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Journal articles on the topic 'Flame Quenching'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

DuttaRoy, Rahul, SR Chakravarthy, and Ashis Kumar Sen. "Experimental investigation of flame propagation in a meso-combustor." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 234, no. 8 (December 31, 2019): 1131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957650919897755.

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The present work aims to study the quenching of propagating flames in meso-combustors for which dimensions are of the order of quenching distances of hydrocarbon fuels. Combustion of gaseous fuels and subsequent flame propagation in a meso-scale combustor duct of square cross-section is studied experimentally. Premixed mixtures of methane, propane, and ethylene with air are considered. Two different variants of flame propagation states are found to occur in the meso-combustor, viz., one undergoing flame propagation till the combustor entry and quenching at the step and the other undergoing wall quenching. Regime transitions across these flame states are mapped comprehensively over a wide range of operating conditions. The radius of curvature of the flame and the dead space between the flame and the wall are determined for those conditions with the aid of curve fitting and image processing techniques using Matlab software. The spatial and temporal variation of both these parameters show a drastic increase during quenching in the wall-quenched case, while it remains nearly constant in the step quenched case. With increasing duct Reynolds number, the flame propagates slower, and the heat conduction to the wall leads to a decrease in the dead space and flattening of the flame, particularly at equivalence ratios corresponding to lower flame speeds. This flame-wall interaction is found to be low for methane, resulting in more heat loss and thereby wall-quenched flames compared to propane and ethylene. None of the ethylene flames were found to suffer wall quenching thereby making it a suitable fuel for meso-/micro-combustors among the three fuels used in the present work.

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2

Zhao, Peipei, Lipo Wang, and Nilanjan Chakraborty. "Analysis of the flame–wall interaction in premixed turbulent combustion." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 848 (June 1, 2018): 193–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.356.

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The present work focuses on the flame–wall interaction (FWI) based on direct numerical simulations (DNS) of a head-on premixed flame quenching configuration at the statistically stationary state. The effects of FWI on the turbulent flame temperature, wall heat flux, flame dynamics and flow structures were investigated. In turbulent head-on quenching, particularly for high turbulence intensity, the distorted flames generally consist of the head-on flame part and the entrained flame part. The flame properties are jointly influenced by turbulence, heat generation from chemical reactions and heat loss to the cold wall boundary. For the present FWI configuration, as the wall is approached, the ‘influence zone’ can be identified as the region within which the flame temperature, scalar gradient and flame dilatation start to decrease, whereas the wall heat flux tends to increase. As the distance to the wall drops below the flame-quenching distance, approximately where the wall heat flux reaches its maximum value, chemical reactions become negligibly weak inside the ‘quenching zone’. A simplified counter-flow model is also proposed. With the reasonably proposed relation between the flame speed and the flame temperature, the model solutions match well with the DNS results, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Moreover, near-wall statistics of some important flame properties, including the flame dilatation, reaction progress variable gradient, tangential strain rate and curvature were analysed in detail under different wall boundary conditions.

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3

Pfeiffelmann, Björn, and Ali Cemal Benim. "Numerical study of the quenching of a laminar premixed hydrogen flame." MATEC Web of Conferences 240 (2018): 01031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824001031.

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A numerical analysis of the quenching of a laminar, premixed hydrogen-air flame is presented. A global and a detailed reaction mechanism are considered. First, one-dimensional flame propagation is analyzed and the models are validated based on the predicted flame speed. Subsequently, the quenching near a solid wall of a duct is analyzed, within a two-dimensional, steady-state formulation. Finally, propagation of a flame front through a quenching mesh, within an unsteady, two-dimensional analysis is considered. It is observed that the global mechanism does not predict a quenching of the flame by the mesh, whereas the detailed mechanism does.

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4

Weinberg, F. J., D. Dunn-Rankin, F. B. Carleton, S. Karnani, C. Markides, and M. Zhai. "Electrical aspects of flame quenching." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34, no. 2 (January 2013): 3295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.07.007.

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5

Cemal Benim, Ali, and Björn Pfeiffelmann. "Prediction of burning velocity and quenching distance of hydrogen flames." E3S Web of Conferences 128 (2019): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912801012.

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Atmospheric, laminar, stoichiometric, premixed hydrogen-air flames in a diverging channel are investigated by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics. This configuration has been recently used in a series of experimental investigations to determine the burning velocities and quenching distances for premixed flames of different fuels. The purpose of the present investigation is the validation of the prediction procedures for the burning speeds and quenching distances for hydrogen flames by comparing them with these measurements. Global and detailed reaction mechanisms are applied to describe the combustion process. For assuring an adequately fine resolution of the flame fronts, adaptive grid refinement techniques are applied. A reasonable agreement is observed with the experiments, where the detailed and global mechanisms are slightly overpredicting and underpredicting the quenching distance, respectively.

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6

ISHIZAWA, Shizuo, Kazuo SEKITA, and Hideo TAKAHASHI. "A Study on Flame Quenching at a Short Small Hole. Measurement of Quenching Diameter and Observation of Flame Quenching." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 69, no. 679 (2003): 724–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.69.724.

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7

Ravikrishna, RV, and AB Sahu. "Advances in understanding combustion phenomena using non-premixed and partially premixed counterflow flames: A review." International Journal of Spray and Combustion Dynamics 10, no. 1 (November 14, 2017): 38–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756827717738168.

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Counterflow flames provide an ideal platform for understanding the flame structure and as a model to study the effect of physical and chemical perturbations on the flame structure. This article reviews the advances made in the understanding of combustion dynamics and chemistry through experimental and numerical studies in counterflow non-premixed and partially premixed flames. Key contributions on fundamental aspects such as extinction, ignition and effect of perturbations on the stability of diffusion flames are first summarized and analysed. The review then focuses on the progress made in the understanding of the effect of inert particles and flame suppressants on the flame characteristics. A review of detailed studies on edge flames facilitates further understanding of local quenching and re-ignition phenomena in highly turbulent flames. The influence of radiation model and unsteady flow-conditions on the flame kinetics and dynamics along with work on NOx kinetics has been discussed. The review also outlines that specific experiments need to be carried out over a wide range of conditions for further understanding and validation of numerical models.

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8

Favier, Valérie, and Luc Vervisch. "Edge flames and partially premixed combustion in diffusion flame quenching." Combustion and Flame 125, no. 1-2 (April 2001): 788–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(00)00242-x.

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9

Agrup, Sara, and Marcus Aldén. "Measurements of the Collisionally Quenched Lifetime of CO in Hydrocarbon Flames." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 9 (September 1994): 1118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944029514.

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Time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) from CO molecules in hydrocarbon flames was studied. Collisional quenching constants were evaluated on the basis of the exponential decays. Effective lifetime in a methane/oxygen flame was observed to vary between 250 and 400 ps depending on the position within the flame, and from 400 to 600 ps in the non-sooty parts of an ethylene/air flame. Fluorescence, constituting simultaneous spatially and temporally resolved decays, was also registered from various sections along a laser beam that probed different parts of the flame. Spectral recordings revealed not only the expected CO peaks but also, in the ethylene flame, laser-induced emission from C2 Swan bands and from polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission that affected the fluorescence time decay in the sooty part of the flame.

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10

Lee, E., and K. Y. Huh. "COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF COUNTERFLOW TURBULENT PREMIXED FLAMES BY THE COHERENT FLAMELET MODEL." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 24, no. 1A (March 2000): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2000-0002.

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The Coherent Flamelet Model (CFM) is applied to symmetric counterflow turbulent premixed flames studied by Kostiuk et al. The flame source term is set proportional to the sum of the mean and turbulent rate of strain while flame quenching is modeled by an additional multiplication factor to the flame source term. The turbulent rate of strain is set proportional to the turbulent intensity to match the correlation for the turbulent burning velocity investigated by Abdel-Gayed et al. The predicted flame position and turbulent flow field coincide well with the experimental observations. The relationship between the Reynolds averaged reaction progress variable and flame density seems to show a wrong trend due to inappropriate modeling of the sink and source term in the transport equation.

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11

Butler, M. S., R. L. Axelbaum, C. W. Moran, and P. B. Sunderland. "Flame Quenching Limits of Hydrogen Leaks." SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems 1, no. 1 (April 14, 2008): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2008-01-0726.

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12

Favier, V., and L. Vervisch. "Partial premixing in diffusion flame quenching." ZAMM - Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics / Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 81, S3 (2001): 525–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zamm.20010811542.

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13

JOO, H. I., K. DUNCAN, and G. CICCARELLI. "FLAME-QUENCHING PERFORMANCE OF CERAMIC FOAM." Combustion Science and Technology 178, no. 10-11 (September 21, 2006): 1755–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102200600788692.

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14

Aue, Walter A., and Xun-yun Sun. "Quenching in the flame photometric detector." Journal of Chromatography A 641, no. 2 (July 1993): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(93)80145-x.

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15

Wang, Lu-Qing, Hong-Hao Ma, Zhao-Wu Shen, and Dai-Guo Chen. "Flame quenching by crimped ribbon flame arrestor: A brief review." Process Safety Progress 38, no. 1 (August 9, 2018): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prs.11975.

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16

Tao, Mingyuan, Haiwen Ge, Brad VanDerWege, and Peng Zhao. "Fuel wall film effects on premixed flame propagation, quenching and emission." International Journal of Engine Research 21, no. 6 (September 12, 2018): 1055–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418799565.

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The formation of fuel wall film is a primary cause for efficiency loss and emissions of unburnt hydrocarbons and particulate matters in direct injection engines, especially during cold start. When a premixed flame propagates toward a wall film of liquid fuel, flame structure and propagation could be fundamentally affected by the vaporization flux and the induced thermal and concentration stratifications. It is, therefore, of both fundamental and practical significance to investigate the consequent effect of a wall film on flame quenching. In this work, the interaction of a laminar premixed flame and a fuel wall film has been studied based on one-dimensional direct numerical simulation with detailed chemistry and transport. The mass and energy balance at the wall film interface have been implemented as boundary condition to resolve vaporization. Parametric studies are further conducted with various initial temperatures of 600–800 K, pressures of 7–15 atm, fuel film and wall temperatures of 300–400 K. By comparing the cases with an isothermal dry wall, it is found that the existence of a wall film always promotes flame quenching and causes more emissions. Although quenching distance can vary significantly among conditions, the local equivalence ratio at quenching is largely constant, suggesting the dominant effects of rich mixture and rich flammability limit. By further comparing constant volume and constant pressure conditions, it is observed that pressure and boiling point variation dominate the vaporization boundary layer development and flame quenching, which further suggests that increased pressure during compression stroke in engines can significantly suppress film vaporization. Emissions of unburnt hydrocarbon, soot precursor and low-temperature products before and after flame quenching are also investigated in detail. The results lead to useful insights on the interaction of flame propagation and wall film in well-controlled simplified configurations and shed light on the development of wall film models in three-dimensional in-cylinder combustion simulation.

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17

Wen, Xiao Ping, Ming Ma, Wen Ce Sun, and Zhi Chao Liu. "The Quenching Characteristics of Gas Deflagration Flame in Narrow Channel." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.289.

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In order to obtain fire retardant mechanism of gas deflagration flame in narrow channel, a numerical simulation adopting PISO algorithm and self-adapted grids was presented based on the single-step irreversible chemical reaction and the combustion model of EBU-Arrhenius. The numerical dates are well compatible with experimental results and indicate that the initial flame velocity and gap of channel are directly responsible for the quenching distance. And the smaller the flame velocity or gap of channel, the shorter the quenching distance, which means simpler to quench gas deflagration flame.

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18

Heinrich, Arne, Guido Kuenne, Sebastian Ganter, Christian Hasse, and Johannes Janicka. "Investigation of the Turbulent Near Wall Flame Behavior for a Sidewall Quenching Burner by Means of a Large Eddy Simulation and Tabulated Chemistry." Fluids 3, no. 3 (September 6, 2018): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids3030065.

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Combustion will play a major part in fulfilling the world’s energy demand in the next 20 years. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the fundamentals of the flame–wall interaction (FWI), which takes place in internal combustion engines or gas turbines. The FWI can increase heat losses, increase pollutant formations and lowers efficiencies. In this work, a Large Eddy Simulation combined with a tabulated chemistry approach is used to investigate the transient near wall behavior of a turbulent premixed stoichiometric methane flame. This sidewall quenching configuration is based on an experimental burner with non-homogeneous turbulence and an actively cooled wall. The burner was used in a previous study for validation purposes. The transient behavior of the movement of the flame tip is analyzed by categorizing it into three different scenarios: an upstream, a downstream and a jump-like upstream movement. The distributions of the wall heat flux, the quenching distance or the detachment of the maximum heat flux and the quenching point are strongly dependent on this movement. The highest heat fluxes appear mostly at the jump-like movement because the flame behaves locally like a head-on quenching flame.

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19

Hong, Seong-Wan, and Jin-Ho Song. "Flame-quenching model of the quenching mesh for H2–air mixtures." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 50, no. 12 (December 2013): 1213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2013.840252.

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20

Lai, Jiawei, Markus Klein, and Nilanjan Chakraborty. "Direct Numerical Simulation of Head-On Quenching of Statistically Planar Turbulent Premixed Methane-Air Flames Using a Detailed Chemical Mechanism." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 101, no. 4 (April 12, 2018): 1073–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-018-9907-5.

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Abstract A three-dimensional compressible Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) analysis has been carried out for head-on quenching of a statistically planar stoichiometric methane-air flame by an isothermal inert wall. A multi-step chemical mechanism for methane-air combustion is used for the purpose of detailed chemistry DNS. For head-on quenching of stoichiometric methane-air flames, the mass fractions of major reactant species such as methane and oxygen tend to vanish at the wall during flame quenching. The absence of $\text {OH}$ OH at the wall gives rise to accumulation of carbon monoxide during flame quenching because $\text {CO}$ CO cannot be oxidised anymore. Furthermore, it has been found that low-temperature reactions give rise to accumulation of $\text {HO}_{2}$ HO 2 and $\mathrm {H}_{2}\mathrm {O}_{2}$ H 2 O 2 at the wall during flame quenching. Moreover, these low temperature reactions are responsible for non-zero heat release rate at the wall during flame-wall interaction. In order to perform an in-depth comparison between simple and detailed chemistry DNS results, a corresponding simulation has been carried out for the same turbulence parameters for a representative single-step Arrhenius type irreversible chemical mechanism. In the corresponding simple chemistry simulation, heat release rate vanishes once the flame reaches a threshold distance from the wall. The distributions of reaction progress variable c and non-dimensional temperature T are found to be identical to each other away from the wall for the simple chemistry simulation but this equality does not hold during head-on quenching. The inequality between c (defined based on $\text {CH}_{4}$ CH 4 mass fraction) and T holds both away from and close to the wall for the detailed chemistry simulation but it becomes particularly prominent in the near-wall region. The temporal evolutions of wall heat flux and wall Peclet number (i.e. normalised wall-normal distance of $T = 0.9$ T = 0.9 isosurface) for both simple and detailed chemistry laminar and turbulent cases have been found to be qualitatively similar. However, small differences have been observed in the numerical values of the maximum normalised wall heat flux magnitude $\left ({\Phi }_{\max } \right )_{\mathrm {L}}$ Φ max L and the minimum Peclet number $(Pe_{\min })_{\mathrm {L}}$ ( P e min ) L obtained from simple and detailed chemistry based laminar head-on quenching calculations. Detailed explanations have been provided for the observed differences in behaviours of $\left ({\Phi }_{\max }\right )_{\mathrm {L}}$ Φ max L and $(Pe_{\min })_{\mathrm {L}}$ ( P e min ) L . The usual Flame Surface Density (FSD) and scalar dissipation rate (SDR) based reaction rate closures do not adequately predict the mean reaction rate of reaction progress variable in the near-wall region for both simple and detailed chemistry simulations. It has been found that recently proposed FSD and SDR based reaction rate closures based on a-priori DNS analysis of simple chemistry data perform satisfactorily also for the detailed chemistry case both away from and close to the wall without any adjustment to the model parameters.

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21

Long, Yang, and Indrek S. Wichman. "Theoretical and numerical analysis of a spreading opposed-flow diffusion flame." Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 465, no. 2110 (July 29, 2009): 3209–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.2009.0152.

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This article describes the macroscopic and microscopic features of flames spreading over solid-fuel surfaces by examining and comparing three models. The first model examines ignition and flame spread over a solid-fuel surface using a two-dimensional numerical simulation code. This model employs variable density, variable thermophysical properties and one-step global finite-rate chemistry. The second model, a macroscopic ‘field’ model, is solved in terms of the mixture fraction ( Z ) and total enthalpy ( H ) functions. Comparisons are made with numerical predictions for primitive quantities: temperature, species distributions and velocity fields; and derived quantities: heat flux, mass flux, mixture fraction, enthalpy function and flame stretch rate. The third model yields a ‘localized’ flame structure description near the flame attachment point. Theoretical formulas are produced for the quenching distance, the leading edge heat flux, and the flame structure, as characterized by reactivity, temperature field and species distributions. The analytical predictions are compared with numerical simulations to derive flame microstructure scaling parameters.

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22

KIM, K., D. LEE, and S. KWON. "Effects of thermal and chemical surface–flame interaction on flame quenching." Combustion and Flame 146, no. 1-2 (July 2006): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2006.04.012.

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23

Balanyuk, V., N. Kozyar, and A. Kravchenko. "SOME TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS SUB-LAYER AEROSOL EXTINGUISHING OF ALCOHOLS." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.02.

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Problem Statement: Nowadays, the process of sublayer aerosol quenching has not been studied at all, and its basic parameters, such as changes in flame temperature, liquid surface layer, tank sides, and approximate time of alcohol quenching and quenching, are unknown. The purpose of the work is to determine the parameters of sublayer aerosol quenching - flame temperature, the surface layer of liquid, tank sides, and the impact on the efficiency of sublayer quenching of aerosols dispersion – as one of the main parameters characterizing the process of alcohol quenching. The scientific novelty of the work is that for the first time the parameters of sublayer aerosol quenching at different sizes of aerosol bubbles were determined and it was found that at smaller bubbles the surface layer temperature decreases to 15%, aerosol distribution on the liquid surface is more uniform and a heterogeneous system is formed, which contains both aerosol solid particles – K2CO3, KOH, KNSO3, NH4HCO3, gases – CO2, N2, H2O, alcohol vapors, and the alcohol itself in the vapor and liquid phases. The main results of the study: The paper describes the developed installation and methodology for determining the parameters of sublayer aerosol quenching at different stages of the aerosol release process. The values of the flame temperature reduction and its behavior when the aerosol enters the flame are established. The established values are plotted and it is determined that when the aerosol enters the flame, the flame temperature begins to decrease actively and in 40 seconds reaches about 600 degrees Celsium. It was also found that the flame turns orange, which indicates that the combustion zone is the thermal dissociation of potassium salts, the flame size decreases, which indicates a decrease in the amount of alcohol vapor entering the combustion zone. The rate of cooling the sides at the exit of the aerosol from different-sized holes was also determined and it was found that the amount of cooling of the tank side is slightly higher at smaller hole diameters with a more uniform distribution of the aerosol on the surface. The range of reduction of liquid and board temperatures for each of the alcohols is less than the boiling point by 30-40 degrees Celsium. The decrease in temperature occurs at approximately the same rate and slows down until the end of the aerosol release. Analysis of the experimental results showed that the action of fire-extinguishing aerosol when it comes to the surface leads to intensive alcohol cooling due to bubbling of the aerosol through the alcohol layer, with active mixing of alcohol layers and the rise of cold liquids to the surface. This phenomenon leads to further cooling of burning surface of the liquid, which can have a temperature of 60 degrees Celsium to 97 degrees Celsium, as well as the sides of the tank as a result of alcohol on them and its intense evaporation. The result is the establishment of the parameters of the sublayer aerosol quenching – the temperature of the liquid surface, the temperature of the sides of the tank, the rate of aerosol to the surface, and the flame temperature when the aerosol enters the combustion zone.

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24

Balanyuk, V., N. Kozyar, and A. Kravchenko. "SOME TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS SUB-LAYER AEROSOL EXTINGUISHING OF ALCOHOLS." Fire Safety 37 (January 6, 2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32447/20786662.37.2020.02.

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Problem Statement: Nowadays, the process of sublayer aerosol quenching has not been studied at all, and its basic parameters, such as changes in flame temperature, liquid surface layer, tank sides, and approximate time of alcohol quenching and quenching, are unknown. The purpose of the work is to determine the parameters of sublayer aerosol quenching - flame temperature, the surface layer of liquid, tank sides, and the impact on the efficiency of sublayer quenching of aerosols dispersion – as one of the main parameters characterizing the process of alcohol quenching. The scientific novelty of the work is that for the first time the parameters of sublayer aerosol quenching at different sizes of aerosol bubbles were determined and it was found that at smaller bubbles the surface layer temperature decreases to 15%, aerosol distribution on the liquid surface is more uniform and a heterogeneous system is formed, which contains both aerosol solid particles – K2CO3, KOH, KNSO3, NH4HCO3, gases – CO2, N2, H2O, alcohol vapors, and the alcohol itself in the vapor and liquid phases. The main results of the study: The paper describes the developed installation and methodology for determining the parameters of sublayer aerosol quenching at different stages of the aerosol release process. The values of the flame temperature reduction and its behavior when the aerosol enters the flame are established. The established values are plotted and it is determined that when the aerosol enters the flame, the flame temperature begins to decrease actively and in 40 seconds reaches about 600 degrees Celsium. It was also found that the flame turns orange, which indicates that the combustion zone is the thermal dissociation of potassium salts, the flame size decreases, which indicates a decrease in the amount of alcohol vapor entering the combustion zone. The rate of cooling the sides at the exit of the aerosol from different-sized holes was also determined and it was found that the amount of cooling of the tank side is slightly higher at smaller hole diameters with a more uniform distribution of the aerosol on the surface. The range of reduction of liquid and board temperatures for each of the alcohols is less than the boiling point by 30-40 degrees Celsium. The decrease in temperature occurs at approximately the same rate and slows down until the end of the aerosol release. Analysis of the experimental results showed that the action of fire-extinguishing aerosol when it comes to the surface leads to intensive alcohol cooling due to bubbling of the aerosol through the alcohol layer, with active mixing of alcohol layers and the rise of cold liquids to the surface. This phenomenon leads to further cooling of burning surface of the liquid, which can have a temperature of 60 degrees Celsium to 97 degrees Celsium, as well as the sides of the tank as a result of alcohol on them and its intense evaporation. The result is the establishment of the parameters of the sublayer aerosol quenching – the temperature of the liquid surface, the temperature of the sides of the tank, the rate of aerosol to the surface, and the flame temperature when the aerosol enters the combustion zone.

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25

Vosen, S. R., R. Greif, and C. K. Westbrook. "Unsteady heat transfer during laminar flame quenching." Symposium (International) on Combustion 20, no. 1 (January 1985): 75–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(85)80490-2.

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26

Vladimirova, Natalia, Peter Constantin, Alexander Kiselev, Oleg Ruchayskiy, and Leonid Ryzhik. "Flame enhancement and quenching in fluid flows." Combustion Theory and Modelling 7, no. 3 (September 2003): 487–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1364-7830/7/3/303.

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27

Benim, Ali Cemal, and Björn Pfeiffelmann. "Computational investigation of laminar premixed hydrogen flame past a quenching mesh." International Journal of Numerical Methods for Heat & Fluid Flow 30, no. 4 (July 19, 2019): 1923–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/hff-11-2018-0705.

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Purpose The purpose of this study is the computational analysis of atmospheric, laminar, stoichiometric and premixed hydrogen-air flames in the presence of a quenching mesh. The assessment of the predictive capability of different reaction mechanisms, the clarification of the relative importance of the thermal and chemical effects for mesh quenching and the investigation of the influence of the mesh geometry on the quenching effectiveness are the focal points of the investigation. Design/methodology/approach The problem is posed as unsteady, two-dimensional. Differential governing equations are numerically solved by the finite volume method for the reacting hydrogen/air mixture, assuming an ideal gas behaviour. Thermal radiation and buoyancy are neglected. A coupled solver is used to treat the velocity-pressure coupling, along with a stiff-chemistry solver for the chemical kinetics. Second-order discretization schemes are used in space and time. A uniform grid resolution is used, where the grid independence in terms of the flame speed prediction is ensured in preliminary calculations for one-dimensional flames. Findings It is found that a detailed reaction mechanism is necessary for an accurate prediction. Meshes with round openings are found to be more effective that those with slit openings (SOs), by a factor of two in the maximum safe gap size. A perforated plate is observed to have a higher quenching potential compared to a wire mesh, for SOs. It is also found that the heat loss to the wall is the dominating quenching mechanism for the present problem, whereas adsorption of radicals plays a subordinate role. Originality/value In contrast to the previous studies in the field, a detailed reaction mechanism is applied instead of a single-step one, while still using the latter for comparison. The role of wall-radicals interaction for the quenching effectiveness of the mesh is addressed for the first time. Parametric studies are performed on the mesh geometry, which was not done before. Hydrogen is considered as fuel in contrast to the great majority of the previous work.

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28

Kim, J. S., F. A. Williams, and P. D. Ronney. "Diffusional-thermal instability of diffusion flames." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 327 (November 25, 1996): 273–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112096008543.

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The diffusional–thermal instability, which gives rise to striped quenching patterns that have been observed for diffusion flames, is analysed by studying the model of a one-dimensional convective diffusion flame in the diffusion-flame regime of activation-energy asymptotics. Attention is focused principally on near-extinction conditions with Lewis numbers less than unity, in which the reactants with high diffusivity diffuse into the strong segments of the reaction sheet, so that the regions between the strong segments become deficient in reactant and subject to the local quenching that leads to the striped patterns. This analysis differs from other flame stability analyses in that the complete description of the dispersion relation is obtained from a composite expansion of the results of an analysis with the conventional convective-diffusive scaling and one with reaction-zone scaling. The results predict that striped patterns will occur, for flames sufficiently close to quasi-steady extinction, with a finite wavenumber that in convective–diffusive scaling is proportional to the cube root of the Zel'dovich number. The convective–diffusive response contributes to the stabilization of long-wavelength disturbances by through positive excess enthalpies by which the flame becomes more resistant to instability, while the reaction-zone response provides stabilization of short-wavelength disturbances by transverse diffusion, within the reactive inner layer, which relaxes the perturbed scalar fields towards their unperturbed states. As quasi-steady extinction is approached, marginal stability arises first at an intermediate range between these two scalings. Parametric results for this bifurcation point are obtained through numerical solutions of the associated generalized eigenvalue problems. Comparisons with measured pattern dimensions for different sets of reactants and diluents reveal excellent qualitative agreement.

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29

Brasoveanu, Dan, and Ashwani K. Gupta. "Analysis of Gaseous Fuel and Air Mixing in Flames and Flame Quenching." Journal of Propulsion and Power 16, no. 5 (September 2000): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.5648.

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30

Aoki, Takashi. "A Magnetically Induced Anomalous Ring Flame and Quenching Characteristics of Butane Flames." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 29, Part 1, No. 5 (May 20, 1990): 864–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.29.864.

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31

Rißmann, Martin, Christopher Jainski, Markus Mann, and Andreas Dreizler. "Flame-Flow Interaction in Premixed Turbulent Flames During Transient Head-On Quenching." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 98, no. 4 (December 24, 2016): 1025–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-016-9795-5.

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32

Saputro, Herman, Heri Juwantono, Husin Bugis, Danar Susilo Wijayanto, Laila Fitriana, Valiant Lukad Perdana, Aris Purwanto, et al. "Numerical simulation of flame stabilization in meso-scale vortex combustion." MATEC Web of Conferences 197 (2018): 08005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819708005.

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A meso-scale vortex combustor has been designed in order to common flame quenching problems in meso/micro scale burning. Numerical simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) Ansys Release 19.0 Academic program was performed to determine a stable combustion flame. Combustor chamber made from two steps, first step diameter 6 mm with 4 mm depth, second step diameter size 8mm with 5 mm depth. This simulation used mixture of propane fuel-air. The fuel is fed through two channels of fuel inlet with 2 mm diameter. The variable of fuel flow rate was investigated in order to get the boundary of extinction limit and blow off limit of flame (stable flame region). The results show that the flame stable limit by using meso-scale vortex combustor more widely than other types of micro combustor. Therefore, the meso-scale vortex combustor that was developed could be used to overcome the flame quenching problems.

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33

Krass, B. J., B. W. Zellmer, I. K. Puri, and S. Singh. "Application of Flamelet Profiles to Flame Structure in Practical Burners." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 121, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795062.

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Partial premixing can be induced by design in combustors, occurs inadvertently during turbulent nonpremixed combustion, or arises through inadequate fuel-air mixing. Therefore, it is of interest to investigate the effect of partial premixing in a burner that mimics conditions that might occur under practice. In this investigation, we report on similitude of partially premixed flames encountered in practical complex and multi-dimensional burners with simpler, less complex flames, such as counterflow flamelets. A burner is designed to simulate the more complex multi-dimensional flows that might be encountered in practice, and includes the effects of staging, swirl, and possible quenching by introduction of secondary air. The measurements indicate that the structure of partially premixed flames in complex, practical devices can be analyzed in a manner similar to that of flamelets, even if substantial heat transfer occurs. In particular, the flame structure can be characterized in terms of a modified mixture fraction that differentiates the lean and rich zones, and identifies the spatial location of the flame.

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34

Endres, Aaron, and Thomas Sattelmayer. "Numerical Investigation of Pressure Influence on the Confined Turbulent Boundary Layer Flashback Process." Fluids 4, no. 3 (August 1, 2019): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids4030146.

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Boundary layer flashback from the combustion chamber into the premixing section is a threat associated with the premixed combustion of hydrogen-containing fuels in gas turbines. In this study, the effect of pressure on the confined flashback behaviour of hydrogen-air flames was investigated numerically. This was done by means of large eddy simulations with finite rate chemistry as well as detailed chemical kinetics and diffusion models at pressures between 0 . 5 and 3 . It was found that the flashback propensity increases with increasing pressure. The separation zone size and the turbulent flame speed at flashback conditions decrease with increasing pressure, which decreases flashback propensity. At the same time the quenching distance decreases with increasing pressure, which increases flashback propensity. It is not possible to predict the occurrence of boundary layer flashback based on the turbulent flame speed or the ratio of separation zone size to quenching distance alone. Instead the interaction of all effects has to be accounted for when modelling boundary layer flashback. It was further found that the pressure rise ahead of the flame cannot be approximated by one-dimensional analyses and that the assumptions of the boundary layer theory are not satisfied during confined boundary layer flashback.

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35

Bauer, Pascal. "Experimental investigation on flame and detonation quenching: applicability of static flame arresters." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 18, no. 2 (March 2005): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2004.12.002.

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36

Vendra, C. Madhav Rao, J. X. Wen, and V. H. Y. Tam. "Numerical simulation of turbulent flame–wall quenching using a coherent flame model." Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 26, no. 2 (March 2013): 363–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2012.04.001.

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37

Yakovenko, Ivan, Alexey Kiverin, and Ksenia Melnikova. "Ultra-Lean Gaseous Flames in Terrestrial Gravity Conditions." Fluids 6, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids6010021.

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Development of the combustion process in the gaseous mixtures of near-limit composition is of great interest for fundamental aspects of combustion theory and fire-safety applications. The dynamics of ultra-lean gaseous flames in near-limit mixtures is governed by many effects, such as buoyancy, preferential diffusion, radiation, and instability development. Though ultra-lean combustion was extensively studied in microgravity conditions, the influence of gravity on the ultra-lean flame structure and stability is still poorly understood. The paper is devoted to deepening the knowledge of ultra-lean flame dynamics in hydrogen-air mixtures under terrestrial gravity conditions. The spatial structures of the flame developing under the effect of buoyancy forces are investigated employing detailed numerical analysis. Different modes of near-limit flame evolution are observed depending on the mixture concentration. In particular, we registered and described three distinct spatial structures: individual kernels tending to extinguish in leanest compounds, complex multi-kernel structures in marginal compositions, and stable cap-shaped flames in more chemically active mixtures. We apply the flame-bubble analogy to interpret flame dynamics. On this basis, the diagram in the Re-Fr plane is developed. That allows classifying the emerging flame structures and determine flame stability. Additionally, different ignition modes are studied, and the mechanisms determining the impact of ignition mode on the flammability limits are distinguished. Obtained results provide useful insights into the processes of flame quenching and development in near-limit hydrogen-air mixtures under real gravity conditions and can be applied in the design of contemporary fire-safety systems.

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38

SOTTON, J., B. BOUST, S. A. LABUDA, and M. BELLENOUE. "HEAD-ON QUENCHING OF TRANSIENT LAMINAR FLAME: HEAT FLUX AND QUENCHING DISTANCE MEASUREMENTS." Combustion Science and Technology 177, no. 7 (July 2005): 1305–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102200590950485.

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39

Tang, François-David, Samuel Goroshin, Andrew Higgins, and John Lee. "Flame propagation and quenching in iron dust clouds." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 32, no. 2 (2009): 1905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2008.05.084.

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40

Sellmann, Johannes, Jiawei Lai, Andreas M. Kempf, and Nilanjan Chakraborty. "Flame surface density based modelling of head-on quenching of turbulent premixed flames." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 36, no. 2 (2017): 1817–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.07.114.

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41

Hojo, Hidemitsu, Ken Tsuda, Makoto Arai, and Yoshikazu Kano. "Behavior of flame propagation in circular pipe and quenching ability of flame arrester." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 12, no. 2 (1986): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.12.153.

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42

Buckmaster, J., and G. Joulin. "Flame balls stabilized by suspension in fluid with a steady linear ambient velocity distribution." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 227 (June 1991): 407–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112091000174.

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The ignition of lean H2/air mixtures under microgravity (μg) conditions can lead to the formation of spherical premixed flames (flame balls) with small Péclet number (Pe). A central question concerning these structures is the existence of appropriate stationary stable solutions of the combustion equations. In this paper we examine an individual flame ball that is suspended in a fluid whose velocity far from the flame is steady and varies linearly in space. Detailed results are obtained for simple shear flows and simple straining flows, both axisymmetric and plane.Convection enhances the flux of heat from the flame and the flux of mixture to the flame, but because the Lewis number (Le) is less than unity the relative impact on the former is greater than on the latter. Consequently, there is a net loss of energy from the flame to the far field, and if large enough this will quench the flame. For values of shear or strain less than the quenching value there are two possible stationary solutions, but one of these is unstable to spherically symmetric disturbances of the flame ball. The radius of the other solution is unbounded as Pe goes to zero. Examination of a class of three-dimensional disturbances reveals no additional instability when the energy losses are due only to convection, but sufficiently large flame balls are unstable when volumetric heat losses from radiation are accounted for. This last result is in agreement with previous results that have been obtained for zero Pe, albeit with inadequate accounting for the flow field generated by the perturbations.

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43

Ezekoye, O. A. "Heat transfer consequences of condensation during premixed flame quenching." Combustion and Flame 112, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(97)81775-0.

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44

Huang, W. M., S. R. Vosen, and R. Greif. "Heat transfer during laminar flame quenching: Effect of fuels." Symposium (International) on Combustion 21, no. 1 (January 1988): 1853–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(88)80420-x.

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45

Goroshin, S., M. Bidabadi, and J. H. S. Lee. "Quenching distance of laminar flame in aluminum dust clouds." Combustion and Flame 105, no. 1-2 (April 1996): 147–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(95)00183-2.

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46

Kalontarov, Lev, Hongwu Jing, Aviv Amirav, and Sergey Cheskis. "Mechanism of sulfur emission quenching in flame photometric detectors." Journal of Chromatography A 696, no. 2 (April 1995): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9673(94)01273-h.

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47

Karrer, Maxime, Marc Bellenoue, Sergei Labuda, Julien Sotton, and Maxime Makarov. "Electrical probe diagnostics for the laminar flame quenching distance." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 34, no. 2 (February 2010): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2009.10.002.

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48

Ghani, Abdulla, and Thierry Poinsot. "Flame Quenching at Walls: A Source of Sound Generation." Flow, Turbulence and Combustion 99, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10494-017-9810-5.

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49

Hery Soegiharto, Achmad Fauzan, I. N. G. Wardana, Lilis Yuliati, and Mega Nursasongko. "The Role of Liquid Fuels Channel Configuration on the Combustion inside Cylindrical Mesoscale Combustor." Journal of Combustion 2017 (2017): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/3679679.

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This research intended to investigate combustion of liquid fuel in 3.5 mm inner diameter quartz glass tube mesocombustor, based on liquid film evaporation by using heat recirculation. The mesocombustor has a copper section for heating and evaporating the liquid fuel. In mesocombustor type A, the fuel was glided through the narrow canal in the copper wall while the air was glided through the axial of combustor. The flame could only be successfully stabilized in high-ratio equivalent ranging from ɸ =1.1 to ɸ=1.6, due to the gap without combustion reaction caused by high air-fuel mixture over the limits of flame stability. Mesocombustor type B, which has annulus-shaped canal, could shift the flame stability from ɸ =0.8 to ɸ =1.2; however, it also narrowed the limits of flame stability due to the wall cooling. In mesocombustor type C, both liquid fuel and air were glided through the annulus-shaped canal in the copper wall to fix the fuel evaporation and air mixture. The flame of type C was successfully stabilized, from ɸ =0.73 to ɸ =1.48 wider than types A and B. The flame of type C mesocombustor is circle-shaped and fitted to cross section of mesocombustor, but it still has thin gap without any flames due to thermal quenching by the wall.

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50

Schulz, Heiko, Lutz Mädler, Reto Strobel, Rainer Jossen, Sotiris E. Pratsinis, and Tue Johannessen. "Independent Control of Metal Cluster and Ceramic Particle Characteristics During One-step Synthesis of Pt/TiO2." Journal of Materials Research 20, no. 9 (September 2005): 2568–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2005.0319.

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Rapid quenching during flame spray synthesis of Pt/TiO2 (0–10 wt% Pt) is demonstrated as a versatile method for independent control of support (TiO2) and noble metal (Pt) cluster characteristics. Titania grain size, morphology, crystal phase structure, and crystal size were analyzed by nitrogen adsorption, electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, respectively, while Pt-dispersion and size were determined by CO-pulse chemisorption. The influence of quench cooling on the flame temperature was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Increasing the quench flow rate reduced the Pt diameter asymptotically. Optimal quenching with respect to maximum Pt-dispersion (∼60%) resulted in average Pt diameters of 1.7 to 2.3 nm for Pt-contents of 1–10 wt%, respectively.

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