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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Flame atomic emission spectrometry'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 9 February 2022

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1

Penteado, Ana Julia. "Estudo do efeito da n-acetilcisteína sobre a toxicidade induzida pelo lítio." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, 2017. http://tede.unioeste.br/handle/tede/2958.

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Lithium carbonate is the main drug used to treat bipolar disorder. This medicine has a narrow therapeutic range and is usually used in a chronic way by the patients, generating the need for therapeutic monitoring by means of plasma lithium quantification. In addition, records of toxic effects from chronic medical use reinforce the need for a tool that assists in the treatment. Thus, a reliable methodology for the quantification of lithium and a therapeutic adjuvant emerge as a means to improve the quality of life of the patient. In our work, we used the flame atomic absorption spectrometer to validate the method for quantification of lithium and the results were satisfactory, because they complied with the required criteria, assuring the reliability of the method. In order to find a therapeutic adjuvant, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was studied for presenting important characteristics against the toxic effects caused by lithium. In our results lithium presented toxic effects mainly inducing oxidative stress, while the coadministration of NAC reversed this effect in the liver, kidney and brain organs. The use of NAC as a therapeutic adjuvant has been shown to be promising, however, further studies need to be performed to better understand this relationship.
O carbonato de lítio é o principal medicamento utilizado no tratamento do transtorno bipolar. Este medicamento possuí estreita faixa terapêutica e geralmente é utilizado de forma crônica pelos pacientes, gerando a necessidade da monitorização terapêutica por meio da quantificação plasmática de lítio. Além disso, os registros de efeitos tóxicos decorrentes do uso medicinal crônico remetem a necessidade de uma ferramenta que auxilie no tratamento. Desta forma, uma metodologia confiável para a quantificação de lítio e um adjuvante terapêutico surgem como meios de melhorar a qualidade de vida do paciente. Em nosso trabalho, utilizamos o espectrômetro de absorção atômica de chama para validar um método para quantificação de lítio e os resultados foram satisfatórios, pois cumpriram os critérios exigidos, assegurando a confiabilidade do método. Com foco em buscar um adjuvante terapêutico, a N-acetilcisteína (NAC) foi estudada por apresentar características importantes contra os efeitos tóxicos causados pelo lítio. Em nossos resultados o lítio apresentou efeitos tóxicos principalmente induzindo o estresse oxidativo, enquanto que a coadministração de NAC reverteu esse efeito nos órgãos fígado, rim e cérebro. O uso da NAC como adjuvante terapêutico mostrou ser promissor, porém, mais estudos precisam ser realizados para entender melhor essa relação.
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2

Chun, Ka-him, and 秦嘉謙. "Single-particle inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/209488.

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Transient emission of a particle in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) depends on the fundamental processes of aerosol desolvation, particle vaporization and atomization, ionization, excitation and diffusion of the analyte. Ideally, the rate of the above processes can be determined from the evolution of the transient emission as the ion plume moves along the central channel of the ICP. However, the dimension of the ion plume is significantly smaller than the central channel. The signal-to-background and signal-to-noise ratios suffer when the entire channel is imaged. Deconvolution of the temporal profile is required to determine the emission intensity of the ion plume versus observation height. Small aperture can be used to locate the vertical emission position accurately, but the evolution of the plume emission is lost. In this study, a double-slit method has been developed to pin-point two vertical positions of an ion plume. An ion plume travelling along the ICP central channel produces two peaks in the temporal emission profile. The temporal evolution of emission intensity can be correlated to delineate the degree of particle vaporization at the two positions. The relative widths and separation of the two peaks in a double-peak can be used to determine the analyte diffusion rate and particle velocity in the ICP, respectively. An unicellular green algae, chlorella vulgaris, was used as the test particles. The average Mg content of the algae is equivalent to MgO particles of diameter of 265nm. The strong ionic emission at wavelength of 279.55nm was monitored using a ¼ -m monochromator equipped with a PMT detector. Method of curve fitting was used to filter out the noise with minimum distortion of the peak shape for accurate determination of peak height and peak width. The merits of curve fitting versus methods of smoothing such as moving average and Savitzky-Golay filtering will be discussed. All transient emissions from the algal cells were detected with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio using a single-slit setup with slit height of 1mm at observation height of 18 mm above the load coil and ICP forward power of 1400 W. However, using the double-slit setup, less than half of the expected double-peaks were observed. One of the peaks in the double-peak can be below the detection limit and the double-peak is lost. An innovative development of this study is that the relative sensitivity corresponding to the 2 slits can be varied to enhance the intensity of the weaker emission peak. The peak with insufficient signal-to-noise ratio for detection can be enhanced to a level above the limit of detection. The number of observed double-peaks in increased and the observed particles are more representative of the population. Two types of double-peaks are categorized according to the relative intensity of the first peak to the second peak. A computer model was used to estimate the intensity ratio of the two emission peaks at different observation position of the ICP. The experimental and theoretical ratios agree generally. The theoretical ratio also shows the bias in the population sampled by the double-slit setup.
published_or_final_version
Chemistry
Master
Master of Philosophy
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3

Wingerd, Mark A. "A multi-mode spectrometer for atomic emission spectrometry." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/37396.

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4

Adeeyinwo, Christina Eromowen. "Flow Injection Atomic Absorption Spectrometry : analytical characteristics of flame AAS." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1990. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/32021.

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Flow Injection (FI) techniques for use with Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) have attracted considerable research interest for sample introduction and calibration strategies. The interest continues in on-line preconcentration and matrix modification which are carried out by the incorporation of liquid-liquid extraction, ion-exchange, immobilised reagents, gas/vapour generation and continuous precipitation-filtration devices into suitably designed manifolds. Indirect determination of inorganic anions and organic compounds is becoming routine by FI–flame AAS. The direct analysis of solid samples, which is a shortcoming of flame AAS, was recently carried out by on-line electrolytic dissolutions.
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5

Dean, John R. "Mechanisms in discrete sample introduction for atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/37991.

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6

Bysouth, Stephen R. "Standard and sample manipulation for calibration in flame atomic absorption spectrometry." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1988. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33128.

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This thesis describes a study of existing calibration methods and a comparison of them, with novel calibration and sample pre-treatment methods for flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) developed by the author. A comparison of commercially available curve fitting algorithms was carried out to show how concentration errors arise and vary, due to the use of different empirical models for the calibration curve. Novel online dilution manifolds were designed. Using flow injection and continuous flow techniques, different calibration procedures were developed to allow null methods of calibration to be used and to extend the calibration range. Methods of sample pre-treatment were developed, including online dissolution and species separation, using flow injection analysis techniques. Members of the atomic spectroscopy group of the Royal Society of Chemistry were surveyed to discover calibration practices used in commercial laboratories. Respondents were asked questions on sample type, treatment and presentation, and data reduction for calibration. During the research, several papers were published and lectures given on the topics described.
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7

Carpenter, Robert Christopher. "Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry for forensic analysis." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2680.

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The fundamental characteristics and applications of inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) for forensic science purposes have been evaluated. Optimisation of ICP-OES for single elements using simplex techniques identified an ICP torch fitted with a wide bore injector tube as most suitable for multielement analysis because of a compact analytical region in the plasma. A suitable objective function has been proposed for multielement simplex optimisation of ICP-OES and its effectiveness has been demonstrated. The effects of easily ionisable element (EIE) interferences have been studied and an interference minimisation simplex optimisation shown to be appropriate for the location of an interference free zone. Routine, interference free determinations (<2% for 0.5% Na) have been shown to be critically dependant on the stability of the injector gas flowrate and nebuliser derived pressure pulses. Discrete nebulisation has been investigated for the analysis of small fragments of a variety of metal alloys which could be encountered in casework investigations. External contamination together with alloy inhomogeneity have been shown to present some problems in the interpretation of the data. A compact, corrosion resistant recirculating nebuliser has been constructed and evaluated for the analysis of small fragments of shotgun steels. The stable aerosol production from this nebuliser allowed a set of element lines, free from iron interferences, to be monitored with a scanning monochromator. The analysis, classification and discrimination of casework sized fragments of brasses and sheet glasses have been performed and a method has been proposed for the analysis of white household gloss paints. The determination of metal traces on hands following the handling of a variety of metal alloys has been reported. The significance of the results from these evidential materials has been assessed for forensic science purposes.
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8

Clarke, Philip Alexander. "Solid sample introduction in Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1988. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19472/.

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This Thesis describes the progress made in the area of solid sample introduction in Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICP-ES). As an alternative to solution nebulisation two methods of introducing samples to the ICP are investigated. The first of these uses the direct insertion probe technique first described by Horlick and Salin (63). The assembly utilised an electrically operated graphite rod system. This could be used equally well with small volumes of solution sample (5ul) or small masses of solid sample (Ca.5mg). The variables of cup dimensions and material were investigated along with volume and masses of sample used. Results of calibration of both solution residues and solid samples are presented along with details of Limit of Detection and sample Relative Standard Deviation (RSD). The comparative data were found to be in good agreement and it was established that solutions derived calibration data could be used for the analysis of Ni-base samples. Other solid matrices, elemental and alloyed were investigated. These materials divided into two groups, (1) low volatility matrix, from which trace elements were released and only minimal emission from matrix elements was detected and there were no spectral interference effects, (2) volatile matrix in which the matrix vaporized in the same temperature range as the trace elements, giving rise to substantial matrix emission and spectral interferences. It was concluded that DI-ICP-ES is at its most useful when dealing with easily volatilized trace elements in a relatively involatile matrix. The second approach to sample introduction involved the use of an electrothermal vaporization cell. This provided precise control of temperature and offered considerably higher final temperatures than the direct insertion probe system. An Electrothermal Vaporization (ETV) device was designed and built in the laboratory and interfaced to the ICP such that vapour produced in the cell was carried into the plasma discharge by the 'injector' gas stream. ETV was used for liquid and solid samples and results for these samples are presented.
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9

Wang, Liang. "Analysis of Galvanized Steel Plates Using Glow Discharge-Atomic Emission Spectrometry." TopSCHOLAR®, 1999. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/762.

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Combining an intense emission source and a high-speed sputtering source in one, glow discharge atomic emission spectrometer (GD-AES) provides an efficient technique for analyzing surfaces, coatings and bulk solids. The purpose of our work is to explore the optimum lamp operation parameters of SA-2000 for analysis of galvanized steel plate and to investigate the method for qualitatively and quantitatively analyzing the zinc coating. Under the optimum experimental conditions found in our study, which are current of 19-21 mA; voltage of 900-1200 V; pressure 2.0-2.5 torr, the calibration curve is constructed, so that specific zinc concentration can be assign to the exact depth position in the sample. Several galvanized steel plate samples are tested and the thickness of coating and distribution of zinc in different depth of the coating are calculated on the basis of calibration curve. The above results are further analyzed to prove the reproducibility of the proposed method.
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10

Ruiz, Annia I. "Sample introduction for low pressure microwave induced plasma atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30324.

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11

Brown, Elizabeth A. 1973. "Rapid aluminum alloy analysis utilizing inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30351.

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The goal of this study was the exploration of several techniques for the rapid analysis of aluminum pins by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry).
Direct solid sample analysis of the pin by DSI (direct sample insertion) proved to be unfeasible due to incomplete vaporization of the sample from the DSI probe.
A technique called the Real-time Alloy Analysis Technique (RAAT) allowed analyte signals to be monitored during sample digestion (in dilute HCl) and using a ratio method, quantitative results were obtained after a few minutes of initiating sample digestion. This method exhibited fast and simple sample preparation and high precision of <3% relative standard deviation.
An in-solution spark technique (SAD) was used to produce dispersions of the pins in water. The SAD and DSI proved promising as a very rapid sampling technique.
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12

Brown, Elizabeth Ann. "Rapid aluminum alloy analysis utilizing inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0030/MQ64327.pdf.

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13

Durrani, Tariq Mehmud. "Improvements in methods and apparatus relating to inductively coupled plasma atomic fluorescence spectrometry." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1990. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/12636.

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This thesis describes a study of the technique and development of a system known as ASIA (Atomiser, Source, Inductively Coupled Plasmas (ICPs) in Atomic fluorescence spectrometry). Copper, nickel and lead boosted-discharge hollow-cathode lamps (BDHCLs), have been compared with the ICP, as excitation sources. A detailed study of the spectra of nickel and lead was performed. No evidence was found for the differences in the radiances between the two sources when the copper lamp was overrun. Although the lamps gave rise to lower blank standard deviation values, the detection limits were worse with the lamp source compared to ICP source. The modified Optica CF4 monochromator originally used, has been replaced by a Bentham Instruments computer controlled monochromator with better light gathering power. The optical arrangement for gathering the fluorescent radiation has also been re-designed. The performance of the modified system has been studied, based on detection limits (DLs), for a number of elements. In general, an improvement of 2 to 3 times in DLs is achieved. Further, improvements in the detection limits for molybdenum and tungsten have been achieved with the development of an on-line preconcentration procedure using a miniature column of Amberlite (IRA-93) anion-exchange resin. A heated spray chamber desolvation system has been evaluated as a sample introduction device for atomiser and source plasmas but, unfortunately the results obtained with the device were unsatisfactory. Problems included periodic instability of the plasmas and salt deposition on the inner walls of the spray chamber when high concentration solutions were aspirated. Also, a brief study of the feasibility of an aerosol modulation device has been performed. Finally, an interference study has been made to investigate the interference effects of high concentrations of interferent elements on a number of analyte elements. Spectral scans were obtained to visualise any possible interference effect. No spectral interference effect was observed on any of the analyte elements due to the interferent elements studied.
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14

Ayranci, Kilinc Isil. "A Nonintrusive Diagnostics Technique For Flame Soot Based On Near-infrared Emission Spectrometry." Phd thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608498/index.pdf.

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A novel nonintrusive soot diagnostics methodology was developed, validated and applied for in-situ determination of temperature, volume fraction and refractive index of soot aggregates formed inside flames by using near-infrared emission spectrometry. Research was conducted in three main parts, first one addressing development and validation of a comprehensive "
direct"
model for simulation of line-of-sight radiative emission from axisymmetric sooty flames by coupling sub-models for radiative transfer, radiative properties and optical constants. Radiative property estimation for soot agglomerates was investigated by experimentally validating discrete dipole approximation against microwave measurements and using it as reference to assess applicability of simpler Rayleigh-Debye-Gans approximation for fractal aggregates (RDG-FA). Comparisons between predictions of two methods for soot-like model aggregates demonstrated that radiative property predictions of RDG-FA are acceptably accurate for relatively small soot aggregates encountered in small-scale flames. Part two concerns experimental investigation of an axisymmetric ethylene/air diffusion flame by Fourier Transform Near-Infrared spectroscopy. Measurement of line-of-sight emission intensity spectra was performed along with analyses on calibration, noise, uncertainty and reproducibility. A noise characterization approach was introduced to account for spatial fluctuations which were found to dominate over spectral noise. Final part focuses on development, evaluation and application of an inversion methodology that inputs spectral emission intensity measurements from optically thin flames, removes noise, identifies soot refractive index from spectral gradients and retrieves soot temperature and volume fraction fields by tomographic reconstruction. Validation with simulated data and favorable application to measurements indicate that proposed methodology is a promising option for nonintrusive soot diagnostics in flames.
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15

Ayranci, Kilinç Işil. "A nonintrusive diagnostics technique for flame soot based on near-infrared emission spectrometry." Lyon, INSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ISAL0037.

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A novel nonintrusive soot diagnostics methodology was developed, validated and applied for in-situ determination of temperature, volume fraction and refractive index of soot aggregates formed inside flames by using near-infrared emission spectrometry. Research was conducted in three main parts, first one addressing development and validation of a comprehensive direct model for simulation of line-of-sight radiative emission from axisymmetric sooty flames by coupling sub-models for radiative transfer, radiative properties and optical constants. Radiative property for soot agglomerates was investigated by experimentally validating DDA method against microwave measurements and using it as a reference to assess applicability of simpler RDG-FA approximation. Part two concerns experimental investigation of an axisymmetric ethylene/air diffusion flame by Fourier Transform Near-Infrared spectroscopy. Measurement of line-of-sight emission intensity spectra was performed along with analyses on calibration, noise, uncertainty and reproducibility. Final part focuses on development, evaluation and application of an inversion methodology that inputs spectral emission intensity measurements from optically thin flames, removes noise, identifies soot refractive index from spectral gradients and retrieves soot temperature and volume fraction fields by tomographic reconstruction. Validation with simulated data and favourable application to measurements indicate that proposed methodology is a promising option for nonintrusive soot diagnostics in flames
Une méthodologie originale de diagnostique des suies a été développée, validée et mise en œuvre pour la détermination in-situ de la température, la fraction volumique et l'indice de réfraction des agrégats de suie formés dans les flammes, en utilisant la spectrométrie d'émission dans le proche infrarouge. Les travaux ont été conduits en trois parties. La première a concerné le développement et la validation d'un modèle direct complet de simulation de l'émission radiative des flammes sur une ligne de visée. Les propriétés radiatives des agrégats de suie ont été étudiées en validant expérimentalement la méthode DDA avec des mesures micro-ondes et en l'utilisant ensuite pour évaluer l'applicabilité de l'approximation RDG-FA. La deuxième partie a impliqué l'analyse expérimentale de l'émission radiative de flammes de diffusion éthylène/air en mettant en œuvre la spectrométrie à Transformée de Fourier dans le Proche Infra-Rouge. La mesure des flux de rayonnement émis sur une ligne de visée a été réalisée en conjonction avec une analyse de l'étalonnage, du bruit, des incertitudes et de la reproductibilité. La dernière partie a consisté en le développement, l'évaluation et l'application d'une méthodologie d'inversion qui a pour données d'entrée les spectres d'émission de flammes optiquement minces, élimine le bruit, identifie l'indice de réfraction des suies à partir des gradients spectraux et fournit la température et la fraction volumique par reconstruction tomographique. La validation avec des données simulées et une application aux spectres mesurés indiquent que la méthodologie proposée est prometteuse pour le diagnostic non intrusif des suies dans les flammes
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16

Ren, Jian Min. "Direct solid sample analysis by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and mass spectrometry." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=41752.

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A series of studies was carried out on the direct analysis of solid samples with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) and mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Samples were first vaporized by modified electrothermal vaporization (ETV) systems and the vapor was introduced into the ICP. Inert gas flows were used to increase analyte transport efficiency and to reduce matrix effects.
Halogenation reactions were used to improve solid sample vaporization in one of the modified ETV systems. At temperatures ranging from 1000$ sp circ$C to 2400$ sp circ$C pure oxides and carbides were converted to lower boiling point halides and evaporated. Experimental results showed that, with the use of Freon-12 as a gas phase halogenation reagent, nearly 100% vaporization was achieved for $ rm Al sb2O sb3$ (B.P. 2980$ sp circ$C, particle size $<$10 $ mu$m), SiO$ sb2$ (B.P. 2230$ sp circ$C, particle size $<$44 $ mu$m), ZrO$ sb2$ (B.P. 5000$ sp circ$C, particle size $<$74 $ mu$m) and TaC (B.P. 5500$ sp circ$C, typical particle size 5 $ mu$m). The same was true for WC (B.P. 6000$ sp circ$C, particle size $<$10 $ mu$m) if BaCl$ sb2$ was used as a second halogenation reagent. These lead us to believe that we would be able to vaporize samples with almost any inorganic matrix. When the same ETV system was used to analyze four marine sediment reference materials and one coal fly ash reference material, a linear relationship was found between the background corrected peak area and the reference concentration for six of the eight elements monitored.
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17

Goodall, Phillip Stephen. "Slurry atomisation using mixed gas plasmas." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2075.

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18

Tse, Bun-luen Tim. "Development and characterization of bottom-viewed inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/HKUTO/record/B39557388.

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19

Tse, Bun-luen Tim, and 謝斌麟. "Development and characterization of bottom-viewed inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B39557388.

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20

O'Hanlon, Karen Lorraine. "Slurry, solution and speciation analysis by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1907.

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Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry has been investigated for solution, slurry and speciation analysis. It has been shown that it is possible to optimise a simultaneous multielement analysis for slurry and solution samples using solid state detection and optimisation algorithms. A range of certified reference materials have been analysed using optimum conditions and results were in good agreement with certified values. Slurry nebulisation has been used for the first time in the analysis of NIST SRM Total Diet' and carbon black samples. Both radially and axially viewed ICP spectrometers were used in these studies. Modifications of the mass transport efficiency of solutions and slurries through the sample introduction system was illustrated upon EIE addition. The transport phenomenon was found to be dependent on the matrix element and not on the analyte of interest. A decrease in transport efficiency was found to be related to the mass of the EIE added. Solution and slurry atom and ion line intensity ratios obtained from an axially viewed ICP were used to illustrate emission enhancement when Mg was used as the thermometric species of interest. Enhancement was found to be spatially dependent and the energy transfer processes governing excitation were modified upon EIE addition. The magnitude of the enhancement effects for solutions and slurries differed, once transport effects had been negated, and this was attributed to variations in atomisation efficiency. A radially viewed ICP spectrometer was also used to monitor the effect of ElEs on solutions and slurries. The Abel integral technique was used to transform lateral profiles and Fe atom line ratios were calculated. 'Real' enhancement effects were apparent upon EIE addition when transport effects had again been negated. The plasma excitation temperature was used as a physical marker to determine the effect of EIE addition on solutions and slurries of Fe. The variation in Texc upon EIE addition was small but showed an increasing trend from Li to Cs. Radially obtained values of Texc were lower than literature values whereas preliminary values obtained axially compared well. It has been demonstrated that transient signal data may be obtained from an array-based spectrometer for speciation studies. The feasibility of reverse phase and size exclusion HPLC-ICP-AES has been demonstrated for the separation of a selection of organosilicon species of various molecular weights. Detection limits were in the range 0.1 to 5 ug ml-1 for a radially viewed plasma. The use of axial viewing when aspirating organic solvents as part of the mobile phase yields higher limits of detection owing to the noise that is measured.
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21

Ramsey, Michael Henry. "Improved performance of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry in geochemical analysis." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38139.

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22

Davies, John. "Studies of a novel low noise plasma source for atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/38279.

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23

Chan, Yan-ying, and 陳恩影. "Interfaces for capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31220460.

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24

Karaman, Gamze. "Determination Of Silver By Slotted Quartz Tube Atom Trap Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using Metalcoatings." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613695/index.pdf.

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Silver is a precious metal having antibacterial property and widely used in industry mostly for water purification and medicinal products. Therefore, the determination of trace levels of silver is important for industrial applications. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) is a popular technique for the determination of relatively low concentration levels. This mature technique owes its widespread application to its simplicity and low cost. However, for some occasions, FAAS technique suffers from its low sensitivity because of low nebulization efficiency and relatively short residence time of analyte atoms in the measurement zone. In order to overcome this sensitivity problem, atom traps have been developed in recent years. Slotted quartz tube (SQT) is an accessory designed to use as an atom trap in conventional flame atomic absorption burner head. This thesis study involves the development of a sensitive, simple and economical technique with the help of the SQT for the determination silver. Firstly, the technique known as SQT-FAAS was used to increase the residence time of analyte atoms in the measurement zone. In this case, limit of detection (LOD) and characteristic concentration (C0) values were found to be 19 ng/mL and 35 ng/mL, respectively. Enhancement in sensitivity with respect to FAAS was found to be 2.31 fold using SQT-FAAS. Regarding the angle between the two slots of the SQT, 180°
configuration was used. Secondly, in order to improve sensitivity further, the SQT was used as an atom trap (AT) where the analyte is accumulated in its inner wall prior to re-atomization. The signal is formed after reatomization of analyte atoms on the trap surface by introduction of organic solvent. For this purpose, uncoated SQT was used as a trap medium. However, there was a memory effect. Therefore, the SQT inner surface was coated with different coating elements and theoptimum conditions were found by using W-coated SQT-AT-FAAS technique. In the presence of a lean air-acetylene flame, analyte atoms were trapped in the inner surface of the SQT for 5.0 min and then revolatilized with the introduction of 25 &mu
L isobutyl methyl ketone (IBMK)
afterwards, a transient signal was obtained. These optimized parameters were used for uncoated SQT, W-coated SQT and Zr-coated SQT atom trap techniques. Sample suction rate was 6.25 mL/min in all techniques. Sensitivity was increased 54 fold using uncoated SQT-AT-FAAS technique with respect to simple FAAS technique. When W-coated SQT-AT-FAAS technique was applied, 135 fold sensitivity enhancement was obtained with respect to FAAS technique. The best sensitivity enhancement, 270 fold, was obtained using Zr-coated SQT-AT-FAAS technique. In addition, the Ag signals were more reproducible (%RSD, 1.21) when Zr was used as a coating element. After the sensitive technique was developed, interference effects of some transition and noble metals and hydride forming elements on Ag signals were investigated. Finally, surface studies were done to determine the chemical state of Ag during trapping period by using X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). It was observed that the Ag analyte is retained on the SQT surface in its oxide form.
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25

Skinner, Cameron D. "Enhancement of direct sample insertion performance for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0016/NQ44588.pdf.

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26

Pan, Changkang. "Characterization of solvent-plasma interactions for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30536.

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27

King, Gary. "Interference assessment and correction in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry and Raman spectrometry using principal component regression." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249019.

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28

Kollander, Barbro. "Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry : Exploring the Limits of Different Sample Preparation Strategies." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Analytisk kemi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-150861.

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This thesis describes two different sample preparation strategies for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), and their ability regarding multi element quantification in complex samples. Sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility and accuracy were investigated. The aim was to increase the over all efficiency, the speed of analysis, and/or the sensitivity of the analytical method. The intention was to measure analytes with concentrations ranging from ng/g to mg/g simultaneously. The aim was additionally to study chemical and physical processes occurring during the sample preparation, the sample transport to the plasma, and the atomization therein. In the first sample preparation strategy, a hydrophilic highly cross-linked iminodiacetate-agarose adsorbent, IDA-Novarose, was used for preconcentration of metal ions, and matrix elimination in natural water samples. The sorbent was synthesized with different binding capacities. The effect of the capacity on preconcentration, matrix elimination, and uptake capability at high flow rates was studied. For a high capacity IDA-Novarose (≥ 45 µmole/ml) quantitative uptake was seen even at high flow rates (100 ml/min) for Cu2+ with a high affinity to the adsorbent, and for Cd2+ with a moderate affinity. For lower capacities the uptake of Cd2+ was affected by the sample matrix and the flow rate. A method based on the determination of the conditional stability constant of the metal sorbent complex was suggested for the prediction of the sorbent capacity needed to obtain quantitative recovery and optimal matrix elimination. The sorbent was used in a flow system with online buffering for the analysis of a certified riverine water (SLRS-3), tap water and lake water. With few exceptions the results obtained by ICP-AES after preconcentration agreed well with the certified concentrations and results obtained by ICP-MS. The other sample preparation strategy discussed is a method for non digested biological samples from different animal organs for the multi element analysis by ICP-AES. This “mix and measure method” consists of a simple homogenization of the sample with a mixing rod in a small amount of neutral media, followed by dilution and direct measurement with ICP-AES. The total time of analysis is only a few minutes. The ability of this fast method to accurately quantify some elements of toxic, environmental, and/or physiological concern with the lowest possible sample dilution and the highest possible plasma load was evaluated. In 10 % liver slurry Cd, Co, and Sr, at concentration levels around 0.05 µg/g were quantified simultaneously with P and K around 2000 µg/g and with several other elements in between (Al, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Pb, and Zn). The relative standard deviation of repeated measurements of samples was around 5 - 6 % for regardless of the concentration of the element. The method was also used for fast screening of the elemental distribution in mice organs (brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung and spleen).
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29

Mayo, Ana Veronica. "Atomic emission misconceptions as investigated through student interviews and measured by the Flame Test Concept Inventory." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1362754897.

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30

林家堅 and Kar-kin Lam. "Development and characterization of a new laser ablation technique forinductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B30252817.

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31

Lam, Kar-kin. "Development and characterization of a new laser ablation technique for inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17593992.

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32

Surdem, Sedat. "On-line Preconcentration, Speciation And Determination Of Chromium By Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (faas) And Chemiluminescence (cl)." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604979/index.pdf.

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ABSTRACT Toxicological studies have shown that the degree of toxicity of some elements depends on the chemical form in which the element is present. Chromium (III) is considered as an essential micronutrient for human whereas chromium (VI) is a potentially carcinogenic agent. So the speciation of inorganic chromium in environmental samples is required for accurate assessment of pollution levels. The chromium content in natural water is usually very low, and a preconcentration is often necessary prior to the determination. A sensitive and selective preconcentration and speciation procedure is developed for the determination of trace and ultra trace amounts of chromium species by utilizing chemiluminescence (CL) and flame atomic absorption spectrometric (FAAS) techniques. The performances of amino silica-gel, amino sol-gel, mercapto silica-gel beads and metal oxides for solid phase extraction of chromium are examined either in column or batch type studies. Considering the advantage of concentrating Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ions separately simply by adjusting the pH of the medium, amino silica-gel resin is chosen in this study. The influences of different experimental parameters on the separation and preconcentration of chromium species such as pH, eluent concentration, flow rate, particle size of the resin are investigated. Chemiluminescence detection studies are performed by using the catalytic effect of Cr (III) on the reaction between luminol and hydrogen-peroxide and Cr (VI) is detected after reduction to Cr (III). Luminol and H2O2 concentrations and the pH of the medium are optimized to increase the sensitivity of the system. Chemiluminescence is inherently a very sensitive technique. When a preconcentration step is included in the CL mesurement of very low concentrations of chromium is possible to determine. Indeed, a 25-fold enhancement in sensitivity of chromium ions is achieved after incorporating amino silane&ndash
gel colums in the system and 0.2 &
#61549
g/L of chromium (corresponds to the concentration of chromium in natural waters) was measured. A fully automated FI-CL system is designed that allows all necessary operations to be performed on-line. This system allows the pre-conditioning of micro-columns with different buffer solutions
adsorption of chromium species in micro-columns
washing these columns to remove interfering matrix components
elution of the species with minimum volume
transporting the species and chemiluminescence reagents to the cell
and, finally, cleaning of all pertinent conduits in the FIA-system in order to prevent carry-over between individual samples.
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33

Demirtas, Ilknur. "Lead Determination By Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using A Slotted Quartz Tube Atom Trap And Metal Coatings." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610794/index.pdf.

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Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) still keeps its importance despite the relatively low sensitivity
because it is a simple and economical technique for determination of metals. In recent years atom traps have been developed to increase the sensitivity of FAAS. Although the detection limit of FAAS is only at the level of mg/L, with the use of atom traps it can reach to ng/mL. Slotted quartz tube (SQT) is one of these atom traps, it is applied for determination of volatile elements
it is economical, commercially available and easy to use. In this study, a sensitive analytical method has been developed for the determination of lead with the help of SQT. Regarding the angle between the two slots of SQT, 120°
and 180°
configurations were used and the results were compared. There were three modes of SQT used. The first application was for providing longer residence time of analyte atoms in the measurement zone
3 fold sensitivity enhancement was observed. The second mode was the usage of SQT for preconcentration of lead atoms. In the presence of a lean air-acetylene flame, analyte atoms were trapped in the inner surface of SQT for a few minutes. Then, by the help of a small volume (10-50 &
#956
L) of Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), analyte atoms were revolatilized and a rapid atomization took place. Using this mode, a sensitivity enhancement of 574 was obtained at a rather low (3.9 mL/min) suction rate
1320 fold improvement was reached at higher sample suction rate (7.4 mL/min) for 5.0 min collection. The last mode involves coating of the inner surface of SQT with several kinds of transition metals. The best sensitivity enhancement, 1650 fold, was obtained by the Ta coated SQT. In addition, effects of some elements and anions on Pb signal in Tacoated-SQT-AT-FAAS were examined. Final step consists of surface analysis
chemical nature of Pb trapped on quartz and Ta surface, and the chemical nature of Ta on quartz surface were investigated by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman Spectroscopy.
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34

Osmanbasoglu, Mahmut. "Tellurium Determination By Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Using A Slotted Quartz Tube Atom Trap And Metal Coatings." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613029/index.pdf.

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Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS) has lover sensitivity than similar analytical methods, however it has an important place for analysis due to its easy application and economic practicability especially in metal determinations. In order to increase the sensitivity of FAAS from mg/L level to ng/L level, various atom trap systems have been used. One of these atom traps, Slotted Quartz Tube (SQT), which is easy, economical and useful for volatile element determination, is used in this study as a sensitive analytical method for determination of tellurium. In the study, determination of Te by SQT is handled in three different modules. First, only with SQT itself, longer residence time for Te atoms in the measurement zone is provided and consequently 3.2 fold sensitivity enhancement is obtained both for Te (VI) and Te (IV). In the second module, SQT is used for concentration of tellurium species in a lean flame by sending the analyte into SQT for a definite time and trapping them on the inner surface of the SQT. After trapping the analyte, in order to determine the Te concentration, a small volume (10-50 µ
L) of organic solvent such as methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) is introduced to the flame for revolatilization and a rapid atomization of Te on the surface is provided. In this trapping method, for 5 minutes collection with a 6 mL/min suction rate, 143 fold enhancement for Te (VI) and 142 fold enhancement for Te (IV) were obtained. In the third module, different from the second one, the inner surface of the SQT is coated with different metals for increasing the amount of Te trapped on the surface and the best enhancement for tellurium is obtained with Tantalum-coated SQT with 252 fold enhancement for Te (VI) and 246 fold enhancements for Te (IV). All improvements are calculated according to the signals obtained in FAAS method. Separate calibration plots were used for Te (IV) and Te (VI).
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35

Moss, Pamela A. (Pamela Anne). "Flow injection preconcentration combined with direct sample insertion for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60721.

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A flow injection (FI) preconcentration system has been coupled with a direct sample insertion (DSI) system for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The FI system developed uses an ion exchange microcolumn to provide preconcentration factors of approximately for several metals. Improved DSI detection limits are obtained by employing a graphite sample probe of reduced mass. The improvements are element specific and range between 10 and 130. The combination of the two optimized systems results in overall detection limit improvements ranging between 140 and 1200 for the elements tested, Cu, Pb and Zn. Precision of the FI-DSI-ICP system averages 4% rsd for these three elements. The flow injection system is fully automated and under computer control, resulting in a reproducible FI processing time of 6.0 minutes, using 5 mL injection volumes. The system offers considerably potential for further gains in performance, by increasing the injection volumes used and optimizing the interface.
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36

Chan, George C. Y. "Fundamental mechanisms and diagnostic tools for interference effects in inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3274247.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Chemistry, 2007.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: B, page: 4435. Adviser: Gary M. Hieftje. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Apr. 15, 2008).
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37

Tacey, Elisabeth Irene. "Laboratory testing of self polising anti fouling copolymers by capacitance measurement and atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.361415.

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38

曾令建 and Ling-kin Simon Tsang. "Graphite furnace capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry in the determination of trace metals in biological andenvironmental samples." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31220009.

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39

Tsang, Ling-kin Simon. "Graphite furnace capacitively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry in the determination of trace metals in biological and environmental samples /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B19737403.

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40

Nwogu, Vincent Ikechukwu. "Electrothermal vaporization sample introduction for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30762.

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41

Zhang, Hua, and 张华. "Characterization of signal-production processes of single particles inICP by time-resolved ICP-AES." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47150567.

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The research in this thesis aims to characterize the signal-production processes of single particles in the ICP using time-resolved ICP-AES. Signal-production processes, including desolvation, vaporization, atomization, ionization, and diffusion, determine the temporal emission intensity of a single particle. Bimetallic nanoparticles of BaTiO3 (average diameter = 115 nm) were used as test particles. The particles were introduced into the ICP by nebulization of the suspension of the particles in water. As the ion plume of a particle moves up in central channel of the ICP, a temporal emission peak of the analyte atoms in the plume is produced. The emission intensity at any point of time in the temporal profile is related to the degree of vaporization and excitation of the particle at the corresponding vertical position of the ICP. The signal-production processes can, in principle, be studied by measuring the temporal emission profiles. However, the emission intensity of single particles is typically low. Continuous integration of the entire ICP central channel further reduces the signal-to-background ratio (SBR). A novel double-slit method has been developed to measure the temporal emission intensity of a single particle at two pre-defined ICP vertical positions. Two horizontal slits of slit height of 1 mm were placed in front of the monochromator. As the ion plume passes through the double-slit, two peaks in the temporal emission profile are produced. The configuration of the double-slit (slit height and distance between the two slits) was optimized for maximum signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and temporal resolution of the double-peaks. Fast data sampling rate (50,000 Hz) was used in proper sampling of the temporal emission peaks. Large data sets were obtained. Custom programs were developed to extract the relatively weak double-peaks from the temporal emission profiles. The data treatment strategy includes smoothing of the temporal profile to increase SNR and automated peak extraction based on the characteristics of the double-peaks (peak height, peak width, time-difference of the peak pair, and SNR). Four smoothing methods, including Moving Average Filtering, Savitzky-Golay Filtering, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Wavelet Transform, were tested. FFT was adopted because the method requires only one parameter (the cutoff frequency) and is relatively easy to optimize. Hundreds of double-peaks were obtained in a typical temporal profile of time duration of approximately 120 s. The emission intensity and peak width of the peak pair are correlated to determine the degree of vaporization of the analyte atoms, the extent of diffusion of the analyte atoms and the plume size, and the velocity of the plume in the ICP. Two types of double-peaks are identified. The relative peak height and peak width of the double-peaks in each type are related to the degree of vaporization of the single particles. Simulation of the evaporation rate of water droplets that enclose the single BaTiO3 particles shows that the time required for complete evaporation of water is a major factor that determines the degree of vaporization of BaTiO3 particles at the double-slit. Aggregation of BaTiO3 particles in the suspension was also investigated.
published_or_final_version
Chemistry
Master
Master of Philosophy
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42

Habib, Magdi Maurice. "Electrochemical preconcentration and separation for elemental analysis using an inductively coupled plasma for atomic emission spectrometry with a direct sample insertion device." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=72027.

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The application of controlled potential electrolysis for the elemental analysis by the inductively coupled plasma for atomic emission spectrometry using a direct sample insertion device will be described. The purpose of the technique is to improve the ICP detection limits over those obtained by conventional nebulization of liquid samples and to separate trace metallic elements from a complex matrix. Preconcentration and separation are achieved by electrodeposition using different electrode types. A conventional graphite electrode, a hanging mercury drop electrode, a reticulated vitreous carbon electrode and a tubular graphite electrode are studied. Advantages and limitations of the different electrodes and techniques will be discussed.
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43

Gervais, Lyne. "Evaluation of the effect of heat on the slurry technique for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59402.

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A sample introduction system was developed with the goal of improving the efficiency of introduction of slurries into an inductively coupled plasma for atomic emission spectrometry. The system consisted of a Legere nebulizer with a heated spray chamber followed by a condenser. A capillary injector tube of 1.0 mm i.d. was required to minimize the signal variations caused by fluctuations of the injection gas. Comparing with a conventional slurry system, the hot system increased the transport efficiency by 2 for liquid and solid samples while it decreased the water content of the aerosol by 38%: 9.3 mg/min compared to 14.8 mg/min. The heated chamber increased the signal intensities by a factor of 11 for liquid samples and by 3 for solid samples. The use of a hot nebulization gas did not contribute further to the signal enhancement of the system. The large difference in slopes of calibration curves for liquids and solids resulted in low accuracy for the analysis of marine sediments: less than 50% in general. Poor efficiency of decomposition of the solid particles is considered the cause of low accuracy.
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44

Hui, Ying-ngai. "Development and application of chip-based and capillary-based capillary electrophoresis : inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31031250.

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45

Cheung, Wai-kwong Andy. "Investigation of probe insertion effects on plasma excitation conditions in direct sample insertion-inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31490955.

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46

張兆發 and Siu-fat Eric Cheung. "Investigation of graphite furnace capacitively coupled plasma atomic spectrometry for the determination of metals and silica in water andair particulate matter." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31222353.

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47

梁佩琼 and Pui-king Leung. "Investigation of solution nebulization and laser ablation sample introduction techniques for inductively coupled plasma-atomic emissionspectroscopy (ICP-AES)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31213340.

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48

Cheung, Wai-kwong Andy, and 張偉光. "Investigation of probe insertion effects on plasma excitation conditions in direct sample insertion-inductively coupled plasmaatomic emission spectrometry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014747.

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49

Hui, Ying-ngai, and 許英毅. "Development and application of chip-based and capillary-based capillary electrophoresis: inductivelycoupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy and mass spectrometry." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014802.

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50

Leung, Pui-king. "Investigation of solution nebulization and laser ablation sample introduction techniques for inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1967160X.

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