Academic literature on the topic 'Flame behavior'

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Journal articles on the topic "Flame behavior"

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Sontake, Dr A. R., Piyush Raj, Aditya Verma, Rehan Mansoori, Ayush, and Prashant Saroj. "A Review on Flame Spread Behavior Over Paper/Hybrid Fibers." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 12 (2024): 845–48. https://doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.65923.

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Abstract: The accurate identification of flame spread on combustible solids is a basic problem in the area of fire engineering. This is a key concern in fire hazard assessments. In order to investigate the spread of flames on combustible solids, two flame behavior patterns were suggested: downward flame spread and upward spread behavior. Paper (Sample) is known to be highly flammable, yet there remains a lack of comprehensive research on the spread of flames on paper surfaces. In this review paper, nearly 15-20 research papers were reviewed based on the flame spread behaviors on materials. Som
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Yang, Tao, Yuan Ma, and Peng Zhang. "Dynamical Behavior of Small-Scale Buoyant Diffusion Flames in Externally Swirling Flows." Symmetry 16, no. 3 (2024): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16030292.

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This study computationally investigates small-scale flickering buoyant diffusion flames in externally swirling flows and focuses on identifying and characterizing various distinct dynamical behaviors of the flames. To explore the impact of finite rate chemistry on flame flicker, especially in sufficiently strong swirling flows, a one-step reaction mechanism is utilized for investigation. By adjusting the external swirling flow conditions (the intensity R and the inlet angle α), six flame modes in distinct dynamical behaviors were computationally identified in both physical and phase spaces. Th
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Jiang, Xiaozhen, Jingxuan Li, and Lijun Yang. "Nonlinear response of laminar premixed flames to dual-input harmonic disturbances." INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 265, no. 4 (2023): 3408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in_2022_0484.

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In gas turbines, aero-engines and rocket engines, flames are always disturbed by perturbations of dual or multiple harmonic frequencies, resulting in corresponding combustion instability. This paper analyses the nonlinear response of laminar premixed flames to dual-input harmonic disturbances to further understand those associated combustion instability. Nonlinear results of flame dynamics were derived from analytical and numerical solutions of the G-equation. The spatial front-tracking of premixed flames was obtained, where types of nonlinear behaviors were classified and related mechanisms o
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Al-Mosawi, Ali I., Mustafa Ahmed Rijab, Ali J. Salaman, Naser A. Alwash, and Naglaa S. Aziz. "Flammability Behavior of Composite Mixed with Retardant Agents." Applied Mechanics and Materials 186 (June 2012): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.186.129.

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The flammability characteristics and synergistic effect of zinc borate with antimony trioxide in araldite resin composite have been studied by thermal erosion test . Zinc borate was added first to araldite resin reinforced by hybrid carbon-Kevlar fibers as a surface layer(5mm) thickness .Then, the result composite material was exposed to a direct flame generated from Oxyacetylene torch (3000°C) with different flame exposure intervals (10,20mm), and study the range of resistance of retardant material layer to the flames and protected the substrate .After that , antimony trioxide was added to zi
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Sampath, Ramgopal, and Jonas P. Moeck. "Effect of stratification on the combustion behavior and dynamic response of a bluff-body stabilized ammonia–hydrogen flames with radial staging." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 16, no. 3 (2024): 104–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17568277241263410.

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The present study deals with the flames of ammonia–hydrogen blends that form a prospective fuel for power generation in practical devices. In particular, the spatial flame dynamics of the bluff body stabilized laminar and stratified ammonia–air/hydrogen–air mixtures with acoustic excitation are considered. For this, we consider a radially staged burner consisting of two concentric tubes namely, the inner and outer tubes with the bluff body housed by the former. Two annulus passages are formed between (i) the inner and outer tube, and (ii) the inner tube and bluff body in which premixed hydroge
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Almyali, Hussein M., Zaid M. H. Al Dulaimi, and Mohammed A. Al-Fahham. "A Review: Flame Propagation Dynamics in Open Tubes: Factors Influencing Combustion Conditions and Practical Implementations." Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología - Serie de Conferencias 3 (May 31, 2024): 816. http://dx.doi.org/10.56294/sctconf2024816.

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This study examines the combustion conditions of fuel flame propagation within a tube of uniform cross-sectional area, where ignition occurs at the sealed end and the flame propagates in the direction of both the open and sealed ends. Both factors exert an influence on the configuration and functioning of combustion systems. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the impact of practical implementations in various combustion systems, it is imperative to comprehend the variations in flame propagation stages as a result of thermodynamic conditions. The operational conditions involving pressures
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Sugawa, Osami. "Flame Behavior." Japanese journal of science and technology for identification 4, no. 2 (2000): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3408/jasti.4.43.

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Baker, John, Mark E. Calvert, and David W. Murphy. "Structure and Dynamics of Laminar Jet Micro-Slot Diffusion Flames." Journal of Heat Transfer 124, no. 4 (2002): 783–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1482083.

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Results of an experimental investigation into the behavior of laminar jet diffusion flames, produced using micro-slot burner ports, are presented. Under certain conditions, the cross-sectional shape of micro-slot flames is qualitatively similar to the cross-sectional shape of circular burner port flames produced in an environment where molecular diffusion is the primary transport mechanism. An order of magnitude analysis reveals that, over the range of experimental conditions examined, the behavior of the experimentally observed micro-slot flames is not necessarily diffusion-controlled. A comp
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Gupta, A. K., M. J. Lewis, and M. Daurer. "Swirl Effects on Combustion Characteristics of Premixed Flames." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 3 (2000): 619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1339987.

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The effect of radial distribution of swirl has been examined on the thermal behavior of two different premixed flames using a double concentric premixed swirl burner. The double concentric swirl burner allowed systematic variation in the radial distribution of swirl (both co- and counter-) between the inner and outer annulus of the burner. The burner had two annular jets and a central nozzle. Information on the thermal field in two flames formed by co- or counter-swirl in the outer annulus and co-swirl in the inner annulus has been examined. Specifically mean and fluctuating temperatures, inte
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Gupta, A. K., S. Bolz, and T. Hasegawa. "Effect of Air Preheat Temperature and Oxygen Concentration on Flame Structure and Emission." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121, no. 3 (1999): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795984.

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The structure of turbulent diffusion flames with highly preheated combustion air (air preheat temperature in excess of 1150°C) has been obtained using a specially designed regenerative combustion furnace. Propane gas was used as the fuel. Data have been obtained on the global flame features, spectral emission characteristics, spatial distribution of OH, CH, and C2 species, and pollutant emission from the flames. The results have been obtained for various degrees of air preheat temperatures and O2 concentration in the air. The color of the flame was found to change from yellow to blue to bluish
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flame behavior"

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Moore, Nancy Jennings. "Effects of Leading-Edge Flame Behavior on Flame Stabilization and Blowout." NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-10012009-135737/.

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The goal of this work was to identify the mechanisms that effect stabilization of hydrocarbon jet flames. Methane, nitrogen, and co-flowing air were regulated and directed through a burner that created fully-developed fuel flow with concurrent air. The behavior of the reaction zone at the leading-edge was analyzed from digital images obtained from a camera optimally positioned to capture the movements of the entire flame front. Low Reynolds number flows allowed for the investigation of hysteretic behavior. The hysteresis regime refers to the situation where the jet flame has dual positions fav
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Li, Qian. "NUMERICAL STUDY OF FIRE BEHAVIOR BETWEEN TWO INCLINED PANELS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1560241654377726.

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Howard, Randall E. "Acoustical behavior of a turbulent, ducted, premixed, hydrogen- flame burner." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91121.

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The acoustic source structure, acoustic farfield, and duct terminating impedances fully describe the acoustics of a source within a duct. A main goal in the study of noise generated by turbulent combustion is to characterize the structure of the flame as an acoustic source. Data describing the farfield and duct terminating conditions allow for the testing of combustion noise models. The acoustic farfield of a premixed flame burner is documented for various power levels and air-to-fuel ratios. The terminating impedance of the burner exhaust is determined by a method using the transfer functio
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加藤, 敏宏, Toshihiro KATOH, 直樹 林 та ін. "二次元非定常予混合火炎に関する素反応機構による数値解析 (予混合火炎構造を支配する物質量としての反応進行度とその勾配の妥当性)". 日本機械学会, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9362.

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Adam, Brittany A. "INCORPORATING DYNAMIC FLAME BEHAVIOR INTO THE SCALING LAWS OF WILDLAND FIRE SPREAD." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/54.

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A challenge for fire researchers is obtaining data from those fires that are most dangerous and costly. While it is feasible to instrument test beds, test plots, and small prescribed burns for research, it is uncommon to successfully instrument an active wildland fire. With a focus on very specific facets of wildland fire, researchers have created many unique models utilizing matchsticks, cardboard, liquid fuel, excelsior, plywood, live fuels, dead fuels, and wood cribs of different packing densities. Such scale models, however, only serve as valid substitutes for the full-scale system when al
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Kim, Dong-Hyun. "A Study for Surface Fire Behavior and Flame Spread Model in Forest Fire." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120907.

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YAMASHITA, Hiroshi. "Numerical Study on NOx Production of Transitional Fuel Jet Diffusion Flame." The Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/8999.

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YAMAMOTO, Kazuhiro, Naoki HAYASHI, Hiroshi YAMASHITA та ін. "非定常対向流予混合火炎の火炎構造に与える流入速度変動の影響に関する数値解析". 一般社団法人 日本機械学会, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19801.

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Lee, Yong-Joon. "Structure-property behavior of novel high performance thermoplastic and thermoset structural adhesives and composite matrix resins." Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-162715/.

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林, 直樹, Naoki HAYASHI, 博史 山下 та ін. "反応進行度とその勾配による非定常対向流予混合火炎の火炎構造の整理". 日本機械学会, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9363.

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Books on the topic "Flame behavior"

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A, Strehlow Roger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, 1986.

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A, Strehlow Roger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, 1986.

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A, Strehlow Roger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, 1986.

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Wilson, Ralph A. A theoretical basis for modeling probability distributions of fire behavior. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1987.

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Scott, Joe H. Nomographs for estimating surface fire behavior characteristics. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2007.

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J, Ghosn Louis, Miller Robert A. 1947-, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Effect of layer-graded bond coats on edge stress concentration and oxidation behavior of thermal barrier coatings. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.

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J, Ghosn Louis, Miller Robert A. 1947-, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Effect of layer-graded bond coats on edge stress concentration and oxidation behavior of thermal barrier coatings. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.

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J, Ghosn Louis, Miller Robert A. 1947-, and Lewis Research Center, eds. Effect of layer-graded bond coats on edge stress concentration and oxidation behavior of thermal barrier coatings. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lewis Research Center, 1998.

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F, Clarke J. Dynamic behaviour of combustible gases between a shock wave and a following flame. College of Aeronautics, Cranfield Institute of Technology, 1986.

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Tan, Cecilia. White flames: Erotic dreams. Running Press Book Publishers, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flame behavior"

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Zhou, Kuibin. "Flame Behavior of Jet Diffusion Fire." In Springer Series in Reliability Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-5329-1_3.

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Aseeva, Roza, Boris Serkov, and Andrey Sivenkov. "Flame Propagation on Timber Surface." In Fire Behavior and Fire Protection in Timber Buildings. Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7460-5_6.

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Chemnitz, Alexander, and Thomas Sattelmayer. "Calculation of the Thermoacoustic Stability of a Main Stage Thrust Chamber Demonstrator." In Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53847-7_15.

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Abstract The stability behavior of a virtual thrust chamber demonstrator with low injection pressure loss is studied numerically. The approach relies on an eigenvalue analysis of the Linearized Euler Equations. An updated form of the stability prediction procedure is outlined, addressing mean flow and flame response calculations. The acoustics of the isolated oxidizer dome are discussed as well as the complete system incorporating dome and combustion chamber. The coupling between both components is realized via a scattering matrix representing the injectors. A flame transfer function is applie
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Wang, Mingfu, Facheng Liu, Qin Wang, and Xuesong Ma. "Ablation Behavior of ZrB2 /SiC Composite by Oxyacetylene Flame." In Ceramic Transactions Series. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118932995.ch61.

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Takeno, T., S. Ishizuka, M. Nishioka, and J. D. Buckmaster. "Extinction Behavior of a Tubular Flame for Small Lewis Numbers." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83224-6_24.

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Kandola, B. K., D. Price, G. J. Milnes, A. Da Silva, F. Gao, and R. Nigmatullin. "Characterization of Melt Dripping Behavior of Flame Retarded Polypropylene Nanocomposites." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2012-1118.ch021.

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Gairola, Sandeep, Shishir Sinha, and Inderdeep Singh. "Thermal and Flame Retardancy Behavior of Eggshell Filler Reinforced Polypropylene Composites." In Springer Proceedings in Physics. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1971-0_30.

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Eljarrat, E., and D. Barceló. "Occurrence and Behavior of Brominated Flame Retardants in the Llobregat River Basin." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2011_139.

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Sun, Jinhua, and Lin Jiang. "Thermal Analysis and Flame Spread Behavior of Building-Used Thermal Insulation Materials." In Fire Science and Technology 2015. Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_5.

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Eljarrat, E., D. Raldúa, and D. Barceló. "Origin, Occurrence, and Behavior of Brominated Flame Retardants in the Ebro River Basin." In The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/698_2010_70.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flame behavior"

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Zhang, Zhengqi, Hui Feng, Yuhao Pan, Yuanhao Du, Mingli Long, and Shuai Wu. "Electromagnetic Behavior of Millimeter Waves in Flame." In 2024 International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmmt61774.2024.10671803.

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Sriwardani, Nyenyep, and Basori. "Flame behavior, emission and mitigation." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING EDUCATION CONFERENCES (IMEEEC 2016). Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4965735.

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Mukaiyama, Kenji, and Kazunori Kuwana. "Influence of Flame Front Instability on Flame Propagation Behavior." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44223.

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This paper discusses flame acceleration due to flame instability mechanisms. In particular, the diffusive-thermal instability and hydrodynamic instability mechanisms are considered. The Sivashinsky equation is used to compute two-dimensional flame propagation behaviors, and the influence of each instability mechanism is separately considered. The effect of flame size on flame speed (accelerated due to the instability mechanisms) is particularly investigated. It is found that the flame propagation velocity (Vf) is independent of flame size under the influence of diffusive-thermal instability, w
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Wason, Amit, William Carnell, Meghan Quinn, and Michael Renfro. "Lift-off Behavior and Flame Structure of Interacting Edge Flames." In 42nd AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-141.

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Dutta, Subrata, Arnab Chakraborty, Auronil Mukherjee, and Sirshendu Mondal. "Experimental Analysis and Reduced Order Modelling of Merging Flames." In ASME 2023 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2023-118340.

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Abstract The present study investigates the dynamics of merging flames, a prevalent phenomenon in reacting flow systems. We employ two different model order reduction techniques to uncover the underlying spatiotemporal features: Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) and Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD). These approaches extract dominant flame modes, frequencies, and coherent structures within the reacting zone. We capture the intricate behavior of merging flames by conducting experiments with candle flames, which serve as a simplified yet representative model. By applying DMD to high-dimension
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Park, Jeong, Sun Ho Park, Min Suk Cha, and Suk Ho Chung. "Effect of DC Electric Fields on Flame Spread Over Twin Electrical Wires." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-4693.

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Abstract The effect of DC electric field on the behaviors of spreading flame over polyethylene (PE)-insulated twin electrical wires was investigated by varying the wire gap (S) and voltage (VDC). The twin flame spreads with the same flame spread rate (FSR) independently when no electric field is applied. With an applied DC electric field, the twin flame interacts such that FSR, flame width, and the leaning direction of interacting twin flames vary appreciably. The spread rate for wire flame with negative voltage (SF–) was larger than that with positive voltage (SF+) during transient period and
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Kusakai, Takafumi, and Satoshi Kadowaki. "Numerical Simulation on the Instability of Cylindrically Expanding Premixed Flames With Radiative Heat Loss at Low Lewis Numbers." In ASME/JSME 2011 8th Thermal Engineering Joint Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajtec2011-44181.

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The instability of cylindrically expanding premixed flames with radiative heat loss was studied by two-dimensional unsteady calculations of reactive gases, based on the diffusive-thermal model equation. When the Lewis number was unity, instability phenomena were not observed. When the Lewis number was sufficiently low, on the other hand, cellular-shaped fronts on adiabatic and non-adiabatic cylindrical flames were observed, which was due to diffusive-thermal instability. As radiative heat loss increased, the behavior of cellular fronts became more unstable. This indicated that the radiation pr
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Han, Suh Joon. "Flame Retardant Behavior of Cable Compound with Graphene." In 2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eic.2018.8481096.

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Brooks, G., D. Liang, J. Naser, and G. Pandey. "Hydrogen Flame Behavior in High Temperature Steelmaking Environment." In AISTech 2024. AIST, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.33313/388/205.

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Gentemann, A., C. Hirsch, K. Kunze, F. Kiesewetter, T. Sattelmayer, and W. Polifke. "Validation of Flame Transfer Function Reconstruction for Perfectly Premixed Swirl Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2004: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2004-53776.

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The introduction of lean premix combustion increases the susceptibility of the combustor to thermoacoustic instabilities. To control these instabilities, information about the dynamic behavior of the combustion process is necessary. The flame transfer function offers one possibility to describe the dynamic behavior of the combustion process. It relates velocity fluctuations through the burner to an overall heat release fluctuation caused by the flame. As the transfer function for turbulent premix swirl flames can not be derived accurately from first principles, an alternative approach is neede
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Reports on the topic "Flame behavior"

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Enomoto, Hiroshi, Shogo Kunioka, and Noboru Hieda. Behavior of Small Fuel Droplet near Butane Diffusion Flame. SAE International, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2013-32-9123.

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Krasny, John F., and Dingyi Huang. Small flame ignitability and flammability behavior of upholstered furniture materials. National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nbs.ir.88-3771.

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Kuo, Kenneth K., and Pete Ferrara. Flame Spreading and Combustion Behavior of Gun Propellants Packed in High Loading Densities. Defense Technical Information Center, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada426407.

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Zhao, Jing-yi, Zi-xiang Zhan, Meng-juan Lu, Fang-biao Tao, De Wu, and Hui Gao. A systematic review of epidemiological studies on the association between organophosphate flame retardants and neurotoxicity. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0083.

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Review question / Objective: This study aims to collect published or unpublished related studies systematically and comprehensively, and screen out the articles that meets the quality standards for qualitative combination, so as to draw a relatively reliable comprehensive conclusion on the relationship of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) with neurodevelopmental toxicity. Eligibility criteria: In brief, epidemiological studies including cohort study, case-control study and cross-sectional survey were screened. Studies regarding relationships between human exposure to organophosphate est
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Linker, Taylor, and Timothy Jacobs. PR-457-18204-R02 Variable Fuel Effects on Legacy Compressor Engines Phase V Engine Control Enhancement. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011729.

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Variations in natural gas composition not only change bulk properties like heating value and adiabatic flame temperature, but also affect the reactivity of the gas during combustion in legacy compressor engines. Gas blends with high amounts of non-methane hydrocarbons are more reactive and alter combustion phasing in ways which can negatively affect engine operation and NOx emissions. These issues have and will continue to become more prevalent as natural gas production continually shifts towards shale resources. This work investigates the impacts of changing fuel composition on engine operati
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McKinnon, Mark, Craig Weinschenk, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Modeling Gas Burner Fires in Ranch and Colonial Style Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mwje4818.

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The test scenarios ranged from fires in the structures with no exterior ventilation to room fires with flow paths that connected the fires with remote intake and exhaust vents. In the ranch, two replicate fires were conducted for each room of origin and each ventilation condition. Rooms of fire origin included the living room, bedroom, and kitchen. In the colonial, the focus was on varying the flow paths to examine the change in fire behavior and the resulting damage. No replicates were conducted in the colonial. After each fire scene was documented, the interior finish and furnishings were re
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