Journal articles: 'Fjords – Islande'

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Higgins, A. K. "North Greenland ice islands." Polar Record 25, no. 154 (1989): 207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400010809.

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AbstractLarge tabular icebergs derived from the glaciers which drain the north fringe of Greenland's Inland Iceoccur in many North Greenland fjords. Many have undulating surface topography resembling that of the ice islands calved from Ellesmere Island ice shelves. Semi-permanent sea ice in North Greenland fjords often prevents the escape of bergs, except in exceptional summers several decades apart, when the fjord ice melts completely and some bergs may reach the Arctic Ocean. Other possible sources for ice islands are small ice shelves and local glaciers along the north coast of Greenland.

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Kjeldsen, Kristian Kjellerup, Reimer Wilhelm Weinrebe, Jørgen Bendtsen, Anders Anker Bjørk, and Kurt Henrik Kjær. "Multibeam bathymetry and CTD measurements in two fjord systems in southeastern Greenland." Earth System Science Data 9, no. 2 (2017): 589–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-9-589-2017.

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Abstract. We present bathymetry and hydrological observations collected in the summer of 2014 from two fjord systems in southeastern Greenland with a multibeam sonar system. Our results provide a detailed bathymetric map of the fjord complex around the island of Skjoldungen in Skjoldungen Fjord and the outer part of Timmiarmiut Fjord and show far greater depths compared to the International Bathymetric Chart of the Arctic Ocean. The hydrography collected shows different properties in the fjords with the bottom water masses below 240 m in Timmiarmiut Fjord being 1–2 °C warmer than in the two fjords around Skjoldungen, but data also illustrate the influence of sills on the exchange of deeper water masses within fjords. Moreover, evidence of subglacial discharge in Timmiarmiut Fjord, which is consistent with satellite observations of ice mélange set into motion, adds to our increasing understanding of the distribution of subglacial meltwater. Data are available through the PANGAEA website at https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.860627.

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Ulriksen, Jens. "Danish sites and settlements with a maritime context, AD 200–1200." Antiquity 68, no. 261 (1994): 797–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00047487.

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Denmark's long coast-line, with its fjords, sounds, minor waterways, and small islands, provides every need and opportunity for a marine aspect to society. The maritime settlements of the early centuries AD, a special case within the north European pattern of seatrading, are being studied by a new Centre for Maritime Archaeology at Roskilde, whose projects include a study of the shore of Roskilde Fjord.

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Myksvoll, Mari S., Kyung-Mi Jung, Jon Albretsen, and Svein Sundby. "Modelling dispersal of eggs and quantifying connectivity among Norwegian coastal cod subpopulations." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 4 (2013): 957–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst022.

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Abstract The Norwegian coast is populated by two cod populations: Northeast Arctic cod and Norwegian Coastal cod. In this paper, we use a further division based on life history: oceanic cod, coastal cod, and fjord cod. A numerical ocean model was implemented for the northern Norwegian coast where all these populations have spawning areas. The model results were used to simulate connectivity and retention of cod eggs from the different subpopulations. The model reproduced the observed variability and mesoscale activity in the Norwegian Coastal Current. Eggs released at an oceanic spawning area were transported northwards along the coastline. Coastal cod eggs had intermediate connectivity with each other and fjord cod eggs had high local retention. Although the high retention of eggs in fjord areas is mainly caused by a subsurface distribution of eggs, the intermediate retention of eggs from coastal spawning areas is caused by small-scale eddies in-between many small islands. The high-resolution ocean model made it possible to reveal these specific dispersal patterns. The high retention of early life stages in fjords combined with strong homing to spawning areas indicates that fjord subpopulations may be described as a metapopulation.

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Wang, Weizhi, Arun Kamath, and Hans Bihs. "IRREGULAR WAVE MODELLING WITH CFD IN SULAFJORD FOR THE E39 PROJECT." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 36 (December 30, 2018): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v36.waves.45.

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The E39 project aims at building a continuous ferry-free coastal highway along the west coast of Norway. Sulafjord is one of the fjords where ferries are to be replaced with floating bridges or floating tunnels. The floating structures demand accurate and realistic numerical simulations of the wave propagation and transformation in the fjords. The Norwegian coastline is characterized by dramatic water depth changes and deep water conditions. The coastal water also contains both swells and local wind-generated waves. These conditions, along with series of islands outside the fjords and very irregular coastline, make wave modeling more challenging for this region. Thus, the application of CFD models which provide high-resolution and phase-resolved solutions for complicated wave freesurface is explored. First, the spectral wave model SWAN is used to estimate the wave properties at the inlet of the Sulafjord from offshore wave data. Using the estimated wave data at the inlet as input, a large-scale 3D regular wave CFD simulation is performed using the open-source model REEF3D. Then unidirectional and multi-directional irregular wave CFD simulations are performed to represent a more realistic sea state, using a frequency spectra and a directional spreading function. The statistical properties of the simulated irregular ocean waves at three locations inside the fjord are compared among the CFD simulations and with the spectral wave model. The differences in the simulation results are discussed and studied.

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Politova, N. V., V. P. Shevchenko, and V. V. Zernova. "Distribution, Composition, and Vertical Fluxes of Particulate Matter in Bays of Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, Vaigach Island at the End of Summer." Advances in Meteorology 2012 (2012): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/259316.

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An analysis of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and phytoplankton distribution, composition and vertical particle fluxes in Russkaya Gavan’ Bay (Northern Island of the Novaya Zemlya), Bezymyannaya Bay (Southern Island of the Novaya Zemlya), Dolgaya Bay (northwestern part of the Vaigach Island) in comparison with the data from the Svalbard Archipelago is presented. Field studies were carried out by the authors during the 9th expedition of the RV “Professor Logachev” in September 1994, the 11th, 13th, and 14th expeditions of the RV “Akademik Sergey Vavilov” in September-October 1997 and August-September 1998. The data about Spitsbergen fjords are from literature. Our results show that, on the bays of the Barents Sea islands, most SPM stays in the bays (fjords) and only small part of it reaches the open sea. This is due to the hydrodynamic conditions in the bays, the large size of the particles, flocculation, and often to the morphological barriers in the relief at the bay entrances. It is important for ecological purposes to map out migration pathways of the SPM with pollutants from bays to the open sea. Results of our investigation indicate that the western bays of the Novaya Zemlya act as traps for SPM derived from glaciers and coastal abrasion.

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Deering, Robert, Trevor Bell, Donald L. Forbes, Calvin Campbell, and Evan Edinger. "Morphological characterization of submarine slope failures in a semi-enclosed fjord, Frobisher Bay, eastern Canadian Arctic." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 477, no. 1 (2018): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp477.35.

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AbstractSubmarine slope failures in the nearshore waters of SE Baffin Island, eastern Canadian Arctic, present a challenge to coastal and seabed development. Submarine slope failures are a known geohazard in fjords in Norway, Chile, Alaska, British Columbia and elsewhere, but have received little attention in the coastal waters of Arctic Canada. Over the past 6 years, there has been a rapid expansion of multibeam echosounder (MBES) mapping in Canadian Arctic fjords, leading to the discovery of many submarine slope failures. One area that has been mapped in detail is inner Frobisher Bay. This macrotidal, seasonally ice-covered, semi-enclosed embayment has a glacially scoured bed, ice-contact deposits, including recessional moraines, and stratified glaciomarine and post-glacial silts and clays with abundant dropstones. The prevalence of submarine slope failures in the inner bay (one per 20 km2) appears to be anomalous. To date, MBES mapping has imaged at least 246 failures, ranging in size from 0.007 to 2.1 km2 and all within the glaciomarine and post-glacial succession. Morphometric analysis of these features based on high-resolution MBES bathymetry provides an insight into their spatial distribution, relative chronology, triggers and flow characteristics; factors essential to understanding the mechanisms underlying their abundance in this Canadian Arctic fjord.

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Vacquié-Garcia, J., C. Lydersen, TA Marques, M. Andersen, and KM Kovacs. "First abundance estimate for white whales Delphinapterus leucas in Svalbard, Norway." Endangered Species Research 41 (February 27, 2020): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esr01016.

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The Svalbard Archipelago (Norway) is experiencing rapid declines in the seasonal duration and extent of sea-ice cover, and local tidewater glaciers are melting. These environmental changes represent a threat to ice-associated species in the region, including white whales Delphinapterus leucas. However, no estimates of stock size or trends are available for this stock. An aerial survey was conducted during the summer of 2018, covering the coastlines of all major islands in Svalbard, as well fjords and open ocean areas. A total count was attempted for the coastlines, while coverage of the fjords and open ocean areas was designed as distance-sampling line transects. In total, 265 white whales were detected in 22 groups along the 4965 km of coastline coverage. No whales were observed on fjord (1481 km) or open ocean transects (535 km). After correcting for surface availability using behavioural data from the same area (in summer) and making adjustments for small areas not flown during the survey, the stock size was estimated to be 549 individuals (95% CI: 436%%CONV_ERR%%723). This estimate is surprisingly low given that this species is one of the most frequently observed cetaceans in the area, but it confirms suspicions based on difficulties in finding animals when operating white whale tagging programmes over the past decade. This first population estimate is important in the context of the rapid environmental change taking place in the Arctic and for providing a baseline for comparison with future estimates.

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Christakos, Konstantinos, Birgitte R. Furevik, Ole Johan Aarnes, Øyvind Breivik, Laura Tuomi, and Øyvind Byrkjedal. "The importance of wind forcing in fjord wave modelling." Ocean Dynamics 70, no. 1 (2019): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10236-019-01323-w.

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AbstractAccurate predictions of surface ocean waves in coastal areas are important for a number of marine activities. In complex coastlines with islands and fjords, the quality of wind forcing significantly affects the results. We investigate the role of wind forcing on wave conditions in a fjord system partly exposed to open sea. For this reason, we implemented the wave model SWAN at the west coast of Norway using four different wind forcing. Wind and wave estimates were compared with observations from five measurement sites. The best results in terms of significant wave height are found at the sites exposed to offshore conditions using a wind input that is biased slightly high compared with the buoy observations. Positively biased wind input, on the other hand, leads to significant overestimation of significant wave height in more sheltered locations. The model also shows a poorer performance for mean wave period in these locations. Statistical results are supported by two case studies which also illustrate the effect of high spatial resolution in wind forcing. Detailed wind forcing is necessary in order to obtain a realistic wind field in complex fjord terrain, but wind channelling and lee effects may have unpredictable effects on the wave simulations. Pure wave propagation (no wind forcing) is not able to reproduce the highest significant wave height in any of the locations.

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Schatz, Elizabeth R., María Gabriela Mángano, Alec E. Aitken, and Luis A. Buatois. "Response of benthos to stress factors in Holocene Arctic fjord settings: Maktak, Coronation, and North Pangnirtung Fjords, Baffin Island, Canada." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 386 (September 2013): 652–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.030.

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Perkins, Edward J., Andrew R. Gorman, Emily J. Tidey, et al. "High-resolution seismic imaging reveals infill history of a submerged Quaternary fjord system in the subantarctic Auckland Islands, New Zealand." Quaternary Research 93 (October 28, 2019): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2019.58.

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AbstractQuaternary processes and environmental changes are often difficult to assess in remote subantarctic islands due to high surface erosion rates and overprinting of sedimentary products in locations that can be a challenge to access. We present a set of high-resolution, multichannel seismic lines and complementary multibeam bathymetry collected off the eastern (leeward) side of the subantarctic Auckland Islands, about 465 km south of New Zealand's South Island. These data constrain the erosive and depositional history of the island group, and they reveal an extensive system of sediment-filled valleys that extend offshore to depths that exceed glacial low-stand sea level. Although shallow, marine, U-shaped valleys and moraines are imaged, the rugged offshore geomorphology of the paleovalley floors and the stratigraphy of infill sediments suggests that the valley floors were shaped by submarine fluvial erosion, and subsequently filled by lacustrine, fjord, and fluvial sedimentary processes.

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Zemko, Karol, Krzysztof Pabis, Jacek Siciński, and Magdalena Błażewicz. "New records of isopod species of the Antarctic Specially Managed Area No. 1, Admiralty Bay, South Shetland Islands." Polish Polar Research 38, no. 3 (2017): 409–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/popore-2017-0017.

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AbstractAdmiralty Bay (King George Island) is an Antarctic Specially Managed Area and one the most thoroughly studied small-scale marine basins in the Southern Ocean. Our study provides new data on the isopod fauna in this glacially affected fjord. Twelve species of isopods were recorded in this basin for the first time. Six of them were found for the first time in the region of the South Shetland Islands. The highest number of species new for Admiralty Bay were found in the families Munnopsidae (4 species) and Munnidae (3 species).

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BERTOLINO, MARCO, GABRIELE COSTA, ANNA REBOA, et al. "The sponge fauna of the Seno Magdalena and Puyuhuapi Fjord (Chile), with a description of two new species." Zootaxa 4623, no. 2 (2019): 306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4623.2.5.

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The presence of fjords, islands and channels originating from glacial erosion and ice cap retreat, makes the Chilean benthic biodiversity difficult to explore and study. Our survey of this region allowed the identification of 29 Demospongiae species in total. Two of them are new to science and here described: Biemna lutea sp. nov., and Hamigera cleistochela sp. nov.. Two species (Clathria (Clathria) microxa and Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) patagonica,) are new for the region and the Chilean fjords. Lissodendoryx (Ectyodoryx) patagonica was found for the second time after the original description by Ridley & Dendy, 132 years ago. These results – considering the small number of species identified on the whole – are promising and confirm that the marine biodiversity of Chilean fjords is remarkable but not well known yet.

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Tidey, Emily J., and Christina L. Hulbe. "Bathymetry and glacial geomorphology in the sub-Antarctic Auckland Islands." Antarctic Science 30, no. 6 (2018): 357–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102018000342.

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AbstractNew high-resolution multibeam swath bathymetry along the east coast of the Auckland Islands is combined with subaerial topography and evaluated in the context of Quaternary glaciation of the islands. The marine geomorphology represents a mixture of past and current processes so that submerged glacial features are more evident in some areas than others. Fjords in the central and southern parts of the coastline are characterized by well-preserved terminal moraines and other glacial features while fjords to the north tend to have more subdued glacial features and a smoother seabed. This is the farthest north record yet established of extensive sub-Antarctic glaciation, relative to the position of the modern sub-Antarctic and Polar Front. This is the first analysis of detailed sea floor geomorphology in the area and provides a starting point for new studies of paleoclimate and past glaciations.

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Gierens, Rosa, Stefan Kneifel, Matthew D. Shupe, Kerstin Ebell, Marion Maturilli, and Ulrich Löhnert. "Low-level mixed-phase clouds in a complex Arctic environment." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 6 (2020): 3459–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-3459-2020.

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Abstract. Low-level mixed-phase clouds (MPCs) are common in the Arctic. Both local and large-scale phenomena influence the properties and lifetime of MPCs. Arctic fjords are characterized by complex terrain and large variations in surface properties. Yet, not many studies have investigated the impact of local boundary layer dynamics and their relative importance on MPCs in the fjord environment. In this work, we used a combination of ground-based remote sensing instruments, surface meteorological observations, radiosoundings, and reanalysis data to study persistent low-level MPCs at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, for a 2.5-year period. Methods to identify the cloud regime, surface coupling, and regional and local wind patterns were developed. We found that persistent low-level MPCs were most common with westerly winds, and the westerly clouds had a higher mean liquid (42 g m−2) and ice water path (16 g m−2) compared to those with easterly winds. The increased height and rarity of persistent MPCs with easterly free-tropospheric winds suggest the island and its orography have an influence on the studied clouds. Seasonal variation in the liquid water path was found to be minimal, although the occurrence of persistent MPCs, their height, and their ice water path all showed notable seasonal dependency. Most of the studied MPCs were decoupled from the surface (63 %–82 % of the time). The coupled clouds had 41 % higher liquid water path than the fully decoupled ones. Local winds in the fjord were related to the frequency of surface coupling, and we propose that katabatic winds from the glaciers in the vicinity of the station may cause clouds to decouple. We concluded that while the regional to large-scale wind direction was important for the persistent MPC occurrence and properties, the local-scale phenomena (local wind patterns in the fjord and surface coupling) also had an influence. Moreover, this suggests that local boundary layer processes should be described in models in order to present low-level MPC properties accurately.

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Le Bourg, B., P. Kuklinski, P. Balazy, G. Lepoint, and LN Michel. "Interactive effects of body size and environmental gradient on the trophic ecology of sea stars in an Antarctic fjord." Marine Ecology Progress Series 674 (September 16, 2021): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13821.

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Antarctic sea stars can occupy different trophic niches and display different trophic levels, but, while the impacts of their body size and environmental features on their trophic niches are potentially important, they are presently understudied. Here we assessed the trophic ecology in relation to the size and habitat of sea stars in a fjord on King George Island (South Shetland Islands) using stable isotope values of carbon (δ13C), nitrogen (δ15N), and sulphur (δ34S). The disc radius influenced δ13C and δ15N values, whereas more limited changes in δ13C or δ34S values were related to arm length. Specifically, δ13C and δ15N values were linked to disc radius in generalist species (Diplasterias brandti and Odontaster validus), which could indicate ontogenetic diet shifts, while this relationship occurred less frequently in more specialised species (Bathybiaster loripes, Notasterias bongraini, and Perknaster sladeni). O. validus had a smaller isotopic niche size in the inner than the outer fjord. The niche overlap between D. brandti and O. validus was low in the inner fjord. Low resource availability within the fjord, linked to higher turbidity, could induce trophic niche constriction and interspecific resource segregation. This could represent a mechanism for competition avoidance in a resource-limited system. Conversely, higher resource availability could allow O. validus to expand and share its isotopic niche with D. brandti in the outer fjord with a limited risk of competition. This trophic plasticity will likely influence how O. validus copes with the present and future modification of environmental conditions induced by climate change.

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Wölfl, Anne-Cathrin, Nina Wittenberg, Peter Feldens, H. Christian Hass, Christian Betzler, and Gerhard Kuhn. "Submarine landforms related to glacier retreat in a shallow Antarctic fjord." Antarctic Science 28, no. 6 (2016): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000262.

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AbstractSince the Last Glacial Maximum, ice has retreated through the fjords of the South Shetland Islands leaving a valuable record of submarine landforms behind. In this study, glacial landforms and sub-bottom characteristics have been mapped to investigate the late Holocene retreat behaviour of the Fourcade Glacier and to delineate past environmental processes in Potter Cove, King George Island. The comprehensive datasets include high-resolution swath bathymetry, shallow seismic profiling and one sediment core. Moraines, moraine incisions and glacial lineations were mapped on the sea floor in the inner part of the cove, whereas pockmarks, ice scour marks and channel structures were identified in the outer part. Sub-bottom characteristics have been assigned to different acoustic facies types indicating different depositional settings. The results reveal glacial recessions as well as stillstands and potential readvances during the late Holocene. Furthermore, the sediment record indicates that the Fourcade Glacier was situated inside the inner cove during the Little Ice Age (500–100 cal yr bp).

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Gerland, Sebastian, and Richard Hall. "Variability of fast-ice thickness in Spitsbergen fjords." Annals of Glaciology 44 (2006): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756406781811367.

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AbstractDetailed measurements of Sea-ice thickness and Snow on Sea ice were recorded at different locations in fjords along the western coast of Spitsbergen, the largest island in the Svalbard archipelago, in 2004. Data corresponding to the ice Situation before and after melt onset were collected for Kongsfjorden and Van Mijenfjorden, while Hornsund was investigated once during early Spring. Profiles of total thickness (snow plus ice thickness) were measured, together with Some Snow-thickness measurements. Total thicknesses were measured with a portable electromagnetic instrument and at Selected Sites by drilling. The three fjords Show Some differences in measured thicknesses, connected to individual conditions. However, total thickness does not differ Substantially between the three fjords before melt onset. The modal total thickness for all three fjords before melt onset was 1.075 m, and the corresponding modal Snow thickness was 0.225 m (bin width 0.05 m). Long-term Kongsfjorden ice-thickness data Since 1997 Show that the maximum ice thickness varies Significantly interannually, as observed at other Arctic Sites. The average maximum ice thickness for Kongsfjorden was 0.71 m (years 1997–98, 2000 and 2002–05), and the respective average maximum Snow thickness was 0.22 m. In Kongsfjorden, 2004 was the year with highest maximum total thickness and Snow thickness relative to the other years.

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Syvitski, James P. M., K. William G. LeBlanc, and R. E. Cranston. "The flux and preservation of organic carbon in Baffin Island fjords." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 53, no. 1 (1990): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.sp.1990.053.01.10.

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Mikkelsen, Bjarni. "A note on the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) in the Faroe Islands." NAMMCO Scientific Publications 8 (September 1, 2010): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2681.

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The harbour seal was exterminated as a breeding species in the Faroe Islands in the mid-19th Century. Historical sources document that the harbour seal used to be a common inhabitant of the sheltered fjords where breeding occurred. It was reported to be more common than the grey seal, the other pinniped specie resident around the Faroes. But the number of harbour seals seemingly decreased as human settlements and other anthropogenic activities increased. Seal hunting was apparently already introduced by the Norse that arrived on the islands in the 7th century, a hunt that finally lead to the extermination of the harbour seal. For the last 40 years the harbour seal has only been positively identified twice in the Faroe Islands, in 2001 and 2005.

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Shaw, J., and D. P. Potter. "Anthropogenic modification of a fjord: Bay of Islands, Newfoundland." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 46, no. 1 (2016): 121–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m46.66.

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Jerosch, Kerstin, Hendrik Pehlke, Patrick Monien, et al. "Benthic meltwater fjord habitats formed by rapid glacier recession on King George Island, Antarctica." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 376, no. 2122 (2018): 20170178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0178.

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The coasts of the West Antarctic Peninsula are strongly influenced by glacier meltwater discharge. The spatial structure and biogeochemical composition of inshore habitats are shaped by large quantities of terrigenous particulate material deposited in the vicinity of the coast, which impacts the pelagic and benthic ecosystems. We used a multitude of geochemical and environmental variables to identify the radius extension of the meltwater impact from the Fourcade Glacier into the fjord system of Potter Cove, King George Island. The k -means cluster algorithm, canonical correspondence analysis, variance analysis and Tukey's post hoc multiple comparison tests were applied to define and cluster coastal meltwater habitats. A minimum of 10 clusters were needed to classify the 8 km 2 study area into meltwater fjord habitats (MFHs), fjord habitats and marine habitats. Strontium content in surface sediments is the main geochemical indicator for lithogenic creek discharge in Potter Cove. Furthermore, bathymetry, glacier distance and geomorphic positioning are the essential habitats explaining variables. The mean and maximum MFH extent amounted to 1 km and 2 km, respectively. Extrapolation of the identified meltwater impact ranges to King George Island coastlines, which are presently ice-covered bays and fjord areas, indicated an overall coverage of 200–400 km 2 MFH, underpinning the importance of better understanding the biology and biogeochemistry in terrestrial marine transition zones. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The marine system of the West Antarctic Peninsula: status and strategy for progress in a region of rapid change’.

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Seymour, M. S., K. E. Ott, D. A. Guertin, H. N. Golden, D. B. McDonald, and M. Ben-David. "Early Holocene glacial retreat isolated populations of river otters (Lontra canadensis) along the Alaskan coast." Canadian Journal of Zoology 90, no. 9 (2012): 1136–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z2012-082.

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Pleistocene climatic oscillations have resulted in high rates of speciation. Lesser known are speciation events related to recent glacial retreats. During the early Holocene many Alaskan coastal glaciers receded, exposing much of the Kodiak Island Archipelago (KOD), the Kenai Peninsula, and Prince William Sound (PWS). Using fecal DNA analyses on samples collected in KOD, PWS, Kenai Fjords National Park (KEFJ), Katmai National Park and Preserve (KATM), and Vancouver Island, British Columbia (BC), we found isolation by distance to be an important mechanism for the divergence of populations of river otters ( Lontra canadensis (Schreber, 1777)) along the Pacific coast. Nonetheless, our results also demonstrated that KOD river otters appear to be more isolated genetically from their mainland conspecifics (approximately 50 km away), as river otters inhabiting PWS are from those in BC (over 2500 km away). In addition, KATM and KOD otters likely differentiated from one ancestral stock that inhabited the southwestern shores of Alaska during the Pleistocene and was isolated from more easterly populations by distance. The low genetic diversity among KOD river otters, compared with similar subpopulations in PWS, is likely the result of a founder effect and limited gene flow among the different islands within the Archipelago. Our observation that glacial retreat, rising sea levels, and formation of the Gulf of Alaska Coastal Current in the early Holocene likely led to divergence of populations of river otters, a highly mobile semiaquatic mammal, highlights the potential for future speciation events related to current climate change and ocean currents in coastal animal populations.

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Barrera-Oro, E. R., and R. J. Casaux. "Age estimation for juvenile Notothenia rossii from Potter Cove, South Shetland Islands." Antarctic Science 4, no. 2 (1992): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410209200021x.

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Scales and whole otoliths were used for age estimation of juvenile Notothenia rossii specimens collected at Potter Cove, King George Island, South Shetland Islands, between 1983 and 1988. Results from the analysis of both types of material showed 96.7% agreement. Likewise, the examination of otolith cross sections of chosen specimens confirmed in all the cases the age readings obtained from the second whole sagittal otolith. Although the commonly accepted 1 July was used as the birth date of the fish for age calculations, data indicate that 1 October is closer to the biological birth date, since this species hatches in Spring. The length-age range of the fish was 18–44 cm and 3–7 years respectively, which fits well with the known length-age distribution of juvenile specimens of the species in the fjord. A comparison between observed and back-calculated mean length of age group 3 (24.6 and 25 cm respectively) indicated that not only the larger fish but the full size range of this age group was represented in our samples. Mean length data at age presented here are similar to the ones reported for fish from Admiralty Bay, King George Island, but differ from those of fish caught off Elephant Island. The use of whole otoliths for age estimation of juvenile N. rossii proved to be a reliable method with a precision of one year but, this might not be an appropriate technique for adult specimens.

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Láska, Kamil, Denisa Witoszová, and Pavel Prošek. "Weather patterns of the coastal zone of Petuniabukta, central Spitsbergen in the period 2008–2010." Polish Polar Research 33, no. 4 (2012): 297–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10183-012-0025-0.

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Abstract This paper presents the first results of measurements of global solar radiation, albedo, ground surface and 2-m air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed and di- rection carried out in the central part of Spitsbergen Island in the period 2008-2010. The study site was located on the coastal ice-free zone of Petuniabukta (north-western branch of Billefjorden), which was strongly affected by local topography, character of the ground sur- face, and sea ice extent. Temporal analysis of the selected meteorological parameters shows both strong seasonal and inter-diurnal variation affected by synoptic-scale weather systems, channelling and drainage effects of the fjords and surrounding glaciers. The prevailing pat- tern of atmospheric circulation primarily determined the variation in global solar radiation, wind speed, ground surface and 2-m air temperatures. Furthermore, it was found that ther- mal differences between Petuniabukta and the nearest meteorological station (Svalbard Lufthavn) differ significantly due to differences in sea ice concentrations and ice types in the fjords during the winter and spring months.

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Friedlander, Alan M., Enric Ballesteros, Whitney Goodell, et al. "Marine communities of the newly created Kawésqar National Reserve, Chile: From glaciers to the Pacific Ocean." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (2021): e0249413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249413.

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The newly created Kawésqar National Park (KNP) and National Reserve (KNR) in southern Chile consists of diverse terrestrial and marine habitats, which includes the southern terminus of the Andes, the Southern Patagonia Ice Fields, sub-Antarctic rainforests, glaciers, fjords, lakes, wetlands, valleys, channels, and islands. The marine environment is influenced by wide ranging hydrological factors such as glacier melt, large terrigenous inputs, high precipitation, strong currents, and open ocean water masses. Owing to the remoteness, rugged terrain, and harsh environmental conditions, little is known about this vast region, particularly the marine realm. To this end, we conducted an integrated ecological assessment using SCUBA and remote cameras down to 600 m to examine this unique and largely unexplored ecosystem. Kelp forests (primarily Macrocystis pyrifera) dominate the nearshore ecosystem and provide habitat for myriad benthic organisms. In the fjords, salinity was low and both turbidity and nutrients from terrigenous sources were high, with benthic communities dominated by active suspension feeders (e.g., Bivalvia, Ascidiacea, and Bryozoa). Areas closer to the Pacific Ocean showed more oceanic conditions with higher salinity and lower turbidity, with benthic communities experiencing more open benthic physical space in which predators (e.g., Malacostraca and Asteroidea) and herbivorous browsers (e.g., Echinoidea and Gastropoda) were more conspicuous components of the community compared to the inner fjords. Hagfish (Myxine sp.) was the most abundant and frequently occurring fish taxa observed on deep-sea cameras (80% of deployments), along with several taxa of sharks (e.g., Squaliformes, Etmopteridae, Somniosidae, Scyliorhinidae), which collectively were also observed on 80% of deep-sea camera deployments. The kelp forests, deep fjords, and other nearshore habitats of the KNR represent a unique ecosystem with minimal human impacts at present. The KNR is part of the ancestral territory of the indigenous Kawésqar people and their traditional knowledge, including the importance of the land-sea connection in structuring the marine communities of this region, is strongly supported by our scientific findings.

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Zdzitowiecki, Krzysztof, and Martin G. White. "Acanthocephalan infection of inshore fish in two fjords at South Georgia." Antarctic Science 4, no. 2 (1992): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102092000300.

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An examination of 111 fish of eight species, including 92 immature Notothenia rossii Richardson revealed nine acanthocephalan species, including four Echinorhynchida occurring in the alimentary tract and five Polymorphida in the body cavity. Echinorhynchida were much more numerous (87% specimens of 4855 collected), especially Metacanthocephalus johnstoni Zdzitowiecki (the dominant species) and Aspersentis megarhynchus (Linstow). The Polymorphida parasites of seals (three species) were more abundant than species parasitic in birds (two species). Association of most of species, (except Corynosoma bullosum (Linstow) and Echinorhynchus spp.), with the inshore (fjord) environment was confirmed. The species diversity, prevalence and density of infection increased with the size of immature N. rossii. Differences in acanthocephalan occurrence and changes with time are related to differences in host distribution and abundance. For example, the occurrence of C. arctocephali in N. rossii at South Georgia is related to the increase of the fur seal population. A list of acanthocephalans in fish at South Georgia and the South Shetland Islands (14 species in total) is included.

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Richter, Dorota, and Jan Matuła. "Leptolyngbya sieminskae sp. n. (Cyanobacteria) from Svalbard." Polish Polar Research 34, no. 2 (2013): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popore-2013-0009.

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Abstract This paper describes in detail the phenotypic traits of the newly discovered Leptolyngbya sieminskae sp. n. (Cyanobacteria). The species was found at two islands of the Svalbard archipelago (Spitsbergen and Nordaustlandet) in habitats which differed in humidity, water sources and altitude. The research was conducted at two fjords: on the southern side of Spitsbergen - Hornsund (77ºN, 015ºE) and the north−west side of Nord− austlandet - Murchisonfjord (80ºN, 018ºE). Although Leptolyngbya sieminskae was found in different latitudes no significant morphological differences were found between the specimens from both sites. The only visible difference is in the thickness of filaments and sheaths.

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Clark, Kirsten J., and William Threlfall. "The geographical distribution, population dynamics and reproductive biology of Boreomysis nobilis in Newfoundl and fjords." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73, no. 4 (1993): 755–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400034706.

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The hyperbenthic mysid, Boreomysis nobilis G.O. Sars, 1879 (Malacostraca: Peracarida), is reported from nine new locations around the island of Newfoundland in eastern Canada. It is commonest within and at the mouths of deep fjords and is less common or absent outside these fjords. Its absence from two bays where the depths, temperatures and salinities are all within the range inhabited by B. nobilis in other bays indicates that other factors are probably influencing local distribution patterns. The catch rates for B. nobilis are highest in the deep water within 150 m of the bottom. However, no differences were found in the vertical distribution of the different life-history stages of B. nobilis and no evidence was found for large-scale diel vertical migrations. Boreomysis nobilis was found to breed throughout the year, since all developmental stages were present on all sampling dates. However, there was a period of increased breeding activity in the late spring and early summer. An examination of the relationship between brood size, body volume of ovigerous females, and number of stage 1 larvae indicates that B. nobilis produced a smaller number of larger larvae than expected for epipelagic and coastal mysids

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Hein, F. J., and J. P. M. Syvitski. "Sea floor gouges and pits in deep fjords, Baffin Island: Possible mammalian feeding traces." Geo-Marine Letters 9, no. 2 (1989): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02430429.

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Skre, Dagfinn. "Norðvegr – Norway: From Sailing Route to Kingdom." European Review 22, no. 1 (2014): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798713000604.

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Along the West-Scandinavian coast, agrarian settlements, which are found along fjords and in valleys, are separated from each other and from the lands to the east by high mountains. Thus, seafaring was the main mode of communication from the Stone Age onwards. Unlike the coasts of Britain, Ireland and continental Europe, this 1000 km long coastline is littered with thousands of islands, islets and reefs, which create a protected coastal sailing route – the Norðvegr – from which the kingdom took its name. The author discusses this sailing-route's significance for the creation of the kingdom as well as for the Viking incursions in Britain, Ireland and the Continent c. 790–1050.

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Thyroff, Anastasia. "Ode to Alda." Marketing Theory 20, no. 2 (2019): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470593119897774.

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Iceland, with a small population of approximately 340,000, is a mostly uninhabited island complete with waterfalls, geysers, fjords, black-sand beaches, volcanos, sheep, and horses. The original Viking settlers did not have a native population or large predators to battle in Iceland upon arrival but quickly became attuned to ancient magic and the Huldufólk (hidden people) concealed in the natural features of the island. The natural elements combined with geographic isolation makes Iceland ripe with untouched beauty and deep-rooted cultural myths—ones that modern tourists eagerly share on social media, perpetuating the tourism demand. Now, once a traditional fishing economy, Iceland’s tourism economy dominates, seeing an increase of 20–30 percent in visitors each year since 2010. On any given year, tourists far outnumber Icelanders nearly six-to-one. These are the tales of the tourism assemblages and tensions surrounding Alda, a resident of the remote Westfjords in Iceland.

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Ziegler, AF, CR Smith, KF Edwards, and M. Vernet. "Glacial dropstones: islands enhancing seafloor species richness of benthic megafauna in West Antarctic Peninsula fjords." Marine Ecology Progress Series 583 (November 16, 2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps12363.

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Teilmann, Jonas, Erik W. Born, and Mario Acquarone. "Behaviour of ringed seals tagged with satellite transmitters in the North Water polynya during fast-ice formation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 12 (1999): 1934–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-163.

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To gain insight into the use by ringed seals (Phoca hispida) of the North Water polynya (northern Baffin Bay), we monitored the movements and diving behaviour of eight ringed seals caught in the fjords of the Thule (Avernarsuaq) area in Northwest Greenland. The animals were caught in August-September 1996 and equipped with satellite transmitters. Contact with the seals was maintained for up to 146 days. Two of the seals left the study area soon after being equipped, one moved north to the Kane Basin and one moved to southeastern Baffin Island. The departure of the other six seals from the fjords was apparently related to the formation of landfast ice. After formation of the polynya, all positions were close to the edge of the fast ice in the Thule area. Of the six seals that stayed in the North Water, three females preferred areas with shallow water (<100 m), while three males with larger body mass remained mainly in areas with deeper waters (>100 m). The "shallow-water" seals dove significantly more frequently to depths of less than 50 m than the "deep-water" seals, whereas the deep-water seals made significantly more dives that were deeper than 50 m. However, all seals occasionally dove to depths of more than 250 m.

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Kusch, Stephanie, Stuart G. Wakeham, Nadia Dildar, Chun Zhu, and Julio Sepúlveda. "Bacterial and archaeal lipids trace chemo(auto)trophy along the redoxcline in Vancouver Island fjords." Geobiology 19, no. 5 (2021): 521–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gbi.12446.

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Król, Michał, Marek Grześ, Ireneusz Sobota, Marcin Ćmielewski, and Tomasz Jaworski. "Submarine Evidence of the Late Weichselian Maximum Extent and the Little Ice Age (LIA) Glacier Limits in the St. Jonsfjorden Region (Svalbard)." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 3, no. 1 (2010): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2010-0005.

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Abstract The paper presents the results of bathymetric mapping of selected tidewater glaciers in the St. Jonsfjorden (Svalbard) between 2004 and 2007. We also used the bathymetric data collected by the Norwegian Hydrographic Service (NHS) as well as the shaded relief images based on them. The most clearly visible traces in submarine marginal zones of the glaciers come from the Little Ice Age (LIA), i.e. the cooling period which in the area of St. Jonsfjorden might have ended no later than about 1900. At the beginning of the 20th century, i.e. during a warm period, the glaciers of St. Jonsfjorden reached their maximums. The youngest traces in the seafloor of the fjord and the bays date from this period, similar to the case of the land marginal zones. In front of the cliff of the Dahl Glacier there is a clearly visible zone of submarine moraines. It finishes exactly along the line of the LIA maximum. The sea-floor relief of the fjord and bays shows traces which we interpret as having been formed during the Late Weichselian (13-10 ka B.P.). At that time, the Dahl Glacier advanced onto the northern part of Hermansenøya; its main stream passed to the north of the island. Simultaneously, the Konow-Osborne Glacier terminated 2 to 4 km from the fjord mouth, leaving about 15 km2 of the fjord ice-free.

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Gaard, E., G. A. Northi, and K. Simonsen. "Environmental effects on phytoplankton production in a Northeast Atlantic fjord, Faroe Islands." Journal of Plankton Research 33, no. 6 (2010): 947–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plankt/fbq156.

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Andrews, John T., Anna J. Klein, Kimberly A. Jenner, Anne E. Jennings, and Calvin Campbell. "The variability of Baffin Bay seafloor sediment mineralogy: the identification of discrete glacial sediment sources and application to Late Quaternary downcore analysis." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 55, no. 6 (2018): 620–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2017-0223.

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Quantitative X-ray diffraction (qXRD) mineralogy of bedrock, ice-rafted, and fluvial clasts, 239 seafloor samples (<2 mm), and samples from two long piston cores were used to (i) define regional patterns and sources within Baffin Bay, (ii) evaluate two areas from west Greenland and east Baffin Island in more detail, and (iii) apply these findings to the interpretation of downcore variations in sediment sources. A sediment-unmixing program is used to define surface regional mineral assemblages and to examine changes in sediment sources in cores HU2013029-77PC (southern Baffin Island slope) and HU2008029-8PC (Davis Strait) during Marine Isotope Stages 1 through 3. Distinct regional patterns are observed in the association between the mineralogy of surface sediments and carbonate and basalt bedrock outcrops. Detailed analysis of seafloor samples from the west Greenland troughs and Baffin Island fjords show regional differences in mineralogy, with sediments derived from the Foxe Fold Belt (north-central Baffin Island) being mineralogically distinct from sediments to the north and south. Grain-size spectra from the west Greenland troughs suggested an association between grain-size spectra and mineral assemblages. Sediment unmixing of qXRD data from the two piston cores shows discrete intervals where one or more mineral sources were dominant. However, chronological control is such that it is unclear whether the various ice streams draining into Baffin Bay behaved synchronously.

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Yoo, Kyu-Cheul, Ho Il Yoon, Byong-Kwon Park, and Yeadong Kim. "RETRACTED: Advance of the outlet glaciers during regional warming as inferred from Late Holocene massive diamicton in the King George Island fjords, the South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica." Quaternary Research 65, no. 1 (2006): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.07.002.

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AbstractThis article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief. Please see http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.Reason: Following publication of this article, the Editor-in-Chief has realized that much of the included information had been previously published in the paper Yoon, H.I., Yoo, K.-C., Park, B.-K., Kim, Y., Khim, B.-K., and Kang, C.-Y., 2004. The origin of massive diamicton in Marian and Potter coves, King George Island, West Antarctica. Geosciences Journal 8, 1–10. As a result, the later manuscript is being retracted; readers interested in this topic should refer to the earlier paper.

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GALEA, HORIA R., VERENA HÄUSSERMANN, and GÜNTER FÖRSTERRA. "New additions to the hydroids (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) from the fjords region of southern Chile." Zootaxa 2019, no. 1 (2009): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2019.1.1.

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We report upon eleven species of thecate hydroids collected during a recent scientific expedition to the North Patagonian Zone between southern Chiloé and Puyuguapi fjord/ Magdalena Island. One species belongs to the family Haleciidae Hincks, 1868, four to the family Sertulariidae Lamouroux, 1812, and six to the family Campanulariidae Hincks, 1868. Of them, Halecium cymiforme Allman, 1888 and Symplectoscyphus leloupi El Beshbeeshy, 1991 are redescribed based on new, fertile material. Sertularella allmani Hartlaub, 1901 is assigned to the synonymy of S. antarctica Hartlaub, 1901. Campanularia subantarctica Millard, 1971 is considered as a junior synonym of C. lennoxensis Jäderholm, 1903, and data on both the male and female gonothecae are provided. A variant of Clytia gigantea (Hincks, 1866) with smaller hydrothecae than usual is described. Sertularella sanmatiasensis El Beshbeeshy, 1991 is recorded from Chile for the first time. Although not belonging to the present collection, several notes on Kirchenpaueria curvata (Jäderholm, 1904) are provided.

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Dowdeswell, E. K., B. J. Todd, and J. A. Dowdeswell. "Ice-proximal fans in Dexterity Fjord, Buchan Gulf, Baffin Island, Canadian Arctic." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 46, no. 1 (2016): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/m46.137.

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Möller, Per, Christian Hjort, Svante Björck, Jorge Rabassa, and Juan Federico Ponce. "Late Quaternary glaciation history of isla de los Estados, southeasternmost South America." Quaternary Research 73, no. 3 (2010): 521–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.02.004.

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Isla de los Estados is a mountainous island southeast of Tierra del Fuego, in southernmost South America. Its central and eastern parts have an alpine topography, transected by U-shaped valleys, small, partly over-deepened fjords, and a multitude of abandoned cirques, all associated with extensive former local glaciations. Traces of glacial erosion generally reach 400–450 m a.s.l., and above that trimline a distinct sharp-edged nunatak derived landscape is present. The westernmost part of the island has a lower, more subdued topography, reflecting its "softer" geology but possibly also over-running and erosion by mainland-derived ice streams. The present study concentrated on glacigenic sediment sequences exposed along coastal erosional cliffs. A combination of OSL and 14C datings show that these sediments mostly date from the latest (Wisconsinan/Weichselian) glacial cycle, i.e. from the last ca. 100 ka with the oldest (glaciolacustrine) deposits possibly as old as 90–80 ka. The upper parts of overlying tills, with associated lateral and terminal moraines from glaciers that expanded onto an eustatically exposed dry shelf north of the island, date from the last global glacial maximum (LGM). Radiocarbon ages of peat and lake sediments indicate that deglaciation began 17–16 cal ka BP.

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Browne, Imogen M., Christopher M. Moy, Christina R. Riesselman, et al. "Late Holocene intensification of the westerly winds at the subantarctic Auckland Islands (51° S), New Zealand." Climate of the Past 13, no. 10 (2017): 1301–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-13-1301-2017.

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Abstract. The Southern Hemisphere westerly winds (SHWWs) play a major role in controlling wind-driven upwelling of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) and outgassing of CO2 in the Southern Ocean, on interannual to glacial–interglacial timescales. Despite their significance in the global carbon cycle, our understanding of millennial- and centennial-scale changes in the strength and latitudinal position of the westerlies during the Holocene (especially since 5000 yr BP) is limited by a scarcity of palaeoclimate records from comparable latitudes. Here, we reconstruct middle to late Holocene SHWW variability using a fjord sediment core collected from the subantarctic Auckland Islands (51° S, 166° E), located in the modern centre of the westerly wind belt. Changes in drainage basin response to variability in the strength of the SHWW at this latitude are interpreted from downcore variations in magnetic susceptibility (MS) and bulk organic δ13C and atomic C ∕ N, which monitor influxes of lithogenous and terrestrial vs. marine organic matter, respectively. The fjord water column response to SHWW variability is evaluated using benthic foraminifer δ18O and δ13C, both of which are influenced by the isotopic composition of shelf water masses entering the fjord. Using these data, we provide marine and terrestrial-based evidence for increased wind strength from ∼ 1600 to 900 yr BP at subantarctic latitudes that is broadly consistent with previous studies of climate-driven vegetation change at the Auckland Islands. Comparison with a SHWW reconstruction using similar proxies from Fiordland suggests a northward migration of the SHWW over New Zealand during the first half of the last millennium. Comparison with palaeoclimate and palaeoceanographic records from southern South America and West Antarctica indicates a late Holocene strengthening of the SHWW after ∼ 1600 yr BP that appears to be broadly symmetrical across the Pacific Basin. Contemporaneous increases in SHWW at localities on either side of the Pacific in the late Holocene are likely controlled atmospheric teleconnections between the low and high latitudes, and by variability in the Southern Annular Mode and El Niño–Southern Oscillation.

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Tislenko, Daniil I., and Boris V. Ivanov. "Long-term variability of Atlantic water temperature in the Svalbard fjords in conditions of past and recent global warming." Czech Polar Reports 5, no. 2 (2015): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cpr2015-2-12.

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Within last decades, the climate of our planet has underwent remarkable changes. The most notable are those called "Arctic amplification." is the changes comprise a decrease in the area of multi-years ice in 2007 and 2012 in polar regions of the Northern hemisphere, accompanied by the temperature rise of intermediate Atlantic waters, increasing surface temperature. In this paper, an analysis of long-term variability of temperature transformed Atlantic waters (TAW) in the fjords of the West-Spitsbergen island (Isfjorden, Grnfjorden, Hornsund and Kongsfjorden) in the first period (1920–1940) and modern (1990–2009) warming in the Arctic is reported. It is shown that the instrumental observation data corresponds to the periods of rise in temperature in the layer of the TAW and surface air temperature (SAT) for the area of the Svalbard.

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Peel, J. S., and M. P. Smith. "The Wandel Valley Formation (Early - Middle Ordovician) of North Greenland and its correlatives." Rapport Grønlands Geologiske Undersøgelse 137 (December 31, 1988): 61–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/rapggu.v137.8016.

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Members are formally described within the Wandel Valley Formation (Early - Middle Ordovician) of the Ryder Gletscher Group in central and eastem North Greenland. In Peary Land the names Pyramideplateau Member (the combined lower and middle informal members of previous usage) and Vestervig Elv Member (the upper member) are proposed. In Kronprins Christian Land, the Alexandrine Bjerge Member (new) overlies the previously named Danmarks Fjord and Amdrup Members. Conodont studies, supported by the macrofauna, indicate that the Pyramideplateau, Danmarks Fjord and Amdrup Members are of late Canadian (Early Ordovician) age. The Canadian-Whiterockian boundary lies within the lowermost part of the Vestervig Elv and Alexandrine Bjerge Members. The top of the former is of earliest Late Whiterockian age while the Alexandrine Bjerge Member only extends into the late Middle Whiterockian. The members of the Wandel Valley Formation are correlated with coeval successions in western North Greenland, East Greenland, the Canadian Arctic Islands and Svalbard.

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Matabos, Marjolaine, Nils Piechaud, François De Montigny, Pierre-Marie Sarradin, and Jozée Sarrazin. "The VENUS cabled observatory as a method to observe fish behaviour and species assemblages in a hypoxic fjord, Saanich Inlet (British Columbia, Canada)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 1 (2015): 24–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0611.

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Studies reporting processes that may shape marine benthic communities under the seasonal scale are rare at depths >50 m. In this study, the use of the VENUS multidisciplinary cabled observatory provided 2-month high-resolution data combining quantitative biology and environmental data in Saanich Inlet, a seasonally hypoxic fjord located on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada). An ecological module equipped with a camera acquired a 3 min video clip every half hour during 2 months at 97 m depth in the oxygen fluctuation zone of the fjord. Results highlighted the role of the tidal cycle on species activity rhythms and confirmed the influence of oxygen fluctuations on benthic assemblage structure and species behaviour. However, environmental variables considered only explained a small proportion of the total variance in species data. This study demonstrates how seafloor observatories can be used to study species behaviour and community dynamics in relation to abiotic conditions by providing continuous access to multidisciplinary data.

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Suazo, Cristián G., Roberto P. Schlatter, Aldo M. Arriagada, Luis A. Cabezas, and Jaime Ojeda. "Fishermen's perceptions of interactions between seabirds and artisanal fisheries in the Chonos archipelago, Chilean Patagonia." Oryx 47, no. 2 (2013): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605311001815.

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AbstractInteractions between seabirds and commercial fishing activities have been well documented but little information is available regarding the impacts of more traditional fishing practices on seabird populations. We interviewed fishermen, administered questionnaires, and made field-based observations to determine the extent to which artisanal fisheries interact with and affect seabirds in the fjords and channels of the Chonos archipelago in southern Chile. Our surveys indicated a positive perception of seabirds as useful indicators of marine productivity and in their role scavenging fish waste and discards associated with fishing operations. However, the surveys also revealed that fishermen routinely establish seasonal camps for collecting seabird eggs and adults for food or bait and introduce feral predators to seabird breeding colonies on islands. Understanding the traditional practices of fishermen is critical for the future of community-based conservation of the region's marine resources and biodiversity.

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Yoo, Kyu-Cheul, Min Kyung Lee, Ho Il Yoon, Yong Il Lee, and Cheon Yoon Kang. "Hydrography of Marian Cove, King George Island, West Antarctica: implications for ice-proximal sedimentation during summer." Antarctic Science 27, no. 2 (2014): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410201400056x.

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AbstractDuring the summer, from 1996–2000, vertical profiles of conductivity, temperature and transmissivity were obtained near the tidewater glacier of Marian Cove, King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula. The aims for the study were to determine the short-term variations of water structure due to hydrographic forcings and to understand sedimentation of suspended particulate matter in Antarctic fjord environments. Four distinct water layers were identified in the ice-proximal zone of the cove: i) a surface layer composed of cold and turbid meltwater, ii) a relatively warm Maxwell Bay inflow layer with characteristics of outer fjord water, iii) a turbid/cold mid-depth layer (40–70 m) originating from subglacial discharge, and iv) a deep layer comprised of the remnant winter water. The main factor influencing the characteristics of glacial meltwater layers and driving deposition of suspended particles in the cove is tidal forcing coupled with wind stress. The relatively small amount of meltwater discharge in Marian Cove yields low accumulation rates of non-biogenic sedimentary particles in the cove. The response to north-western and western winds, coupled with flood tide, may promote settling and sedimentation of suspended particles from turbid layers in the ice-proximal zone of the cove.

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Schoch, G. Carl, David M. Albert, and Colin S. Shanley. "An Estuarine Habitat Classification for a Complex Fjordal Island Archipelago." Estuaries and Coasts 37, no. 1 (2013): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9622-3.

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Gutsell, Jeffrey E., John J. Clague, Melvyn E. Best, Peter T. Bobrowsky, and Ian Hutchinson. "Architecture and evolution of a fjord-head delta, western Vancouver Island, British Columbia." Journal of Quaternary Science 19, no. 5 (2004): 497–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jqs.844.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fjords – Islande'

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