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Journal articles on the topic 'Fitness cost'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 26 July 2025

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1

Cong, Mian-er, Walid Heneine, and J. Gerardo García-Lerma. "The Fitness Cost of Mutations Associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Drug Resistance Is Modulated by Mutational Interactions." Journal of Virology 81, no. 6 (2006): 3037–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02712-06.

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ABSTRACT It is generally accepted that the fitness cost of resistance mutations plays a role in the persistence of transmitted drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and that mutations that confer a high fitness cost are less able to persist in the absence of drug pressure. Here, we show that the fitness cost of reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations can vary within a 72-fold range. We also demonstrate that the fitness cost of M184V and K70R can be decreased or enhanced by other resistance mutations such as D67N and K219Q. We conclude that the persistence of transmitted RT mutants mi

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2

Turner, Paul E., and Santiago F. Elena. "Cost of Host Radiation in an RNA Virus." Genetics 156, no. 4 (2000): 1465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/156.4.1465.

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AbstractAlthough host radiation allows a parasite to expand its ecological niche, traits governing the infection of multiple host types can decrease fitness in the original or alternate host environments. Reasons for this reduction in fitness include slower replication due to added genetic material or modifications, fitness trade-offs across host environments, and weaker selection resulting from simultaneous adaptation to multiple habitats. We examined the consequences of host radiation using vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and mammalian host cells in tissue culture. Replicate populations of

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3

Praski Alzrigat, Lisa, Douglas L. Huseby, Gerrit Brandis, and Diarmaid Hughes. "Resistance/fitness trade-off is a barrier to the evolution of MarR inactivation mutants in Escherichia coli." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 76, no. 1 (2020): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa417.

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Abstract Background Mutations that inactivate MarR reduce susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and competitive growth fitness in Escherichia coli. Both phenotypes are caused by overexpression of the MarA regulon, which includes the AcrAB-TolC drug efflux pump. Objectives We asked whether compensatory evolution could reduce the fitness cost of MarR-inactivating mutations without affecting resistance to ciprofloxacin. Methods The cost of overexpressing the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump was measured independently of MarA overexpression. Experimental evolution of MarR-inactive strains was used to select mutan

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LaMarre, Jacqueline M., Jeffrey B. Locke, Karen J. Shaw, and Alexander S. Mankin. "Low Fitness Cost of the Multidrug Resistance Genecfr." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 55, no. 8 (2011): 3714–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00153-11.

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ABSTRACTThe recently described rRNA methyltransferase Cfr that methylates the conserved 23S rRNA residue A2503, located in a functionally critical region of the ribosome, confers resistance to an array of ribosomal antibiotics, including linezolid. A number of reports of linezolid-resistantcfr-positive clinical strains indicate the possible rapid spread of this resistance mechanism. Since the rate of dissemination and the efficiency of maintenance of a resistance gene depend on the fitness cost associated with its acquisition, we investigated the fitness cost ofcfrexpression in a laboratorySta

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Hopkins, Skylar. "Fitness cost of ampicillin resistance inEscherichia coli." BIOS 85, no. 1 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1893/0005-3155-85.1.1.

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Villa, Mara, and Michael Lässig. "Fitness cost of reassortment in human influenza." PLOS Pathogens 13, no. 11 (2017): e1006685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006685.

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7

Gagneux, S. "Fitness cost of drug resistance inMycobacterium tuberculosis." Clinical Microbiology and Infection 15 (January 2009): 66–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02685.x.

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Marrelli, Mauro T., Cristina K. Moreira, David Kelly, Luke Alphey, and Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena. "Mosquito transgenesis: what is the fitness cost?" Trends in Parasitology 22, no. 5 (2006): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2006.03.004.

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Lambrechts, Louis, Jacob C. Koella, and Christophe Boëte. "Can transgenic mosquitoes afford the fitness cost?" Trends in Parasitology 24, no. 1 (2008): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2007.09.009.

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10

ffrench-Constant, Richard H., and Chris Bass. "Does resistance really carry a fitness cost?" Current Opinion in Insect Science 21 (June 2017): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cois.2017.04.011.

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11

Tashtiev, Ranis I. "CURRENT TRENDS IN THE FITNESS INDUSTRY: COST ANALYSIS." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 9/12, no. 150 (2024): 41–46. https://doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2024.09.12.006.

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Every person strives to find a happy old age and longevity today. Due to environmental factors, medicine, physical education and sports come to the fore in this regard. Having considered the system of work of fitness clubs, we can say that sports are now considered an integral part of many people’s lives. Innovations are penetrating deeper into this area every year. The fitness industry must keep up with the times in order to provide high-quality services to customers. The desire to make processes more automated and costs as low as possible in the world of the fitness industry leads to the eme

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Sander, Peter, Burkhard Springer, Therdsak Prammananan, et al. "Fitness Cost of Chromosomal Drug Resistance-Conferring Mutations." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 5 (2002): 1204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.5.1204-1211.2002.

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ABSTRACT To study the cost of chromosomal drug resistance mutations to bacteria, we investigated the fitness cost of mutations that confer resistance to different classes of antibiotics affecting bacterial protein synthesis (aminocyclitols, 2-deoxystreptamines, macrolides). We used a model system based on an in vitro competition assay with defined Mycobacterium smegmatis laboratory mutants; selected mutations were introduced by genetic techniques to address the possibility that compensatory mutations ameliorate the resistance cost. We found that the chromosomal drug resistance mutations studie

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Wichelhaus, Thomas A., Boris Böddinghaus, Silke Besier, Volker Schäfer, Volker Brade, and Albrecht Ludwig. "Biological Cost of Rifampin Resistance from the Perspective of Staphylococcus aureus." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46, no. 11 (2002): 3381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.46.11.3381-3385.2002.

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ABSTRACT Resistance determinants that interfere with normal physiological processes in the bacterial cell usually cause a reduction in biological fitness. Fitness assays revealed that 17 of 18 in vitro-selected chromosomal mutations within the rpoB gene accounting for rifampin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus were associated with a reduction in the level of fitness. There was no obvious correlation between the level of resistance to rifampin and the level of fitness loss caused by rpoB mutations. Among 23 clinical rifampin-resistant S. aureus isolates from six countries, only seven differen

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Araújo, R. A., R. N. C. Guedes, M. G. A. Oliveira, and G. H. Ferreira. "Enhanced activity of carbohydrate- and lipid-metabolizing enzymes in insecticide-resistant populations of the maize weevil,Sitophilus zeamais." Bulletin of Entomological Research 98, no. 4 (2008): 417–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485308005737.

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AbstractInsecticide resistance is frequently associated with fitness disadvantages in the absence of insecticides. However, intense past selection with insecticides may allow the evolution of fitness modifier alleles that mitigate the cost of insecticide resistance and their consequent fitness disadvantages. Populations ofSitophilus zeamaiswith different levels of susceptibility to insecticides show differences in the accumulation and mobilization of energy reserves. These differences may allowS. zeamaisto better withstand toxic compounds without reducing the beetles' reproductive fitness. Enz

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N, Sasikala, Praveen Kumar Rao K, and Shanker K. "Selecting Optimal Path in Multiple-Path Routing for MANETs Using Fuzzy Cost." Indian Journal of Science and Technology 17, no. 7 (2024): 598–609. https://doi.org/10.17485/IJST/v17i7.3006.

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Abstract <strong>Background/ Objectives:</strong> Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) consists of a set of nodes, where the nodes tend to change their positions time to time because of their infrastructure less characteristic. In MANETs, the protocol that is considered to be the appropriate for constructing an efficient route is AODV. Broadcast storm is another approach that can be used for establishing a path between the sender and receiver. Due to the concerns related to contention and collision, broadcast is not considered as an efficient mechanism for path selection. Though the aim of bro

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16

Fraga, D. S., D. Agostinetto, L. Vargas, M. A. Nohatto, L. Thürmer, and M. T. Holz. "Adaptive value of ryegrass biotypes with low-level resistance and susceptible to the herbicide fluazifop and competitive ability with the wheat culture." Planta Daninha 31, no. 4 (2013): 875–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582013000400014.

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Ryegrass is the main weed in wheat crop, causing yield loss due to competition by environmental resources. The objectives of this study were to estimate the fitness cost of ryegrass biotypes with low-level resistance and susceptible to fluazifop and to investigate the relative competitive ability of these biotypes between themselves and against the crop. Thus, fitness cost and competitive ability experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions. For the fitness cost experiments, the low-level resistant ryegrass biotypes and those susceptible to fluazifop were used. For competitive abilit

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17

Wang, Kang, Jun Ning Zhao, Jiao Yang Bai, et al. "Pyrethroid Resistance and Fitness Cost Conferred by the super-kdr Mutation M918L in Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera: Aphididae)." Journal of Economic Entomology 114, no. 4 (2021): 1789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab117.

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Abstract Pyrethroid insecticides have been widely utilized for insect pest control. Target-site resistance is one of the major mechanisms explaining pest resistance to pyrethroids. This study quantified pyrethroid resistance and fitness cost conferred by the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) M918L mutation in Rhopalosiphum padi. Six s-kdr-SS and six s-kdr-RS parthenogenetic lineages were established from the same field population and were reared in the laboratory without exposure to pesticides for more than one year. Enzyme activity analysis demonstrated that metabolic resistance had no impa

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Talbot, Laura A., E. Jeffrey Metter, Jerome L. Fleg, Ali A. Weinstein, and Kevin D. Frick. "Cost Effectiveness of Two Army Physical Fitness Programs." Military Medicine 178, no. 12 (2013): 1353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-13-00118.

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19

Zeitouni, Salman, and Isabelle Kempf. "Fitness Cost of Fluoroquinolone Resistance inCampylobacter coliandCampylobacter jejuni." Microbial Drug Resistance 17, no. 2 (2011): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2010.0139.

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Bassett, Danielle S., Edward T. Bullmore, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, José A. Apud, Daniel R. Weinberger, and Richard Coppola. "Cognitive fitness of cost-efficient brain functional networks." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 28 (2009): 11747–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903641106.

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21

Jenkins, Nicole L., Gawain McColl, and Gordon J. Lithgow. "Fitness cost of extended lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 271, no. 1556 (2004): 2523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2004.2897.

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22

Godin, Jean-Guy J., and Shelley A. Smith. "A fitness cost of foraging in the guppy." Nature 333, no. 6168 (1988): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/333069a0.

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23

Guo, Beining, Kamilia Abdelraouf, Kimberly R. Ledesma, Michael Nikolaou, and Vincent H. Tam. "Predicting bacterial fitness cost associated with drug resistance." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 67, no. 4 (2012): 928–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkr560.

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24

Roux, Damien, Olga Danilchanka, Thomas Guillard, et al. "Fitness cost of antibiotic susceptibility during bacterial infection." Science Translational Medicine 7, no. 297 (2015): 297ra114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.aab1621.

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25

Han, Feifei, Shuaihua Pu, Fei Wang, Jianghong Meng, and Beilei Ge. "Fitness cost of macrolide resistance in Campylobacter jejuni." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 34, no. 5 (2009): 462–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2009.06.019.

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26

Picek, Stjepan, Marko Cupic, and Leon Rotim. "A New Cost Function for Evolution of S-Boxes." Evolutionary Computation 24, no. 4 (2016): 695–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/evco_a_00191.

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Substitution Boxes (S-Boxes) play an important role in many modern-day cryptographic algorithms, more commonly known as ciphers. Without carefully chosen S-Boxes, such ciphers would be easier to break. Therefore, it is not surprising that the design of suitable S-Boxes attracts a lot of attention in the cryptography community. The evolutionary computation (EC) community also had several attempts using evolutionary paradigms to evolve S-Boxes with good cryptographic properties. This article focuses on a fitness function one should use when evolving highly nonlinear S-Boxes. After an extensive e

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27

Stábile, Franca, Christer Brönmark, Lars-Anders Hansson, and Marcus Lee. "Fitness cost from fluctuating ultraviolet radiation in Daphnia magna." Biology Letters 17, no. 8 (2021): 20210261. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2021.0261.

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Solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is an important environmental threat for organisms in aquatic systems, but its temporally variable nature makes the understanding of its effects ambiguous. The aim of our study was to assess potential fitness costs associated with fluctuating UVR in the aquatic zooplankter Daphnia magna . We investigated individual survival, reproduction and behaviour when exposed to different UVR treatments. Individuals exposed to fluctuating UVR, resembling natural variations in cloud cover, had the lowest fitness (measured as the number of offspring produced during their li

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Vila-Aiub. "Fitness of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds: Current Knowledge and Implications for Management." Plants 8, no. 11 (2019): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110469.

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Herbicide resistance is the ultimate evidence of the extraordinary capacity of weeds to evolve under stressful conditions. Despite the extraordinary plant fitness advantage endowed by herbicide resistance mutations in agroecosystems under herbicide selection, resistance mutations are predicted to exhibit an adaptation cost (i.e., fitness cost), relative to the susceptible wild-type, in herbicide untreated conditions. Fitness costs associated with herbicide resistance mutations are not universal and their expression depends on the particular mutation, genetic background, dominance of the fitnes

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Vieira, Elsa, and João Ferreira. "What generic strategies do private fitness centres implement and what are their impacts on financial performance?" Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 10, no. 3 (2020): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-07-2019-0061.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to identify the strategies that private fitness centres implement and to evaluate their impact on financial performance.Design/methodology/approachBased upon a sample of 151 private fitness centres in Portugal, multivariate statistics report the implemented strategies and their effect on financial performance. We applied exploratory factorial analysis as our methodology to identify the types of strategy and the ANOVA in order to verify if there are differences of financial performance in the strategies.FindingsThe results obtained demonstrate how private fit

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Park, Gihong, and Hans G. Dam. "Cell-growth gene expression reveals a direct fitness cost of grazer-induced toxin production in red tide dinoflagellate prey." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1944 (2021): 20202480. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2480.

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Induced prey defences against consumers are conspicuous in microbes, plants and animals. In toxigenic prey, a defence fitness cost should result in a trade-off between defence expression and individual growth. Yet, previous experimental work has failed to detect such induced defence cost in toxigenic phytoplankton. We measured a potential direct fitness cost of grazer-induced toxin production in a red tide dinoflagellate prey using relative gene expression (RGE) of a mitotic cyclin gene ( cyc ), a marker that correlates to cell growth. This approach disentangles the reduction in cell growth fr

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Suzuki, Shingo, Takaaki Horinouchi, and Chikara Furusawa. "Phenotypic changes associated with the fitness cost in antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli strains." Molecular BioSystems 12, no. 2 (2016): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5mb00590f.

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32

Matthews, T. David, and Stanley Maloy. "Fitness Effects of Replichore Imbalance in Salmonella enterica." Journal of Bacteriology 192, no. 22 (2010): 6086–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00649-10.

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ABSTRACT A fitness cost due to imbalanced replichores has been proposed to provoke chromosome rearrangements in Salmonella enterica serovars. To determine the impact of replichore imbalance on fitness, the relative fitness of isogenic Salmonella strains containing transposon-held duplications of various sizes and at various chromosomal locations was determined. Although duplication of certain genes influenced fitness, a replichore imbalance of up to 16° did not affect fitness.

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33

Balsalobre, Luz, and Adela G. de la Campa. "Fitness of Streptococcus pneumoniae Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Strains with Topoisomerase IV Recombinant Genes." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 3 (2007): 822–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.00731-07.

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ABSTRACT The low prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant (Cpr) Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates carrying recombinant topoisomerase IV genes could be attributed to a fitness cost imposed by the horizontal transfer, which often implies the acquisition of larger-than-normal parE-parC intergenic regions. A study of the transcription of these genes and of the fitness cost for 24 isogenic Cpr strains was performed. Six first-level transformants were obtained either with PCR products containing the parC quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of S. pneumoniae Cpr mutants with point mutations

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34

Nang, Sue C., Faye C. Morris, Michael J. McDonald, et al. "Fitness cost of mcr-1-mediated polymyxin resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 73, no. 6 (2018): 1604–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dky061.

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Abstract Objectives The discovery of mobile colistin resistance mcr-1, a plasmid-borne polymyxin resistance gene, highlights the potential for widespread resistance to the last-line polymyxins. In the present study, we investigated the impact of mcr-1 acquisition on polymyxin resistance and biological fitness in Klebsiella pneumoniae. Methods K. pneumoniae B5055 was used as the parental strain for the construction of strains carrying vector only (pBBR1MCS-5) and mcr-1 recombinant plasmids (pmcr-1). Plasmid stability was determined by serial passaging for 10 consecutive days in antibiotic-free

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Adams, Kaitlyn T., Paige Allen, Tony Harris, et al. "Taking the First Step Together: Key Recommendations to Assess Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Community." ACSM'S Health & Fitness Journal 29, no. 3 (2025): 14–22. https://doi.org/10.1249/fit.0000000000001056.

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Apply it! By reading this article, you will learn to • Effectively administer a low-cost, submaximal fitness assessment in a community setting. • Develop rapport-building skills for field-based fitness testing. • Establish a standard of practice that acknowledges cultural sensitivities during field-based fitness testing.

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Louie, Raymond H. Y., Kevin J. Kaczorowski, John P. Barton, Arup K. Chakraborty, and Matthew R. McKay. "Fitness landscape of the human immunodeficiency virus envelope protein that is targeted by antibodies." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 4 (2018): E564—E573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1717765115.

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HIV is a highly mutable virus, and over 30 years after its discovery, a vaccine or cure is still not available. The isolation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) from HIV-infected patients has led to renewed hope for a prophylactic vaccine capable of combating the scourge of HIV. A major challenge is the design of immunogens and vaccination protocols that can elicit bnAbs that target regions of the virus’s spike proteins where the likelihood of mutational escape is low due to the high fitness cost of mutations. Related challenges include the choice of combinations of bnAbs for therapy.

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Tahir, Barzan Hussein, Tarik A. Rashid, Hafiz Tayyab Rauf, et al. "Improved Fitness-Dependent Optimizer for Solving Economic Load Dispatch Problem." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2022 (July 11, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7055910.

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Economic load dispatch depicts a fundamental role in the operation of power systems, as it decreases the environmental load, minimizes the operating cost, and preserves energy resources. The optimal solution to economic load dispatch problems and various constraints can be obtained by evolving several evolutionary and swarm-based algorithms. The major drawback to swarm-based algorithms is premature convergence towards an optimal solution. Fitness-dependent optimizer is a novel optimization algorithm stimulated by the decision-making and reproductive process of bee swarming. Fitness-dependent o

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Collins, M., E. Clifton, F. van Wijck, and GE Mead. "Cost-effectiveness of physical fitness training for stroke survivors." Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 48, no. 1 (2018): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4997/jrcpe.2018.115.

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Ma, Ke, Yu Feng, and Zhiyong Zong. "Fitness cost of a mcr-1-carrying IncHI2 plasmid." PLOS ONE 13, no. 12 (2018): e0209706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209706.

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Enne, V. I. "Rifampicin resistance and its fitness cost in Enterococcus faecium." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 53, no. 2 (2004): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkh044.

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Sandegren, L., A. Lindqvist, G. Kahlmeter, and D. I. Andersson. "Nitrofurantoin resistance mechanism and fitness cost in Escherichia coli." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 62, no. 3 (2008): 495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkn222.

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Mery, Frederic, and Tadeusz J. Kawecki. "A fitness cost of learning ability in Drosophila melanogaster." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 270, no. 1532 (2003): 2465–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2003.2548.

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Boissinot, S., J. Davis, A. Entezam, D. Petrov, and A. V. Furano. "Fitness cost of LINE-1 (L1) activity in humans." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, no. 25 (2006): 9590–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0603334103.

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AlAmri, Aisha M. "Integron in Gram negative bacteria: Classes and fitness cost." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, no. 6 (2017): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ajms.v8i6.18445.

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Bacteria intrinsically harbor methods of gene exchange that are distinct from those in eukaryotes, but subject to natural selection laws. Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance is one of the major consequences of gene exchange ability. Bacterial genomes have the ability to undergo evolutionary changes within specified time frame resulting on an exceptional diversity, especially, under strong selection pressure. One of the most important elements of antimicrobial resistance are integrons which serve as a platform for gene cassettes integration and expression.Asian Journal of Medical Sciences

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Alamri, Aisha. "Integron in Gram negative bacteria: Classes and fitness cost." Asian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, no. 6 (2017): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.71152/ajms.v8i6.3969.

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Bacteria intrinsically harbor methods of gene exchange that are distinct from those in eukaryotes, but subject to natural selection laws. Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance is one of the major consequences of gene exchange ability. Bacterial genomes have the ability to undergo evolutionary changes within specified time frame resulting on an exceptional diversity, especially, under strong selection pressure. One of the most important elements of antimicrobial resistance are integrons which serve as a platform for gene cassettes integration and expression. Asian Journal of Medical Science

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Dillon, J. A. R., and R. P. Parti. "Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Fitness Cost or Benefit?" Journal of Infectious Diseases 205, no. 12 (2012): 1775–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jis281.

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Long, Tristan A. F., Alison Pischedda, Andrew D. Stewart, and William R. Rice. "A Cost of Sexual Attractiveness to High-Fitness Females." PLoS Biology 7, no. 12 (2009): e1000254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000254.

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Schikora-Tamarit, Miquel Àngel, Guillem Lopez-Grado i Salinas, Carolina Gonzalez-Navasa, et al. "Promoter Activity Buffering Reduces the Fitness Cost of Misregulation." Cell Reports 24, no. 3 (2018): 755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.059.

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Siva-Jothy, Michael T., and Stewart J. Plaistow. "A fitness cost of eugregarine parasitism in a damselfly." Ecological Entomology 24, no. 4 (1999): 465–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2311.1999.00222.x.

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Harari, Ally R., Tirtza Zahavi, and Denis Thiéry. "FITNESS COST OF PHEROMONE PRODUCTION IN SIGNALING FEMALE MOTHS." Evolution 65, no. 6 (2011): 1572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01252.x.

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