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Timothy, Lester Clement. "Non-renewal of a fixed-term employment contract." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/431.
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In terms of the common law contract of employment an employee who is a party to a fixed term contract, unlike an indefinite period contract, cannot be dismissed. The contract terminates upon an agreed or ascertainable date determined by the parties and the conclusion of the contract. Section 186(1)(b) of the Labour Relations Act 1995, however, defines the failure to renew a fixed term contract on the same or similar terms where the employee reasonably expected the contract to be renewed, as a dismissal. In this treatise the scope and content of this provision is considered with reference to relevant case law. The factors and considerations that establish a reasonable expectation are highlighted and considered. The question as to whether or not this provision also provides for the situation where an employee expects indefinite employment is also considered and critically discussed. The author concludes that the provision should not be interpreted in such a manner that an expectation of permanent employment is created.
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Guell-Rotllan, Maia. "The effects of fixed-term contracts on labour market performance." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2000. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2490/.
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During the 1980's, many European countries introduced flexibility measures in their labour market to fight high and persistent levels of unemployment. In particular, in many countries reforms consisted of the introduction of more flexible labour contracts (fixed-term contracts) in comparison to the predominant ones (permanent contracts). The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the effects of such contracts on the overall performance of the labour market. First, an economy with firing costs is analysed theoretically. Firing costs are generally considered one of the most important elements in making a labour market rigid. This chapter stresses the fact that it is not just the level of severance payments what matters, but a wider view of employment protection. In particular, dismissal conflicts are modeled explicitly and their cost is derived. In the second chapter, the effects on employment of introducing fixed-term contracts in an economy with only permanent contracts are analysed theoretically. Our findings are that higher employment at the expense of segmentation of the labour market only arises if wages are very flexible. Otherwise, employment is not necessarily higher than in a system with only permanent contracts. Moreover, from the social point of view, market segmentation is too large. The last two chapters are empirical work applied to Spain. The Spanish experience appears to be particularly useful in this context to draw some lessons of these policies because the unemployment rate is the highest among OECD economies despite the several "policy experiments" implemented in the last two decades. In Chapter 3 the duration pattern of fixed-term contracts and the determinants of the transformation of these into permanent ones are analysed. Evidence is found that fixed-term contracts are used as a screening device instrument. Also, employers use fixed-term contracts until their legal limit. In Chapter 4, we study the effects of fixed-term contracts on the duration distribution of unemployment. It is found that the chances of leaving unemployment for a reference group have increased at short durations, while they have decreased at long durations of unemployment.
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Ho, Raymond Wai Ming. "Fixed rate mortgage prepayment and the term structure of interest rates." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7384.
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Limslätt, Isabella, and Vetton Gramozi. "Möjliggör LAS missbruk av visstidsanställningar? : Ur ett arbetsgivar- och arbetstagarperspektiv." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-26711.
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Holbrook, Paula. "Social housing : safety net, ambulance service or just home? : exploring the potential impact of fixed term tenancies." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3466.
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The economic downturn and ageing population has caused a rethink of a number of services: social housing providers are, as a result of the Coalition’s housing strategy (mainly enacted by the Localism Act 2011), not only considering who should be given low cost and secure housing, but for the first time, how long people should be housed. Demand is high for social properties and providers are urged to use their scare resources wisely; however, social housing is popularly viewed as a tenancy of last resort. This thesis explores a new phenomenon: why will the introduction of a policy to fix the term (length) of a tenancy be effective when social housing is considered not only to be the least desirable tenancy, but one that causes personal, economic and social difficulty. Surely, these issues alone would be enough of a stimulus for tenants to leave without any further limitations set by the State or the housing provider, if they were able to? This thesis uses the case study method to look at, in a highly qualitative way, the lived experiences of a number of tenants who have resided in their social homes for five years on traditional social tenancies. Fixed term tenancies will typically be five years in length and we are still a number of years away from being able to study what the actual impact will be. The issue is explored by understanding what would be the outcomes if the participants were on fixed term tenancies. As a result, a hermeneutic methodology was required. The study found that, good thing or not, fixed term tenancies are not shunned by likely applicants who, at the point of allocation, are not concerned about what might happen in five years’ time. In addition, an acute shortage of housing (across all tenures) is reducing the expectations of newly-forming households. Few tenants would not be offered a further tenancy (at the same or smaller property) at the end of five years as their circumstances are likely to remain largely unchanged.
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KLOTZLE, ANDRE CABUS. "THE DETERMINANTS OF BRAZILIAN INTEREST RATES FOR LONG-TERM PUBLIC FIXED INCOME SECURITIES." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2008. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=12556@1.
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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIROEste trabalho objetiva, por meio da utilização de um modelo de paridade coberta de juros ajustada aos riscos país e demais riscos (sobretudo domésticos), verificar, estatisticamente, quais são os determinantes da taxa de juros brasileira para títulos públicos pré-fixados de longo prazo - no caso, as Notas do Tesouro Nacional Série F (NTN-Fs) de prazo aproximado de 10 anos, com vencimento em 2017. A variável dependente foi definida como a taxa de retorno das respectivas NTN-Fs, ao passo que as variáveis independentes ou explicativas foram a taxa livre de risco dos Treasuries norte-americanos de 10 anos, o prêmio de risco Brasil e o risco cambial. Os demais riscos (especialmente domésticos), por se tratarem do diferencial entre as NTN-Fs e as outras variáveis, encontram-se dentro do componente de termo do erro. Tendo em vista que as variáveis independentes possuem fortes relações de multicolinearidade - o que trouxe resultados visados para o coeficiente de determinação e aqueles individuais -, optou-se por rodar um modelo VAR e, a partir do mesmo, extrair os graus de endogeneidade de cada variável. Assim, foi possível observar o grau de importância e causalidade das variáveis individualmente e se o modelo estava corretamente especificado - ou seja, se a taxa de juros das NTN-Fs de longo prazo foi de fato explicada pelas demais variáveis. As principais ferramentas do modelo VAR - decomposição de variância e funções impulso-resposta - permitiram tirar importantes conclusões acerca dos impactos defasados de variações ou choques ocorridos nas variáveis independentes sobre a taxa de juros das NTN-Fs analisadas. Os resultados comprovaram que a taxa de juros das NTN-Fs é a variável mais endógena do modelo e, portanto, a dependente, além disso, mostrou que o risco cambial é a variável menos endógena, indicando sua importância cada vez menor na formação das taxas de juros de longo prazo no Brasil. A conclusão mais relevante, contudo, foi a evidência de que existe uma correlação negativa entre a taxa de juros livre de risco e a taxa dos títulos de longo prazo brasileiros, contrariando, pelo menos em 2007, a Teoria das Carteiras, que prevê uma relação positiva entre a taxa livre de risco e o retorno de um ativo.
This study aims to verify statistically, through the utilization of an interest rate covered parity model adjusted to the country-risk and other risks (domestic, mainly), what are the determinants of Brazilian interest rates for long-term public fixed income securities - in this case, the so-called National Treasury Notes - Series F (NTN-Fs) with maturity in approximately 10 years, more precisely, in 2017. The dependent variable was defined as being the yield- to-maturity of the respective NTN-Fs, whereas the independent or explanatory variables were the risk-free rates of the US 10-year Treasuries, the Brazilian country-risk and the exchange rate risk. The other risks (especially domestic ones), as well as they reflect the differential between the NTN-Fs and the other variables, are one of the error term components. Given that the independent variables have strong multicollinearity - which brings biased results to the determination and individual coefficients -, we opted for using a VAR model and, based on it, obtain the endogenous degrees of each variable. Then, it was possible to observe the causality and importance level of the variables individually and if the model was correctly specified - that is, if the long-term NTN-Fs interest rates were in fact explained by the other variables. The main VAR model tools - which are the variance decomposition and the impulse-response functions - allowed us to make important conclusions about the delayed impacts of variations or shocks occurred in the independent variables over the analyzed NTN- Fs interest rates. The results proved that NTN-Fs interest rate is the most endogenous variable of the model and, therefore, the dependent one. The results also showed that the exchange rate risk is the less endogenous variable, suggesting it has a decreasing importance for the long-run interest rate building in Brazil. However, the most important conclusion was the evidence that there is a negative correlation between the risk-free rate and Brazilian long-run securities interest rates, opposing, at least in 2007, the Portfolio Theory, which foresees a positive relationship between the risk-free irate and the return of an asset.
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Blagnienė, Deimantė. "Terminuotos darbo sutartys Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių teisėje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20090908_194106-15569.
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Šiame magistro darbe analizuojami Lietuvos, Latvijos, Estijos ir Rusijos terminuotų darbo sutarčių sudarymo, vykdymo bei nutraukimo ypatumai. Kad nebūtų piktnaudžiaujama terminuotomis sutartimis, valstybės savo darbo statymuose įstatymuose nustato tam tikrus imperatyvius reikalavimus. Darbo tikslas yra palyginti Lietuvos ir minėtų užsienio valstybių darbo įstatymų nuostatas, susijusias su terminuotų sutarčių reglamentavimu, pateikti jų apibendrinimus, aptarti šių teisės normų įgyvendinimo praktikoje problemas bei pateikti pasiūlymus Lietuvos įstatymų leidėjui. Pirmoje darbo dalyje pabrėžiama darbo sutarties instituto svarba, apžvelgiami pagrindiniai valstybių darbo įstatymai, aptariama terminuotos darbo sutarties samprata bei išskiriamos jos rūšys. Antroji dalis yra skirta terminuotų darbo sutarčių sudarymui – joje aptariamas terminuotų darbo sutarčių turinys, kurį sudaro būtinosios ir papildomos sąlygos, apibrėžiamos bendros visoms valstybėms termino nustatymo taisyklės, taip pat analizuojamos terminuotos darbo sutarties prielaidos ir apribojimai. Trečioje darbo dalyje dėmesys skiriamas teisės normų, reglamentuojančių terminuotų darbo sutarčių vykdymą ir keitimą, analizei – pabrėžiami sutarčių keitimo ypatumai, atsižvelgiant į sąlygų keitimo priežastį, jų rūšį ir nuo to, kuriam laikui (terminuotai ar neterminuotai) tos sąlygos keičiamos. Šioje dalyje taip pat aptariami pagal terminuotas darbo sutartis dirbančių darbuotojų nediskriminavimo bei informavimo apie laisvas darbo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]In these Master theses are analyzed the characteristics of fixed-term employment contracts in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Russia. To prevent abuse arising from fixed-term employment contracts the countries define imperative requirements in their labour laws. The object of these theses is to compare the provisions of labour laws, related to the regulation of the fixed-term employments contracts, to present the generalization thereof, to discuss the problems of provisions’ realization in practice and to make suggestions to the legislator. In the first part of the theses the importance of employment contract’s institute is pointed, the countries’ main labour laws are reviewed and the conception of employment contract and its types are discussed. The second part is about the conclusion of fixed-term employment contracts: the content of fixed-term employment contracts (obligatory and additional conditions) is discussed, the general rules of term determination are defined, the preconditions and restrictions of fixed-term employment contracts are analyzed. In the third part of theses the rules of law, related to the implementation and amendment of fixed-term employment contracts, are analyzed – it is pointed that the amendments are made according to the reason and duration of amendment and the type of employment conditions to be amended. The principles of non-discrimination of fixed-term workers and information about vacancies are also discussed. The last, fourth, part is about... [to full text]
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Kuskienė, Sonata. "Terminuota darbo sutartis pagal Lietuvos ir Lenkijos teisę (lyginamoji analizė)." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2009. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20081203_204526-93506.
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Neterminuotos darbo sutartys yra bendriausia ir pagrindinė darbdavių bei darbuotojų darbo santykių forma, tačiau tam tikromis aplinkybėmis – nenuolatinio pobūdžio darbams atlikti - vis dažniau atsiranda poreikis darbuotojus įdarbinti pagal terminuotas darbo sutartis, kurios tam tikromis aplinkybėmis labiau atitinka ir darbuotojų ir darbdavių interesus. Šiame magistro darbe yra nagrinėjamos Lietuvos ir Lenkijos darbo teisėje įtvirtintos nuostatos dėl terminuotos darbo sutarties rūšių išskyrimo, jos sudarymo prielaidos, vykdymo ypatumai bei nutraukimo pagrindai ir apribojimai, analizuojamas šių nuostatų įgyvendinimas teismų praktikoje. Taip pat analizuojamas abiejų valstybių terminuotą darbo sutartį reglamentuojančių nuostatų atitikimas EB Tarybos direktyvoje Nr. 1999/70/EB įtvirtintiems bendriesiems reikalavimams, įpareigojantiems kiekvieną valstybę narę nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose įtvirtinti normas, užtikrinančias vienodų sąlygų taikymą pagal terminuotas darbo sutartis dirbantiems darbuotojams, saugant juos nuo diskriminacijos bei neleisti piktnaudžiauti sudarant terminuotas darbo sutartis. Pažymėtina, jog dauguma terminuotą darbo sutartį reglamentuojančių normų Lietuvos ir Lenkijos darbo kodeksuose yra suderintos su Europos Sąjungos ir tarptautiniais teisės aktais. Terminuotos darbo sutarties analizė, lyginant abiejų valstybių nacionalinės darbo teisės normas, rodo, jog Lenkijos darbo kodeksas labiau orientuotas į liberalius, paremtus šalių lygybe, darbo teisinius... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Open-ended employment contracts are the most general and the main form of employment relationship between employers and employees; however, in certain circumstances – for the purposes of performing temporary work – there is an increasing need for recruitment of employees under fixed-term employment contracts, which in certain circumstances better respond to the interests of both employees and employers. This master thesis considers the provisions stipulated in the Lithuanian and Polish labour law regarding discernment of the fixed-term employment contract, preconditions for its conclusion, specific features of its execution as well as the basis for and restrictions on its termination; implementation of these provisions in judicial practice is considered. The author also analyses compliance of the provisions of both states regulating the fixed-term employment contract with the general requirements set forth in Council Directive 1999/70/EC and committing every member state to lay down in national legislation the norms ensuring equal treatment for fixed-term workers by protecting them against discrimination and to prevent abuse when concluding fixed-term employment contracts. It should be noted that the majority of the norms regulating the fixed-term employment contract in the Lithuanian Labour Code and the Polish Labour Code have been harmonised with legal acts of the European Union and international legal acts. Analysis of the fixed-term employment contract by comparing both... [to full text]
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Bilbo, Eve Erin. "Long-term skeletal effects of high-pull headgear plus fixed appliances: a cephalometric study." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2014. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/4578.
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Wyman, Kirsty Louise. "Exploring the experiences of primary school children returning to school after a fixed-term exclusion." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2017. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.738255.
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Oliver, Elizabeth Alexandra. "Gender equality and career progression in science : managing work and family life on fixed term contracts." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446498.
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Fonçatti, Camilla Fiedler. "Long-term stability of Class II division 1 treatment with the MARA combined with fixed appliances." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/25/25144/tde-19072018-105455/.
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Introduction: Successful treatment of class II Division 1 malocclusion is also implied to the long-term stability of treatment changes and many are the factors that can influence that. Objective: This research aimed to evaluate the long-term stability of the cephalometric changes obtained during Class II malocclusion correction with the MARA (Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance) associated with fixed appliances. Methods: The treatment group comprised 12 patients who were evaluated at three stages: pretreatment (T1), posttreatment (T2) and long-term posttreatment (T3). The mean initial age of the patients was 12.35 years and the mean final age was 15.65 years. The mean age at the long-term posttreatment stage was 22.53 years and the mean long-term posttreatment period was 6.88 years. The control group comprised 12 subjects with normal occlusion and no orthodontic treatment with ages comparable to the treatment group at the posttreatment and long-term posttreatment stages. Intra-treatment group comparison between the three stages was performed with repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey tests. Intergroup comparison of posttreatment changes and normal growth changes of the treatment group were performed with t tests. Results: reduction of the maxillary protrusion and improvement of the maxillomandibular relationships remained stable during the long-term posttreatment period. Maxillary incisors inclination and overjet presented a tendency to relapse in relation to the control group Conclusions: Despite the different amount of growth potential, the reduction of the maxillary protrusion and maxillomandibular relationship improvement remained stable with no difference from normal occlusion behavior. Palatal inclination of the maxillary incisors and the overjet improvement showed a slight tendency towards relapse when compared to normal occlusion. Therefore, an increase of active retention time could be recommended to prevent that.Introdução: o tratamento bem-sucedido da má oclusão de classe II Divisão 1 está implícito na estabilidade em longo prazo das correções e muitos são os fatores que podem influenciar esta estabilidade. Objetivos: observando que a terapia com o aparelho MARA (Mandibular Anterior Repositioning Appliance) associado ao aparelho ortodôntico fixo mostrou-se eficaz na correção da Classe II, este trabalho estabeleceu como objetivo avaliar cefalometricamente a estabilidade em longo prazo das correções obtidas durante este tratamento. Materiais e métodos: foram analisadas as alterações durante e após o tratamento através das telerradiografias em norma lateral de 12 pacientes (09 meninos e 03 meninas) nas fases: inicial (T1), final (T2) e pós-tratamento (T3), com idade média inicial de 12,35 anos e 15,65 anos ao final do tratamento. A idade media no estágio de pós tratamento em longo prazo foi de 22,53 e o tempo de acompanhamento pós tratamento foi em media 6,88 anos. As alterações foram comparadas a um Grupo Controle com oclusão normal, não tratados ortodonticamente, com idades compatíveis ao grupo experimental nos estágios final e pós tratamento em longo prazo. Os dados obtidos foram analisados através da análise de variância (ANOVA) para medidas repetidas e o teste de comparações múltiplas de Tukey. As alterações ocorridas no período de póstratamento foram comparadas com as alterações do Grupo Controle durante o período correspondente utilizando o teste t independente. Resultados: Observou-se uma redução da protrusão maxilar, assim como, uma melhora das relações maxilomandibulares, as quais, permaneceram estáveis durante o período de póstratamento. A inclinação dos incisivos superiores e o overjet apresentaram tendência à recidiva em relação ao grupo controle. Conclusões: A redução da protrusão maxilar e melhora da relação maxilomandibular mantiveram-se estáveis, sem diferença estatisticamente significante do comportamento na oclusão normal. A retroinclinação dos incisivos superiores e a melhora do overjet mostraram uma ligeira tendência à recidiva quando comparada ao comportamento da oclusão normal. Portanto, um aumento do tempo de retenção ativo pode ser recomendado para evitar essa recidiva.
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Raboteau-Duval, Michèle. "Le droit des contrats de travail à durée déterminée en droit espagnol et en droit français : contribution à l'étude du droit social comparé /." Aix-en-Provence : Presses Univ. d'Aix-Marseille, 2004. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/486180352.pdf.
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Gilmore, Gwendoline Julia. "Inclusion and professionalism : reducing fixed term exclusions in a south west secondary school : a cultural historical activity theory study of a disciplinary inclusion room." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/108628.
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This thesis presents an exploration of the nature, extent and characteristics of a disciplinary Inclusion Room (IR), from the perspectives of students and staff in a South West secondary school. Over the past five years, this school has significantly reduced fixed term exclusions and improved school attainment against Local Authority averages. This research presents an organisational response to a socio-cultural problem and the paradoxical lenses of social inclusion and discipline. The research uses Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) as a theoretical and methodological framework. I explore inclusion and professionalism using the perspectives of nine students who entered disciplinary IR and nine staff who knew the students. Inclusion constructs explored include participation, equality and diversity. Professionalism is deliberated through a continuum of managerial control/discretionay judgement, individualistic models/collegial approaches and bureaucratic/continuous learning dimensions. Mixed methods used include document analysis, an on-line questionnaire, student and staff interviews, visual timelines and observations of the students in classrooms. The analysis of IR considers primary, secondary and tertiary contradictions along with disciplinary rules, community and division of labour/power constructs amongst participants to develop a rich understanding of the context. Exploratory data, in the form of a questionnaire, suggests that the students and staff broadly share understanding of inclusion policy, practice and culture in this school. Interviews, further informed by examination of documents, student timelines and observations, show how a disciplinary IR is integrated into, and complements, educational processes; participation (being there), equality and diversity, within the school. Professionalism is characterised by discretionary lenses, collegial working and continuous learning governed by problem solving to support that educational vision. Findings from this work are generalisable as the research develops experience of the school in a naturalistic manner and is illustrative of expectations rather than formal predictions. Nevertheless, schools can use the findings to consider how a disciplinary IR can complement educational processes through increasing participation, equality and diversity. Goals for inclusion can be enhanced through collaborative partnerships and active, ongoing engagement amongst students and staff to develop the educational experience.
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Kelly, Philip G. "Long-term survival and cost-effectiveness of fixed prostheses in continuously attending patients at three private dental practices /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09DM/09dmk29.pdf.
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Adolfsson, Maja, and Anneli Lundmark. "FIXED-TERM CONTRACTS, TRADE UNION REPRESENTATION AND EMPLOYER-PAID TRAINING : A Comparative Multilevel Analysis Across 35 European Countries." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-163117.
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This thesis examines the moderating role of trade union representation in addressing the gap in employer-provided training between permanent workers and workers with fixed-term contracts (FTCs) from a cross-country, comparative perspective. The impact of trade union representation is measured on two different levels: (1) access to trade union representation at the workplace at the individual-level (2) average trade union representation at the country-level, measured as trade union power. The statistical analyses are performed using data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS) and multilevel modelling. Our result suggests that, across the European countries, workers with FTCs receive less employer-paid training than permanent workers. Regarding the impact of trade union representation, statistically significant result is found only at the individual-level, where access to trade union representation increases employer-paid training regardless of employment contract. For the interaction between access to trade union representation at the individual-level and FTC, no significant relationship is found. However, the models with the cross-level interaction between trade union power and FTC indicate that employer-paid training increases for permanent workers only. Our findings suggest that trade union representation at the workplace could operate as an equalizer between permanent workers and FTC workers, while at the country-level, their lobbying effect is beneficial for permanent workers only
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Coles, Thomas. "Why are 'Looked After Children' fixed term excluded from school? : using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis to understand the process." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/10731.
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Study One: Study one aimed to understand the perceptions and attributions of LAC fixed term excluded (FTE) from school on multiple occasions. This was carried out with reference to resilience, and an understanding of the possible protective and risk factors were also sought. Concepts of resilience (Prince-Embury, 2008; Gilligan, 2009) and attribution theory (Heider, 1958) provided a broad theoretical framework for the research. Methods: The study followed a mixed method design (carried out simultaneously). One aspect involved semi-structured interviews being undertaken using interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) (Smith & Osborn, 2007; 2008) in attempting to generate understanding of the thoughts and feelings of LAC going through the process of being FTE. The second aspect involved the resilience of the LAC being psychometrically measured using the Resilience Scales for Children and Adolescents (RSCA) as a way of validating and contextualising data deriving from the interviews. Results: Teachers acting as confidants and providing emotional containment appeared to significantly enhance resilience. Opportunities for dialogue and a focus on aspects to be developed in a supportive and positive manner was also important. The majority of the LAC had an external locus of control, appearing to serve them adaptively, allowing them to alleviate negative emotions relating to their behaviour. FTEs generally were causally attributed as stable and global, appearing to derive from entrenched thoughts, feelings and behaviours. The process of FTE appeared to compromise aspects of resilience as well as little positive effect being found in terms of learning and development. Study Two: Study two aimed to understand how teachers perceived the LAC participating in study one, and providing comparison with perceptions of the LAC of aspects such as FTEs. The study also sought to provide an understanding as to the causal attributions made by teachers related to LAC. Specifically, how these attributions affected their thoughts, feelings (Weiner, 1985) and practice relating to LAC. Methods: The study followed a mixed method design (carried out sequentially). A survey (SDQ) was used to provide the sample of teachers. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with eight teachers, using IPA as the method of analysis. The Modified Attribution Questionnaire with integrated vignettes was also undertaken by teachers to elicit more stable attributions relating to LAC. Results: Data deriving from interviews found support for Weiner’s (1985) cognitive-emotional-action model. Attributions of high controllability and locus increased teachers’ feelings of anger and frustration relating to the causes of the LAC’s behaviour. Empathy towards the LAC was affected by; collaboration with colleagues and professionals, understanding the needs of the child, ethos of the school, a child centred approach and the LAC’s behaviour deriving from their care background. Further key findings are discussed from a theoretical perspective with implications for practice proposed.
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Kwok, Dorothy Toi Sze. "Fixed-term employment and individual mobility : a study of teaching assistants in the aided secondary schools of Hong Kong." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2013. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1553.
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Schultz, Mi. "Visstidsdirektivets implementering i svensk rätt : Har korrekt implementering skett?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11275.
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The essays main intent is to examine whether there has been a proper implementation of the Council’s directive 1999/70/EG into Swedish law regarding the requirement for measures to prevent the abuse of successive fixed-term employment contracts. To achieve this purpose there is a need for an examination of current law. The essay also has some secondary purposes. One of these secondary purposes is the question of whether the implementation of the Council’s directive 1999/70/EG has lead to a reduction of the workers employment protection, which is closely connected to my main question and the violation case. My other secondary purposes are to make a connection between fixed-term employment and labor market flexibilization and flexicurity, to see if the rules about fixed-term work has affected gender equality, and to discuss whether there has been a shift of power in the relationship between employers and employees. I have come to the conclusion that Sweden has not implemented the Council’s directive 1999/70/EG properly regarding the requirement for measures to prevent abuse of successive fixed-term employments. I have found that the Swedish rules that apply today may be circumvented by combining various forms of fixed-term employments and that some forms of fixed-term employment requires a more clear definition. To prevent the abuse of successive fixed-term contracts, I suggest the introduction of a maximum total duration for all forms of fixed-term employment together, combined with a rule about the maximum number of times a fixed-term employment contract may be renewed. Furthermore I have found factors indicating that a reduction of workers employment protection level has taken place, but I can not draw any firm conclusions about it because the essay has not examined the issue in a completely thorough manner. I have also found a connection between labor market flexibilization and the use of fixed-term employment and that Sweden should examine whether the flexicurity-model can provide some useful solutions to increase employment without reducing workers employment protection level. Gender equality regarding the share of fixed-term employment contracts has slightly increased, both in Sweden and in the EU, since the origin of the Council’s directive 1999/70/EG. Also I have found that the new rules for fixed-term employment may have resulted in a shift of power that favors the employer.Uppsatsen syftar främst till att undersöka huruvida det skett en korrekt implementering av visstidsdirektivet i svensk rätt avseende kravet på åtgärder för att förhindra missbruk av flera på varandra följande visstidsanställningar. För att uppnå detta syfte krävs en utredning av gällande rätt. Uppsatsen har också några underordnade syften. Ett av dessa underordnade syften är frågan om huruvida implementeringen av visstidsdirektivet inneburit en minskning av arbetstagarnas anställningsskydd, som är nära kopplat till min huvudsakliga fråga och överträdelseärendet. Mina andra underordnade syften är att koppla reglerna om tidsbegränsade anställningar till arbetsmarknadens flexibilisering och flexicurity, att se om reglerna om tidsbegränsade anställningar påverkat jämställdhet mellan könen och att diskutera huruvida det skett förändringar i maktförhållandet mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare. Jag har kommit fram till slutsatsen att Sverige inte har implementerat visstidsdirektivet på ett korrekt sätt avseende kravet på åtgärder för att förhindra missbruk av flera på varandra följande visstidsanställningar. Jag har konstaterat att de svenska reglerna som gäller idag kan kringgås genom att olika former av tidsbegränsade anställningar kombineras och att vissa av anställningsformerna kräver en tydligare definition. För att förhindra missbruk av flera på varandra följande visstidsanställningar föreslår jag att det införs en övre sammanlagd tidsgräns för alla tidsbegränsade anställningsformer kombinerat med en regel om maximalt antal gånger ett tidsbegränsat anställningsavtal får förnyas. Jag har funnit faktorer som visar på att en minskning av arbetstagarskyddet har skett, men jag kan inte dra några säkra slutsatser om det eftersom uppsatsen inte behandlat frågan på ett uttömmande sätt. Vidare har jag funnit ett samband mellan arbetsmarknadens flexibilisering och användandet av tidsbegränsade anställningar och att Sverige borde undersöka om flexicurity-modellen kan bidra med några lösningar för att öka sysselsättningen utan att minska nivån på arbetstagarnas anställningsskydd. Jämställdhet mellan könen rörande andelen tidsbegränsat anställda har ökat något, både i Sverige och EU, sedan visstidsdirektivets tillkomst. Jag har också kommit fram till att de nya reglerna om tidsbegränsade anställningar kan ha inneburit en maktförskjutning som gynnar arbetsgivaren.
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Svensson, Sanna. "Sveriges implementering av EU:s visstidsdirektiv 99/70/EG." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-24948.
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This paper aims to study, from a legal dogmatic method, the Swedish legislation on fixed-term work related to the EU directive 99/70/EC 1. In particular, the directives demand to prevent abuse of frequent temporary employment. An employer may, in agreement with the Swedish legislation combine different types of temporary employment, to prolong the time in the temporary employment. In this proceeding an employer can avoid employing an employee in a permanent position. For example, an employee can be employed in a probationary period of six months, in a general temporary employment for a maximum of 24 months, and thereafter in a temporary position for a maximum of 24 months before the employment turns into a permanent position. This provided that the employments were made by the same employer, and within five years. The EU Commission has requested Sweden to change its legislation in harmony with the fixed-term work directive requirements to prevent abuse of repetitive fixed-term contracts. Sweden now has two months to implement the Directive otherwise the Commission may bring an action against Sweden at the European Court of Justice. The Ministry of Employment and the TCO have presented a legislative draft on how the Swedish law should instead be designed. In 2012 there were 661,000 people with fixed-term contracts in Sweden, 288,000 of them were men and 373,000 were women. There are mostly women who have fixed-term employments. This may result in women being more vulnerable than men in terms of for example the economy. Fixed-term employments can cause difficulties in obtaining loans or gaining access to the housing market. For society, temporary jobs lead to higher costs compared to permanent employment. If fixed-term employments are increasing, it will lead to more short periods of unemployment and rising costs including unemployment insurance.
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Henningsson, Erik, and Philip Pettersson. "Sociologins ställning i las-utredningen -Sociologisk forskning om visstidsanställningar och en kritisk granskning av utredningen En moderniserad arbetsrätt." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för humaniora, utbildnings- och samhällsvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-89970.
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Since the employment protection legislation inquiry En modern arbetsrätt was published, thedebate on employment protection has gained momentum. The inquiry has had to resistcriticism, among other things for not strengthening the balance between employers andemployees. A general review of the research used in the inquiry shows that sociologicalresearch has been used to a relatively small extent, in favor of research of a more economicnature. This entails a risk that valuable sociological aspects linked to employment may havebeen overlooked or underestimated. With the study, we intend to highlight the sociologicalaspect of the issue of temporary employment and employment protection to broaden thediscussion. In our study, we examine the research that the inquiry is based on regarding thesociological part of temporary employment and compare it with a literature review weproduce about temporary employment. This study shows that the sociological aspect of theEPL inquiry is underemphasized and that there are other studies that highlight valuablesociological points that are not included in the inquiry. In the comparison between theinquiry's research and our literature review, it is in particular the employee perspective andthe connection between temporary employment and health that differ where our sourceshighlight these aspects in a significantly clearer way.Sedan utredningen En modern arbetsrätt publicerades har debatten om anställningsskydd tagit fart. Utredningen har fått motstå kritik, bland annat för att inte stärka balansen mellan arbetsgivare och arbetstagare. En översiktlig genomgång av den forskning som använts i utredningen visar att sociologisk forskning använts i relativt liten utsträckning, till förmån för forskning av mer ekonomisk karaktär, såsom nationalekonomisk forskning. Detta innebär en risk för att värdefulla sociologiska aspekter kopplat till anställningar kan ha förbisetts eller underskattats. Med studien avser vi att lyfta den sociologiska aspekten i frågan om visstidsanställningar och anställningsskydd för att bredda diskussionen. I vår studie undersöker vi forskningen som utredningen utgått från gällande den sociologiska delen om visstidsanställningar och jämför med en litteraturöversikt vi tar fram. Denna studie visar att den sociologiska aspekten i las-utredningen är underbetonad och att det finns andra studier som lyfter värdefulla sociologiska poänger som inte finns med i utredningen. I jämförelsen mellan utredningens forskning och vår litteraturöversikt är det i synnerhet arbetstagarperspektivet och kopplingen mellan visstidsanställningar och hälsa som skiljer sig där våra källor lyfter dessa aspekter på ett klart tydligare sätt.
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Gustafsson, Jessica. "Sveriges väg till att försöka förhindra missbruk av visstidsanställningar : Ur ett europarättsligt perspektiv." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-68868.
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This essay aims to study the new regulation of the Swedish legislation regarding fixed-term work with a comparison to the EU directive 99/70/EC[1]. The essay also aims to study if the new legislation makes any difference for the individuals that has a fixed-term employment. The EU directive 99/70/EC is the legislation which shows how the member states in the EU are supposed to prevent employers from abusing frequent temporary employment and aims to protect the employees. Previously, an employer in Sweden could use the fixed-term contracts for temporary employments and just keep on giving the employee a temporary position in a spiral. In this way, the employer could avoid to give an employee a permanent employment and this makes for an unsafe future for the affected individual. In may 2016 Sweden, after criticism from the EU-commission, changed the Swedish legislation and aimed to stop the abusing of fixed-term contracts. Sweden wanted to try to keep the balance between the employer’s flexibility and the employee’s safety and this essay aims to investigate to what extent the change fulfills the purpose. [1] Council Directive 1999/70/EC of 28 June 1999 concerning the framework agreement on fixed-term work concluded by ETUC, UNICE and CEEP. Later know as the EU directive 99/70/EC.
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Skallsjö, Sven. "Essays on term structure and monetary policy." Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Finansiell Ekonomi (FI), 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-548.
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This dissertation treats two different themes. The first, addressed in Chapter 1, regards the pricing of interest rate swaps. The second, studied in the remaining two chapters, regards the implications of monetary policy for the term structure of interest rates.The pricing of interest rate swaps An interest rate swap is an agreement between two parties to exchange fix for floating interest rate payments for a certain period of time. Floating rate payments are made at a floating-rate index, e.g. the three-month interbank rate, while the fixed rate payment, the swap rate, is determined on the market. The swap rate may include a compensation for credit risk depending on the counterparty's credit quality, but in the standard agreement there is no exchange of principal, only interest is transacted, and this effectively reduces concerns about credit risk. The swap spread for a given maturity is the difference between the swap rate and the risk-free rate, measured as the yield on a government bond with similar cash flows. If the standard swap agreement entails negligible credit risk one might expect swap spreads to be low and stable, but market swap spreads vary over time. There are periods when swap spreads are low in accordance with the general theory, but there are also periods when swap spreads reach levels that seem high.The first chapter of this dissertation examines a setting where a positive swap spread arises as part of an equilibrium in a perfectly competitive capital market. The model is one of insurance under adverse selection. A firm that seeks debt financing can insure itself against interest rate risk either by borrowing long-term or by borrowing short-term and entering a pay fix - receive float interest rate swap. The latter alternative allows for a partial hedge as the firm can choose to swap only a fraction of the nominal amount. In this setting, if firms' credit quality and interest rate risk tolerance are correlated creditors can use the pricing of interest rate swaps as a screening device. A low-risk firm, being a firm with favorable private information, selects short-term borrowing and partial insurance. A high-risk firm, being a firm with less favorable prospects, is by assumption also less risk tolerant. It therefore has a higher demand for insurance and the equilibrium swap spread is set such that the high-risk firm finds it more beneficial to borrow long-term at a cost that exceeds the expected cost from short-term financing, but that provides a full insurance to interest rate risk. Monetary policy and the term structure of interest rates Taken separately monetary policy and term structure modeling are two well-established research areas each comprising a substantial amount of research. But relatively few attempts have been made to integrate the two. The last two chapters of this dissertation take the view that the conduct of monetary policy is an essential element in the determination of the term structure of interest rates, and that explicitly considering the role of amonetary authority in the analysis has a potential of enhancing our understanding of term structure dynamics, and its relation to macro-economic fundamentals in particular. This approach to the term structure is supported by the fact that the analytical framework developed in the literature on optimal monetary policy translates conveniently into a setting well suited for term structure analysis. Chapter 2 makes the point in the simplest setting. A standard model of optimal monetary policy is reformulated in continuous time. Combined with a parameterized form for the market price of risk this produces a standard term structure model with well-known characteristics. This model is estimated on US data for the period 1987 - 2002, treating state variables as latent factors of the term structure. The parameters that are estimated comprise parameters describing the monetary transmission mechanism, parameters describing the monetary authority's preferences and parameters describing the market price of risk. Our estimation technique differs from comparable estimations in the monetary policy literature as these typically take state variables to be directly observable measures of macro-economic aggregates. The results using term structure data are both similar and different to previous findings. The main difference when using term structure data is that the central bank's estimated policy is more aggressive, i.e. more responsive to changes in the underlying state variables.Chapter 3 is devoted to the zero bound on nominal interest rates. While the zero bound is well recognized in the literature on term structure modeling, not much has been said about term structure dynamics under the special circumstance that the short rate is close to zero. I find the optimal monetary policy approach to be particularly well suited for this analysis. The chapter studies a continuous time reduced form version of the monetary transmission mechanism. The monetary authority's optimization problem is formed according to two specifications, interest rate stabilization and interest rate smoothing. For the former the optimization problem is solved analytically, while numerical procedures are adopted forthe latter. The chapter then turns to study implications for the term structure under risk-neutrality. Term structure equations are solved numerically and implications for the term structure are discussed. Data for a low-interest rate country like Japan for 1996 - 2003 exhibits s-shaped yield curves and yield volatility curves. This shape is found to be consistent with a smoothing objective for the short rate.Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2004
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Thomas, Michael Patrick. "Long term extrapolation and hedging of the South African yield curve." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06172009-085254.
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Ekelund, Emma. "Det flexibla anställningsskyddet : Om hur kollektivavtal reglerar visstidsanställningar i olika branscher." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-90119.
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This essay is about flexibility in relation to employment protection through a gender perspective. It handles the regulations of fixed term employments and how they are regulated in collective agreements in different sectors. The sectors studied are chosen by statistics on male- and female dominated sectors to apply a gender perspective. 90 percent of Swedish workers are covered by collective agreements and many of the studied agreements differ markedly from both the regulation in the Swedish law and from each other. The study shows that depending on which sector you are working in your employment protection will differ. Especially in female dominated sectors the regulations of fixed term employments are even more flexible than the law and the regulations in male dominated sectors. According to the gender structure of the labor market, women have lower status, which could be an explanation to why the regulations tend to be less favorable for women. The result of the study shows that collective agreements in female dominated sectors tend to have regulations according to the Swedish law or less favorable than the law. The male dominated sectors on the other hand tend to have collective agreements that are stricter regulated than the law when it comes to the area of fixed term employments. By that said the regulations of fixed term employments seem through a gender perspective be better for men than for women.
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Emilie, Bracken. "Den svenska regleringen kring visstidsanställningar, ett skydd för välutbildade svenska män?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-62839.
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Fixed-term employment has become increasingly common in the Swedish labour market, despite that the stated main rule is permanent employment. The phenomenon affects different groups in society, especially since statistics indicate that it is mainly women, young and foreign-born people who have fixed-term contracts. Sweden was notified from the European Commission for not having lived up to the minimum requirements that the Council Directive 1999/70/EC framework agreement on fixed-term work issued. Several years of correspondence resulted in that Sweden was faced with the risk to stand in front of the Court of Justice of the European Union on charges of infringement if the law was not changed. A new law was presented May 1 2016. Lawmakers had here taken up by the Directive's requirement of maximum total duration of successive fixed-term employment contracts. This resulted in giving 5 § of the employment protection act, a bigger possibility to convert fixed- term contracts into permanent employment contracts than before. The purpose of this paper is to look at the differences between different social groups and job security, and to examine, illuminate and analyze the problem of fixed-term employment for different groups of workers and to set this in relation to the EU Directive on fixed-term. To answer the purpose of the essay and research questions the doctrinal method has been used to interpret, investigate and determine the applicable law. The new legislation has made it much more difficult for employers to misuse of fixed-term contracts, but it is very difficult to interpret the provisions of the law. In my opinion, unnecessarily complicated which is an important factor that can make the new legislation ineffective.
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Hamnell, Emelie. "Reglering av visstidsanställningar och dess konsekvenser : En kandidatuppsats om visstidsanställningar i samhället." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-18148.
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I dagens samhälle finns det ett antal arbetstagare som har anställning på begränsad tid. Denna uppsats utreder regleringarna kring visstidsanställningar samt vilket förhållande som finns mellan visstidsanställningar och samhället. Fokus i detta arbete är att undersöka hur visstidsanställningar regleras och hur dessa inverkar på individer i Sverige. För att få full förståelse behandlar uppsatsen vidare EU:s syn på Sveriges reglering av visstidsanställda. Samhällets utveckling behandlas kort för att nå en djupare kännedom om behovet av visstidsanställningar i Sverige. I anslutning till samhällsutvecklingen undersöks konsekvenser för arbetstagare och arbetsgivare vid tillämpning av visstidsanställningar. Slutligen kartläggs fördelningen av visstidsanställningar bland grupper av individer i samhället. Underlaget för denna uppsats baseras främst på berörda lagrum, förarbeten, rättsfall och doktrin. Materialet kompletteras med statistik på antalet visstidsanställningar i samhället samt fördelning av visstidsanställningar i samhället.I uppsatsen har det framkommit att det är enkelt för arbetsgivare att anställa en arbetstagare på begränsad tid. Uppsatsen belyser att det finns två typer av visstidsanställningar där den ena är mer fördelaktig än den andra för anställda. Av uppsatsen framgår det att främst kvinnor har den mindre fördelaktiga visstidsanställningen, som inte är frivilligt vald. Män är något överrepresenterade vad gäller den mer fördelaktiga visstidsanställningen, som är frivilligt vald och har positiv inverkan på löneutvecklingen. En slutsats från detta resonemang är att många visstidsanställda kvinnor missgynnas. För att uppnå jämställdhet på den svenska arbetsmarknaden borde kvinnor och män vara lika representerade även i de mindre fördelaktiga visstidsanställningarna.In today’s society there are a number of employees who are hired for a limited time. This paper investigates the regulations regarding fixed-term employment and the relationship between this type of employments and the society. To focus on this work regulation regarding fixed-term employments must be investigated and also how these affect the individuals in Sweden. To gain a full understanding the paper also deals with how other countries within EU relate to how Sweden handles the regulation of the fixed-term employments. The development of the society is shortly treated to reach a deeper understanding about the needs of temporary employments in Sweden. In connection with the development of the society, the consequences are investigated how the application of fixed-term employments will affect the employees and the employers. Finally, the distributions of temporary employments among groups of individuals in the society are mapped. The foundation of this paper is mainly based on the relevant section of law, preparation work, legal cases and doctrines. The material will be completed with statistics on the number of fixed-term employments and the distribution of these in the society.The paper shows that it is easy for employers to hire an employee for a limited time. The paper also shows that there are two types of fixed-term employments for employees, where one is more favorable than the other. It is mostly women who have less favorable fixed-term employments, and most of these jobs are not freely chosen. Men are slightly over-represented in terms of more favorable fixed-term employments which are often freely chosen and have a positive impact on the wages. The conclusion of this reasoning is that many temporary employed women are mistreated. In order to achieve equality on the Swedish labor market, both women and men should be equally represented even in the less favorable fixed-term employments.
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Åkerlund, Carl. "Elitishockeyns anpassning till arbetsrätten : Föräldraledig som elitishockeyspelare? "Nej, det går inte, helt omöjligt"." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-51263.
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The sports in Sweden has previously been self-regulated with its own rules and provisions. As the commercialisation and professionalization have increased the common legal system has a greater impact on sports. The purpose of this study is to investigate the professional ice hockey adjustments to the labour law regulation. Furthermore the purpose is to illuminate possible advantage and disadvantage with the professional ice hockey player’s conditions of employment. To answer the purpose and the research questions of this study the legal dogmatic method, the legal sociology method and qualitative method with interviews has been used. The study shows how the professional ice hockey has adapted the labour law regulations with collective agreement due to the semi-dispositive provisions found in Swedish labour law. In Swedish professional ice hockey only the fixed-term contract is applied and most of the provisions about employment security are not available for the ice hockey players. In return the players has a stronger protection during the employment. As an employee and a parent the right to have a parental leave is statutory. The study shows a complex of problems with ice hockey player’s opportunity to have a parental leave, which is a right as an employee. This raises questions about equality between men and women in the labour market of ice hockey.
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Petrovic, Katarina. "Government Debt : Why Has the Government Debt Increased? An Analysis of What Factors Influence the Long-Term Interest Rate?" Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för ekonomi, kommunikation och IT, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-29051.
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This paper analyzes what factors influence the long-term interest rate, in order to give an understanding of why the government debt has increased in EU member states. It is a statistical study of panel data analyzed by the fixed effect model. The research of the 27 EU member states is based on secondary data from the European Commission; Eurostat and EconStats. The results by the fixed effect model show that government debt, budget deficit and presidential system are significant and have a positive relationship with the long- term interest rate. The growth rate is significant, having a negative relationship with the long-term interest rate and the financial crisis did not increase the long-term interest rate. The results were not entirely consistent with theories and previous studies.
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MIRANDA, NICOLA. "Il nuovo contratto a tempo determinato: IL d.lgs. 368 del 2001 interpretato alla luce della Direttiva 70 del 1999." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/97.
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L'interpretazione della riforma del lavoro a termine è stata oggetto di un acceso dibattito dottrinale che ha portato a conclusioni diametralmente opposte relativamente a molti punti cardine della nuova disciplina, quali: la stipula di primo contratto a termine e la necessità di esigenze di natura temporanea; le norme antifrodatorie; le norme antidiscriminatorie; le clausole di contingentamento e più in generale il ruolo del sindacato. Da una attenta analisi della riforma che parta dal contenuto della direttiva emerge che nel nostro sistema normativo esiste ancora una regola importante, ma non più scritta: i contratti a tempo indeterminato rappresentano la forma comune dei rapporti di lavoro. Da questa regola discendono una serie di considerazioni: il primo contratto a termine non è libero ma subordinato all'esistenza di ragioni oggettive che si devono intendere anche temporanee; la proroga è ammessa solo a fronte di ragioni oggettive e sopravvenute; la successione di contratti a termine è vietata quando avviene in frode alla legge; in caso di illegittima stipulazione del contratto a termine il rapporto di lavoro si deve intendere a tempo indeterminato. Quanto al ruolo del sindacato questo è stato sicuramente innovato, ma il sistema predisposto dalla riforma del lavoro a termine in molte parti ricalca la disciplina previgente contenuta nella L. 56/87 tanto che non pare corretto parlare di mortificazione del ruolo della contrattazione collettiva ma solo di riduzione dei compiti ad essa affidati.Interpretation of the fixed term work reform has given rise to lively doctrinal debate that has led to completely opposite conclusions. Conclusions reached refer to hinge points of this new doctrine and include: the drawing up of first fixed term contracts and the necessity for temporary working requirements, anti-fraud norms, anti-discrimination norms, clauses in the fixing of quotas, and in general, the role of trade unions. Careful analysis of the reforms, starting from the content of this directive, reveals that our normative system still contains an important rule, although it is no longer written, that is: open-ended contracts still represent the most common job relationship form. Several considerations can be derived from this rule: the drawing of first fixed term contracts is not free, but subject to objective circumstances that must be proved. Mainly, the repeated extension of fixed term contracts is forbidden when it takes place against the law, and if a fixed term contract is unlawfully drawn up, then the job relationship must be intended as an open-ended one. The job of trade unions has certainly been re-emphasised due to this reform but, since the new job relationship system established by the fixed term work reform continues to enforce Law 56/87, it is not correct to talk of de-evaluation as related to collective work negotiations. Rather, trade unions will have a lesser role, and responsibilities and tasks normally charged to the trade union will be reduced.
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Lirsjö, Erica. "Visstidsanställningar i lag och samhälle : En studie med fokus på Prop. 2015/16:62 om skärpta åtgärder mot missbruk av visstidsanställningar." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-53187.
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Since 2007 the EU commission has been investigating Sweden regarding their implementation of the Council's directive 1999/70/EC concerning the framework agreement on fixed-term work into Swedish law after a report to the commission from a Swedish confederation of officials, TCO. After many years and turns back and forth between the commission and the Swedish government with several failed suggestions of changes to the Swedish legislation regarding fixed-term contracts, the government presented a final suggestion that was successfully voted through and thereby new rules regarding fixed-term contracts applies in Sweden from 1 May 2016.During this whole process, and before it as well, there has been a discussion between the parties of the labour market on whether fixed-term contracts are being misused or not in Sweden. The main purpose of this essay is to shed some light on the question of this misuse of fixed-term contracts and to see what consequences such misuse, if it exists, could have on the society and specifically on the labour market integration of newly arrived citizens.If misuse of fixed-term contracts exist or not is a question of interpretation and is depending on how the labour market is viewed. There are different perspectives and different theories on how the labour market should function to best profit the society. What effects the new Swedish legislation regarding fixed-term contracts will have on the society and on the integration of newly arrived citizens in the future is yet to be shown. If the new rules regarding fixed-term contracts fulfill their purpose in strengthening the employee protection that could have a positive outcome for both newly arrived citizens and the society at large.
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Bouzarour, Amina. "Auto-échauffement d'un lit ventilé de matériaux carbonés : cas du bois torréfié Experimental study of torrefied wood fixed bed: Thermal analysis and source term identification." Thesis, Ecole nationale des Mines d'Albi-Carmaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EMAC0012.
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La torréfaction est l'un des procédés de prétraitement thermochimique de la biomasse lignocellulosique qui permet de faciliter le stockage et le transport du matériau, mais aussi d'augmenter la densité énergétique du produit. Néanmoins, le substrat torréfié étant plus réactif, il est plus sujet à des mécanismes exothermiques spontanés pouvant entraîner un auto-échauffement de la matière. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, cette problématique a été étudiée pour le cas du bois torréfié. En effet, il a été question de comprendre les phénomènes responsables de l'auto-échauffement d'un lit de biomasse ventilé par un gaz oxydant à basse température. Pour ce faire, des scenarii d'auto-échauffement de plaquettes de bois torréfié ont été créés sous une atmosphère oxydante. Des expérimentations ont été conduites à l'échelle pilote dans un réacteur à lit fixe de 12 L. Au cours de ces essais, nous avons démontré que l'auto-échauffement est intensifié lorsque le débit du gaz oxydant est faible et sous une fraction d'oxygène élevée. Par ailleurs, la chaleur produite au cours de l'auto-échauffement du lit de bois a été estimée sur la base d'un bilan de chaleur et des données thermiques. Des paramètres cinétiques apparents et une chaleur de réaction associés à l'auto-échauffement ont été déduits. D'autre part, dans le but d'appréhender les phénomènes exothermiques caractérisant l'auto-échauffement, des essais d'oxydation à basse température sont réalisés à petite échelle (en ATG/ATD). Des modèles cinétiques ont ensuite été mis en œuvre pour distinguer et quantifier les mécanismes repérés expérimentalement. Ces deux approches ont permis de mettre en avant trois principaux mécanismes intervenant lors de l'oxydation à basse température : l'adsorption chimique de l'oxygène sur le réactif, la décomposition des complexes oxygénés formés à l'adsorption et une réaction d'oxydation directe. Dans une approche plus orientée vers des problématiques à l'échelle industrielle de l'auto-échauffement, un modèle numérique couplant cinétique chimique et transferts de matière et de chaleur a été conçu, à l'échelle du lit de particules. Ce modèle a permis de prédire de façon raisonnable la thermique du lit de bois torréfié à fort débit de ventilation. Il a été ensuite extrapolé à l'échelle industrielle pour simuler le comportement thermique d'un silo de stockage subissant un auto-échauffementTorrefaction is one of the thermo-chemical pretreatment processes of lignocellulosic biomass that facilitates both the storage and transport of the material and increases the energy value of the product. However, as the torrefied substrate is more reactive, it is more prone to spontaneous exothermic mechanisms that can lead to self-heating of the material. This issue is not well investigated in the case of torrefied wood since its industrial application is mainly in the test phase. For this reason, this topic is further studied throughout this thesis. Indeed, the aim was to understand the phenomena responsible for the self-heating of a bed of biomass ventilated with oxidizing gas at low temperature. To do this, self-heating scenarios of torrefied wood chips were created under an oxidizing atmosphere. Pilot-scale experiments were conducted in a 12 L fixed-bed reactor. During these tests, we demonstrated that self-heating is intensified when the oxidizing gas flow rate is low and under a high oxygen fraction. In addition, the heat produced during the self-heating of the wooden bed was estimated on the basis of a heat balance and thermal data. Then, the source term was correlated to the oxygen fraction and temperature in a simplified model. The apparent kinetic parameters and heat of reaction associated with self-heating were derived from this. On the other hand, in order to understand the exothermic phenomena characterizing self-heating, low temperature oxidation tests are carried out on a small scale (ATG/ATD). On the basis of these analyses, kinetic models were developed to distinguish and quantify the mechanisms identified experimentally. These two approaches have made it possible to highlight three main mechanisms involved in low-temperature oxidation: chemical adsorption of oxygen on the reagent, decomposition of the oxygen complexes formed during adsorption and a direct oxidation reaction. In a more problem-oriented approach to industrial-scale self-heating, a numerical model coupling chemical kinetics and mass and heat transfers was designed at the scale of the particle bed. This model provided a reasonable prediction of the thermal performance of the torrefied wood bed under high ventilation flow. It was then extrapolated to an industrial scale to simulate the thermal behaviour of a storage silo undergoing self-heating
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Yosifov, Martin. "Salary determination and contract length in Major League Baseball." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 154 p, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1257794751&sid=10&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Qasim, Muhammad, and Ali Chaudhry Majid. "Signal Processing on Ambric Processor Array : Baseband processing in radio base stations." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Information Science, Computer and Electrical Engineering (IDE), 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1660.
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The advanced signal processing systems of today require extreme data throughput and low power consumption. The only way to accomplish this is to use parallel processor architecture.
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the use of parallel processor architecture in baseband signal processing. This has been done by implementing three demanding algorithms in LTE on Ambric Am2000 family Massively Parallel Processor Array (MPPA). The Ambric chip is evaluated in terms of computational performance, efficiency of the development tools, algorithm and I/O mapping.
Implementations of Matrix Multiplication, FFT and Block Interleaver were performed. The implementation of algorithms shows that high level of parallelism can be achieved in MPPA especially on complex algorithms like FFT and Matrix multiplication. Different mappings of the algorithms are compared to see which best fit the architecture.
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Palmén, Sara, and Avare Suleyman. "CEO remuneration in listed European insurance companies : Trends and justifications over the years 2005-2009." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Business Administration, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12379.
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In the ever so increasingly competitive business climate of the 21st century, human resources are vital for corporate success. Employees need proper incentives to perform in goal-oriented manners. Incentive systems, especially Chief Executive Officer [CEO] remunerations, have been a popular topic since the 1990s, and this tendency has increased both during the 2002-2003 corporate scandal era, as well as the financial crisis which sparked in 2007. The recent tendency appears to lean towards companies cutting their executive bonuses as well as criticism and suspiciousness towards large bonus payments. While remuneration policies within the banking industry have been thoroughly debated and researched, another financial industry that is left largely untouched are the insurance companies. The focus of this research is therefore CEO remuneration in European insurance companies.
This descriptive study, of annual reports of stock-listed insurance companies, uses a purposive cluster sample to explore quantitative trends in CEO remunerations. In addition, a content analysis of five randomly selected companies out of the sample provides a deeper, complementary understanding of the justifications of the trends. The research questions are: What trends on CEO remuneration can be found over the years 2005-2009 in annual reports of European insurance companies, concerning total remuneration, fixed salary and short-term bonus? What justifications do companies make for the remunerations over the years 2005-2009?
The quantitative part of the research inductively tests the assumption that CEO remuneration has decreased during the past few years 2008 and/ or 2009 due to the impact of the financial crisis. The content analysis part of the research deductively tests if agency theory concerns and issues concerning attraction and retention play a role in determining remuneration policies.
From this research, it is concluded that short-term variable pay is largely performance-based. Still, many other aspects serve as input factors when determining compensation levels. Based on the content analysis, it is revealed that interest alignment and attraction- and retention-issues are important determinants of remunerations. Subjective factors such as discretionary judgements also play a crucial role. The quantitative trends found in this study show that total remunerations have decreased markedly in 2008, and more vaguely in 2009. The financial crisis has had an impact on especially the short-term variable part of salaries, but also on base salary levels. Although not all companies that were investigated in the content analysis explicitly mention it in their annual reports, over the years 2005-2009, all of them become more concerned about remuneration policies and business risk factors. Over the investigated years, these companies also become more attentive to creating proactive and sophisticated value creating remuneration policies that are in line with international standards, in order to act legitimate towards stakeholders.
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Mathe, Muziwakhe. "Using fixed-term contracts of employment subsequent to the introduction of section 198 in the labour relations act 66 of 1995: A study of the technical and vocational education and training sector in South Africa." University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8141.
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Magister Legum - LLMThis study is encouraged by the fact that the field of labour law has drastically changed after enactment of amendments in various labour legislation such as Employment Equity Act, Basic Conditions of Employment Act and Labour Relations Act during 2013 and 2014. These changes have compelled employers to review their policies in line with the amendments of these Acts. This study will however focus on the impact of the newly introduced section 198 to the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995. The study will specifically focus on the continued use of fixed-term contracts of employment within the Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) Sector of South Africa.
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Johansson, Mikaela. "Visstidsanställningar på den svenska arbetsmarknaden i ljuset av EU-rätten." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-68887.
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The Swedish regulation concerning fixed-term contract has been a topic for discussion during the last decade. It has been criticised for not following the council’s directive 1999/70/EG on the measures to prevent the abuse of fixed-term contracts. Since 2016 the regulation has changed. It has changed in order to have the legislation within the purpose and measures set in the fixed-term directive. This essay aims to clarify whether the new Swedish legislation is in accordance with the framework agreement attached to the directive on fixed-term contracts. This will be done by analysing the measures established in the framework agreement and the purpose of the directive, then compare the result with the Swedish legislation. This part of the essay will be written using the legal dogmatic methodology. Since fixed-term contracts are more common among young people this essay will focus on how fixed-term contract, and regulations on fixed-term contracts, will affect the position of young people in the labour market. It is obvious that there are some difficulties to harmonize a legislation that suits all the social partners on the labour market. In fact, it can almost be impossible. By illuminate the political discussion regarding the use of fixed-term contracts it will help to understand why this matter is so complex and how it can be a stepping stone or a dead-end job. This will be done with a legal policy method.
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Bagdonaitė, de Jesus Kristina. "Terminuotos darbo sutarties sudarymo ir nutraukimo ypatumai." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2004~D_20050606_223505-83459.
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Conclusion and termination of fixed-term work agreements has influence on legal status of employees, work quality, efficiency of undertaking’s activity as well as provides parties with opportunities to individualize operating conditions and implement reasonable objectives, increases employment. In addition to common labour law norms, according to peculiarities of employment relations there are also rights and guaranties determined by special legal norms applied to fixed-term work agreements. With reference to summarized experience of national legal regulation in Lithuania and other foreign countries, European Union labour law acts, judicial practice and research work results of other authors this work deals with legal employment relationship existing between employer and employee in the process of conclusion and termination of a fixed-term work agreement and paying the main attention to their particularities in the whole of similar relations. It analyzes the machinery of given legal relations’ regulation. There is a conception of a fixed-term work agreement presented. It determines the parties of this legal relation and the content of a fixed-term agreement settled by them. Fixed-term employment meets labour market requirements in upsurge of flexible work organization forms. One of these forms is also a fixed-term work agreement.
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Santos, Franciele Del Vecchio dos [UNESP]. "Trabalho docente em escolas estaduais paulistas: o desafio do professor da categoria O." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/138212.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O final do século XX, com o advento do neoliberalismo, a aceleração do tempo produtivo e a flexibilização do mundo do trabalho desencadeou profundas mudanças na organização social contemporânea. Neste contexto, a partir da década de 1990, a escola vivencia uma profunda reorganização quando um conjunto de reformas educacionais de viés gerencialista, impulsionado pela influência dos organismos multilaterais alterou suas práticas e condições de trabalho. No Brasil, essas reformas resultaram na prevalência da cultura do controle, da regulação e da demonstração de resultados da educação, fato que incidiu diretamente no processo de intensificação do trabalho docente, instaurando uma nova concepção acerca da escola e do papel de seus agentes sociais mais diretos, estudantes e professores. Os docentes viram-se diante de inúmeras alterações em seu processo cotidiano de trabalho sendo obrigados, cada vez mais, a desempenhar papeis que se distanciam da perspectiva didático-pedagógica da profissão. Além de modificações na realização do trabalho, alguns estados como São Paulo, passaram a flexibilizar sua forma de contratação, criando em seu sistema público de ensino contratos de trabalho temporários sem direitos assegurados. A presente pesquisa busca refletir sobre a prática de contratação por tempo determinado realizada na rede estadual paulista e sua relação com as condições de trabalho dos professores não efetivos (categoria O) contratos à partir da Lei Complementar N° 1.093/2009. Para tanto, optou-se pela realização de uma pesquisa empírica de natureza qualitativa complementada por levantamento bibliográfico documental. A técnica de coleta de dados adotada foi a entrevista semiestruturada com professores da categoria O representantes das áreas do conhecimento propostas na atual matriz curricular do Estado de São Paulo. As especificidades inerentes a essa forma de contratação evidenciam um contexto de fragilização da categoria docente explicitando que essa forma de contrato realizada pela rede estadual paulista contribui para a precarização das relações de trabalho na escola, com jornadas de trabalho extensas, desvalorização social da profissão, insegurança e instabilidade.
The end of the twentieth century, with the advent of neoliberalism, the acceleration of productive time and the flexibility of the labor market triggered profound changes in contemporary social organization. In this context, from the 1990s, the school experiences a major reorganization when a set of educational reforms of managerial bias, driven by the influence of multilateral organizations changed their practices and working conditions. In Brazil, these reforms have resulted in the prevalence of control culture, regulation and income statement of education, the fact that focused directly on the intensification of teaching process, establishing a new conception of the school and the role of their social agents more direct, students and teachers. The teachers were faced numerous changes in their daily work process being forced, increasingly, to play roles that differ from the didactic and pedagogical perspective of the profession. In addition to changes in the performance of the work, some states such as São Paulo, started to ease their way of hiring, creating in its public school system temporary employment contracts without guaranteed rights. This research seeks to reflect on fixed-term hiring practice held in São Paulo state network and its relationship to the working conditions of non-tenured teachers (category) contracts from the Complementary Law No. 1,093 / 2009. Therefore, it was decided to carry out an empirical research of qualitative complemented by documentary literature. The adopted data collection technique was the semi-structured interviews with Grade Teachers The representatives of the areas of knowledge proposed in the current curriculum of the State of São Paulo. The specificities of this form of employment show a context of weakening of the teaching category explaining that this form of contract held by the state public network contributes to the precariousness of labor relations at school, with long working hours, social devaluation of the profession, insecurity and instability.
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Skořepová, Marcela. "Možnosti financování dlouhodobého majetku a jeho posouzení daňového dopadu ve stavebním podniku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225677.
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There exist many ways how to finance fixed assets of a company. In my thesis, I deal with several types of funding fixed assets and compare them. In the introduction, I describe different types of funding, their advantages and disadvantages. One of the ways of funding is a lease, a loan or renting of fixed assets. The aim of my work was to select the best way of funding fixed assets for the selected company and study its tax consequences.
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Gonçalves, Lidiane Aparecida Longo e. Garcia. "A proteçăo ao trabalhador em face da nulidade da contrataçăo pela Administraçăo Pública." Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, 2010. http://tede.mackenzie.br/jspui/handle/tede/2673.
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Previous issue date: 2010-08-30Fundo Mackenzie de Pesquisa
The Brazilian Constitution establishes as a rule for appointment to public offices and positions the previously approvation by the tender, under penalty of nullity. The fixedterm contract to meet the temporary need of exceptional public interest is an exception, but there are two situations that lead its declaration: the extension of contracts beyond the time limit allowed by law, when there is no more the aspect of temporary need or hiring to work on activities that are not included on the exhaustive list of the law authorizing. In these cases, the majority jurisprudential understanding is that the contract must be declared invalid retroactively and the worker has only the right entitled to payment of the consideration agreed, upon in relation to the number of hours worked, respected the value of the minimum wage, and the values related to FGTS deposits. This placement, however, forsake an employee who acted in good faith and relied on the legitimacy of actions taken by the state, besides did not do reference about the punishment of the agent responsible for the unlawful administrative act. The systematic reading of the constitutional text reveals the necessity to maintain legal certainty, which is effective, in this case, with the protection of the worker in the face of the nullity of recruitment by the Public Administration. To do so, must be declared the invalidity of the contract with effects ex nunc, preserving the factual situation to the past tense statement, with the State ordered to compensate the work done with all sums, other than those typical of remission without cause, because the termination of the contract was made by virtue of its declaration of invalidity.
A Constituição brasileira estabelece como regra para investidura em cargos e empregos públicos a aprovação prévia em concurso público, sob pena de nulidade. O contrato por tempo determinado para atender a necessidade temporária de excepcional interesse público é uma exceção, mas há duas hipóteses que ensejam sua nulidade: a prorrogação dos contratos para além dos prazos autorizados pela legislação, quando não mais existe o aspecto temporário da necessidade ou a contratação para atuar em atividades que não estão relacionadas no rol taxativo da lei que a autoriza. Nestes casos, o entendimento jurisprudencial majoritário é de que o contrato deve ser declarado nulo retroativamente e o trabalhador tem direito apenas ao pagamento da contraprestação pactuada, em relação ao número de horas trabalhadas, respeitado o valor da hora do salário mínimo, e dos valores referentes aos depósitos do FGTS. Este posicionamento, contudo, desampara o trabalhador que agiu de boa-fé e confiou na legitimidade dos atos praticados pelo Estado, além de ser omisso no tocante à punição do agente responsável pelo ato administrativo inválido. A leitura sistemática do texto constitucional revela a necessidade de manutenção da segurança jurídica, o que se efetiva, nesta hipótese, com a proteção deste trabalhador em face da nulidade de contratação pela Administração Pública. Para tanto, deve-se declarar a invalidade da contratação com efeitos ex nunc, resguardando a situação fática pretérita à declaração, sendo o Estado condenado a indenizar o trabalho prestado com todas as verbas contratuais trabalhistas, excluindo-se aquelas típicas da dispensa imotivada, pois a extinção do contrato se deu em virtude de sua declaração de nulidade.
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Kučerová, Martina. "Audit účetní závěrky vybrané firmy se zaměřením na oblast stálých aktiv." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-383563.
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The purpose of this thesis is to prepare the audit of the financial statements of DELTA, a. s., focusing in particular on long-term assets. The selected company deals with the processing and sale of wood, and the supply of foundries and steelworks with ferro-alloys and metals. The default information for the procedure and making audit of the financial statements is the theoretical and analytical part of the thesis, which is then based in the practical part, where are applied selected audit procedures in field of long-term assets and suggested specific recommendations for the company.
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Rocheleau, Gregory C. "Intense Adolescent Work and Deviance: Theoretical Mechanisms and Long-Term Outcomes." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1337621586.
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Biljakov, Nik. "Chování dluhopisů v oblasti záporných úrokových sazeb." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-263892.
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Current economic situation is characterized for deflation and low inflation, low economic growth, and low or negative interest rates, which lead to phenomenon of issuing governments bonds with negative yield. The main goal of this work is to understand the valuation and behavior of bonds with condition of negative interest rates, analyze impacts of negative rates on volatility of bonds. This work also compares the behavior of negative yields of bonds in contrast with positive yields. The contribution of this work consists in the critical evaluation of limitations of the formula for calculating the bond price to fulfill its role if the values of negative interest rates are too low.
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Gavrilovic, Nenad. "VIBRATION-BASED HEALTH MONITORING OF ROTATING SYSTEMS WITH GYROSCOPIC EFFECT." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1358.
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This thesis focuses on the simulation of the gyroscopic effect using the software MSC Adams. A simple shaft-disk system was created and parameter of the sys-tem were changed in order to study the influence of the gyroscopic effect. It was shown that an increasing bearing stiffness reduces the precession motion. Fur-thermore, it was shown that the gyroscopic effect vanishes if the disk of system is placed symmetrically on the shaft, which reduces the system to a Jeffcott-Ro-tor. The second objective of this study was to analyze different defects in a simple fixed axis gear set. In particular, a cracked shaft, a cracked pinion and a chipped pinion as well as a healthy gear system were created and tested in Adams. The contact force between the two gears was monitored and the 2D and 3D frequency spectrum, as well as the Wavelet Transform, were plotted in order to compare the individual defects. It was shown that the Wavelet Transform is a powerful tool, capable of identifying a cracked gear with a non-constant speed. The last part of this study included fault detection with statistical methods as well as with the Sideband Energy Ratio (SER). The time domain signal of the individual faults were used to compare the mean, the standard deviation and the root mean square. Furthermore, the noise profile in the frequency spectrum was tracked with statistical methods using the mean and the standard deviation. It was demonstrated that it is possible to identify a cracked gear, as well as a chipped gear, with statistical methods. However, a cracked shaft could not be identified. The results also show that SER was only capable to identify major defects in a gear system such as a chipped tooth.
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Barclay, Kieron. "The Long-term Impact of Birth Order on Health and Educational Attainment." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-108841.
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This doctoral thesis examines the long-term impact of birth order on health, and educational attainment. Swedish register data is used to link individuals to their siblings, thereby allowing members of the sibling group to be compared to one another. This thesis consists of an introductory chapter summarizing empirical research on the relationship between birth order and educational attainment, intelligence, health, and personality, as well the theoretical frameworks that have been developed to explain those relationships. This introductory chapter is followed by four original empirical studies. The first two studies show that relative to first born siblings, later borns have lower physical fitness in late adolescence, and higher mortality in adulthood. The third study uses the Swedish registers to identify sibling groups that entirely consist of adopted individuals, and shows that the commonly observed negative relationship between birth order and educational attainment persists in these fully adopted sibling groups. These results suggest that birth order effects are likely explained by post-natal, social mechanisms within the family. Finally, the fourth study shows that even though later born siblings do worse than first borns in a fully adjusted statistical model, educational expansion in the 20th century has meant that later born siblings actually tend to have greater educational attainment and are more likely to attend university in comparison to older siblings within the same family.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Epub ahead of print. Paper 3: Accepted. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Schütz-Fransson, Ulrike. "Fixed mandibular retainers : a controlled 12-year follow-up." Licentiate thesis, Malmö universitet, Odontologiska fakulteten (OD), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7756.
Full textAbstract:
Fixed retainer after orthodontic treatment is an increasing retention appliance. For the mandibular incisors there are two different fixed retainers that are commonly used, either a canine-to-canine retainer bonded only to the canines or a twistflex retainer bonded to each of the mandibular incisors and canines. Increased mandibular incisor irregularity seems to be a continuous process throughout life even in untreated patients. The natural physiological changes during aging causes changes like those that occur after orthodontic treatment and the removal of retainers. There are few long-term studies that have compared patients who have had a mandibular fixed retainer with patients without retention appliance after treatment, and then compared the treated patients with untreated subjects.The overall aim of this thesis was to compare and evaluate two different mandibular fixed retainers and also to compare orthodontically treated cases with untreated long-term. This thesis is based on two studies and a PAR Index evaluation was presented in the frame story:Paper I is a retrospective longitudinal study done on dental casts and lateral head radiographs from patients who had received either a canine-to-canine retainer or a twistflex retainer after treatment. Different variables were measured, were Little’s Irregularity Index was the main outcome measure. The measurements were done at four different occasions, were the last registration was 12 years after treatment, i.e. 9 years after removal of retainer. Paper II is also a retrospective longitudinal study with three different groups, one group received a fixed mandibular retainer, one group did not receive any retention appliance after treatment and the third group was untreated subjects. Measurements were done on dental casts and lateral head radiographs at four different occasions to analyze dental and skeletal changes 12 years after treatment. Also here Little’s Irregularity Index was the main outcome measure. PAR Index evaluation is done to evaluate the stability of orthodontic treatment outcome after treatment and long-term for two different retainer groups and one non-retention group. The following conclusions were drawn: Paper I•Both the canine-to-canine retainer and the twistflex retainer can be recommended since both are equally effective during retention period.•None of the retention types prevent long-term changes of mandibular incisor irregularity or available space for the mandibular incisors after removal of the retainers.•No differences in bonding failures between the two retainers were found. Paper II•There were no differences found 12 years after treatment in Little’s Irregularity Index for the mandibular incisors between the group that had a retainer and the group that had no retainer after treatment•In the untreated group, Little’s Irregularity Index was increased over time but not to the same extent as in the treated groups. •The crowding before treatment did not explain the crowding at the last registration.•The use of mandibular retainers for two to three years does not appear to prevent long-term relapse. •If the patient wants to constrain the changes that come with natural development, then lifelong retention is needed.•The overjet and overbite were stable long-term.PAR Index evaluation•Twelve years after treatment the mean reduction in PAR score was over 70 per cent only for the groups who had a mandibular retainer after treatment. However, the non-retention group had a PAR score of 66 per cent.•There were more cases in the retention groups that were ”greatly improved and/or improved” 12 years after treatment compared to the non-retention group. After treatment between 16 and 23.3 per cent of all the cases were ”worse or not improved”. Twelve years after treatment between 36 and 43.6 per cent of the total cases were ”worse or not improved”.
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Prenerová, Monika. "Dohody o pracích konaných mimo pracovní poměr z ekonomických a účetních hledisek v porovnání ČR a SR." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191575.
Full textAbstract:
The thesis discusses the advantages (disadvantages) of the employing part-time workers in the Czech and Slovak Republic. In each country, the part-time contracts are divided into theoretical and practical parts. In the theoretical part of thesis the part-time contracts are described in terms of legislation. The practical part applies the theoretical part on illustrative examples. Conclusion includes evaluation of results and suggestions for possible improvements.
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Laborda, Coronil Ana María. "La Temporalidad en el Mercado Laboral Español: Nuevas Aportaciones a la Compresión del Fenómeno." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/116211.
Full textAbstract:
Aquest treball intenta aportar una mica de llum en tres aspectes diferents de la problematica relacionada amb la temporalitat en el mercat laboral espanyol.
En primer lloc, es planteja esbrinar quins factors decanten les preferencies deis empresaris cap a aquest tipus de contracte. A partir d'una metodologia de recerca qualitativa, basada en entrevistes en profunditat i l'aplicació del model per etapes, s'aconsegueixen diferents conclusions, entre les quals destaca el paper deis contractes laborals com a mecanisme d'adaptació, via reducció de costos, a uns mercats més globals i competitius.
En segon lloc, es pregunta si la base de dades coneguda com a Mostra Contínua de Vides Laborals (MCVL) és una font d'informació alternativa i adequada pera l'estudi de la temporalitat. Mitjan ant l'ús de tecniques descriptives, es conclou que les taxes de temporalitat calculades a partir de la MCVL són sistematicament superiors, pero igualment valides, que les calculades mitjan ant I'Enquesta de Població Activa (EPA). També s'utilitza el model Logit per replicar els classics estudis multivariants sobre les causes de la temporalitat i es conclou que la MCVL és també una bona font d'informació,fins i tot millor que I'EPA i altres bases de dades usades fins ara. Una altra important conclusió obtinguda és que la perdua de capacitat explicativa deis models multivariants al llarg deis anys és perque la temporalitat no es limita a un grup de treballadors (outsiders), sinó que s'ha generalitzat a gairebé tots els estrats i ha provocat una multisegmentació del mercat laboral espanyol.
En tercer i darrer lloc, es proposa una nova metodologia per estudiar la temporalitat: I'Analisi de Segments. Aquesta metodologia es considera més adaptada tant a la realitat del problema com a !'estructura de la informació que recull la MCVL. Es presenta un exemple d'ús d'aquesta metodologia, aplicant-la a l'estudi del segment anomenat deis "súpertemporals".
Es conclou que la MCVL presenta una gran riquesa d'informació, estructurada de manera complexa, que pot ser el punt de partida de futurs estudis que intentin acotar millor la problematica de la "cultura de la temporalitat" per, d'aquesta manera, aportar informació útil en el disseny de polítiques específiques.El presente trabajo intenta aportar algo de luz en tres diferentes aspectos de la problemática. En primer lugar, se plantea averiguar qué factores decantan las preferencias de los empleadores hacia ese tipo de contrato. A partir de una metodología de investigación cualitativa, basada en entrevistas en profundidad y la aplicación del modelo por etapas, se alcanzan diferentes conclusiones, entre las que destaca el papel de los contratos laborales como mecanismo de adaptación, vía reducción de costes, a unos mercados más globales y competitivos. En segundo lugar, se pregunta si la base de datos conocida como Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales (MCVL) es una fuente de información alternativa y adecuada para el estudio de la temporalidad. Mediante el uso de técnicas descriptivas, se concluye que las tasas de temporalidad calculadas a partir de la MCVL son sistemáticamente superiores, pero igualmente válidas, que aquellas calculadas mediante la Encuesta de Población Activa (EPA). También se utiliza el modelo Logit para replicar los clásicos estudios multivariantes sobre las causas de la temporalidad y se concluye que la MCVL es también una buena fuente de información, incluso mejor que la EPA y otras bases de datos usadas hasta la fecha. Otra importante conclusión obtenida es que la pérdida de capacidad explicativa de los modelos multivariantes a lo largo de los años se debe a que la temporalidad no se limita a un grupo de trabajadores (outsiders), si no que se ha generalizado a casi todos los estratos,provocando una multisegmentación del mercado laboral español. En tercer y último lugar, se propone una nueva metodología para el estudio de la temporalidad: el Análisis de Segmentos. Dicha metodología se considera más adaptada tanto a la realidad del problema como a la estructura de la información que recoge la MCVL. Se presenta un ejemplo de uso de dicha metodología, aplicándola al estudio del segmento llamado de los "supertemporales". Se concluye que la MCVL presenta una gran riqueza de información, estructurada de forma compleja, que puede ser el punto de partida de futuros estudios que intenten acotar mejor la problemática de la "cultura de la temporalidad" para, de esta forma, aportar información útil en el diseño de políticas específicas.
Our study aims to shed light on three different aspects of this problem fixed term contracts in Spanish labour market. Firstly, we aim to determine which factors influence employers' predisposition towards these types of contract. Using a qualitative research methodology based on in-depth interviews and applying our proposed model in stages, we reach different conclusions. Worth noting amongst these is the role labour contracts play via cost reductions as a means to adapt to more global and competitive markets. Secondly, we explore if the Spanish Social Security Administration's Continuous Sample of Working Histories (Muestra Continua de Vidas Laborales, MCVL) database is an alternative and appropriate source of information with which to study the issue at hand. Using descriptive techniques, we conclude that temporary employment rates calculated using MCVL data are systematically higher though as equally valid as those based on data from the Active Labour Force Study (Encuesta de Población Activa, EPA). We also use the Logit model to replicate classic multivariate studies on the cause of this temporary employment and conclude that the MCVL database is also a good or even better source of information than the EPA and the other databases typically used. Another important conclusion is that the decrease in multivariate models' explanatory capability over the years is dueto the fact that temporary employment is not limited to a single segment of workers (outsiders); rather, it has spread to every strata of the labour force,leading to the multi-segmentation of Spain's labour market. Lastly, we propose a new methodology to study temporary employment: an analysis of different segments. We feel this system better adapts to the reality of the problem as well as the structure of the data gathered in the MCVL database. We present an example application of this methodology, using it to study a segment we call "super temporary workers." We further conclude that MCVL offers a wealth of complexly-structured information which can serve as the starting point for future studies attempting to better define this "culture of temporality" and, consequently, provide useful information to be able to design appropriate policies.
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Bacouelle, Johanna. "La condition juridique de l'artiste-interprète." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010301.
Full textAbstract:
La condition juridique de l'artiste-interprète se caractérise par une imbrication étroite du droit du travail et du droit de la propriété intellectuelle. Chaque source de droits appréhende des temps différents de l'activité de l'artiste-interprète. Le droit du travail s'intéresse à l'artiste-interprète en tant que travailleur. Le modèle du salariat s'impose largement puisque le législateur a instauré une présomption de salariat. Le droit de la propriété littéraire et artistique s'intéresse au résultat du processus de création sur lequel les artistes-interprètes bénéficient de droits voisins du droit d'auteur. L'artiste-interprète se trouve donc au cœur d'une articulation délicate entre la liberté d'expression inhérente à son activité et la subordination juridique qui caractérise la relation de travail salariée. En réalité, le droit du travail n'ignore pas la nature particulière de l'activité de l'artiste-interprète. D'une part, l'artiste-salarié est largement soustrait aux conditions traditionnelles de la subordination juridique, d'autre part, un espace est laissé aux artistes qui souhaitent exercer en qualité d'indépendant. Malgré l'existence d'une double protection juridique, l'artiste-interprète demeure un sujet de droit fragile. Il fait souvent figure de travailleur précaire avec la généralisation de formes d'emploi flexibles et son droit voisin fait figure de « parent pauvre». L'artiste-interprète est d'autant fragilisé que son droit fait l'objet de contestations dans le cadre de l'Internet. Le rapport de force avec les acteurs de l'économie numérique est inégal et les revendications du public sont fortes. Il s'ensuit le besoin de définir un cadre plus équitableThe legal position of the performer consists in a narrow interweaving of the labour law and intellectual copyright rights. Each source of rights bandles different times related to performing artists's activities. Labour law refers to the performer as a worker. Salaried staff status is predominant since the legislator bas introduced a presumption of employment. Literary and artistic property rigbts focus on the result of the creating process on which performers benefit from rights related to copyright. Performing artists are indeed at the heart of a delicate joint between the freedom of speech inherent to their activity and the legal subordination which characterises salaried staff relations. Actually, the labour law is not unaware of the peculiar nature of performing artists's activities. On one band, the salaried artist is exempt from the usual requirements of legal subordination; on the other hand, room is left to artists hoping to work as self-employed. Although a double legal protection exists, performing artists remain a fragile subject of law. They are often considered as precarious workers with the generalization of flexible forms of work and their neighbouring rights are often seen as a poor relation. Performing artists are even more so weakened that their right is subject to protests on the Internet. The power relationship with the players in the digital economy is uneven and grievances from the public are very strong. There is a need to define a more equitable frame