate thresholds that will serve to understand if a panel is still good or a replacement is necessary. For this reason, the comparison between thermography and electrical measurements and simulations is provided. Furthermore, this study has allowed us to understand and calculate the annual efficiency loss of the panels and the percentage of voltage variation concerning the temperature not supplied by the manufacturer. The next chapter describes the study and design of an electronic system for monitoring photovoltaic panels connected to a plant. The monitoring of the single panels allows the recognition of possible anomalies and to identify the panel that is the cause. Usually, monitoring is done at the inverter or string level, which however does not allow the faulty panel to be identified in the event of anomalies. The proposed parameter extraction methods and Spice model were used for the design of the monitoring board. Finally, the last activity developed concerns the increase in power lost during partial shading.
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PACITTO, Antonio. "Exposure to airborne particles: estimation of dose and lung cancer risk of the population living in western countries." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Cassino, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11580/75190.

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In the present thesis, six experimental campaigns were carried out to better understand the influence of the lifestyle in the exposure to airborne particles and to estimate the typical received daily dose of different populations. Moreover, a risk assessment based on an Excess Lung Cancer Risk (ELCR) model was performed taking into account two crucial environments: school environments and street canyons. In addition, an evaluation of the effectiveness of some possible solution to reduce the ELCR was performed taking into account two solution: (i) personal protectors (facemasks) for outdoor environments, and (ii) air purifiers and ventilation strategies for indoor environments. The daily dose in terms of particle surface area received by citizens living in five cities in Western countries (Barcelona, Cassino, Guilford, Lund and Brisbane), characterized by different lifestyle, culture and climate, was evaluated and compared. Non-smoking volunteers performing non-industrial jobs were considered in the study. Particle concentration data allowed obtaining the exposure of the “typical citizen” for each city. Such data were combined in a Monte Carlo method with the time activity pattern data characteristics of each population and inhalation rates to obtain the most probable daily dose in terms of particle surface area as a function of the population gender, age, and nationality. Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), and in particular cooking and eating activities, was recognized as the main influencing factor in terms of exposure (and thus dose) of the population: then confirming that lifestyle (e.g. time spent in cooking activities) strongly affect the daily dose of the population. Looking at outdoor environments/activities, one of the most influencing microenvironments/activity to airborne particle exposure is "transport". To better understand this environment Vehicular Indoor Air Quality (VIAQ) was investigated inside 14 diesel/non-diesel taxi pairs operating simultaneously and under normal working condition over six weekday hours (10:00-16:00) in the city of Barcelona. Parameters measured included PM10 mass and chemistry, particle number concentration (PNC) and size, lung deposited surface area (LDSA), black carbon (BC), CO2, CO, and a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Keeping the windows open or close has shown the dominant influence of the air exchange rates on VIAQ. Median values of PNC and LDSA were reduced to around 104 #/cm3 and <20 µm2/cm3 respectively under closed conditions, but more than doubled with windows open and sometimes approached 105 #cm-3 and 240 µm2/cm3. In urban areas, the coexistence of nanoparticle sources and particular street-building configurations can lead to very high particle exposure levels. An innovative approach for the evaluation of lung cancer incidence in street canyons due to exposure to traffic-generated particles was proposed. To this end, the literature-available values of particulate matter, PAHs and heavy metals emitted from different type of vehicles were used to calculate the ELCR at the tailpipe. The estimated ELCR was then used as input data in a numerical CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model that solves the mass, momentum, turbulence and species transport equations, in order to evaluate the cancer risk in every point of interest inside the street canyon. Thus, the influence of wind speed and street canyon geometry (H/W, the height of the building, H and width of the street, W) on the ELCR at street level was evaluated by means of a CFD simulation. It was found that the ELCR calculated on the leeward and windward sides of the street canyon at a breathable height of 1.5 m, for people exposed 15 minutes per day for 20 years, is equal to 1.5×10-5 and 4.8×10-6, respectively, for wind speed of 1 m/s and H/W equal to 1. The ELCR at street level results higher on the leeward side for aspect ratios equal to 1 and 3, while for aspect ratio equal to 2 it is higher on the windward side. In addition, the simulations showed that with the increasing of wind speed the ELCR becomes lower everywhere in the street canyon, due to the increased in dispersion. Moving the attention on the indoor environments, schools may be classified as a critical microenvironment in terms of IAQ due to the proximity to outdoor particle sources and the frequent lack of proper ventilation and filtering systems. Moreover, the population exposed in schools (i.e. children) represents a susceptible population due to their age. Measurements in terms of PNC, LDSA, and PM fraction concentrations were measured inside and outside schools in Barcelona (Spain) and Cassino (Italy). Simultaneously, PM samples were collected and chemically analyzed to obtain mass fractions of carcinogenic compounds. School time airborne particle doses received by students in classrooms were evaluated as well as their ELCR due to a five-year primary school period. Median surface area dose received by students during school time in Barcelona and Cassino resulted equal to 110 mm2 and 303 mm2, respectively. The risk related to the five-year primary school period was estimated about 2.9×10-5 and 1.4×10-4 for students of Barcelona and Cassino, respectively. Different solutions were taken into account to reduce personal as well as collective exposure to airborne particles. An individual protective measure against particle pollution may be represented by face masks. A custom experimental set-up was developed in order to measure the effectiveness of nine different respirators under real environmental conditions in terms of particle mass concentration below 2.5 microns (PM2.5), PNC, LDSA and BC. Facemask performances were assessed in a typical traffic affected urban background environment in the city of Barcelona under three different simulated breathing rates to investigate the influence of flow rate. Results showed a median face mask effectiveness for PM2.5 equal to 48% in a range of 14-96%, 19% in a range of 6% - 61% for BC, 19% in a range of 4% - 63% for PNC and 22% in a range of 5% - 65% for LDSA. A collective and indoor-adaptable solution to reduce exposure to airborne particles could be represented by air purifiers and ventilation strategies. To evaluate the effect of different ventilation methods (natural ventilation, manual airing) and the use of air purifiers in reducing the indoor concentrations of different airborne particles and gaseous pollutants in indoor environments an experimental campaign was performed. The samplings were carried out in two naturally-ventilated school gyms in Barcelona (Spain) of different volumes and different distance to major urban roads. Indoor and outdoor measurements of PNC, BC and PM1-10 concentrations were performed as well as indoor measurements of CO2 and NO2 concentrations. The study revealed that the use of air purifier with windows kept closed (natural ventilation) can lead to a significant reduction in terms of indoor-to-outdoor concentration ratios. In the smaller gym (air changes per hour of the purifiers, ACH, equal to 9.2 h-1) the I/O ratios were reduced by 93% and 95% in terms of particle number and PM1-10, respectively; whereas in the larger school gym (ACH=1.7 h-1) the corresponding reductions were 70% and 84%. For manual airing scenarios, the effect of the air purifiers on outdoor-generated sub-micron particles is reduced; in particular, for low ACH values (i.e. ACH=1.7 h-1), the reduction is quite negligible (6%).
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Nardini, Giorgia. "Utilizzo delle fonti rinnovabili per il risparmio energetico nell'ambito del parco naturale della Gola della Rossa e di Frasassi." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/241976.

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Fantini, Lorenza. "Innovazione tecnologica nel settore della climatizzazione in conformità alla certificazione energetica, nella ricerca dell'integrazione edificio-impianto." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242570.

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COLLAMATI, LUCIA. "Impianti fotovoltaici in aree ad elevato pregio paesaggistico." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242140.

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MAZZIERI, MARCO. "Analisi del campo di vento in sistemi orografici complessi: utilizzo di tecniche di remote sensing per fini eolici." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242147.

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Pistolesi, Sara. "Illuminazione naturale in ambienti confinati: monitoraggio sperimentale di un tubo di luce e validazione del modello simulato." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242148.

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38

Romagnoli, Roberto, and ROBERTO ROMAGNOLI. "Aerogeneratori eolici ad asse verticale: analisi numerica, verifica sperimentale e messa a punto di un campo di prova per prototipi full-scale." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242724.

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Il lavoro ha avuto come oggetto l'indagine sui rotori a resistenza ad asse verticale. L'approccio seguito ha coinvolto sia l'evidenza sperimentale che la modellazione numerica. I due approcci sono complementari: il modello numerico, mettendo alla luce le cause fluidodinamiche del meccanismo di conversione energetica, conduce alla definizione del rotore. I test sperimentali si sono occupati di elementi esterni al rotore e difficilmente ripetibili nel modello numerico. Per questo gli obiettivi si sono differenziati per i due approcci. Nei test sperimentali svolti in galleria del vento si è voluto determinare le configurazioni in grado di migliorare le prestazioni di un dato rotore. Nelle analisi numeriche si è studiato il campo di moto e quindi ipotizzate nuove geometrie rotoriche. Il rotore di riferimento per entrambi gli approcci è un Savonius “classico” a pale semicircolari dritte, con schermi di estremità per riprodurre la bidimensionalità del modello numerico. Le prestazioni sono valutate in curve CP-lambda; il primo è il coefficiente di Potenza, il secondo è il rapporto tra la velocità di rotazione e quella del flusso incidente. La configurazione sperimentale che risulta migliore è quella che adotta contemporaneamente schermi, convogliatore e deflettore. Il CP massimo vale 0.3, ossia +25% rispetto al riferimento. I risultati CFD hanno evidenziato due geometrie: il Savonius classico senza albero centrale e un modello definito “a profilo invertito”. Per entrambi il CP massimo vale circa 0.29 senza l’utilizzo di appendici esterne. Infine è stata realizzata una postazione di prova all'esterno per test su modelli full-scale di sistemi alimentati da fonte eolica. Essa è composta da una piazzola per i prototipi, una torre meteorologica di 10 metri e una postazione Sodar-Rass. E’ emerso che il sito è caratterizzato da brezze locali per gran parte dell'anno e una direzione prevalente di 330 gradi. La postazione esterna è funzionante e attualmente un primo prototipo di lampione eolico è oggetto di studi sperimentali.
This work is focused on drag driven vertical axis wind turbines. The study involved both experimental measurements and numerical analyses. The two methods are complementary: CFD analyses allow us gain an insight into the rotor's fluid dynamics that lead to energy production. The experimental measurements allow us to evaluate the elements that are difficult to put inside a numerical model. For this reason the two approaches have different aims. The experiments have been performed in a closed circuit wind tunnel. They investigate the configurations that could improve the performance of a given rotor. The numerical analyses were conducted to improve the flow field knowledge and to design new rotor's geometries. Both approaches started from a classic Savonius rotor equipped with semi-circular straight blades S-shaped, with end plates to replicate the two-dimensional effects of the numerical model. The performance were evaluated with CP-lambda plots, where CP is the Power coefficient and lambda is the rotation velocity versus wind speed ratio. The best experimental configuration correspond to the reference rotor with conveyor and deflector: its CP max was 0.3, with +25% gain with the respect of the reference rotor. CFD analyses have shown two best geometries: the classical Savonius without the central shaft and a new geometry defined as “reversed profile”. They have both a CP maximum around 0.29 without any external appendices. Finally an external test station was build up to perform experimental measurements on full-scale small wind turbines models. It is composed by a test station for prototypes, a 10 meters meteorological mast and a Sodar-Rass station. It was found that the site is characterized by local breezes blowing most of the year and a prevailing direction of 330 degrees. The external station is operational and an urban lamppost prototype supplied by wind energy and is currently the subject of experimental studies.
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Renzi, Enrico, and Enrico RENZI. "Controllo dello strato limite cinematico su profili alari per aerogeneratori eolici in flussi liberi ed intubati." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242721.

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Nel presente lavoro di tesi sono state individuate possibili soluzioni per l’incremento delle prestazioni di aerogeneratori ad asse orizzontale; derivate dall’analisi delle equazioni che descrivono l’aerodinamica di tali macchine. Il modello matematico della turbina ha mostrato due possibili interventi: il confinamento del tubo di flusso attorno alla macchina, o l’intervento diretto sulla sezione aerodinamica delle pale. Posizionando la turbina in un diffusore o creando un vortice dietro la macchina, è possibile aumentare il salto di pressione. Studi teorici hanno mostrato che, l’utilizzo del vortice dietro la turbina produce notevoli aumenti del coefficiente di potenza; ma la complessità della macchina ne ha sempre limitato lo sviluppo. Misure sperimentali e simulazioni numeriche su di un modello in scala hanno mostrato l’effettiva possibilità di generare il vortice, utilizzando un condotto cilindrico con ingressi tangenziali; incrementando la portata in turbina sfruttando delle guide a spirale per il flusso principale. Se ogni sezione palare della macchina non lavora correttamente, ogni intervento di confinamento della macchina è però vano. La sezione più svantaggiata è quella di radice, per la quale oltre ad una bassa velocità del flusso incidente si aggiunge un elevato spessore della sezione, necessario a garantire la resistenza meccanica della pala. Nella galleria del vento aeronautica dell’“Università Politecnica delle Marche”, sono stati testati due profili progettati per la sezione di radice di piccoli aerogeneratori. E’ stata possibile una completa caratterizzazione aerodinamica del profilo, eseguendo misure di pressione esterna all’ala accoppiate a misure di scia, ed utilizzando una bilancia dinamometrica. Misure di pressione e termografia infrarossa, hanno permesso l’identificazione del fenomeno di separazione locale del flusso detto “bolla di separazione laminare”. Allo scopo di ridurre tali separazioni, è stato introdotto un disturbo nello strato limite sia con un piezoelettrico che con una massa eccentrica rotante, ottenendo un aumento dell’efficienza aerodinamica. Nell’ultima parte del lavoro è stata costruita è testata un’ala con il tratto terminale deformabile, allo scopo di controllare i carichi aerodinamici generati dalla pala qualora la velocità ecceda il limite nominale della macchina; necessità emersa con le nuove macchine multimegawatt.
The aim of this work is to show the possibility to increase wind turbine performances starting from the equations that describe the aerodynamic of these machines. The mathematical model shows two different ways to operate this increase, working on the stream tube around the turbine or directly on the aerodynamic sections of the blade. Placing the turbine in a diffuser or using a vortex behind the rotor section, the pressure drop increases. Theoretical study shows that using a vortex downstream gives a huge increase of power extraction, but its complexity had limited the development of this approach. Experimental and numerical analysis on testing model show that it’s possible to generate a vortex behind the rotor using a cylindrical duct with tangential flow entry, and increasing the mass flow rate through the rotor section by using twisted channels that redirect main flow. If every single airfoil of the blade doesn’t work correctly all the improvements on the global design are useless. A disadvantaged section is the blade root, because of the lowest relative velocities; moreover this section has the greater thickness due to mechanical safety. These operative conditions may cause the phenomenon of the local boundary layer separation named Laminar Separation Bubble (LSB). In the aeronautic wind tunnel of the “Università Politecnica delle Marche” two airfoils, designed for the root section of a small wind turbine, are testing. In order to obtain a complete characterization of the phenomenon, pressure measurements, wake analysis and load cell balance are used to evaluate the aerodynamic loads on built-in wing section. Pressure measurements and infrared investigation allow to localize the separation. In order to reduce the LSB phenomenon, increasing the aerodynamic efficiency, (mechanical disturbances directly inside the boundary layer) are produced using a piezoelectric device or an electric motor with an unbalanced mass. In the last part of the work a morphing wing section is designed and tested to evaluate the control of aerodynamic loads when the wind speed exceeds the nominal velocity of the turbine. This aspect is relevant especially for the new multimegawatt wind turbines.
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Principi, Federica. "Modelli stazionari e non stazionari per lo studio della dispersione degli inquinanti in atmosfera." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242142.

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41

Brandoni, Caterina. "Sviluppo di un codice di simulazione per la valutazione tecnica ed economica di un sistema di cogenerazione con microturbina a gas." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242473.

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42

ARTIPOLI, GIANLUCA. "Sviluppo di un metodo per la stima delle risorse eoliche in territori ad orografia complessa. Risultati numerici e verifica sperimentale." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/241957.

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43

de, PADOVA MARIA MADDALENA. "Analisi sperimentale mediante interferometria olografica della convenzione naturale in aria in cavità quadrate riscaldate tramite sorgenti concentrate." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/241966.

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Montucchiari, Alessia. "Analisi sperimentale e numerica della convenzione naturale in una cavità quadrata riscaldata tramite sorgenti concentrate." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242087.

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L’attività di ricerca svolta in questi anni si è focalizzata sugli effetti, della dimensione e della posizione, di sorgenti termiche discrete posizionate ai lati di una cavità quadrata sullo scambio termico convettivo. La cavità, di lato H, è stata riempita con aria (Pr = 0,71), riscaldata con un sorgenti termiche posizionate lungo le pareti laterali della cavità. Il trasferimento di calore per convezione naturale, è stato studiato per due differenti configurazioni ξ = H / 2 dell'altezza, dove H è l’altezza della sorgente termica e ξ = H / 4. Nella configurazione primi tre casi sono esaminati: Caso 1 ci sono due fonti attivo identico (caldo e freddo) sulla posizione verticale mura simmetriche (caso medio-mezzo, MM). Caso 2 la sorgente calda si trova al centro della parete laterale sinistra mentre le fonti freddo è posto sulla parte superiore del muro (caso medio-alto, MT) Caso 3 la sorgente calda si mantiene al centro della parete, mentre le fonti freddo è posto sul fondo della parete (caso medio-basso, MB) Nella seconda configurazione due casi sono indagati: Caso 4 un paio fonte di calore si trova sulla parete laterale sinistra, mentre l'altra coppia si trova sulla parete destra Caso 5 le sorgenti termiche sono alternativamente posizionate lungo le pareti laterali. Le distanze della sorgente termica dal pavimento della cavità per la prima configurazione sono: per il primo caso è d = 2.5cm (MM), per il secondo è d = 3,75 cm, per il terzo caso si trova a d = 1,25 centimetri. Mentre per la seconda configurazione le sorgenti termiche si trovano rispetto al lato inferiore della cavità a d = 1,425 centimetri e d = 3,575 centimetri. La distribuzione della temperatura nella cavità e il numero di Nusselt a diversi numeri di Rayleigh rispetto alla sorgente scaldante è stata misurata grazie all’interferometria olografica con la tecnica della doppia esposizione. Tale tecnica è stata eseguita per il caso stazionario ed è stato utilizzato per ottenere le linee isoterme nella cavità a diversi numeri di Rayleigh. In seguito, solo per la prima configurazione, è stata utilizzata la Particle Image Vellocimetry 2D (PIV) per misurare il campo di moto del flusso termico agli stessi numeri di Rayleigh. In particolare abbiamo analizzato la distribuzione dei vettori velocità e il loro modulo all'interno della cavità. Il fenomeno convettivo è stato studiato calcolando il numero di Nusselt in relazione al numero di Rayleigh analizzati. Per ciascuna configurazione studiata si sono ricavate correlazioni sperimentali e numeriche del numero di Nusselt per un determinato intervallo di numeri di Rayleigh. Solo per il Caso 1, 4, 5 i risultati sperimentali sono stati confrontati con il quelli numerici, ottenuti con il codice a volumi finiti, Fluente 12.1.4. Dalle analisi sviluppate si è potuto osservare che all’aumentare del numero delle sorgenti e riducendo la dimensione lo scambio termico aumenta.
The research carried out in recent years has focused on the effects of size and location of discrete heat sources placed on the sides of a hollow square on the convective heat transfer. The cavity, side of H, was filled with air (Pr= 0.71), heated with a thermal sources put in the enclosure vertical wall and cooled by the sidewalls. The natural convective heat transfer was studied for two differences configuration of the height and H che and height values of the thermal sources. In the first configuration three cases are investigated: Case 1 there are two identical active sources (hot and cold) on the vertical walls symmetrical position (case middle-middle, M-M). Case 2 the hot source is located in the middle of the left lateral wall while the cold sources is placed on the top of the wall (case middle- top, M-T) Case 3 the hot source is maintained in the middle of the wall while the cold sources is placed on the bottom of the wall (case middle-bottom, M-B) In the second configuration two cases are investigated: Case 4 a heat source pair is located on the left lateral wall, while the other pair is located on the right wall Case 5 the heat strips are alternately located on the sidewalls The temperature distribution in the air and the Nusselt numbers at different Rayleigh numbers on the heated strip were measured by a holographic interferometry with the double-exposure technique. The double-exposure technique was performed for the steady-state and it was used to obtain the isothermal lines in the cavity at different Rayleigh numbers. Then, only for the first configuration, a 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) was utilized to measure the velocity fields at the same Rayleigh numbers. In particular we analysed the distribution of the velocity vectors and their modulus inside the cavity. The convective phenomenon was studied and the Nusselt numbers were presented as regards the Rayleigh numbers analysed. Moreover an experimental and a numerical correlations were determinated to connect the Rayleigh numbers with the Nusselt numbers. Only for the Case 1, 4, 5 Each measured quantity was compared with the numerical value and its distribution, obtained with the finite volume code Fluent 12.1.4. From the analysis developed has been observed that as the number of sources and reducing the size of the heat exchange increases
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Bilancia, Michele. "Progettazione e sviluppo di sistemi di controllo per circuiti di lubrificazione e raffreddamento intelligenti per motori a combustione interna." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/241920.

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Uno degli obiettivi che la moderna industria motoristica sta cercando di raggiungere consiste nella riduzione del consumo di combustibile. Per ottenere questo risultato è necessario innalzare i rendimenti termici ed organici del motore endotermico. In questa tesi sono analizzate le metodologie percorribili per ottenere riduzione di consumi lavorando sui moderni circuiti di lubrificazione e raffreddamento intelligenti, basati su pompe e valvole che possano essere gestite mediante la centralina di controllo del motore. Nelle applicazioni automobilistiche, circa un terzo dell’energia totale sviluppata dalla combustione del combustibile iniettato in camera di combustione, viene asportato dal circuito di raffreddamento. Ciò accade per evitare temperature eccessive che potrebbero danneggiare i componenti interni del motore. I sistemi di raffreddamento tradizionali sono dimensionati in maniera tale da assicurare al motore condizioni sicure anche nei momenti di utilizzo più gravoso (alta temperature ambiente, bassa velocità di avanzamento veicolo e alto carico richiesto al motore). In queste condizioni il circuito di raffreddamento deve asportare alti flussi di calore, ma con bassi coefficienti di scambio termico al radiatore. Questo risulta nella progettazione di circuiti dotati di radiatori con superfici grandi, ventole di raffreddamento e pompe di grande cilindrata. Un’altro punto critico per i sistemi di raffreddamento standard è costituito dalla valvola termostatica. L’elemento sensibile del termostato è costituito da un nucleo in cera la cui dimensione varia in funzione della temperatura del liquido di raffreddamento. Questo elemento è caratterizzato da una costante di tempo abbastanza alta (tipicamente 30 – 60 secondi), così per evitare picchi di temperatura durante i transitori veloci, la temperatura di inizio apertura del piatto del termostato è regolata ad un valore abbastanza basso. Quando il motore funziona a carichi parziali, condizione che costituisce la maggior parte del tempo di funzionamento di un motore, l’effetto di raffreddamento del circuito standard è troppo alto. Questo porta a raffreddare il motore eccessivamente, causando una bassa efficienza termodinamica del motore e conseguentemente un alto consumo di combustibile. I sistemi di raffreddamento dei motori moderni più evoluti comprendono componenti gestiti elettronicamente dalla centralina, quali termostati e pompe. Questi componenti sono in grado di regolare in maniera ottimale la temperatura di esercizio del motore, nonché di ridurre gli assorbimenti all’albero quando l’effetto di raffreddamento non è desiderato. Questi nuovi componenti “intelligenti” richiedono sistemi di controllo dedicati che siano in grado di garantire alte temperature di esercizio ai carichi parziali, assicurando comunque condizioni di funzionamento accettabili quando si richiedono alti carichi. Anche il sistema di lubrificazione è progettato per garantire le necessarie pressioni e portate di lubrificante per le condizioni di funzionamento più gravose (alti carichi, giri motore e temperature del lubrificante). In questa maniera, quando il motore funziona ai carichi parziali, l’effetto di lubrificazione è superiore a quello necessario. Questo causa un consumo di combustibile aggiuntivo per garantire la portata di lubrificante anche quando quest’ultima non viene richiesta. Per questa ragione, nuovi componenti “intelligenti” sono stati sviluppati (pompe olio e valvole) che possano essere controllate attraverso l’ECU del motore. Il sistema di controllo di cui necessitano questi nuovi attuatori deve essere in grado di garantire la portata di lubrificante richiesta dal motore, assicurando così riduzione di consumo del combustibile.
One of the most important objective that today automotive industry is trying to achieve is low fuel consumption. In order to reach this goal, the engine efficiency has to be increased from the point of view of both thermal and organic efficiency. In this text are investigated the possibilities to obtain consumption reduction working on modern cooling and lubricating systems, based on smart valves and pumps that are controlled via engine ECU. In automotive applications, about one third of the total energy provided by the combustion of the injected fuel is removed by the engine cooling system. This is done in order to avoid engine overheating that can damage internal components. The standard engine cooling system is designed so to assure engine safety also in the worst conditions: low vehicle speed, high-load operating points and high ambient temperatures. In this conditions, the cooling system has to remove high heat fluxes in order to avoid overheating. But the low vehicle speed causes a low heat exchange coefficient between the radiator and the ambient air. This leads to design cooling systems with large radiators, additional cooling fans and large coolant pumps. Another critical point in the standard cooling system is represented by the thermostatic valve. The thermostat sensitive element is a wax element sensitive to the temperature. This wax element has a time constant quite high (typically 30 – 60 seconds). So, in order to avoid overheating in fast transient, the start-to-open thermostat temperature is relatively low. When engine runs in partial load conditions, that is the most common functional condition, the cooling system effect is too large. This leads to cool down the engine too much, causing low engine efficiency and consequently high fuel consumption. Modern engine cooling systems include electrically controlled thermostat and pumps that are able not only to better control the engine temperature, but also to reduce frictions when cooling effect is not desired. These new “smart” components require improved control systems which are able to operate the engine at partial load at higher temperature, ensuring proper engine cooling at high load. Also the lubricating system is designed so to guarantee the lubricant flow rate for the worst conditions (high load, engine speed and lubricant temperature). So, when the engine runs in partial load conditions, the lubricating effect is more than required. This leads to consume fuel in order to guarantee lubricant flow rate also when not required. For these reasons new smart actuators have been developed (oil pumps and valves), that can be controlled through engine ECU. The control system used for this new actuators has to be able to ensure the lubricant flow rate required from the engine guarantying fuel consumption reduction.
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46

DE, VITA FRANCESCO. "Numerical investigation of the breaking of ocean waves induced by modulational instability." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/202243.

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47

IADAROLA, MICHELANGELO. "I traghetti e l'attraversamento del Tevere a Roma nei secoli XVI-XIX." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/203636.

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48

BRAIDA, MATTEO. "Implicazioni sanitarie sulla qualità delle acque potabili (Processo NhACCP)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Roma "Tor Vergata", 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2108/202277.

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L’Acqua è il principale elemento a cui è associata la vita. Nella sua componente potabile, l’acqua mostra caratteristiche di grande complessità, in quanto distribuita sulla terra in base ad una rete idrica naturale interrelata. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro di tesi è analizzare questo elemento essenziale, secondo il protocollo NhACCP (Nutrient Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point). La filosofia innovativa e sperimentale, alla base del protocollo NhACCP, ha le sue radici, nella “4P Medicine” dove le P stanno per “predictive, preventive, personalized, and partecipatory” (1). Il concetto nasce dal grande sviluppo delle omics (genomica, proteomica, metabolomica et alia) e dalla potenziale identificazione di tutte le caratteristiche genetiche di un individuo, nonché dall’innovazione tecnologica che mette a disposizione sempre più efficienti biomarcatori di facile accesso, rendendo così possibile una efficace predizione del futuro di salute/malattia delle persone. Tale predizione consente una concreta prevenzione individuale, intesa sia come tentativo di evitare o rallentare il passaggio da salute a malattia, sia come diagnosi precoce, sia come intervento nella malattia conclamata per contrastare le complicanze. Le conoscenze genetiche e fenotipiche, che il Laboratorio può determinare, aiutano a definire una corretta personalizzazione sia della prevenzione che della cura farmacologica. Come conseguenza di questa impostazione rivoluzionaria di “prospective health care”, vi è la necessità di una partecipazione consapevole ed attiva delle persone, ancor prima di ammalare e durante la malattia, per l’adozione di stili di vita e di comportamenti sanitari virtuosi. Come detto, il protocollo NhACCP origina dalla filosofia introdotta dalla “4P Medicine”, e su questa ottica promuove l’interpretazione dell’alimento, non più come una semplice fonte di energia e di nutrienti, ma come una miscela di molecole in grado di influenzare lo stato di salute e di benessere dell’organismo a breve, medio e lungo termine. In questo senso l’alimento mostra significative assonanze con un farmaco e risulta in grado di giocare un ruolo principale verso il controllo dello stato di salute e verso la prevenzione dalle malattie cronico degenerative, che oggi risultano uno dei principali allarmi mondiali. Il fine del protocollo NhACCP, è garantire la “total quality” sanitaria e nutrizionale dell’alimento, a partire dalla produzione delle materie prime fino al consumatore finale. Il raggiungimento di questo obiettivo, passa attraverso l’intersecazione di diverse materie, tra cui l’igiene ambientale, dalla quale origina la disciplina della sicurezza sanitaria alimentare con lo sviluppo dei manuali di autocontrollo HACCP, la branca della nutrizione, che introduce il concetto di alimento come farmaco e si occupa dell’identificazione e quantificazione dei biomarcatori nutrizionali e metabolici, e l’ingegneria ambientale, grazie alla quale è possibile effettuare l’analisi e la prevenzione della matrice naturale sulla quale vengono prodotte le materie prime. L’unione delle diverse discipline ha permesso di creare un percorso omogeneo in grado di salvaguardare l’aspetto sanitario e Ing. Braida Matteo Pagina 3 nutrizionale dell’alimento a partire dal luogo di produzione delle materie prime fino all’utente finale, garantendo durante tutti i passaggi, che vengano preservati i nutrienti identificati nelle idonee concentrazioni e che venga impiegato il giusto grado di prevenzione da possibili contaminazioni. Il protocollo NhACCP, introduce quindi due diversi approcci preventivi tra loro interrelati, ovvero l’identificazione degli HCCP (Hazard Critical Control Point) che sono i punti a cui viene associato un rischio sanitario di contaminazione dell’alimento e gli NCCP (Nutrient Critical Control Point) ovvero i punti a cui viene associato un rischio di perdita nutrizionale. Questo duplice approccio si estende lungo tutto il percorso a cui l’alimento è sottoposto, a partire dall’analisi predittiva di contaminazione e perdita nutrizionale, da svolgersi sulla matrice ambientale naturale sul quale è prodotto, passando attraverso l’impianto di produzione, confezionamento e trasporto, fino a raggiungere l’utente finale. L’applicazione estesa del protocollo NhACCP, possibilmente fino al livello nazionale, permetterebbe di progettare alimenti e diete di cui si ha quantificazione scientifica degli effetti benefici (biomaratori), ottenendo allo stesso tempo garanzia sanitaria e nutrizionale, a partire dal luogo di produzione delle materie prime di cui è composto. La metodica giocherebbe quindi un ruolo chiave verso la lotta alle malattie cronico degenerative e ad al miglioramento dello stato di salute. Una ulteriore conseguenza positiva, è rappresentata dal maggior grado di controllo della matrice ambientale naturale dove vengono prodotte le materie prime, con il conseguente incremento dello stato di qualità del territorio. Il processo NhACCP rappresenta quindi un approccio poliedrico e multidisciplinare, che nel caso specifico dell’acqua potabile permette di inquadrare questa risorsa secondo la sua doppia natura di elemento ed alimento, analizzandola in modo completo, dal suo ciclo idrogeologico naturale fino al consumatore. Analizzando l’acqua come elemento, l’obiettivo del processo è la protezione dalla contaminazione e l’analisi delle possibili criticità (HCCP); mentre come alimento lo scopo risulta essere invece la protezione dei possibili elementi benefici presenti nell’acqua (NCCP) e l’ analisi quantitativa degli effetti positivi sulla salute. L’ Obiettivo del lavoro di ricerca, sarà quindi quello di impostare il protocollo sperimentale NhACCP per lo studio dell’acqua destinata al consumo umano, Ing. Braida Matteo Pagina 4 realizzando un modello sperimentale generale del processo, sulla base del caso studio del complesso termale di Saturnia; e parallelamente sviluppare una analisi sperimentale, effettuata su un campione di 150 soggetti sottoposti a questionario antropometrico sul consumo di acqua, alle analisi di composizione corporea ed alle analisi ematochimiche. Lo scopo di questo lavoro sperimentale è stato quello di definire dei parametri di riferimento statistici ed alcuni biomarcatori nutrizionali e metabolici associati alle principali tipologie di acque minerali consumate, permettendo la realizzazione di un’iniziale database di orientamento sulla base del quale strutturare il protocollo NhACCP e le relative analisi di dettaglio. La Mission del protocollo è la divulgazione dell’approccio di total quality management dell’alimento ed in particolare per il caso dell’acqua potabile, il superamento dei limiti procedurali e normativi dovuti alla natura multidisciplinare dell’acqua (elemento ed alimento). Lo sviluppo del processo NhACCP per l’acqua, comprenderà l’individuazione dei punti critici di controllo, identificati per l’intero ciclo produttivo e suddivisi in due grandi macrocategorie: 1) lo studio delle criticità legate all’aspetto idrogeologico della zona naturale di filtrazione, ricarico e trasporto dell’elemento all’interno della matrice suolo, 2) lo studio delle criticità legate alla tipologia di impianto ed eventuale confezionamento e trasporto dell’acqua.
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49

CANIATO, Marco. "Acoustic and thermal properties o timber constructions: theoretical and experimenta investigation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Ferrara, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11392/2403472.

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Gli edifici a struttura leggera sono presenti oramai in tutto il mondo; il loro numero tende sempre di più a salire, anche grazie a quanto contenuto nel protocollo di Kyoto. Infatti, questi possono immagazzinare anidride carbonica utilizzando il legno, considerato una fonte rinnovabile e una materia prima non inquinante. Generalmente, tali costruzioni sono prefabbricate in industria dove la tendenza ad accumulare scarti è ridotta al minimo e il rifiuto permesso è esiguo. Inoltre, il metodo di produzione utilizzato comporta un’alta qualità del prodotto finito, visto che la manodopera utilizzata all’interno degli stabilimenti è formata e specializzata per il lavoro da svolgere; a valle del processo è prevista anche un’obbligatoria marcatura CE. Il metodo di produzione include molto spesso lavorazioni meccanizzate CAD-CAM che offrono la possibilità di poter produrre forme architettoniche complesse ed elaborate. La velocità di assemblaggio dell’edificio è considerata un grosso punto a favore specialmente negli edifici multipiano. Infatti, in due settimane si può assemblare un edificio composto da molti livelli, il tutto grazie ad un preventivo progetto a monte molto particolareggiato e a valle una produzione industriale di alta precisione. Negli anni i ricercatori hanno iniziato a cercare di capire questi nuovi edifici; tuttavia ad un primo approccio la difficoltà più importante che ci trova ad affrontare è quella della smisurata varietà tecnologica. Infatti, ogni produttore, ogni stabilimento, ogni progettista presenta e richiede soluzioni sempre diverse usando tuttavia sempre la stessa materia prima e tipologia costruttiva: legno, fibre, pannellature. Inoltre vengono usati agganci, fissaggi e viti sempre diversi, di diversa lunghezza, spessore e forma; quindi ogni pannello prefabbricato avrà diversi tipi di giunti che lo legano al resto della struttura. Lo scopo di questo studio è di capire il comportamento termico e acustico delle costruzioni in legno e dove possibile di colmare alcune lacune fornendo modelli previsionali che siano in grado di adattarsi a questo tipo di strutture. Quindi il presente lavoro inizia con una disamina della letteratura scientifica esistente che porta ad evidenziare le seguenti lacune che necessariamente devono essere riempiete; più precisamente serve studiare: 1) il comportamento acustico dei solai grezzi 2) l’influenza dei massetti galleggianti 3) la riduzione del rumore da calpestio apportata da materiali resilienti e le loro prestazioni nel tempo 4) il comportamento dei materiali resilienti di derivazione naturale o riciclata 5) le prestazioni delle parti trasparenti 6) la previsione del rumore degli impianti usando e adattando i modelli della norma ISO 12354-5 7) l’influenza del giudizio soggettivo delle persone che saranno gli abitanti di tali edifici abstract 2 8) la valutazione oggettiva del disturbo a bassa frequenza Quindi per ogni punto è stata scritta un’apposita sezione contenente ognuna una breve introduzione all’argomento specifico, la descrizione dei materiali e metodi utilizzati, una disamina dei risultati e una discussione degli stessi. Tutti i capitoli si chiudono con le conclusioni dedicate e la bibliografia di riferimento.
Lightweight buildings are present worldwide and their construction trend is growing, pushed by the Kyoto protocol. They allow CO2 storage, since wood is widely used as it is renewable and environmental friendly raw material. Generally, these constructions are built within industry plants where very few waste and little energy consumption are possible and allowed. Furthermore, prefabrication often mean high quality since educated workmanship is used, as well as CE certifications are required. The production methods generally include CAD-CAM technologies, permitting new and complex architectural shape, concept, tendencies (fashion trends). The speed of assembly is an interesting point since it is possible even to obtain multi-storey buildings within prefabricated volumes. As a matter of fact, within two week, a multi-storey building could be constructed thanks to the previous high in-depth design and industrial production precision. In years many researchers try to handle with these new topics but what they found is very difficult to understand at a first view: timber structures are various. Every producer, every industrial plant, every designer presents different solutions using the same raw constructing materials and features: wood, wool, boards. Besides, multiple joints, screws, fastenings and locking are possible and every precast wall, floor or roof presents different types of junction The aim of this study is to investigate the acoustic and thermal behaviour of timber construction and to provide new predicting models able to fit precast lightweight edifices request. The work starts with an in-depth literature overview on acoustic properties these structures concluding that there is the need to investigate many aspects related to the inner comfort: 1) bare floors acoustic behaviour 2) influence of floating floors on timber horizontal partitions 3) resilient layer influence and their time-dependent performances 4) natural/recycled layer impact noise attenuation 5) windows energy performances and possible correlation 6) service equipment acoustical design using ISO 12354-5 models 7) influence of the subjective evaluation of lay people on precast building 8) low frequency noise objective evaluation inside apartment Though, for every issue, a dedicated section is present herein containing a brief introduction on the theme, a description of materials and methods used, a dissertation of the obtained results and a final discussion. All section end with dedicated conclusions and references.
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50

SAIO, CAMILLA. "Study of the criteria and methodologies for existing buildings energetic and functional retrofit: architecture/energy systems integration towards nZEB (nearly Zero Energy Building)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/929602.

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