Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flaked

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Flaked'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Flaked"

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Balamaze, J., J. H. Muyonga, and Y. B. Byaruhanga. "Physico-chemical Characteristics of Selected Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus Lam) Varieties." Journal of Food Research 8, no. 4 (May 29, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v8n4p11.

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This study was aimed at establishing the variation in physico-chemical properties between and within different jackfruit varieties. Mature jackfruits from trees known to produce orange, yellow and white flakes were harvested and ripened at 28oC and 90% relative humidity. The weight, length and circumference of ripe fruits were measured. The fruits were cut into three equal sections: top, middle and bottom. Each section was separated into flakes, rind, abortive perigones, consolidated perigones, seeds and core. The percent weight of different fruit parts, and flake physico-chemical characteristics were determined. The average weight, length, circumference and maturation period for jackfruit varieties studied were 12 kg, 47 cm, 76 cm and 104 days, respectively. The mean proportions of flakes, rind, abortive perigones, consolidated perigones, seeds and core were 24.7, 20.0, 14.5 14.3, 13.1 and 11.3%, respectively. Ascorbic acid (AA), carotenoids, total soluble solids (TSS), TSS: acid ratio, color and texture varied significantly among jackfruit sections. Color did not vary among sections of yellow and white flaked varieties. Flake texture (hardness) was 12.1, 10.5 and 6.6 N/mm for the white, yellow and orange flaked varieties, respectively. Flake textural resilience was in the order: white > yellow > orange flakes. Principle component analysis showed white flakes correlated positively with flake resilience, hardness and color lightness. Orange flakes were associated with high carotenoids and TSS content. Yellow flakes exhibited intermediate properties between those of white and orange flakes. Jackfruit flake color and section can be used as flake quality predictor.
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Sots, S., Y. Chumachenko, I. Kustov, and Y. Kuzmenko. "PRODUCTION OF FLAKED PRODUCTS FROM NAKED OATS. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FLAKES." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 20, no. 1 (April 26, 2020): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v20i1.1689.

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Flakes and instant groats products have become increasingly prolific in recent decades among groats products. The interest of consumers in this type of groats and groats products is primarily connected to their ability to be quickly prepared and good food and flavoring properties compared with traditional groats. Due to their balanced amino acid composition, the presence of mucous substances unique vitamin content, most of groats can be attributed to the products of dietary and restorative nutrition.In the given article the existing technologies of hulled oats grain processing into groats products were analyzed. Thepossibilities of using new breeding varieties of oats to improve existing technologies were analyzed. Advantages using nakedoat varieties for the production of groats and flakes were considered. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of pearled naked oats groats before steaming is 17-17.5 %. After steaming groats with this moisture yield of flaked groat estimated to range between 84,3-93,6 %. For substantiation of modes of preparing pearled groats to flaking determining of its impact on physical properties of the flaked groats were conducted. Flaked products obtained from naked oats characterized by high uniformity, however by fractional composition are smaller compared with control samples. The main their percentage (about 60-70%), obtained by overflow of sieves  3,0 mm and  1,5 mm. Thickness of obtained in the studied modes flaked products is in the range 0,4-1,1 mm. Flaked products obtained from naked oats by steaming oats groats with moisture content 19.1 % by indicator of thickness characterized as flaked groats for which the characteristic thickness is 0.7 to 0.9 mm. Mode of steaming groats at vapor pressure of 0.15 MPa with moisture content 17.5 % allows producing flaked products which correspond by the value of thickness of the control of classical oat flakes 0,4-0,9 mm. Decreasing moisture content of groats before steaming to 15.4 % allows producing thin flakes, values of thickness of which in the range of 0.4-0.7 mm. Except thickness, strength of flakes also depends on mass fraction of moisture. For flakes with higher humidity inherent strength is greater compared to a product with low humidity. The final moisture of oat flakes is normalized by regulations and must not exceed 12.0%.Waterheat treatment of pearled groats with further its flaking reduces the proportion of ashes of flaked products from 1.8 to 1.5%.
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Bandini, Elisa, Alba Motes-Rodrigo, William Archer, Tanya Minchin, Helene Axelsen, Raquel Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Shannon P. McPherron, and Claudio Tennie. "Naïve, unenculturated chimpanzees fail to make and use flaked stone tools." Open Research Europe 1 (March 24, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13186.1.

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Background: Despite substantial research on early hominin lithic technologies, the learning mechanisms underlying flake manufacture and use are contested. To draw phylogenetic inferences on the potential cognitive processes underlying the acquisition of both of these abilities in early hominins, we investigated if and how one of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), could learn to make and use flakes. Methods: Across several experimental conditions, we tested unenculturated, naïve chimpanzees from two independent populations (n=11) for their abilities to spontaneously make and use their own flakes as well as to use pre-made flakes made by a human experimenter. Results: Despite the fact that the chimpanzees demonstrated an understanding of the requirements of the task and that subjects were sufficiently motivated and had ample opportunities to develop these behaviours, none of the chimpanzees tested, made or used flakes in any of the experimental conditions. Conclusions: These results differ from all previous ape flaking experiments, which found flake manufacture and use in bonobos and one orangutan. However, these earlier studies tested human-enculturated apes and provided the test subjects with flake making and using demonstrations. The contrast between these earlier positive findings and our negative findings (despite using a much larger sample size) suggests that human enculturation and/or human demonstrations may be necessary for chimpanzees to acquire these abilities. The data obtained in this study are consistent with the hypothesis that flake manufacture and use might have evolved in the hominin lineage after the split between Homo and Pan 7 million years ago, a scenario further supported by the initial lack of flaked stone tools in the archaeological record after this split. We discuss possible evolutionary scenarios for flake manufacture and use in both non-hominin and hominin lineages.
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Bandini, Elisa, Alba Motes-Rodrigo, William Archer, Tanya Minchin, Helene Axelsen, Raquel Adriana Hernandez-Aguilar, Shannon P. McPherron, and Claudio Tennie. "Naïve, unenculturated chimpanzees fail to make and use flaked stone tools." Open Research Europe 1 (July 15, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.13186.2.

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Background: Despite substantial research on early hominin lithic technologies, the learning mechanisms underlying flake manufacture and use are contested. To draw phylogenetic inferences on the potential cognitive processes underlying the acquisition of both of these abilities in early hominins, we investigated if and how one of our closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), could learn to make and use flakes. Methods: Across several experimental conditions, we tested eleven task-naïve chimpanzees (unenculturated n=8, unknown status n=3) from two independent populations for their abilities to spontaneously make and subsequently use flakes as well as to use flakes made by a human experimenter. Results: Despite the fact that the chimpanzees seemed to understand the requirements of the task, were sufficiently motivated and had ample opportunities to develop the target behaviours, none of the chimpanzees tested made or used flakes in any of the experimental conditions. Conclusions: These results differ from all previous ape flaking experiments, which found flake manufacture and use in bonobos and one orangutan. However, these earlier studies tested human-enculturated apes and provided test subjects with flake making and using demonstrations. The contrast between these earlier positive findings and our negative findings (despite using a much larger sample size) suggests that enculturation and/or demonstrations may be necessary for chimpanzees to acquire these abilities. The data obtained in this study are consistent with the hypothesis that flake manufacture and use might have evolved in the hominin lineage after the split between Homo and Pan 7 million years ago, a scenario further supported by the initial lack of flaked stone tools in the archaeological record after this split. We discuss possible evolutionary scenarios for flake manufacture and use in both non-hominin and hominin lineages.
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Davis, Dave D. "Archaic Blade Production on Antigua, West Indies." American Antiquity 58, no. 4 (October 1993): 688–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/282202.

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Antigua has substantially more preceramic sites than any other island in the Lesser Antilles. Archaic peoples made extensive use of the high-quality flint that is common on Antigua to produce industries dominated by unretouched flakes and blades. Analysis of the largest excavated Archaic assemblage from the island reveals that flaked-stone technology centered around the production of direct-percussion blades, and that the majority of other flake classes are by-products of blade production. The assemblage's five major morphological classes of blades appear to represent successive stages of core reduction.
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Eerkens, Jelmer W., Jeffrey R. Ferguson, Michael D. Glascock, Craig E. Skinner, and Sharon A. Waechter. "Reduction Strategies and Geochemical Characterization of Lithic Assemblages: A Comparison of Three Case Studies from Western North America." American Antiquity 72, no. 3 (July 2007): 585–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035862.

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Based on a simple model of lithic procurement, reduction, and use, we generate predictions for patterns in source diversity and average distance-to-source measurements for flaked stone assemblages left behind by small-scale and residentially mobile populations. We apply this model to geochemical data from obsidian artifacts from three regions in western North America. As predicted, results show markedly different patterns in the geochemical composition of small flakes, large flakes, and formal tools. While small flakes and tools tend to have greater source diversity and are on average farther from their original source, the large flake assemblage is composed of fewer and closer sources. These results suggest that a failure to include very late stage reduction (e.g., pressure flakes) and microdebitage in characterization studies may bias interpretations about the extent of residential mobility and/or trade patterns because more distant sources will be underrepresented.
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Sots, S., I. Kustov, Y. Kuzmenko, and O. Vereshchynskyi. "FEATURES OF PROCESSING OATS INTO GROATS PRODUCTS." Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, no. 4 (February 3, 2020): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i4.1587.

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In the given article the existing technologies of hulled oats grain processing into groats products were analyzed. The possibilities of using new breeding varieties of oats to improve existing technologies were analyzed. Advantages using naked oat varieties for the production of groats and flakes were considered. Results of research influence intensity of pearling and water heat treatment on yield of pearled groats and its quality indicators were shown. The high efficiency of use naked oats for the production of pearled groats with regulated quality indicators was determined. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of naked oats before pearling is 12-12.5 %. In the pearling the grain with this humidity depending on the duration of pearling yield of groat estimated to range between 78 94 %. Use as raw materials naked oats increase yield of pearled groats at 1.4-1.6 times in compared to processing of conventional varieties. Modes of preparation of pearled groats for flaking was investigated, feature their influence on the yield and qualities of flaked groats were determined. Analyses of the physical properties of the obtained flaked products were conducted. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of pearled naked oats groats before steaming is 17-17.5 %. After steaming groats with this moisture yield of flaked groat estimated to range between 84,3 93,6 %. The main stages of processing naked oats into groats products were determined. The technological scheme of processing naked oats for producing groats and flakes were developed. The technological scheme of processing hull-less barley and naked oats for producing groats, flakes, mixtures of groats and flakes were developed. Technology includes grain cleaning stage, grain water heat treatment, pearling, sorting of pearling products, pearled groat water heat treatment, mixing, flaking, drying, and control of end products.
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Lockard, Caleb, Cathy Lockard, Wyatt Smith, Brian Campbell, and Jenny Jennings. "PSVI-19 Evaluating the addition of an alpha-amylase enzyme to two bulk-flake density weights of corn fed to beef finishing steers." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_3 (November 2, 2020): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa054.382.

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Abstract An alpha-amylase enzyme has the potential to increase starch digestibility, thus improving feedlot cattle performance and efficiency. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the addition of an alpha-amylase enzyme on two steam-flaked bulk densities and subsequent performance of finishing beef steers. Forty-eight crossbred steers (325 ± 19 kg), were used in a complete randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial treatment design. Factors were corn processing and enzyme addition. Dietary treatments were steam-flaked corn-based diets with two bulk-flake density weights of corn (0.32 kg/L vs. 0.39 kg/L). Experimental treatments were 1) 0.32 kg/L with no enzyme (32NE), 2) 0.39 kg/L with no enzyme (39NE), 3) 0.32 kg/L with enzyme (32E), and 4) 0.39 kg/L with enzyme (39E) on a DM basis. The enzyme was applied at 0.50 kg/T of steam-flaked corn (As-fed basis). Data were analyzed using a mixed model with fixed effects of flake weight, enzyme, and flake weight × enzyme interaction. Throughout the feeding period, starch availability for 0.32 kg/L and 0.39 kg/L corn averaged 60.7% and 42.2%, respectively. Steers receiving the alpha-amylase enzyme had no differences in BW (P ≥ 0.62), ADG (P ≥ 0.55), and DMI (P ≥ 0.56) compared to NE steers. Furthermore, carcass characteristics did not differ (P ≥ 0.26) between E and NE steers. Feeding an alpha-amylase enzyme to finishing cattle had no detrimental effects on performance or carcass characteristics. Overall, a more highly processed corn was observed to decrease dry matter intake and increase the potential for digestive upsets. This may limit the use of the alpha-amylase enzyme to a lesser processed corn.
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Kardulias, P. Nick. "Flaked Stone from Isthmia." Hesperia 78, no. 3 (September 30, 2009): 307–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2972/hesp.78.3.307.

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Hirth, Kenneth G., Geoffrey G. McCafferty, and William R. Fowler. "INTRODUCTION." Ancient Mesoamerica 20, no. 1 (2009): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536109000078.

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Over the past four decades the interpretive capacity of lithic analysis in Mesoamerica has changed dramatically. Lithic studies have grown from simple artifact descriptions to a powerful approach for studying and interpreting pre-Hispanic economy. The linchpin for this change was the development of the lithic technology approach (Collins 1975; Crabtree 1968; Flenniken 1981) and its use in asking culturally meaningful questions about the Mesoamerican past (Sheets 1975; Spence 1967). The utility of this approach is as obvious to those who employ it, as it is elusive to those who do not. It involves the recovery, analysis and interpretation of flaked stone residues, that is, the large and small flakes and chips produced when stone tools are manufactured and used. Moreover, it is the study of the mundane to view the mundane, and obtain a window onto the economic patterns of everyday life. The reward from studying thousands of ordinary flaked stone remains comes from the insight it provides for reconstructing and modeling past economic behavior.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flaked"

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Sindt, Justin J. "Factors influencing the utilization of steam-flaked corn /." Search for this dissertation online, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.

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Moulton, Anne L. "Lowton's lithics, making sense of the Vickers flaked stone collection." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ32198.pdf.

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Phelps, Steven Kirk. "Nutrient characterization of color modified and unaltered flaked turkey thigh meat." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46058.

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Flaked, skinless and boneless turkey thighs were successively washed in 0.03M sodium phosphate buffers at pH 5.8, 7.4 and 8.0. Proximate, mineral and riboflavin composition, as well as protein efficiency ratio (PER) and apparent digestibility (AD) using the rat bioassay technique were determined for three replications. The color modified tissue (CMT) had a higher (P=0.0429) moisture content and less (P=0.0527, 0.1240 and 0.0047, respectively) crude protein, fat and ash than flaked thigh (THI). Percentage of iron, magnesium, phosphorous, potassium and manganese decreased (P=0.0187) after color modification, whereas calcium, zinc and copper concentrations did not change (P=0.1184) and sodium increased (P=0.0058). Riboflavin was reduced by 30%.

The PER of CMT evaluated was lower (P=0.0318) than THI, but higher (P=0.0001) than either casein or egg albumin diets. AD of CMT was 90.7% which is comparable to other meat products. The overall nutritional evaluation of CMT determined that it has potential as a raw material in further processed foods.


Master of Science
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Khreisheh, Nada Nazem. "The acquisition of skill in early flaked stone technologies : an experimental study." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14986.

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This thesis describes the experimental work carried out as part of the Learning to be Human Project, investigating skill and learning in early flaked stone technologies. A group of 16 volunteers were studied as they learnt skills in Oldowan style flaking, Acheulean handaxe technology and Levallois preferential flake technologies. Aptitude, practice hours and hours spent in taught sessions were recorded and skill in each of these technologies was assessed at regular intervals. This information was used to answer questions concerning the acquisition of high level skill in these technologies, the role of practice, teaching and aptitude in determining skill in terms of connaissance and savoir-faire and the archaeological visibility of skill. At a more in depth level the significance of these findings for cognitive capacities of early hominins and the evolution of modern human brains and intelligence was assessed. The results of these experiments allowed the identification of the greater impact of teaching on Acheulean handaxe and Levallois technology compared to Oldowan style flaking. Technologically focussed teaching was shown to be essential for achieving high level skill in handaxe technology while all knapping contributed to the skill achieved in Oldowan style flaking and Levallois technology. In terms of aptitude, previous craft experience and contact with flaked stone assemblages most affected skill achieved in handaxe and Oldowan technologies while spatial ability best determined skill in Levallois. The findings of the connaissance and savoir-faire analysis have indicated that the differences seen between Oldowan and Acheulean technology are predominantly physical in nature, while the differences between Levallois and the earlier technologies are cognitive. This suggests a greater cognitive capacity for the Neanderthal Levallois manufacturers in contrast with the earlier hominin species. The results have, however, highlighted problems with a strict dichotomy between physical and cognitive skills. A number of material markers that could be related to skill were identified. Future work has been identified that could provide a fuller understanding of these findings.
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Alio, Abdoulaye 1953. "Splanchnic nitrogen metabolism by growing beef steers fed sorghum grain flaked at various densities." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289222.

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Growing beef steers were used in completely randomized block designs to evaluate effect of processing method, dry-rolled (DR) versus steam-flaked (SF) sorghum, and degree of processing (flaking density) of corn and sorghum grain on nitrogen (N) digestion and post-absorptive N metabolism. In experiments (Exp.) 1 and 2, seven duodenally and ileally cannulated steers were used to investigate N digestibilities. Experimental diets contained 77% grain: Exp. 1, DR or SF sorghum at densities of 437, 360 and 283 g/L (SF34, SF28, SF22); Exp. 2, corn at two flake densities (SF34 and SF22). Nitrogen intakes by steers fed sorghum (142 g/d) and corn (149 g/d) diets were similar among treatments. Steers fed SF compared to DR, increased ruminal (P =.04) DM digestibility. Microbial protein flow to the duodenum averaged 10% greater for SF vs DR. Reducing flaking density of sorghum grain linearly increased (P .05) ruminal DM and tended to increase linearly ruminal feed N (P =.11), total tract DM and N digestibilities and microbial efficiency (P .08). Unexpectedly, flake density did not affect DM or N digestibilities of SF corn diets by steers. In Exp. 3, eight steers implanted with indwelling catheters were used to measure blood flow, net absorption and uptake of ammonia-N, urea-N (UN) and alpha-amino N (AAN) across portal-drained viscera (PDV), hepatic and total splanchnic tissues. Experimental diets were the same as those in Exp. 1. Six arterial, portal and hepatic blood samples were collected per day at 2 h intervals for each diet and steer. Daily DM and N intakes averaged 7.0 kg and 142 g, respectively. Decreasing flake density of SF sorghum linearly increased net absorption of AAN (P =.04) and UN recycling to the gut (P =.02). Net UN recycling to the gut averaged 38% of N intake across treatments. Steers fed SF compared to DR decreased (P =.03) net splanchnic UN output (33 vs 50 g/d). The improved N retention and lower splanchnic UN output, contingent with greater ruminal microbial protein synthesis and flow to intestines may explain in part the observed higher performance of cattle fed SF compared to DR sorghum. Based on improved total tract N digestibilities and greater net absorption of AAN and UN recycling to the gut, optimum flake density for SF sorghum grain was 283 g/L (SF22).
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Iversen, David Richard. "Testing the coastal decline model with flaked stone artifacts from the San Diego region of California." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2007/d_iversen_041607.pdf.

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Meadows, Richard Keith. "Crafting K'awil : a comparative analysis of Maya symbolic flaked stone assemblages from three sites in northern Belize /." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3034984.

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Harvatine, Dana Irene. "Effectiveness of Whole Linted Cottonseed as a Forage Substitute When Fed with Ground or Steam-Flaked Corn." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1406811280.

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Sitta, Cristiane. "Aditivos (ionóforo e não ionóforo), processamento de grãos de milho e concentrações de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN) de silagem de milho em dietas para bovinos em terminação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-22062016-161009/.

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Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o intuito de se avaliar o desempenho, características de carcaça e parâmetros ruminais de bovinos Nelore recebendo dietas contendo grãos de milho flint processados de diferentes formas em associação a diferentes aditivos e níveis de FDN de silagem de milho (FDNf). No Experimento 1, 239 tourinhos (PCI=350±26,79kg) foram alojados em 40 baias de acordo com o peso corporal inicial e receberam dietas contendo dois tipos de processamento dos grãos de milho (moagem fina e floculação) e diferentes aditivos (monensina sódica; 25 ppm e formulação A062 a base de virginiamicina; produto teste, não comercial, fornecido pela Ourofino Saúde Animal; nas dosagens de 17 e 25 ppm), totalizando 8 tratamentos. Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC MIXED do SAS. A floculação aumentou o peso final, o ganho de peso diário, a eficiência alimentar, o peso da carcaça quente e tendeu a aumentar o rendimento de carcaça em comparação a moagem fina. Houve tendência de interação entre processamento e fornecimento de aditivos para a ingestão de matéria seca e ganho de peso diário. A floculação reduziu o teor de amido fecal, aumentou a digestibilidade do amido no trato total, aumentou os valores de energia liquida para manutenção e ganho da dieta e o numero médio de papilas ruminais. Os aditivos aumentaram a altura, largura e área das papilas e reduziram a espessura de faixa de queratina em relação ao tratamento controle. Houve tendência das formulações a base de virginiamicina aumentarem o peso da carcaça quente dos animais em comparação com a monensina sódica, mas não em relação ao tratamento controle sem aditivo. A floculação foi mais efetiva para aumentar a digestiblidade do amido no trato total, o valor energético do milho e o desempenho dos bovinos enquanto que os aditivos não foram efetivos para aumentar o valor energético das dietas e a eficiência alimentar dos animais. No Experimento 2, 237 tourinhos (PCI=350±28,49kg) foram alojados em 32 baias de acordo com o peso corporal inicial e receberam dietas contendo dois tipos de processamento (moagem grosseira e floculação) e diferentes níveis de FDNf (4; 7; 10 e 13% MS), totalizando 8 tratamentos. Os dados foram analisados pelo PROC MIXED do SAS. A floculação tendeu a aumentar a eficiência alimentar, o peso da carcaça quente e a espessura de gordura subcutânea, reduziu o teor de amido fecal, aumentou a digestibilidade do amido no trato total como também aumentou os valores de energia liquida para manutenção e para ganho das dietas. Os níveis de FDNf afetaram ingestão de matéria seca e o peso da carcaça quente independente do método de processamento. Houve tendência de aumento linear no GPD e tendência de redução quadrática na eficiência alimentar com inclusão crescente de FDNf. A inclusão de silagem de milho em dietas com alto teor de milho flint reduziu a eficiência alimentar dos animais, mas aumentou o peso da carcaça quente. A floculação aumentou o valor energético do cereal para tourinhos Nelore em dietas com alto teor de energia.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate animal performace, carcass characteristics and ruminal parameters of Nellore bulls fed with diets containing flint corn processed by different methods in association with additives and FDN levels of corn silage (FDNf).In the first experiment, two hundred and trhirty nine Nellore bulls (IBW=350±26.79kg) were blocked based on their initial body weight and randomly divided into 40 pens. The objective was to evaluate two different corn processing methods (fine ground and steam-flaked corn) and additives (monensin; 25 ppm and A062 formulation based on virginiamycin; test product, non-commercial, provided by Ourofino Saude Animal; 17 or 25 ppm), a total of 8 treatments. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Steam-flaking increased the final body weight, average daily gain, feed efficiency, hot carcass weight and tended to increase the carcass yield. There was a tendency of interaction between corn processing and feed additives for dry matter intake and daily weight gain. Steam-flaking decreased fecal starch, increased total tract starch digestibility and increased net energy for maintenance and net energy for gain values of the diet and increased average number of papillae. Additives increased papillae leight, width, and area and decreased keratin strip thickness in comparison to the control diet. There was a tendency of A062 formulations based on virginiamycin to increase hot carcass weight in comparison to monensin, but not in relation to the control treatment, without additive. Steam-flaking was more effective to increase total tract starch digestibility, corn energy values and animal performace while the feed additives were not effective to increase the net energy value of the diets and animal feed efficiency. In the second experiment, two hundred and thirty seven Nellore bulls (IBW=350±28.49kg) were blocked based on their initial body weight and randomly divided into 32 pens. The objective was to evaluate two different corn processing methods (ground and steam-flaked corn) and four FDNf levels (4; 7; 10; 13 %DM), a total of 8 treatments. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS. Steam flaking tended to increase feed efficiency, hot carcass weight and fat thickness, decreased fecal starch, increased total tract starch digestibility and net energy for maintenance and net energy for gain diet values. Independent of corn processing, FDNf levels affected dry matter intake and hot carcass weight. There was a tendency of linear increase in daily weight gain and tendency of quadractic reduction on feed efficiency increasing FDNf levels. Corn silage in high grain diets decreased animal feed efficiency, but increased hot carcass weight. Steam-flaking increased the cereal energy value for Nellore bulls fed grain concentrate diets.
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Lozano-Ascencio, Oscar German 1956. "Post-absorptive metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients and starch digestibility by steers fed sorghum grain flaked at different densities." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282356.

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Objectives were to determine the effects of feeding dry-rolled (DR) vs steam-flaked (SF) sorghum grain and degree of processing (flake density, FD) of corn and sorghum grain on site and extent of starch digestion and post-absorptive metabolism of energy-yielding nutrients in steers fed 77% grain. The design for each trial was a randomized block. Seven steers (400 kg) with duodenal and ileal cannulas were used to determine corn and sorghum starch digestibilities (Cr ratio, 3-d collection). Steers fed SF versus DR sorghum increased starch digestibility in the rumen (23%; P < .01), total tract (2.3%; P < .01), and in the small intestine (6%; P < .01, as percentage of starch entering duodenum). Decreasing flake density of SF sorghum grain increased linearly (P < .05) starch digestion (percentage of intake) in the rumen and total tract, and diminished linearly (P < .05) starch digestibilities post-ruminally and in the small intestine. Similar responses in starch digestibilities occurred by lowering FD of SF corn. Percent dietary corn or sorghum starch digestibility in the large intestine was less than 2% of intake. Feeding SF compared to DR sorghum did not alter net absorption and uptake or release of energy-yielding nutrient across SPL tissues. As expected, net absorption of glucose across portal-drained viscera (PDV) was negative (-.60 mol/d). Incrementally decreasing FD of SF sorghum linearly increased net PDV absorption of lactate (P =.04), glucose synthesis by the liver (P =.03), and SPL output of glucose (P < .01) and L-lactate (P =.03). Net propionate PDV absorption (P =.18), hepatic uptake (P =.21), and SPL output (P =.15) tended to be increased with lower FD. Increasing degree of grain processing, by incrementally decreasing FD, linearly increased ruminal and total tract starch digestibilities and net absorption of glucose precursors (propionate and L-lactate), resulting in increased hepatic synthesis and greater output of glucose from the gut and liver to the rest of the body. Based on these changes, the optimum FD for SF sorghum grain was 283 g/L (SF22).
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Books on the topic "Flaked"

1

Use-wear analysis of flaked stone tools. Tucson, Ariz: University of Arizona Press, 1985.

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Colman, C. H. Flaked out: The story of cod and Newfoundland. Cincinnati, Ohio: Fancourt, 2011.

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Lithic illustration: Drawing flaked stone artifacts for publication. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.

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Simon, Holdaway. A record in stone: The study of Australia's flaked stone artefacts. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 2004.

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Forenbaher, Stašo. Production and exchange of bifacial flaked stone artifacts during the Portuguese Chalcolithic. Oxford, England: Archaeopress, 1999.

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Finding the people who flaked the stone at English Camp (San Juan Island). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2006.

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McGuirk, Bernard. The Falklands/Malvinas corn(flaked): On simultaneous transNation and the poetry of war. London: Department of Hispanic Studies, Queen Mary and Westfield College, 1999.

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Sanders, Thomas N. Adams: The manufacturing of flaked stone tools at a paleoindian site in western Kentucky. Buffalo, N.Y: Persimmon Press, 1990.

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Baker, Winston H. A hypothetical classification of some of the flaked stone projectiles, tools and ceremonials from the southeastern United States. [S.l.]: W.H. Baker, 1995.

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Flawed. Toronto: Worldwide, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flaked"

1

Malainey, Mary E. "Flaked and Ground Stone Tools." In Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique, 275–89. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5704-7_18.

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Andrews, Bradford W. "Stone Tools in Mesoamerica: Flaked Stone Tools." In Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 1–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3934-5_9638-2.

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Andrews, Bradford W. "Stone Tools in Mesoamerica: Flaked Stone Tools." In Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, 4038–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_9638.

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Bradley, Bruce A. "Paleo-Indian Flaked Stone Technology in the North American High Plains." In From Kostenki to Clovis, 251–62. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1112-4_18.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Flake." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 308. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_4994.

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Mobberley, Martin. "Solar Flares, Giant Prominences, and Flare Stars." In Astronomers' Observing Guides, 99–120. New York, NY: Springer US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79946-9_3.

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Shepherd, I. G., J. R. Hertzberg, and L. Talbot. "Flame Holding In Unconfined Turbulent Premixed Flames." In ICASE/NASA LaRC Series, 253–70. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2884-4_14.

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Xanthos, Marino. "Mica Flakes." In Functional Fillers for Plastics, 149–62. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527605096.ch8.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Glass Flakes." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 341. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5512.

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Cronin, Richard. "Rainbow Flakes." In Colour and Experience in Nineteenth-Century Poetry, 96–103. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09556-8_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flaked"

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Chaouadi, Rachid, Robert Gérard, and Eric van Walle. "Fracture Toughness Characterization of Vessel Forging With Hydrogen Flaked Specimens." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63632.

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The 2012 in-service vessel inspections performed at Doel-III and Tihange-II Nuclear Power Plant revealed a large number of ultrasonic indications in the forged core shells suggesting nearly-laminar defects attributed to hydrogen flakes induced during the component manufacturing process. These observations have initiated a very large experimental test program not only for reliably and accurately characterizing the ultrasonic indications but also to characterize the mechanical properties in presence of hydrogen flakes. A key point of the Safety Case was the justification of the material properties to be used in the structural integrity analysis, in particular the local fracture toughness of the material ahead of hydrogen flakes. An innovative methodology was used to manufacture fracture toughness specimens, including both compact tension and Charpy size specimens, with a hydrogen flake substituting the standard fatigue pre-crack. As a result, it is possible to measure the fracture toughness directly at the tip of real hydrogen flakes. This paper describes the procedure and the results that were obtained in comparison to standard fatigue precracked specimens.
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De Bruycker, Evy, Séverine De Vroey, Xavier Hallet, Jacqueline Stubbe, and Steve Nardone. "Root Cause Analysis of the Unexpected Behaviour of a Flaked Material Under Irradiation and Transferability to the Doel 3/Tihange 2 Reactor Pressure Vessels." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63882.

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During the 2012 outage at Doel 3 (D3) and Tihange 2 (T2) Nuclear Power Plants (NPP), a large number of nearly-laminar indications were detected mainly in the lower and upper core shells. The D3/T2 shells are made from solid casts that were pierced and forged. Restart authorization in 2013 was accompanied by a number of “mid-term” requirements, to be completed during the first operating cycle after the restart. One of these requirements was the mechanical testing of irradiated specimens containing hydrogen flakes. These tests showed unexpected results regarding the shift in the Reference Temperature for Nil Ductility Transition (RTNDT) of the flaked material VB395 (Steam Generator shell rejected because of flakes) after irradiation. This paper presents the root cause analysis of this unexpected behaviour and its transferability (or not) to the D3/T2 Reactor Pressure Vessels (RPVs). A mechanistic and a manufacturing based approach were used, aiming at identifying the microstructural mechanisms responsible for the atypical embrittlement of VB395 and evaluating the plausibility of these mechanisms in the D3/T2 RPVs. This work was based on expert’s opinions, literature data and test results. Both flaked and unflaked samples have been investigated in irradiated and non-irradiated condition. All hydrogen-related mechanisms were excluded as root cause of the unexpected behaviour of VB395. Two possible mechanisms at the basis of the atypical embrittlement of VB395 were identified, but are still open to discussion. These mechanisms could be linked to the specific manufacturing history of the rejected VB395 shell. Since the larger than predicted shift in transition temperature after irradiation of VB395 is not linked with the hydrogen flaking and since none of the specific manufacturing history features that are possible root causes are reported for the D3/T2 RPVs, the D3/T2 shells should not show the unexpected behaviour observed in VB395.
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De Vroey, Séverine, Evy De Bruycker, Michel De Smet, and Jacqueline Stubbe. "Root Cause Analysis and Characterisation of the Doel 3 and Tihange 2 Reactor Pressure Vessel Flaws." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63883.

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This paper presents the root cause analysis and characterisation of the indications discovered in two Belgian pressurized water reactor (PWR) pressure vessels (Doel 3 and Tihange 2), during in service inspections performed in 2012. The only plausible mechanism at the origin of the detected indications is hydrogen flaking during fabrication. Flaking could occur because of the local combination of high hydrogen concentration, stresses and susceptible microstructure. The phenomenology study performed on several materials including flaked materials provided precious information for the Safety Case: it confirmed the cause of the indications and evidenced that flaking exclusively occurs in segregated zones and that the ligament between flakes is sound. The paper also briefly addresses the possibility of evolution of the indications during operation: low cycle fatigue during transients is identified as the only mechanism likely to induce flaw growth in operation. A particular attention has been paid to the potential hydrogen effects.
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Zhang, Chuanwei, Le Gu, and Dezhi Zheng. "Tribological Property Analyses of DLC Films on Ceramic Ball Surfaces With 3-D FEA Method and Experiments." In ASME/STLE 2012 International Joint Tribology Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijtc2012-61068.

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Diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are excellent candidates to improve tribological properties of silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic elements. Particular attentions have been paid to the preparation and analysis of DLC films on rings and discs. However, few researches on fabrication of DLC films on ball surfaces were carried out, especially on ceramic ball surfaces, because it is hard to achieve uniform coatings on ball surfaces. In this paper, DLC films on ceramic ball surfaces were studied with both experiment and FEA method. DLC films were deposited on Si3N4 ceramic ball and disc surfaces with plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition techniques (PIII-D). Surface topography of ceramic balls before and after coated with DLC films showed that DLC films on ceramic ball surfaces were uniform. Tribological tests under dry friction were conducted with a ceramic ball sliding against ceramic disc and, alternatively, one of the two surfaces was coated with DLC films. The tests demonstrated that DLC films on disc surfaces were worn, while ball surface films were partly flaked. 3-D FEA models of ceramic ball sliding against ceramic disc were built and the ceramic ball/disc was coated with DLC films alternatively. DLC films were supposed to be bonded with ceramic substrates. The FEA stress fields in DLC films and on film/substrate interface showed that DLC films had great effects on stress distribution due to the low frictional coefficient and material difference from substrates. The friction force caused an increment of the stress near surfaces during sliding process, and the material difference leaded to discontinuous stress distribution on film/substrate interface. The shear stress on film/substrate interface was very slightly different between DLC films coated on ceramic balls and discs. Under almost the same shear stress, the flakes and wear of DLC films were mainly determined on the adherence of DLC films to ceramic substrates.
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Bradley, D., J. Casal, P. H. Gaskell, and A. Palacios. "Jet Flames, Flares and Pool Fires: Prediction of Flame Lift-Off, Plume and Flame Height Under Choked and Unchoked Conditions." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Seminar Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-5936-0_03-09.

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Minotti, Angelo, and Claudio Bruno. "Flame Temperatures in Non-Premixed Flames." In 46th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2008-998.

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Krebs, Werner, Stefan Hoffmann, Bernd Prade, Martin Lohrmann, and Horst Bu¨chner. "Thermoacoustic Flame Response of Swirl Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30065.

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The operating range of heavy duty gas turbines featuring lean premix combustion to achieve low Nox emissions may be limited by thermoacoustic oscillations. The most promising way to extend the operational envelope of the gas turbine is to modify the burner outlet conditions which itself strongly affect the flame response on acoustic perturbations. The objective of the present paper is the analysis and prediction of the flame response of premixed swirl flames which are typical for gas turbine combustion. The flame response has been determined experimentally by measuring the velocity fluctuations of a forced pulsated burner flow with hot wire probes and the resulting heat release fluctuations OH radiation. The experimentally determined flame response function for the swirl premixed flame follows almost a time lag law. Hence, reasonable agreement has been found between measurements and calculations using a time lag model.
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CHEN, T., and L. GOSS. "Flame lifting and flame/flow interactions of jet diffusion flames." In 27th Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1989-156.

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Tyagi, Ankit, Isaac G. Boxx, Stephen Peluso, and Jacqueline A. O'Connor. "Statistics of Local Flame-Flame Interactions in Flame Interaction Zones of Two V-Flames." In AIAA Scitech 2019 Forum. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2019-0446.

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Tyagi, Ankit, Isaac G. Boxx, Stephen J. Peluso, Ryan Shupp, and Jacqueline O'Connor. "Structure of Flames in Flame Interaction Zones." In 2018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-0161.

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Reports on the topic "Flaked"

1

Simmons, Stephanie. Exploring Colonization and Ethnogenesis through an Analysis of the Flaked Glass Tools of the Lower Columbia Chinookans and Fur Traders. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.1804.

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Shepherd, I. G. Flame surface density and burning rate in premixed turbulent flames. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/132644.

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Poludnenko, Alexei Y., and Elaine S. Oran. The Interaction of High-Speed Turbulence with Flames: Turbulent Flame Speed. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada528784.

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Warner, Michael L. Flawed Policy: Suez 1956. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada222479.

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Redfern, Matthew D. The Flawed Strategy in Columbia. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada404375.

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Smith, John H. The flawed-cylinder burst test. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6488.

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Shaddix, Christopher R., Hai Wang, Robert W. Schefer, Joseph C. Oefelein, and Lyle M. Pickett. Predicting the Effects of Fuel Composition and Flame Structure on Soot Generation in Turbulent Non-Premixed Flames. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada551657.

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Zonfrelli, Michael A. Rapid Decisive Operations: A Flawed Concept. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada390207.

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Toney, Gary W. MARC Data Collection- A Flawed Process. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada479621.

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Mitchell, David L. Sanctions Against Cuba: A Flawed U.S. Policy. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada377581.

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