Journal articles: 'Fla'

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Jäger, Detlev, Henning T. Baberg, Abderrahman Machraoui, and Jürgen Barmeyer. "fla." Medizinische Klinik 94, no. 12 (December 1999): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03044755.

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Scott, John W., Elizabeth A. Baldwin, Harry J. Klee, Jeffrey K. Brecht, Stephen M. Olson, Jerry A. Bartz, and Charles A. Sims. "Fla. 8153 Hybrid Tomato; Fla. 8059 and Fla. 7907 Breeding Lines." HortScience 43, no. 7 (December 2008): 2228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.43.7.2228.

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Hutton, Samuel F., John W. Scott, and Joshua H. Freeman. "‘Fla. 8970’ Hybrid Tomato and Fla. 7781B and Fla. 8872B Breeding Lines." HortScience 52, no. 5 (May 2017): 782–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci11828-17.

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Baig, Abdul Mannan. "Innovative Methodology in the Discovery of Novel Drug Targets in the Free-Living Amoebae." Current Drug Targets 20, no. 1 (November 27, 2018): 60–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389450119666180426100452.

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Despite advances in drug discovery and modifications in the chemotherapeutic regimens, human infections caused by free-living amoebae (FLA) have high mortality rates (~95%). The FLA that cause fatal human cerebral infections include Naegleria fowleri, Balamuthia mandrillaris and Acanthamoeba spp. Novel drug-target discovery remains the only viable option to tackle these central nervous system (CNS) infection in order to lower the mortality rates caused by the FLA. Of these FLA, N. fowleri causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), while the A. castellanii and B. Mandrillaris are known to cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The infections caused by the FLA have been treated with drugs like Rifampin, Fluconazole, Amphotericin-B and Miltefosine. Miltefosine is an anti-leishmanial agent and an experimental anti-cancer drug. With only rare incidences of success, these drugs have remained unsuccessful to lower the mortality rates of the cerebral infection caused by FLA. Recently, with the help of bioinformatic computational tools and the discovered genomic data of the FLA, discovery of newer drug targets has become possible. These cellular targets are proteins that are either unique to the FLA or shared between the humans and these unicellular eukaryotes. The latter group of proteins has shown to be targets of some FDA approved drugs prescribed in non-infectious diseases. This review out-lines the bioinformatics methodologies that can be used in the discovery of such novel drug-targets, their chronicle by in-vitro assays done in the past and the translational value of such target discoveries in human diseases caused by FLA.

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Fauzi, Moch Farid, Alfie Nur Rahmi, and Supriatin Supriatin. "RANCANG BANGUN SISTEM INVENTORY GERAI FLA-FLA MILKSHAKE." Information System Journal 3, no. 2 (July 17, 2021): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24076/infosjournal.2020v3i2.421.

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Teknologi informasi sangat berperan penting dalam sektor kehidupan manusia, termasuk sector perdagangan. saat ini baru 8% busninessman yang memanfaatkan teknologi digital dan belum mengoptimalkan sistem yang terkomputerisasi dalam pelayanannya. Sistem yang terkomputerisasi dapat membantu mengolah data dan informasi sehingga mempercepat proses pelayanan. Salah satu bidang usaha yang belum memaksimalkan teknologi informasi secara menyeluruh adalah Gerai Fla-Fla Milkshake. Sistem pencatatan inventory dan laporan hasil penjualan saat ini masih ditulis secara manual pada lembaran kertas, sehingga terkadang menimbulkan kekeliruan pencatatan laporan hasil penjualan dan jumlah stok barang. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan data yang diterima tidak akurat dan harus menghitung ulang. Penulis berinisiatif merancang sebuah sistem inventory berbasis website untuk mempermudah pengelolaan inventory dan pembuatan laporan penjualan pada Gerap Fla-Fla Milkshake. Penelitian ini menghasilkan rancangan database dan sistem yang digambarkan dalam bentuk flowchart sistem, Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD), relasi antar tabel, dan rancangan interface sistem inventory.

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6

Villars, John. "Charles Tettey, FLA." Health Libraries Review 4, no. 1 (March 1987): 60–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2532.1987.4100592.x.

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Scott, John W., Stephen M. Olson, and Jerry A. Bartz. "‘Tribeca’ Hybrid Tomato; Fla. 8124C and Fla. 8249 Breeding Lines." HortScience 44, no. 2 (April 2009): 471–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.2.471.

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BARBOSA, W., M. OJIMA, F. A. C. DALL'ORTO, F. P. MARTINS, J. L. DE CASTRO, and R. R. DOS SANTOS. "AVALIAÇÃO DE PESSEGUEIROS E NECTARINEIRAS INTRODUZIDOS NO BRASIL, PROCEDENTES DA FLÓRIDA, EUA." Scientia Agricola 54, no. 3 (September 1997): 152–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90161997000200007.

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Avaliou-se o comportamento vegetativo e reprodutivo de vinte e dois pessegueiros e treze nectarineiras introduzidos no Brasil, provenientes da Universidade da Flórida, Gainesville, EUA. O material foi avaliado por três anos na Estação Experimental de Jundiaí, do IAC(23o08'S; 46o55'W), anotando-se as características: número de nós de gemas por metro de ramo e de gemas vegetativas e floríferas por nó; porcentagem de frutificação efetiva; ciclo de maturação dos frutos; coloração da película e polpa; textura e acidez da polpa e época de colheita. Verificou-se que os cinco cultivares e seleções que apresentaram grande quantidade de gemas foram: Sungem; Fla 3-4N; Fla 6-4; Fla 84-16N e Okinawa, com 51,1; 50,8; 45,8; 45,2 e 44,2 nós de gemas por metro de ramo respectivamente. Considerando o nº de gemas por nó, observou-se que Desertgold (2,36), Sunwright (2,32), Rubro-sol (2,24), Sunlite (2,21), Newbelle (2,16) e Sundowner (2,13) foram os cultivares com maior potencial de desenvolvimento de folhas e flores. As melhores frutificações ocorreram em `Okinawa'(66,3%), `TropicBeauty' (51,1%), `Flordastar'(50,0%), Fla 84-4(48,5%) e `Flordaprince'(41,5%). Os pêssegos `Flordadawn', Fla 84-5, Fla 84-4, `Flordastar' e Oro A constituiram-se nos mais precoces, com ciclos de 75 a 85 dias da florada à maturação dos frutos e colheitas desde meados de setembro até início de outubro. Verificou-se que as novas seleções como Fla 84-5, Fla 84-16N, Fla 84-4 e Fla 84-13N possuem características agronômicas favoráveis à persicultura paulista e aos cruzamentos com as seleções do IAC. São dois pêssegos e duas nectarinas de polpa amarela, produtivos, precoces, menos ácidos, com oBrix 12 a 15 e pH 3,8 a 4,0. Os cultivares e seleções mais tolerantes à ferrugem foram: Fla 9-11N, Sundowner, Sunlite, Fla 87-3 e Fla 84-16 e ao chumbinho: Sunwright, Fla 82-23N, Fla 9-11N, Flordadawn e Fla 1-8, sendo 70% nectarinas.

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9

Wannasan, Anchalee, Pichart Uparanukraw, Apichart Songsangchun, and Nimit Morakote. "POTENTIALLY PATHOGENIC FREE-LIVING AMOEBAE IN SOME FLOOD-AFFECTED AREAS DURING 2011 CHIANG MAI FLOOD." Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo 55, no. 6 (December 2013): 411–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0036-46652013000600007.

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SUMMARY The survey was carried out to investigate the presence of potentially pathogenic free-living amoebae (FLA) during flood in Chiang Mai, Thailand in 2011. From different crisis flood areas, seven water samples were collected and tested for the presence of amoebae using culture and molecular methods. By monoxenic culture, FLA were detected from all samples at 37 °C incubation. The FLA growing at 37 °C were morphologically identified as Acanthamoeba spp., Naegleria spp. and some unidentified amoebae. Only three samples (42.8%), defined as thermotolerant FLA, continued to grow at 42 °C. By molecular methods, two non-thermotolerant FlA were shown to have 99% identity to Acanthamoeba sp. and 98% identity to Hartmannella vermiformis while the two thermotolerant FLA were identified as Echinamoeba exundans (100% identity) and Hartmannella sp. (99% identity). This first report of the occurrence of FLA in water during the flood disaster will provide information to the public to be aware of potentially pathogenic FLA.

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Farajnia, Safar, Shahin Najar Peerayeh, Asghar Tanomand, Jafar Majidi, Gholamreza Goudarzi, Behrooz Naghili, and Leila Rahbarnia. "Protective efficacy of recombinant exotoxin A — flagellin fusion protein against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 61, no. 1 (January 2015): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2014-0501.

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic bacterium that causes serious nosocomial infection in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to prepare a fusion protein consisting of exotoxin A (ExoA) and flagellin (Fla) from P. aeruginosa and to evaluate its potential as a vaccine candidate against P. aeruginosa infection. The genes encoding for ExoA and Fla proteins were cloned in-frame and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant ExoA–Fla fusion protein was purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Mice were immunized subcutaneously with ExoA, Fla, and ExoA–Fla fusion proteins, and the humoral immune response was evaluated by ELISA method. The immunized and control group mice were challenged with a 2× LD50 (7.5 × 107 CFU) of P. aeruginosa for the protection assay. The results indicated that vaccination with Fla, ExoA, and ExoA–Fla fusion proteins produced a significant amount of specific immunoglobulin G antibodies. Immunization of mice with ExoA–Fla fusion protein showed significant protection against intraperitoneal challenge with 7.5 × 107 CFU (2× LD50) P. aeruginosa. Results of this study suggest that recombinant ExoA–Fla fusion protein is a highly immunogenic protective protein showing promise as a vaccine candidate against P. aeruginosa.

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11

O’Reilly, Jelena, and Verónica García-Castro. "Exploring the relationship between foreign language anxiety and students’ online engagement at UK universities during the Covid-19 pandemic." Language Learning in Higher Education 12, no. 2 (October 1, 2022): 409–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cercles-2022-2054.

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Abstract Although foreign language anxiety (FLA) and student engagement have both been found to have significant effects on a number of behavioural and academic outcomes for language students (Awan et al. 2010, Gargalianou et al. 2016). FLA is poorly understood in university students studying English as a second language. However, limited research shows it is present (Haley et al. 2015). Additionally, the relationship between FLA and student engagement has seldom been explored. Therefore, the present exploratory study investigated the relationship between FLA and online learning in university students, particularly focusing on online learning as the new mode of instruction since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. We wanted to explore to what extent FLA is present among international students studying in L2 English at UK universities and whether FLA affects engagement with online learning. We tested 65 international students, studying at UK universities, using two newly developed scales for measuring FLA and student engagement with online learning. Participants completed an online questionnaire with background questions, the FLA scale, and the students’ engagement scale. The results of our multiple linear regression analyses suggest that FLA has a significant negative influence on students’ engagement with online learning.

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Hutton, Samuel F., John W. Scott, and Joshua H. Freeman. "‘Solar Dancer’ Hybrid Tomato: Fla. 8814 and Fla. 8925 Breeding Lines." HortScience 55, no. 5 (May 2020): 746–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14889-20.

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13

Han, Yi, Sankar Renu, Veerupaxagouda Patil, Jennifer Schrock, Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz, Ramesh Selvaraj, and Gourapura J. Renukaradhya. "Mannose-Modified Chitosan-Nanoparticle-Based Salmonella Subunit OralVaccine-Induced Immune Response and Efficacy in a Challenge Trial in Broilers." Vaccines 8, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines8020299.

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Controlling Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) infection in broilers is a huge challenge. In this study, our objective was to improve the efficacy of a chitosan nanoparticle (CS)-based Salmonella subunit vaccine for SE, containing immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMP) and flagellin (FLA), called the CS(OMP+FLA) vaccine, by surface conjugating it with mannose to target dendritic cells, and comparing the immune responses and efficacy with a commercial live Salmonella vaccine in broilers. The CS(OMP+FLA)-based vaccines were administered orally at age 3 days and as a booster dose after three weeks, and the broilers were challenged with SE at 5 weeks of age. Birds were sacrificed 10 days post-challenge and it was observed that CS(OMP+FLA) vaccine surface conjugated with both mannose and FLA produced the greatest SE reduction, by over 1 log10 colony forming unit per gram of the cecal content, which was comparable to a commercial live vaccine. Immunologically, specific mucosal antibody responses were enhanced by FLA-surface-coated CS(OMP+FLA) vaccine, and mannose-bound CS(OMP+FLA) improved the cellular immune response. In addition, increased mRNA expression of Toll-like receptors and cytokine was observed in CS(OMP+FLA)-based-vaccinated birds. The commercial live vaccine failed to induce any such substantial immune response, except that they had a slightly improved T helper cell frequency. Our data suggest that FLA-coated and mannose-modified CS(OMP+FLA) vaccine induced robust innate and adaptive cell-mediated immune responses and substantially reduced the Salmonella load in the intestines of broilers.

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Alsalooli, Rahaf A., and Mazeegha A. Al-Tale. "Saudi EFL Learners’ FLA: Levels, Causes, Gender, and Impact on Academic Performance." Journal of Language Teaching and Research 13, no. 1 (January 2, 2022): 145–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1301.17.

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As a common psycholinguistic barrier that hinders EFL learning, Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA) has become an important study area in EFL learning and teaching. This study investigated the level and causes of FLA among 69 first-year EFL learners at Bisha University in Saudi Arabia. The influence of gender on the level of FLA was also examined. Moreover, the study examined the impact of FLA on the participants' language achievement. The researchers utilized a modified version of the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS). The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Microsoft Excel were used to analyse the data. The results showed that most learners typically had a moderate level of FLA caused by communication apprehension and fears related to negative feedback and language tests. The results also revealed that gender does not affect the level of FLA. In addition, the results indicated that high levels of FLA among learners had a significant impact on their performance. Based on these findings, this study provided recommendations for teachers to mitigate the causes of FLA.

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Luning Prak, Dianne J., and Parmely H. Pritchard. "Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dissolved in Tween 80 surfactant solutions bySphingomonas paucimobilisEPA 505." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 48, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w02-004.

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The degradation rates of mixtures of pyrene (PYR), fluoranthene (FLA), and phenanthrene (PHE) by Sphingomonas paucimobilis EPA 505 were measured in the presence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80. For strain EPA 505, FLA and PHE are growth substrates, while PYR is not. Linear degradation rates ranging from 0.05 to 2.2 mg·L1·h1were observed for FLA, PYR, and PHE at approximately 107colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. At lower biomass, PYR degradation exhibited lognormal degradation. The degradation rates of PYR, FLA, and PHE increased with increasing biomass and substrate concentration. At high FLA concentrations, FLA degradation rates were faster in the presence of surfactant than in the absence of surfactant, suggesting that some of the FLA was transported directly into the cell from the micellar phase. In mixtures, PHE was the preferred substrate and was utilized first, followed by FLA and then PYR. Once the competing substrates were degraded, the remaining substrate was degraded at the same rate or faster than the rate found in the single-substrate system. Based on the results with Tween 80, it appears that PHE, PYR, and FLA are competing for the same enzymatic sites.Key words: PAH mixtures, microbial degradation, surfactant, solubilization, EPA 505.

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Hutton, Samuel F., Jay W. Scott, and Jeffrey B. Jones. "Inheritance of Resistance to Bacterial Spot Race T4 from Three Tomato Breeding Lines with Differing Resistance Backgrounds." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 135, no. 2 (March 2010): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.135.2.150.

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Resistance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to bacterial spot race T4 (Xanthomonas perforans) was characterized by generation means analysis (GMA) in three advanced breeding lines: Fla. 8326, Fla. 8233, and Fla. 8517. GMA of Fla. 8326 for two of three seasons (Fall 2006 and Summer 2007) indicated that resistance is mostly dominant with significant additive and epistatic effects. GMA of Fla. 8233 in Spring 2007 and of Fla. 8517 in Summer 2007 also showed dominance to be the main effect in addition to additive and epistatic effects. Duplicate dominance or recessive suppressor type epistasis was indicated in each breeding line. Transgressive segregation was not clearly observed in F2 populations of crosses between resistant parents, suggesting that these lines have quantitative trait loci in common.

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Zhao, Xiaofei. "A Review on the Effects of Foreign Language Anxiety on Second Language Learning." International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 6, no. 2 (February 9, 2023): 150–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijllt.2023.6.2.19.

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Foreign language anxiety (FLA) plays an indispensable role in students’ second language (L2) learning. This paper briefly reviewed the relevant research based on the foreign language classroom anxiety scale (FLCAS) in terms of the effects of FLA on students’ L2 skill performance and the debate on the role of FLA in L2 learning. The research indicated that FLA served as a confounding affective variable influencing L2 performance and achievement differently among the individuals. Furthermore, from the perspectives of L2 cognitive processing and the interference of the first language (L1), whether FLA was a cause or effect came under a heated discussion. Together, these findings suggest that L2 instructors should take both FLA anxiety reduction and L2 skill improvement into account to facilitate students’ L2 learning effectively.

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Norgan, Andrew P., Lynne M. Sloan, and Bobbi S. Pritt. "Detection of Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba spp, and Balamuthia mandrillaris in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues by Real-Time Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 152, no. 6 (August 15, 2019): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqz103.

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Abstract Objectives Pathogenic free-living amebae (FLAs) cause skin, ocular, and central nervous system (CNS) infections with significant morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis of FLA infections by pathologic examination of tissue sections can be aided using molecular assays. This study investigated the performance characteristics of a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay (FLA-PCR) for detection and differentiation of FLAs in clinical specimens. Methods FLA-PCR was performed on 39 human specimens comprising one cutaneous, 14 corneal, and 24 CNS formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues with a histopathologic diagnosis of FLA infection and four CNS FFPE tissues with inflammation but no evidence of FLAs. In addition, clinical specificity and assay limit of detection were determined. Results FLA detection sensitivities ranged from 79% to 84% in FFPE tissues. No cross-reactivity was observed. Conclusions While sensitivity is limited, FLA-PCR assay may serve as a useful adjunct for detection or confirmation of FLA infections in FFPE tissues.

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Meihong Jiang. "Examining the influence of foreign language anxiety on organizational strategies and foreign language proficiency in Chinese secondary EFL learners." International Journal of Science and Research Archive 10, no. 1 (October 30, 2023): 883–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2023.10.1.0839.

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Academic anxiety is one of the prominent emotions in learning English as a foreign language (EFL), and its impact on foreign language proficiency (FLP) has been extensively documented. However, the mediating effect of cognitive strategies between foreign language anxiety (FLA) and FLP has rarely been explored. In a sample of 524 Chinese secondary school students, the present study investigated the linkage between FLA, organizational strategies, and FLP. Structural equation modelling (SEM) and mediation analysis were conducted, and three findings were identified. First, FLA was negatively correlated with the use of organizational strategies. Second, the negative correlation between FLA and FLP was identified. Third, organizational strategies fully mediated the association between FLA and FLP after controlling for gender and age. Exploring the mediating mechanism between FLA and FLP might help EFL educators take intervention measures to alleviate the negative impact of FLA on foreign language learning. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

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Wu, Yajun, and Xia Kang. "FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANXIETY REDUCES CHINESE SECONDARY EFL LEARNERS’ ORGANIZATIONAL STRATEGIES AND PROFICIENCY." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 26, no. 2 (October 20, 2023): 634–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v26i2.6287.

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Academic anxiety is one of the prominent emotions in learning English as a foreign language (EFL), and its impact on foreign language proficiency (FLP) has been extensively documented. However, the mediating effect of cognitive strategies between foreign language anxiety (FLA) and FLP has rarely been explored. In a sample of 524 Chinese secondary school students, the study investigated the linkage between FLA, organizational strategies, and FLP. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and mediation analysis were conducted, and three findings were identified. First, FLA was negatively correlated with the use of organizational strategies. Second, the negative correlation between FLA and FLP was identified. Third, organizational strategies fully mediated the association between FLA and FLP after controlling for gender and age. Exploring the mediating mechanism between FLA and FLP might help EFL educators take intervention measures to alleviate the negative impact of FLA on foreign language learning. Limitations and directions for future research are discussed.

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Valciņa, Pūle, Mališevs, Trofimova, Makarova, Konvisers, Bērziņš, and Krūmiņa. "Co-Occurrence of Free-Living Amoeba and Legionella in Drinking Water Supply Systems." Medicina 55, no. 8 (August 15, 2019): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina55080492.

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Background and Objectives: Legionella is one of the most important water-related pathogens. Inside the water supply systems and the biofilms, Legionella interact with other bacteria and free-living amoeba (FLA). Several amoebas may serve as hosts for bacteria in aquatic systems. This study aimed to investigate the co-occurrence of Legionella spp. and FLA in drinking water supply systems. Materials and Methods: A total of 268 water samples were collected from apartment buildings, hotels, and public buildings. Detection of Legionella spp. was performed in accordance with ISO 11731:2017 standard. Three different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocols were used to identify FLA. Results: Occurrence of Legionella varied from an average of 12.5% in cold water samples with the most frequent occurrence observed in hot water, in areas receiving untreated groundwater, where 54.0% of the samples were Legionella positive. The occurrence of FLA was significantly higher. On average, 77.2% of samples contained at least one genus of FLA and, depending on the type of sample, the occurrence of FLA could reach 95%. In the samples collected during the study, Legionella was always isolated along with FLA, no samples containing Legionella in the absence of FLA were observed. Conclusions: The data obtained in our study can help to focus on the extensive distribution, close interaction, and long-term persistence of Legionella and FLA. Lack of Legionella risk management plans and control procedures may promote further spread of Legionella in water supply systems. In addition, the high incidence of Legionella-related FLA suggests that traditional monitoring methods may not be sufficient for Legionella control.

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Ajaykamal, Tamilarasan, and Mallayan Palaniandavar. "Mononuclear nickel(ii)–flavonolate complexes of tetradentate tripodal 4N ligands as structural and functional models for quercetin 2,4-dioxygenase: structures, spectra, redox and dioxygenase activity." RSC Advances 13, no. 35 (2023): 24674–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d3ra04834a.

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Fudo, Zintle, Peter A. Ajibade, and Ayodele T. Odularu. "Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Activities of Ruthenium(II) Bipyridyl-Dithiocarbamate Complexes." International Journal of Photoenergy 2022 (July 7, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6875515.

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Five heteroleptic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(FL1)(dcbpy)(NCS)] (1), [Ru(FL2)(dcbpy)(NCS)] (2), [Ru(FL3)(dcbpy)(NCS)] (3), [Ru(FL1)(dcbpy)(NCS)] (4), and [Ru(FL5)(dcbpy)(NCS)] (5) (where FL1 = aniline dithiocarbamate, FL2 = p-anisidine dithiocarbamate, FL3 = p-toluidine dithiocarbamate, FL4 = dibenzyl dithiocarbamate, and FL5 = diphenyl dithiocarbamate, dcbpy =2, 2 ′ -bipyridine-4,4 ′ -dicarboxylic acid, NCS = ammonium thiocyanate) have been synthesized and characterized with melting point, FTIR, UV-Vis, photoluminescence, and NMR (1H and 13C NMR) techniques, while the electrochemical activities of the complexes were studied using cyclic voltammetry. The FTIR of the heteroleptic complexes showed successful coordination of the ligands to ruthenium(II) ion, while the UV-Vis confirmed six coordinate octahedral geometry of the complexes, and the photoluminescence gave the photophysical properties with high intensities indicating potentials for dye sensitization. The electrochemical activities of the ruthenium(II) complexes showed redox potentials which could enhance the dye-sensitizing abilities.

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Tajima, T., K. Yoshimitsu, H. Irie, A. Nishie, M. Hirakawa, K. Ishigami, Y. Ushijima, D. Okamoto, and H. Honda. "Hepatic falciform ligament artery in patients with chronic liver diseases: detection on computed tomography hepatic arteriography." Acta Radiologica 50, no. 7 (September 2009): 743–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841850903036280.

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Background: The detection rate of hepatic falciform ligament artery (FLA) has been reported as ranging from 2–25%. The rate of FLA on laparotomy, however, is reported to be higher, at 68%. Purpose: To compare the detection rate of FLA on computed tomography hepatic arteriography (CTHA) with that on angiography and dynamic CT, and to clarify the clinical significance of FLA in patients with chronic liver disease. Material and Methods: 126 consecutive patients underwent CTHA angiography and dynamic CT to evaluate suspected liver tumors. Liver function was classified as follows: normal, n=5; Child-Pugh class A, n=94; B, n=21; and C, n=6. All CT images were obtained using multidetector (MDCT) scanners (Aquilion; Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan). For CTHA, CT images were obtained during contrast material injection through the left hepatic, proper, or common hepatic artery. On CT, FLAs were retrospectively identified within the hepatic falciform ligament and the hepatic round ligament by the paging method on a workstation (TWS-5000; Toshiba, Tokyo, Japan). The detection rates were compared among the three modalities (hepatic arterial phase of dynamic CT, CTHA, and angiography). The calibers of FLA were also correlated with the hepatic function of the patients. Results: The detection rates of FLA by angiography, dynamic CT, and CTHA were 37% (47/126), 10% (13/126), and 77% (97/126), respectively. The calibers of FLA increased as the hepatic function deteriorated ( P=0.001). Conclusion: The detection rates of FLA with CTHA are far higher than those with angiography and dynamic CT. Careful interpretation with recognition of FLA on CTHA images is important, as inadvertent embolization or chemotherapeutic infusion of the FLA may result in supraumbilical skin rash.

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Shaheen, Mohamed, and Nicholas J. Ashbolt. "Differential Bacterial Predation by Free-Living Amoebae May Result in Blooms of Legionella in Drinking Water Systems." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 15, 2021): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010174.

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Intracellular growth of pathogenic Legionella in free-living amoebae (FLA) results in the critical concentrations that are problematic in engineered water systems (EWS). However, being amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB), how Legionella spp. becomes internalized within FLA is still poorly understood. Using fluorescent microscopy, we investigated in real-time the preferential feeding behavior of three water-related FLA species, Willaertia magna, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, and Vermamoeba vermiformis regarding Legionella pneumophila and two Escherichia coli strains. Although all the studied FLA species supported intracellular growth of L. pneumophila, they avoided this bacterium to a certain degree in the presence of E. coli and mostly fed on it when the preferred bacterial food-sources were limited. Moreover, once L. pneumophila were intracellular, it inhibited digestion of co-occurring E. coli within the same trophozoites. Altogether, based on FLA–bacteria interactions and the shifts in microbial population dynamics, we propose that FLA’s feeding preference leads to an initial growth of FLA and depletion of prey bacteria, thus increases the relative abundance of Legionella and creates a “forced-feeding” condition facilitating the internalization of Legionella into FLA to initiate the cycles of intracellular multiplication. These findings imply that monitoring of FLA levels in EWS could be useful in predicting possible imminent high occurrence of Legionella.

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Reynaud, Yann, Célia Ducat, Antoine Talarmin, and Isabel Marcelino. "Cartography of Free-Living Amoebae in Soil in Guadeloupe (French West Indies) Using DNA Metabarcoding." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (June 4, 2020): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060440.

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Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous protists. Pathogenic FLA such as N. fowleri can be found in hot springs in Guadeloupe, soil being the origin of this contamination. Herein, we analyzed the diversity and distribution of FLA in soil using a targeted metataxonomic analysis. Soil samples (n = 107) were collected from 40 sites. DNA was extracted directly from soil samples or from FLA cultivated at different temperatures (30, 37 and 44 °C). Metabarcoding studies were then conducted through FLA 18SrDNA amplicons sequencing; amplicon sequence variants (ASV) were extracted from each sample and taxonomy assigned against SILVA database using QIIME2 and SHAMAN pipelines. Vermamoeba were detected in DNA extracted directly from the soil, but to detect other FLA an amoebal enrichment step was necessary. V. vermiformis was by far the most represented species of FLA, being detected throughout the islands. Although Naegleria were mainly found in Basse-Terre region, N. fowleri was also detected in Grand Terre and Les Saintes Islands. Acanthamoeba were mainly found in areas where temperature is approx. 30 °C. Vannella and Vahlkampfia were randomly found in Guadeloupe islands. FLA detected in Guadeloupe include both pathogenic genera and genera that can putatively harbor microbial pathogens, therefore posing a potential threat to human health.

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Finster, P., J. Hollweg, E. Kausch, and U. Burmester. "Automated Tobacco Investigation Using Flow-Injection Analysis (FIA) - AutomatisierteTabakuntersuchungmittelsFliessinjektionsanalyse (FlA)." Beiträge zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research 14, no. 2 (October 1, 1988): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cttr-2013-0590.

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AbstractWatery tobacco extracts were examined with the aid of flow-injection analysis (FIA) for the substances nicotine, nitrate, chloride, ammonium and phosphate. The results proved to be exact and reproducible for the most part and the speed of analysis was between 37 and 113 measurements per hour. Because of its simple modular design the appliance is flexible in its application and is above all suited for the analysis for several components in small series of samples. A special FIA technique (stopped-flow method) enables the undersurface absorption stemming from the sample matrix to be excluded. The solutions used must exhibit uniform fluid composition and the formation of gas bubbles in the analysis system must be excluded.

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Subekti, Adaninggar Septi. "Investigating the Relationship between Foreign Language Anxiety and Oral Performance of Non-English Major University Students in Indonesia." Dinamika Ilmu 18, no. 1 (June 27, 2018): 15–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21093/di.v18i1.880.

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This quantitative study was conducted to find out the relationship between Foreign Language Anxiety (FLA) and the achievements of non-English major university students in Indonesia. Through descriptive analysis, the study found that learners experienced various degrees of FLA with the mean score 93.07 (SD = 17.69, N = 119). This study also found a statistically significant, negative correlation between the learners’ FLA and their achievements as measured with their grades, r (117) = -.37, p < .01. Consistent with that, significant, negative relationships were also found between the learners' achievements and all the three related situation-specific anxieties, namely, communication apprehension, test anxiety, and fear of negative evaluation. Considering the results, it is suggested that both teachers and students should minimise the debilitating effects of students’ FLA. Based on the limitations of this study, some recommendations for future researches are also stated. Suggested directions of future researches on FLA in Indonesia are investigations on the relationship between FLA and achievements across different levels of education as well as thorough qualitative investigations of FLA. Keywords: Foreign Language Anxiety, learners’ achievements, correlations.

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Saghafi, Khatereh, and Majid Elahi Shirvan. "Rapid Changes in Foreign Language Learning Anxiety Caused by a Multiplicity of Topics: An Idiodynamic Approach." Journal of Language and Education 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/jle.2020.9684.

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Considering the dynamicnature of foreign language anxiety (FLA), we applied an idiodynamic method to explore topic-based variations of FLA. Before the study was conducted, a class of 20 female intermediate English as foreign language learners were assessed using the foreign language classroom anxiety scale (FLCAS). Two low-anxiety learners and two high-anxiety learners were selected to participate in this study. The idiodynamic method involved videotaping the participants’ responses to four topic-based questions, their self-ratings of fluctuations in FLA while answering the questions, and drawing attributions for topic-based changes in FLA. The results demonstrated both within-individual and between-individual stability and variation in FLA. Linguistic block, topic familiarity, topic interest, and topic-related emotional loading were revealed as the major factors affecting the dynamics of FLA. The pedagogical implications of the findings are discussed.

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Andersen, Peter C., and Wayne B. Sherman. "Fla. 85-1 Peach." HortScience 30, no. 2 (April 1995): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.2.381.

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Stewart, David W. C. "Philip Wade MBE FLA." Health Libraries Review 7, no. 2 (June 1990): 108–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2532.1990.7201081.x.

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Knight, Sally. "Jennifer Wade, BA, FLA." Health Libraries Review 7, no. 3 (September 1990): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2532.1990.7301801.x.

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Fowler, C. J., G. Brännström, P. C. Ahlgren, L. Florvall, and K. E. O. Akerman. "Inhibition of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 5-phosphatase by micromolar concentrations of disulfiram and its analogues." Biochemical Journal 289, no. 3 (February 1, 1993): 853–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2890853.

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Following a preincubation period of 10 min, disulfiram and its analogues FLA 46, FLA 63, FLA 99, EWP 815 and EWP 840 inhibited the breakdown of 10 microM [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 by Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase from GH3 cells, with IC50 values (in microM), for soluble/particulate enzymes respectively, of: disulfiram, 24/24; FLA 46, 23/30; FLA 63, 24/6; FLA 99, 50/48; EWP 815, 8/6; EWP 840, 11/8. The inhibition produced by FLA 99 was time-dependent in nature, although inhibition was found in the absence of a preincubation period. EWP 815 and EWP 840 were more potent inhibitors of Ins(1,4)P2 phosphatase than of Ins(1,4,5)P3 5-phosphatase. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH; 3/100 microM)-stimulated inositol phospholipid breakdown in prelabelled GH3 cells was inhibited by disulfiram (IC50 values 63/52 microM respectively), FLA 46 (89/110 microM), EWP 815 (83/71 microM) and EWP 840 (220/200 microM), without affecting basal breakdown rates. FLA 99 did not inhibit either basal or TRH-stimulated activity at any of the concentrations tested (30, 100 and 300 microM). [3H]Ins(1,4,5)P3 binding to its cerebellar receptor was not inhibited by any of the compounds over a concentration range of 3-300 microM, although an increased level of binding was seen at high concentrations. FLA 99 and EWP 840 increased the basal intracellular Ca2+ concentration in GH3 cells, but with no corresponding effect on the Ca2+ response to TRH stimulation. These compounds did not increase the cellular permeability to Trypan Blue, but did affect cell proliferation. It is concluded that disulfiram and related compounds produce dramatic effects on Ins(1,4,5)P3 metabolism in GH3 cells.

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Wang, Xinyao. "An Investigation into the Factors Influencing Chinese Undergraduates’ English Anxiety." International Journal of Asian Social Science 12, no. 3 (March 25, 2022): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5007.v12i3.4450.

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The factors influencing FLA are found to be different across various cultural and language learning contexts. Therefore, this study was conducted with 553 Chinese non-English major undergraduates from four levels of universities that provide different language learning contexts in China. Participants’ FLA were measured by a modified version of the Foreign Language Classroom Scale (FLCAS). Statistical analyses revealed that participants generally experienced a moderate level of FLA. The second-year students tended to be more anxious in English learning than the first-year from the overall perspective and in terms of communication apprehension. Students from the provincial top university experienced lower level of FLA from tests than those from the vocational university. And in terms of gender and major, no differences were found in FLA from any dimension. The results have shown some light on the overall situation of Chinese foreign language learners’ FLA situation.

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Liang, Ruonan, Yanfang Yu, and Yunyao Zhang. "A Review on Foreign Language Anxiety." Journal of Education, Humanities and Social Sciences 26 (March 2, 2024): 1038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/6vt3hn35.

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The topic of foreign language anxiety (FLA) has been discussed extensively since the introduction of language learning. Several studies have evidence that the anxiety that foreign language learners encounter during their language-learning process can negatively affect their success and performance. FLA is thought to affect most learners of English as a foreign language (EFL), and linguists nearly unanimously concur that FLA is one of the biggest challenges that EFL learners experience when learning a foreign language. This paper reviews the literature on FLA studies, focusing mostly on the definition, categorization, and prior FLA research. A unique kind of anxiety known as foreign FLA is experienced when studying a foreign language. In foreign language learning, students will encounter several types of anxiety, such as anxiety related to learning and anxiety related to listening. Though there is disagreement over whether foreign language learning anxiety has a two-dimensional or three-dimensional structure, most academics support the three dimensions of FLA. This paper also examines the origins and effects of FLA. The majority of academics think that the learning of a foreign language causes anxiety, which hinders learning a second language. This paper leads one to the conclusion that more study in this field is required to validate the findings of previous studies on anxiety related to learning a foreign language and to identify strategies for lowering such worry

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Tang, W. K., Y. K. Chen, J. Y. Lu, V. C. T. Mok, Winnie C. W. Chu, Gabor S. Ungvari, and K. S. Wong. "Frontal Lobe Atrophy in Depression after Stroke." Stroke Research and Treatment 2013 (2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/424769.

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Background. Frontal lobe atrophy (FLA) is associated with late life depression. However, the role that FLA plays in the development of depression after stroke (DAS) remains unknown. This study thus examined the association between FLA and DAS.Methods. A convenience sample of 705 Chinese patients with acute ischemic stroke admitted to the acute stroke unit of a university-affiliated regional hospital in Hong Kong participated in the study. A psychiatrist administered the Structural Clinical Interview for DSM-IV to all patients and made a diagnosis of DAS three months after the index stroke.Results. Eighty-five (12.1%) patients were diagnosed with DAS. In univariate analysis, the DAS patients were more likely to have severe FLA (14.1% versus 5.6%). Severe FLA remained an independent predictor of DAS in multivariate analysis, with an odds ratio of 2.6 (95% confidence intervals = 1.2–5.9).Conclusions. The results suggest that FLA may play a role in the pathogenesis of DAS, which supports the hypothesis that cumulative vascular burden may be important in predicting DAS. Further investigations are needed to clarify the impact of FLA on the clinical presentation, treatment response, and outcome of DAS in stroke survivors.

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Muhamad Nasir, Noormaizatul Akmar, Nurul Husna Yaacob, Norma Yaakub, and Che Syazana Che Ab Razak. "FOREIGN LANGUAGE ANXIETY AMONG ISLAMIC DEGREE STUDENTS: EXPLORING ITS IMPACT ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE AT THE TERTIARY LEVEL INSTITUTION." International Journal of Education, Psychology and Counseling 8, no. 51 (September 27, 2023): 350–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/ijepc.851025.

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This study explores the prevalence and impact of foreign language anxiety (FLA) among Islamic degree students at a tertiary level institution in their English language learning journey. FLA is commonly characterized by uneasiness associated with learning a new or additional language and has been recognized as a psychological barrier in language learning. The study's primary objectives are to identify FLA levels among Islamic degree students and study the correlation between FLA and students' exam grades using the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS). Employing a quantitative approach, the study administered FLCAS questionnaires to 181 participants, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS. Results revealed that communication apprehension recorded the highest mean (3.43), signifying a high degree of anxiety among the respondents. Conversely, the remaining FLCAS components, namely test anxiety (mean = 3.20), fear of negative evaluation (mean = 3.40), and fear of English class (mean = 3.02), demonstrated an average level of anxiety. Overall, FLA among the Islamic degree students was generally rated at a moderate level (mean = 3.28). Furthermore, the subsequent correlation analysis between FLA and students' exam grades displayed a weak positive relationship (r = 0.184), suggesting that FLA may offer facilitative insights into language learning performance.

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Saunders, Crystal R., Dolores C. Shockley, and Maurice E. Knuckles. "Fluoranthene-Induced Neurobehavioral Toxicity in F-344 Rats." International Journal of Toxicology 22, no. 4 (July 2003): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10915810305114.

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Fluroanthene (FLA) is a nonalternant representative of poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) family of toxic chemicals that are widely distributed in the environment. The effects of single acute doses of FLA on locomotor activities and the functional observational battery (FOB) were investigated in 8-week-old male and female F-344 rats. FLA was dissolved in peanut oil and administered by oral gavage as single doses of 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg. Immediately after dosing, animals were placed in activity cages and monitored for nocturnal locomotor activities at 2-hour intervals and for a total of 12 hours for 5 consecutive days post treatment. Significant ( p <.001) reductions in horizontal activity, total distance, stereotypy, and vertical activity were observed. Rats administered acute doses of FLA were also subjected to the functional observational battery (FOB) tests that were conducted at 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after FLA administration. FLA-exposed animals showed significant ( p <.05) dysfunction, including ataxia, decreased grip strengths, increased landing foot splay, loss of aerial righting, increased urination and defecation, and decreased responses to sensory stimuli in both sexes. Neurological deficits in the FOB peaked at 6 hours and lasted for 48 hours post treatment. Significant ( p <.05) gender-related differences were noted in behavioral end points, with male rats showing greater sensitivity to FLA administration than females, as evidenced by their greater mean severity scores in FOB parameters and lower motor activity counts. These findings suggest that FLA can produce behavioral toxicity in F-344 rats and that motor activity and the FOB may serve as end points for the detection of acute FLA toxicity.

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Scharf, Birgit, Henriette Schuster-Wolff-Bühring, Reinhard Rachel, and Rüdiger Schmitt. "Mutational Analysis of the Rhizobium lupini H13-3 andSinorhizobium meliloti Flagellin Genes: Importance of Flagellin A for Flagellar Filament Structure and Transcriptional Regulation." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 18 (September 15, 2001): 5334–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.18.5334-5342.2001.

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ABSTRACT Complex flagellar filaments are unusual in their fine structure composed of flagellin dimers, in their right-handed helicity, and in their rigidity, which prevents a switch of handedness. The complex filaments of Rhizobium lupini H13-3 and those of Sinorhizobium meliloti are composed of three and four flagellin (Fla) subunits, respectively. The Fla-encoding genes, named flaA through flaD, are separately transcribed from ς28-specific promoters. Mutational analysis of the fla genes revealed that, in both species, FlaA is the principal flagellin and that FlaB, FlaC, and FlaD are secondary. FlaA and at least one secondary Fla protein are required for assembling a functional flagellar filament. Western analysis revealed a ratio close to 1 of FlaA to the secondary Fla proteins (= FlaX) present in wild-type extracts, suggesting that the complex filament is assembled from FlaA-FlaX heterodimers. Whenever a given mutant combination of Fla prevented the assemblage of an intact filament, the biosynthesis of flagellin decreased dramatically. As shown in S. meliloti by reporter gene analysis, it is the transcription of flaA, but not of flaB,flaC, or flaD, that was down-regulated by such abortive combinations of Fla proteins. This autoregulation offlaA is unusual. We propose that any combination of Fla subunits incapable of assembling an intact filament jams the flagellar export channel and thus prevents the escape of an (as yet unidentified) anti-ς28 factor that antagonizes the ς28-dependent transcription of flaA.

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Scheid, Patrick. "Free-Living Amoebae as Human Parasites and Hosts for Pathogenic Microorganisms." Proceedings 2, no. 11 (July 31, 2018): 692. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2110692.

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Free-living amoebae (FLA) can be found both in natural aquatic environments and in artificial, man-made aquatic environments. For a long time, (naked) FLA were considered to be harmless protozoa of soil and water. However, research since the 1960s has demonstrated that FLA can be pathogenic to humans and animals with nearly 100% morbidity from some strains. As etiological agents of the so-called Acanthamoebiasis, the Acanthamoebae can trigger several specific diseases (or symptoms) in humans. The amoebiasis of the central nervous system is called granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE), when Acanthamoebae are the etiological agents, showing subacute to chronic progress. GAE differs clinically from the primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM(E)), which is caused by Naegleria fowleri. The Acanthamoeba keratitis is not necessarily associated with an immune suppression, but rather with a trauma, exposure to contaminated water or, particularly, the improper handling of contact lenses, which promotes infection. The clinical picture of GAE by Balamuthia mandrillaris is characterized by headache and neck stiffness. The infection is chronic and the time between infection and appearance of neurological symptoms may range from one month to about two years. The prevalence of FLA in water networks is associated with biofilms, where the amoebae live within a biocoenosis sympatric with other microorganisms. These biofilms serve as feeding grounds for the FLA and provide protection to a certain degree while the FLA adhere to the surfaces. In such a biocoenosis there are multiple interactions between FLA and other microorganisms: In addition to their role as pathogens, FLA are known to serve as host of and vehicles for diverse intracellular organisms (bacteria, viruses, eucaryonts), some of them being natural human pathogens. They act as reservoir or vehicle for various microorganisms such as various Legionella sp., Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and some Mycobacterium sp. In the cyst-stage of the FLA these intracellular organisms (endocytobionts) are protected to a high degree against any adverse environment (FLA as “Trojan horse”). This host-endocytobiont relationship may further lead to health risks in terms of the development of pathogenicity/virulence and antibiotic resistance (FLA as “Trainings ground”).

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van der Loo, Clarissa, Catheleen Bartie, Tobias George Barnard, and Natasha Potgieter. "Detection of Free-Living Amoebae and Their Intracellular Bacteria in Borehole Water before and after a Ceramic Pot Filter Point-of-Use Intervention in Rural Communities in South Africa." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 8 (April 8, 2021): 3912. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18083912.

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Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous in nature, whereas amoeba-resistant bacteria (ARB) have evolved virulent mechanisms that allow them to resist FLA digestion mechanisms and survive inside the amoeba during hostile environmental conditions. This study assessed the prevalence of FLA and ARB species in borehole water before and after a ceramic point-of-use intervention in rural households. A total of 529 water samples were collected over a five-month period from 82 households. All water samples were subjected to amoebal enrichment, bacterial isolation on selective media, and molecular identification using 16S PCR/sequencing to determine ARB species and 18S rRNA PCR/sequencing to determine FLA species present in the water samples before and after the ceramic pot intervention. Several FLA species including Acanthamoeba spp. and Mycobacterium spp. were isolated. The ceramic pot filter removed many of these microorganisms from the borehole water. However, design flaws could have been responsible for some FLA and ARB detected in the filtered water. FLA and their associated ARB are ubiquitous in borehole water, and some of these species might be potentially harmful and a health risk to vulnerable individuals. There is a need to do more investigations into the health risk of these organisms after point-of-use treatment.

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Rha, Chan-Su, Hyun Woo Jeong, Saitbyul Park, Siyoung Lee, Young Sung Jung, and Dae-Ok Kim. "Antioxidative, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anticancer Effects of Purified Flavonol Glycosides and Aglycones in Green Tea." Antioxidants 8, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080278.

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(1) Background: Extensive research has focused on flavan-3-ols, but information about the bioactivities of green tea flavonols is limited. (2) Methods: In this study, we investigated the antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects of flavonol glycosides and aglycones from green tea using in vitro cell models. The fractions rich in flavonol glycoside (FLG) and flavonol aglycone (FLA) were obtained from green tea extract after treatment with tannase and cellulase, respectively. (3) Results: FLG and FLA contained 16 and 13 derivatives, respectively, including apigenin, kaempferol, myricetin, and quercetin, determined by mass spectrometry. FLA exhibited higher radical-scavenging activity than that of FLG. FLG and FLA attenuated the levels of intracellular oxidative stress in neuron-like PC-12 cells. The treatment of RAW 264.7 murine macrophages with FLG and FLA significantly reduced the mRNA expression of inflammation-related genes in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, FLG and FLA treatments decreased the viability of the colon adenoma cell line DLD-1 and breast cancer cell line E0771. Moreover, the treatment with FLG or FLA combined with paclitaxel had synergistic anticancer effects on the DLD-1 cell line. (4) Conclusions: Flavonols from green tea exerted beneficial effects on health and may be superior to flavan-3-ols.

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Shelud’ko, Andrei V., Yulia A. Filip’echeva, Elizaveta M. Telesheva, Stella S. Yevstigneyeva, Lilia P. Petrova, and Elena I. Katsy. "Restoration of polar-flagellum motility and biofilm-forming capacity in the mmsB1 mutant of the alphaproteobacterium Azospirillum brasilense Sp245 points to a new role for a homologue of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 65, no. 2 (February 2019): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2018-0481.

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The bacterium Azospirillum brasilense can swim and swarm owing to the rotation of a constitutive polar flagellum (Fla) and inducible lateral flagella, respectively. They also form biofilms on various interfaces. Experimental data on flagellar assembly and social behaviours in these bacteria are scarce. Here, for the first time, the chromosomal coding sequence mmsB1 for a homologue of 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase (protein accession Nos. ADT80774 and E7CWE2) was shown to play a role in the assembly of motile Fla and in biofilm biomass accumulation. In the previously obtained mutant SK039 of A. brasilense Sp245, an Omegon-Km insertion in mmsB1 was concurrent with changes in cell-surface properties and with suppression of Fla assembly (partial) and Fla-dependent motility (complete). Here, the immotile leaky Fla− mutant SK039 was complemented with the expression vector pRK415-borne mmsB1 gene of Sp245. In the complemented mutant, the elevated relative cell hydrophobicity and changed relative membrane fluidity of SK039 returned to the wild-type levels; also, biofilm biomass accumulation increased and even reached Sp245’s levels under nutritionally rich conditions. In strain SK039 (pRK415-mmsB1), the percentage of cells with Fla became significantly higher than that in mutant SK039, and the Fla-driven swimming velocity was equal to that in strain Sp245.

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Killian, Chad M., Sarah M. Espinoza, Collin A. Webster, Belden Long, Mark Urtel, Amelia Mays Woods, and Emily M. D’Agostino. "Flipping the Script: An Initial Exploration of Flipped Learning as an Enhanced Alternative to Traditional Physical Education Lessons." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 15188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215188.

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Background: Physical activity (PA) is related to a variety of positive outcomes for youth and physical education (PE) represents a primary school-based environment where students can engage in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Limitations exist in secondary schools with low socio-economic status, where MVPA engagement is generally below the recommended 50% of lesson time. Growing evidence suggests that using a flipped learning approach (FLA) may naturally enhance PE lessons as outlined by The Theory of Expanded, Extended, and Enhanced Opportunities for Youth Physical Activity Promotion. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the impact of the FLA to traditional instruction on student MVPA, lesson context, and teacher involvement during middle school PE lessons. Methods: Participants were 56 male students from two 7th-grade classes from a low-SES, suburban school. This study employed the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT). Data were examined through descriptive statistics. Linear regression models were used to predict SOFIT outcomes as a function of FLA versus traditional instruction. Results: Students in the FLA class spent significantly more class time in MVPA (p < 0.01). Regression models predicted participants in FLA classes would spend 55% more class time in MVPA (p < 0.01). After adjusting for covariates, models showed students in FLA classes would spend almost 18 more minutes in MVPA than students in traditional classes (p < 0.01). Discussion/Conclusion: The FLA may be a practical lesson enhancement strategy to increase student MVPA and improve PE opportunities for students in low SES schools when compared to the use of traditional instruction. The results of this study demonstrated positive potential of using FLA in PE but should be considered within the context of their limitations. Further examination of the FLA is warranted.

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Moscovici, Samuel, Felix Umansky, and Sergey Spektor. "“Lazy” far-lateral approach to the anterior foramen magnum and lower clivus." Neurosurgical Focus 38, no. 4 (April 2015): E14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2015.2.focus14784.

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The far-lateral approach (FLA) has become a mainstay for skull base surgeries involving the anterior foramen magnum and lower clivus. The authors present a surgical technique using the FLA for the management of lesions of the anterior/ anterolateral foramen magnum and lower clivus. The authors consider this modification a “lazy” FLA. The vertebral artery (VA) is both a critical anatomical structure and a barrier that limits access to this region. The most important nuance of this FLA technique is the management of this critical vessel. When the lazy FLA is used, the VA is reflected laterally, encased in its periosteal sheath and wrapped in the dura, greatly minimizing the risk for vertebral injury while preserving a wide working space. To accomplish this step, drilling is performed lateral to the point where the VA pierces the dura. The dura is incised medial to the VA entry point by using a slightly curved longitudinal cut. Drilling of the condyle and the C-1 lateral mass is performed in a manner that preserves craniocervical stability. The lazy FLA is a true FLA that is based on manipulation of the VA and lateral bone removal to obtain excellent exposure ventral to the spinal cord and medulla, yet it is among the most conservative FLA techniques for management of the VA and provides a safer window for bone work and lesion management. Among 44 patients for whom this technique was used to resect 42 neoplasms and clip 2 posterior inferior cerebral artery aneurysms, there was no surgical mortality and no injury to the VA.

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Hess, Paul, Jennifer Holmes, Savannah Holmer, Gregory Gojanovich, and Peter Ross. "Polymorphisms and tissue expression of the Feline Leukocyte Antigen class I loci FLA I-E, -H and -K (P6086)." Journal of Immunology 190, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2013): 141.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.141.9.

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Abstract The domestic cat is a popular model of human retroviral diseases, but surprisingly, knowledge of the MHC class I complex (FLA I) in this species is limited. Only a few full-length coding sequences with uncertain locus assignments are known, and allelic variability, genotypic frequency and expression patterns remain undetermined. Of 19 class I genes, 3 loci - FLA I-E, -H and -K - are predicted to encode classical molecules. Our objective was to confirm their presumptive class Ia status by investigating polymorphisms and tissue expression of these genes. To accomplish this task, we developed a PCR-based, locus-specific, genotyping protocol, and then amplified 33 different FLA I-E, -H, and -K alleles from the gDNA of 12 cats of various breeds. We identified, for the first time, allele genotypes across all three loci in a feline species. We also amplified alleles from cDNAs from eight different tissues using an FLA I multi-loci-permissive primer set; only FLA I-E, -H, and -K transcripts were detected, and all three were widely expressed. The putative proteins encoded by our FLA I-E, -H, and -K alleles are highly variable and fit the class Ia model of homologous domains. Previously reported full-length FLA I sequences were confirmed, as were the predictions of classical status from the feline genome; FLA I-E, -H, and -K meet two major criteria of class Ia genes. These data lay the important groundwork for studying epitope-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses in the cat.

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Soler, Lara, Yolanda Moreno, Laura Moreno-Mesonero, Inmaculada Amorós, José Luís Alonso, and María Antonia Ferrús. "Microbiome of Free-Living Amoebae (FLA) Isolated from Fresh Organic Produce: Potential Risk to Consumers?" Foods 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2023): 3102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12163102.

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In response to growing global interest in organic agriculture, this study delves into the microbial landscape of organically grown raw produce with a focus on food safety. Vegetables that are consumed raw are potential vehicles for the transmission of any type of microorganism capable of causing human disease. Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous protozoa found in many ecosystems and can serve as hosts to pathogenic bacteria. So far, data regarding the FLA bacterial microbiome in fresh produce remain scarce and are non-existent for those of organic origin. Thus, the aim of this preliminary work is to characterize the microbiome of FLA in commonly consumed raw vegetables to know their possible implications for consumers. A total of 40 organic cabbage, lettuce, spinach, and strawberry samples were analyzed. FLA were found in all samples, and their bacterial microbiome was obtained via amplicon sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq platform and pair-end protocol. Acanthamoeba spp. and Vermamoeba vermiformis were identified via qPCR in 65.0% and 25.0% of the samples, respectively. Regarding the bacterial microbiome of FLA, the most abundant genera were Pseudomonas (1.8–17.8%) and Flavobacterium (1.7–12.6%). Bacteria not previously related to FLA, such as Prosthecobacter or Cellvibrio, are described in this work. Importantly, several bacterial genera found within the FLA microbiome were identified as potential human pathogens, including Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Arcobacter, Klebsiella, Mycobacterium, Salmonella and Legionella. This is the first work in which FLA microbiome isolated from organic products has been characterized, underscoring the significance of understanding FLA’s role as carriers of pathogenic bacteria in the context of organic food safety.

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Ma, Mingyan, Nooreen Noordin, and Abu Bakar Razali. "Effect of Educational Technology on Students’ Foreign Language Anxiety: A Thematic Literature Review." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 6 (August 30, 2022): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n6p361.

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Foreign language anxiety (FLA), as a common affective filter, has impeded the language learning process. In order to reduce the FLA, researchers have explored several methods via enhancing language learning settings. Technology as a crucial tool in improving the learning environment has been considered on this topic as well. However, the results of these empirical studies are inconsistent. After reviewing 24 relevant experimental and quasi-experimental research articles from 2016 to 2021 and calculating the effect size for each article, it is evident that 46% of studies reported that technology-assisted instruction significantly decreased FLA, and 54% had no significant effect on FLA. Therefore, this paper aimed to examine the overall effect size on the topic and explore the moderators that caused these inconsistent results through examining five potential moderators (technology type, using methods for integrating technology into a foreign language classroom, exposure duration of technology in experimental groups, FLA type and target language) from the reviewed studies, which are based on the sources of FLA (Young, 1991; Yan & Horwitz, 2008). Two moderators (using methods for integrating technology into foreign language classrooms and target language) were found to get significant predictions on the effect of technology on students' FLA, p<0.05. These findings provide educators, researchers, and practitioners a new direction for future research on different methods of teaching the target language using suitable technology in the classroom.

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Xiong, Luchang, Zhijun Wan, Yuan Zhang, Fangtian Wang, Junhui Wang, and Yanlei Kang. "Fly Ash Particle Size Effect on Pore Structure and Strength of Fly Ash Foamed Geopolymer." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (December 29, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1098027.

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The aim of this paper is to study the particle size effect of fly ash (FLA) on pore structure and strength of Fly Ash Foamed Geopolymer (FAFG). Information on the macro-pores such as macro-pore size and distribution of FAFG is captured through binarization processing. Porosity and compressive strength of FAFG are respectively tested by Archimedes density test method and uniaxial compressive strength test method. It can be concluded that the FLA particle size has an effect on the pore structure and strength of FAFG. More specifically, the effect of FLA particle size shows itself macroscopically on the quantity of middle and large macro-pores and the uniformity of macro-pores distribution, and microscopically on the quantity of micro-holes and cracks and calcium silicate (C-S-H) quantity at the early stage of FAFG mixture. All of the properties of FAFG follow some kind of changing rule except at the turning point when FLA particle is of 0.125~0.25 mm in size. To explain clearly the root cause of FLA particle size effect on FAFG, SEM, and XRD are employed to explore the microstructure of FAFG and the component of FLA. It turns out to be the amorphous phase SiO2 content in FLA of different particle sizes which could determine the reaction extent of FAFG mixture.

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Spektor, Sergey, Gregory J. Anderson, Sean O. McMenomey, Michael A. Horgan, Jordi X. Kellogg, and Johnny B. Delashaw. "Quantitative description of the far-lateral transcondylar transtubercular approach to the foramen magnum and clivus." Journal of Neurosurgery 92, no. 5 (May 2000): 824–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.2000.92.5.0824.

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Object. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the far-lateral transcondylar transtubercular approach (complete FLA) based on quantitative measurements of the exposure of the foramen magnum and petroclival area obtained after each successive step of this approach.Methods. The complete FLA was reproduced in eight specially prepared cadaveric heads (a total of 15 sides). The approach was divided into six steps: 1) C-1 hemilaminectomy and suboccipital craniectomy with unroofing of the sigmoid sinus (basic FLA); 2) partial resection of the occipital condyle (up to the hypoglossal canal); 3) removal of the jugular tuberculum; 4) mastoidectomy (limited to the labyrinth and the fallopian canal) and retraction of the sigmoid sinus; 5) resection of the lateral mass of C-1 with mobilization of the vertebral artery; and 6) resection of the remaining portion of the occipital condyle. After each successive step, a standard set of measurements was obtained using a frameless stereotactic device. The measurements were used to estimate two parameters: the size of the exposed petroclival area and the size of a spatial cone directed toward the anterior rim of the foramen magnum, which depicts the amount of surgical freedom available for manipulation of instruments.The initial basic FLA provided exposure of only 21 ± 6% of the petroclival area that was exposed with the full, six-step maximally aggressive (complete) FLA. Likewise, only 18 ± 9% of the final surgical freedom was obtained after the basic FLA was performed. Each subsequent step of the approach increased both petroclival exposure and surgical freedom. The most dramatic increase in petroclival exposure was noted after removal of the jugular tuberculum (71 ± 12% of final exposure), whereas the least improvement in exposure occurred after the final step, which consisted of total condyle resection.Conclusions. The complete FLA provides wide and sufficient exposure of the foramen magnum and lower to middle clivus. The complete FLA consists of several steps, each of which contributes to increasing petroclival exposure and surgical freedom. However, the FLA may be limited to the less aggressive steps, while still achieving significant exposure and surgical freedom. The choice of complete or basic FLA thus depends on the underlying pathological condition and the degree of exposure required for effective surgical treatment.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Fla'

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