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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Flame retardant additives'
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Demir, Hasan Ülkü Semra. "Synergistic effect of natural zeolites on flame retardant additives/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/kimyamuh/T000514.rar.
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Mulcahy, Ciara(Ciara Renee). "Analysis of patent data for flame-retardant plastics additives." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/131011.
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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, May, 2020Cataloged from the official PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 33-35).
Plastics are commercially produced by selecting a polymer resin and incorporating chemical additives to affect specific mechanical, chemical or aesthetic properties of the plastic products. The number of possible combinations of polymers and additives yields an enormous engineering space to meet the design requirements of the many applications of plastic materials. However, the broad scope of plastics science hinders both the invention of new plastics formulations and efforts to investigate potentially harmful polymer resins and plastic additives. In this thesis, a method of representing and analyzing the claims section of patents is presented and applied to a set of patents that refer to flame retardants. The claims section of a patent is presented as a graph, with individual claims as points and references between claims as lines connecting those points.
The chemical terms mentioned in the text of each of the claims were split into individual words or short sequences of words, called "tokens", by an existing materials tokenizer that had been trained on scientific journal articles. The term frequency - inverse document frequency (tf-idf) statistic for each token within each claim was computed, using the entire claims section of the individual patent to calculate the document frequency. Each claim was attributed the tokens that had tf-idf scores greater than the highest-scoring term shared with a claim to which that claim referred. By researcher inspection, this method served to extract relevant chemical terms, while omitting words that did not contribute to the chemical relevance of the claim or patent as a whole. A visualization of these labelled graphs of the claims was generated.
This reduced, graphical representation of materials patents could be implemented to aid in researcher review or computational tasks to survey for chemical components or resin-additive compatibilities. Such a representation of patent data could make the prioritization and review of commercial chemicals a more tractable task.
by Ciara Mulcahy.
S.B.
S.B. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering
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Towslee, Jenna Harris. "DNA as a Natural Flame Retardant Additive for Commercial Polymers." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1491164895897969.
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Sauca, Silvana. "Synthesis, characterization and application of polymeric flame retardant additives obtained by chemical modification." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/80716.
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A key part of the development of new polymeric materials focuses on the use of flame-retardant additives, which help to reduce the inherent flammability of polymers and the production of smoke and toxic gases.
The aim of this thesis was the preparation, characterization and application of new polymeric flame-retardant additives, which can lead to intumescent systems when mixed with ¨commodity¨ polymers. The synthesis of this kind of additives was carried out by chemical modification of different polymeric structures (alcohols, polyketones, polyaziridines) with phosphorous moieties, previously described as promoting flame retardance structures, and/or nitrogen containing moieties.
The efficacy of some of these additives was tested by blending with polypropylene, one of the most commonly used thermoplastic. Flame retardancy behaviour of the blends, as well their compatibility and mechanical properties were studied, in order to observe how the flame retardant additives may affect the substrate properties.Una parte fundamental del desarrollo de nuevos materiales poliméricos se centra en la utilización de agentes retardantes a la llama, los cuales contribuyen a reducir la inherente combustibilidad de los polímeros y la producción de humos y de gases tóxicos. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido la preparación, characterización y aplicación de nuevos aditivos retardantes a la llama de tipo polimérico que pueden dar lugar al mezclarse con polímeros termoplásticos de gran consumo a sistemas de tipo intumescente. La síntesis de estos additivos se ha llevado a cabo por modificación química de diferentes estructuras polimericas (alcoholes, policetonas, poliaziridinas) con compuestos fosforados, descritos previamente como promotores de retardancia a la llama y/o compuestos con nitrogeno. La eficacidad de algunos de estos additivos ha sido estudiada por mezclarse con polipropileno, uno de los más utilizados termoplasticos.
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Kilinc, Mert. "Production And Characterization Of Boron-based Additives And The Effect Of Flame Retardant Additives On Pet-based Composites." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610635/index.pdf.
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For the aim of production of poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET based flame retardant compositesboron based flame retardant additives, 3.5 mole hydrated zinc borate and boron phosphate were synthesized. Zinc borate was synthesized with the reaction of boric acid and zinc oxide in both laboratory and pilot scale reactors. Effects of reaction parameters on kinetics of reaction and final product particle size were evaluated. Boron phosphate was synthesized via dry, wet and microwave methods. In addition to the synthesized flame retardant additives, several non-halogenated flame retardant additives, which were commercially available, were also used. Composites were prepared using twin screw extruder and molded by injection molding, followed by characterization in terms of flame retardancy behavior, mechanical and thermal properties, and morphologies. Based on the results of first stage experiments, aiming to determine effective additives, different amounts and combinations of triphenyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphine oxide, zinc borate and microwave produced boron phosphate were chosen and used in PET matrix. Flame retardancy of the composites were determined by conducting horizontal burning rate and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests. Smoke emissions during fire were also measured. According to the LOI test results, LOI of neat PET was determined as 21%, and with the addition of 5% boron phosphate and 5% triphenyl phosphate together, LOI was increased up to 36%. The smoke density analysis results implied that, boron phosphate was a successful smoke suppressant for PET matrix. In addition to flammability properties, tensile and impact properties of the composites were also improved with flame retardant additives and expecially with the addition of triphenyl phosphate.
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Seddon, Richard. "Influence of flame retardant additives on the processing characteristics and physical properties of ABS." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2000. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/14228.
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Antimony trioxide (Sb203) and halogenated additives are used together in flameretarded formulations due to their synergistic retardant properties. A study has been made to determine the effects of adding different grades of Sb203 (dSD particle sizes 0.11 um, 0.52um and 1.31 um) into ABS polymer either alone or with commercial brominated materials (BTBPE, TBBA, DBDPO) and an experimental bromine grade (sDBDPO). The Sb20 3 was added at 4wt% loadings and the bromines at 20wt% loadings. The results consider the influence of the additives on processing, mechanical, morphological and flame retardant properties. All compounds were produced using a twin-screw co-rotating extruder and then an injection moulder was used to mould notched impact (falling weight testing), flexural, LOI and UL-94 flame test bars. Samples of all the compounded formulations were titrated to determine Sb20 3 and Br contents. Fracture surface, morphology, size and dispersion analysis was carried out using both SEM and TEM equipment. Osmium tetroxide (OS04) staining was used to determine relative locations of filler particles and polybutadiene phase. Additions of the different antimony trioxide grades showed that the 0.52um and 1.31 um grades lowered impact energy absorption (-25 to -30%) when added at 4wt% loading. The use of a sub-micron size grade (0.1 um) did not significantly lower impact properties (-3%) and had similarly small effects on the flexural modulus and flexural strength. Additions of the brominated materials had much greater effects causing large reductions in impact properties (-20 to :70%). The presence of the bromines generally increased flexural modulus and lowered flexural strength with the exception of TB BA, which increased both modulus and strength. Compounds containing both 1.31 um Sb203 and bromines suffered a further reduction in impact energies, with the bromine properties dominating. Using the 0.1 um Sb20 3 grade again improved impact and flexural properties compared to the 1.31 um grade. The 0.1 um grade resulted in improvements in fire resistance as measured by the UL-94 properties when used with all bromine grades.
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Satpathi, Hirak. "Novel phosphorus containing poly(arylene ethers) as flame retardant additives and as reactant in organic synthesis." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-176136.
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Due to their outstanding properties, poly(arylene ethers) are useful as toughness modifiers in epoxy resins (EP). Furthermore, these polymers show rather low intrinsic fire risks. According to recent research it has been incorporated that poly(arylene ether phosphine oxides) [PAEPO’s] can further improve the fire behavior. Increasing phosphorous content of the PAEPO can influence the fire behavior too. Fire retardants containing phosphorus – regardless of whether an additive or reactive approach is used – show different mechanisms in the condensed and gas phase. In the present study PSU Control (BPA based polysulfone) with four different PAEPO’s and their corresponding blends with an EP were investigated.
All poly(arylene ether phosphine oxides) were synthesized by nucleophilic aromatic polycondensation. The polymers obtained covered a wide range of weight average molar masses (6,000 – 150,000 g/mol) as determined by size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering detection (MALLS). FTIR, NMR spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF revealed formation of the desired polymer structure of the linear poly(arylene ethers). All polymers were easily soluble in common organic solvents, thus enabling processing from solution.The pyrolysis and the fire retardancy mechanisms of the polymers and blends with epoxy resin (EP) were tackled by means of a comprehensive thermal analysis (thermogravimetry (TG), TG-evolved gas analysis) and fire tests [PCFC, limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, cone calorimeter].
The Mitsunobu reaction of Dimethyl-5-hydroxyisophthalate and a long chain semifluorinated alcohol requires triphenyl phosphine as a reactant. Identical, in some case higher yield was obtained in the usual conditions, with triphenyl phosphine and with trivalent phosphorus containing polymers, which was prepared in solvent free bulk (melt) polymerization technique from trivalent phosphorus monomer and a silylated diphenol in presence of CsF. Purification and the recovery of the final product which is always a big challenge in case of Mitsunobu reaction, was far more easier using polymer compared to triphenyl phosphine. During polymerization there was a possibility to have polymer having repeating unit containing both trivalent phosphorus and phosphine oxide. The trivalent phosphorus content of the polymer can be varied using different molar concentration of CsF.
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Lukas, C. "Mass spectrometric investigation of the influence of flame retardant additives on the rate of monomer evolution from polystyrene composites." Thesis, University of Salford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374503.
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Wang, Zheng [Verfasser], Manfred H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Wagner, Manfred H. [Gutachter] Wagner, and Bernhard [Gutachter] Schartel. "Flame retardant materials based on BDM/DBA resin and organic-inorganic additives / Zheng Wang ; Gutachter: Manfred H. Wagner, Bernhard Schartel ; Betreuer: Manfred H. Wagner." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1156177839/34.
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Satpathi, Hirak [Verfasser], Brigitte [Akademischer Betreuer] Voit, and Monika [Akademischer Betreuer] Bauer. "Novel phosphorus containing poly(arylene ethers) as flame retardant additives and as reactant in organic synthesis / Hirak Satpathi. Gutachter: Monika Bauer ; Brigitte Voit. Betreuer: Brigitte Voit." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1075704804/34.
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Bocqué, Maëva. "Élaboration de plastifiants ignifugeants à base de dérivés lipidiques pour formulations PVC." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10253.
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E PVC est l'un des polymères les plus employés dans les matériaux actuels et l'adjonction de plastifiants permet de modifier ses propriétés (température de transition vitreuse, module…) permettant ainsi l'utilisation de ce polymères dans des applications où de la souplesse est requise (textiles enduits, par exemple). Actuellement, les phtalates sont les plastifiants les plus utilisés même s'ils sont de plus en plus décriés du fait de leur toxicité. Le développement de nouveaux agents plastifiants est un domaine de recherches intenses et les matières premières bio-sourcées s'avèrent être une alternative intéressante aux plastifiants pétro-sourcés. Le travail de cette thèse se propose d'investiguer le développement de plastifiants du PVC bio-sourcés de type lipidique possédant de surcroit des propriétés ignifugeantes évitant ainsi l'ajout d'additifs supplémentaires dans les formulations de PVC devant résister au feu. Dans un premier temps, l'oléate, le linoléate de méthyle et le diacide (D18 : 1) ont été fonctionnalisés par modification chimique de leurs groupements ester et/ou de leurs insaturations pour mener à des dérivés lipidiques phosphorés. Cinq candidats plastifiants bio-sourcés ont ainsi pu être synthétisés et le scale up de la synthèse de l'un des candidats à l'échelle du kilogramme a pu être réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse. Dans un deuxième temps, des tests de plastification du PVC avec divers candidats ont été réalisés en collaboration avec la société Serge FERRARI. L'étude des propriétés thermiques, mécaniques et thermomécaniques des films de PVC plastifiés obtenus, comparativement au plastifiant phtalate DINP et au plastifiant bio-sourcé commercial RADIA 7295, a permis d'éliminer différents candidats pour n'en finalement retenir que deux. Des profils de dégradation thermique satisfaisants, des basses valeurs de Tg, des allongements à la rupture importants (320 et 365 % respectivement) et proches de ceux obtenus avec le DINP, ont confirmé l'efficacité plastifiante de ces deux composés phosphorés bio-sourcés. Les tests au feu LOI et au cône calorimètre ont également prouvé le caractère ignifugeant de ces deux composés qui conduisent à des résultats du même ordre de grandeur que ceux atteints avec le plastifiant phosphonate commercial de référence S141Poly(vinyl chloride) is one of the most manufactured and consumed thermoplastics in the world. The addition of plasticizers allows modifying its properties (glass transition temperature, modulus…) and then to use this polymer for applications where flexibility is needed (coated textiles, for instance). Nowadays, phthalates are the main candidates for PVC even if they have been more and more controversed due to their possible toxicity. To substitute these petro-based plasticizers, researches are focused on alternative plasticizers based on bio-based raw materials. This PhD work proposes to investigate the development of new bio-based plasticizers for PVC, from lipidic derivatives, and having simultaneously flame retardant properties, avoiding the addition of any other additives in PVC during compounding. In the first part, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and diacid D18 : 1 have been functionalized by modification of their ester groups and/or their doubles bonds to give phosphorylated lipidic derivatives. Thus, five bio-based plasticizers have been synthesized and the synthesis of one candidate on the scale of the kilogram has been successfully performed during this PhD work. Secondly, the plasticizing efficiency of several candidates with PVC has been evaluated in collaboration an industrial company. Thermal, mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the obtained soft PVC films were studied, in comparison with those obtained with the phthalate plasticizer DINP and the commercial bio-based plasticizer RADIA 7295. These analyses allowed the disposal of some of the bio-based plasticizers to finally keep only two candidates. Satisfying thermal degradation profiles, low Tg, and important elongation at break values (320 % and 365 % respectively) close to those obtained with DINP, confirmed the plasticizing efficiency of these two bio-based phosphorylated plasticizers. Fire tests like the LOI test and the cone calorimeter also proved the flame retardant properties of these two candidates, leading to similar results than the ones reached with the phosphonate plasticizer S141
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Anderton, Edwyn Christopher Morgan. "Relationships between polymer-additive molecular structure and intumescent flame retardant behaviour." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 1990. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19277/.
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This thesis describes studies of the relationship between the molecular structure of a range of organophosphorus-based polymer additives and their ability to confer intumescent flame retardant properties on the resulting polymers. The development of intumescent fire retardants is discussed along with the principles of flame retardancy in general. Much of the work centred around the chemistry of a key starting material, pentaerythritol phosphate (PEPA). This compound was found to be less reactive than expected, due to a combination of its neopentyl type structure and the electron withdrawing effect of the phosphoric ester functionality. Various derivatives of PEPA were synthesised, most containing reactive functional groups which facilitated future development of the compound. The derivatives containing no reactive groups were investigated for their intumescent behaviour in their own right. Derivatives of PEPA containing an acidic functionality were utilised in the production of intumescent salt systems using cations with a high nitrogen content in the form of s-triazines. The most promising was the trimethylolmelamine salt of a bis-PEPA derivative of phosphoric acid, which, on testing, proved to be more effective than the current "state of the art" intumescent additive. Metal salts of acidic PEPA-derivatives were also investigated. Derivatives of PEPA containing a carbon-carbon double bond were investigated for their potential to polymerise and thus form more stable additives. Only one such polymer was successfully synthesised, that being poly (PEPA methacrylate). Despite being non-intumescent, due to its high thermal stability this polymer has potential as a flame retardant additive. The monomer was found to copolymerise with methyl methacrylate to form a polymer of high thermal stability. When investigating the relationship between the molecular structure of the compounds developed and their intumescent behaviour, it was observed that only compounds containing an ionisable hydrogen atom exhibited intumescent decomposition on pyrolysis.
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Moth, Penelope Anne. "The additives as flame retardants and smoke suppressants for polyester thermosets." Thesis, Kingston University, 1992. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20563/.
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The use of tin oxide, zinc stannate and zinc hydroxystannate as flame retardants and smoke suppressants in both halogenated and nonhalogenated polyester resin thermosets has been investigated. Oxygen Index studies showed that zinc stannate in conjunction with the resin based on dibromoneopentyl glycol (DBNPG) was the most efficient combination. This was also the case when the same resin containing less bromine was used (10% instead of 28.3%). It was however the tin oxide which caused the greatest decrease in smoke production. Nitrous Oxide Index tests showed the tetrabromophthalic anhydride (TBPA) and chlorendic anhydride (HET) resins to burn via a vapour phase mechanism and the DBNPG resin to burn via a condensed phase mechanism. Thermogravimetry indicated that the tin oxide did not interact with any of the resins, the additive being recovered almost quantitatively after degradation in air. The Zn/Sn additives interacted with the DBNPG resin with additive being almost completely lost every time. Some interaction was observed with the HET and TBPA resins but this was to a much lesser extent. XRD results indicated the possible formation of tin bromide from a DBNPG sample containing zinc hydroxystannate and this finding would support the theory of a condensed phase mechanism for the DBNPG resin. The SEM photographs indicated the formation of allne powdery layer on the surface of the burnt sample. Elemental analysis by. SEM showed that this contained both zinc and tin, as did the smoke. Residue analysis gave some indication of the temperature at which metal and halogen were volatilised from each sample. The results suggested that for the DBNPG resin with the Zn/Sn additives, it is very likely that tin bromide could be formed as both the tin and bromine are lost in the same temperature ranges. The same could be said for the TBPA resin but to a much lesser extent but for the HET resin it is unlikely that tin chloride could be formed as the volatilisation temperatures do not coincide. In conclusion, a condensed phase mechanism is proposed for the DBNPG resin with the Zn/Sn additives incorporated. It is suggested that this involves the formation of tin bromide which is then hydrolysed in the flame to yield tin oxide and hydrogen halide which can then act as a radical trap and suppress the flame reactions.
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Martins, Priscila Alves. "Uso de aditivos não tóxicos como retardantes de chama em ABS." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-26062014-220239/.
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Os retardantes de chama são usados em diversos produtos, especialmente na indústria de eletroeletrônico. A irrevogável finalidade dos retardantes é proteger a vida das pessoas, reduzindo ferimentos e a destruição de propriedades. Contudo, devido à percepção dos riscos ambientais e toxicológicos presentes nas composições comerciais halogenadas e tóxicas, o seu uso está sendo proibido. Apesar da comum comercialização, novas pesquisas têm se desenvolvido visando à substituição destes retardantes, acompanhando medidas legais. Este trabalho visa estudar uma alternativa de aditivo retardante de chama livre de halogênio, tendo como matriz polimérica o copolímero de ABS, combinando aditivos: argila organofílica Cloisite 20A, argila Cloisite Na+ tratada com sal quaternário de fosfônio, polifosfato de amônio, melamina, partículas micrométricas e nanométricas de hidróxido de alumínio, dióxido de titânio e sílica formando assim um compósito. Para a caracterização foram realizados ensaios de térmicos de TGA e DSC, ensaios mecânicos de resistência à tração e resistência ao impacto Izod sem entalhe, avaliação da morfologia através de MEV e MEV-FEG, análise de difração de Raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia de infravermelho acoplado ao acessório de reflexão atenuada (FTIR-ATR), ensaios de retardância à chama com base na norma ASTM D635-10 e norma UL 94. Por meio dos resultados foi possível observar efeitos da adição dos aditivos na obtenção de compósitos de ABS com aditivos retardante de chama inertes, que atingiram classificação V-0 e V-2 na Ul 94, com redução da velocidade propagação da chama entre 18% e 80% conforme a ASTM D635.The flame retardant are used in several products, specialty for electrical and electronics industry. The irrevocable finality from flame retardant is fires protection to help safeguard of people, reduce injury and reduce destruction of property. However, due the perception of environmental risk and toxicity in composites commercial with halogen and toxic, it has been prohibited. Despite the common commercialization news researches has been developing to substitute this flame retardant, together accompany the new position of law. This work wanted to study an alternative of additive free halogen flame retardant, with polymer matrix the ABS copolymer, combinations the additive: organoclay Cloisite 20A, organoclay Cloisite Na+ treated with quaternary phosphonium salt, ammonium polyphosphate, melamine, micrometric and nanometric particles of aluminum hydroxide, titanium dioxide and silica forming that a composite. To characterization was doing thermal test of TGA and DSC, mechanical test of tensile and impact Izod strength, morphologia available through of MEV and MEV-FEG, X-ray diffraction analysis(XRD), infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance accessory (FTIR-ATR), flame retardant test based the ASTM D635-10 norm and UL 94 norm. Although the result was possible to observe effects about the addition the additive to obtain the ABS composite with inert flame retardant additives, that achieved V-0 and V-2 on the Ul 94, with reduction of linear burning rate between 18% to 80% from ASTM D635.
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Diar, Bakerly Bashar [Verfasser], and Josef [Akademischer Betreuer] Breu. "Innovative, Platy Nano-Additives as Efficient Flame Retardants for Polymer Nanocomposites / Bashar Diar Bakerly. Betreuer: Josef Breu." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1093512180/34.
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Menard, Raphaël. "Synthèse de retardateurs de flamme phosphorés biosourcés pour résines époxy Synthesis of biobased phosphate flame retardants Synthesis of biobased phosphorus-containing flame retardants for epoxy thermosets Comparison of additive and reactive approaches From bio-based phosphorus-containing epoxy monomer to fully bio-based flame-retarded thermosets Synthesis of new flame-retardants by radical chain transfer copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate and dimethoxy-phosphorylmethyl methacrylate." Thesis, Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENCM0013.
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La toxicité avérée et le caractère bio-accumulatif des retardateurs de flamme halogénés usuels (PBDE) ont entrainé la mise en place de restrictions d'usage au sein de l'union européenne (REACH). Les retardateurs de flamme phosphorés (RFP) se sont imposés comme alternatives aux solutions halogénées pour leur moindre toxicité et leurs propriétés ignifugeantes adaptées à la composition chimique des résines époxy. Avec l'essor des résines époxy biosourcées, la dépendance aux ressources fossiles pour la synthèse des additifs en tout genre qui entre dans leur composition est devenue problématique. Ainsi, ces travaux s'inscrivent dans une dynamique de développement durable à travers la valorisation d'un composé biosourcé représentatif des structures phénoliques disponibles: le phloroglucinol. La fonctionnalisation directe du phloroglucinol par des groupements phosphates a permis de réaliser une première série d'additifs RFP biosourcés présentant une action ignifugeante prononcée en phase condensée qui réduit le pouvoir calorifique des matériaux ignifugés. A l'échelle macroscopique, une forte intumescence entraîne une décomposition partielle du matériau ignifugé par effet barrière du résidu formé. Cependant, ces additifs réduisent fortement les températures de transitions vitreuse et mécanique par plastification du réseau thermodurcissable. La fonctionnalisation en deux étapes du phloroglucinol a conduit à deux RFP biosourcés additif (P3SP) et réactif (P2EP1SP) de structures comparables. Nous avons ainsi pu mettre en évidence l'intérêt de l'approche réactive qui, en plus de garantir la durabilité des propriétés des matériaux ignifugés, permet une meilleure action en phase condensée qui entraîne une plus forte intumescence. L'approche réactive semblant plus performante, nous avons poursuivi avec la synthèse d'un dernier RFP biosourcé réactif (P2EP1P) dont la structure a été adaptée pour réduire l'effet plastifiant du groupement phosphoré. Enfin, l'étude de différents matériaux 100 % biosourcés contenant le RFP P2EP1P a montré que les inconvénients de l'approche réactive dus à la faible fonctionnalité du RFP réactif peuvent en partie être compensés par l'incorporation d'un co-précurseur époxy de haute fonctionnalité ou d'un agent de réticulation biosourcé aromatiqueThe toxicity and the bioaccumumulative character of the usual halogenated flame retardants(RFX) lead to uses restrictions of the main FRX (PBDE) in the EU as REACH. The phosphorus-containing flame retardants (FRP) are suitable for the epoxy thermoset because of their action on the hydroxyl groups. Moreover, the FRP are less toxic than the FRX. With the rise of the biobased epoxy thermosets, the dependence on fossil fuels for the additives synthesis has become problematic. Thus, these works are designed in a sustainable development approach through the valorization of a biobased compound which is representative of the biobased phenolic structures. The directe functionalization of the phloroglucinol with phosphate functions has achieved a first generation of biobased additives FRP which exhibit a significant action in the condensed phase and reduce the heat released during the thermal degradation of the fire retarded thermosets. This effect results in a strong intumescence at macroscopic scale and the expanded residue acts as a barrier and leads to a partial degradation of the thermoset. However, these additives plasticize the thermoset network and reduce the glass and the mechanical transition temperatures. A two-steps functionalization of the phloroglucinol leads to two new biobased FRP, an additive (P3SP) and a reactive (P2EP1SP), with similar chemical structures. We were able to highlight the benefit of the reactive approach which favors the condensed phase action and the intumescence. Moreover, the reactive approach ensures the durability of the flame retarded thermoset properties. Since the reactive approach seems more efficient than the additive one, an other reactive FRP was synthesized, whose the structure was optimized to reduce the plasticizing effect of the phosphorus-containing group. Finally, the study of different 100% biobased phosphorus-containing thermosets highlighted that the disadvantages of the reactive approach may be balanced by the incorporation of a high functionality epoxy precursor or an aromatic curing agent
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Gérard, Caroline. "Contribution of nanoparticles to the flame retardancy of epoxy resins." Thesis, Lille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LIL10034/document.
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Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude de l’ignifugation d’une résine époxyde grâce à l’utilisation de nanoparticules. L’incorporation de Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxanes (POSS) ou de nanotubes de carbone seuls dans la matrice apporte une amélioration très limitée des propriétés feu. La fonctionnalisation covalente de nanotubes de carbone par des fonctions retardatrices de flamme a été réalisée et caractérisée, mais elle n’augmente pas les performances feu de la matrice chargée en nanotubes de carbone. La combinaison entre un retardateur de flamme phosphoré (APP) et les nanotubes de carbone révèle l’existence d’un effet antagoniste entre ces deux charges. Au contraire, l’utilisation de POSS en combinaison avec l’APP apporte une synergie. L’étude de la dégradation thermique de ces systèmes montre que les interactions entre ces constituants modifient la viscosité de la matrice dégradée. La capture des gaz de dégradation est améliorée dans le cas APP/POSS, ce qui résulte en la création d’une couche protectrice plus tôt qu’avec le système de référence contenant l’APP seul. De plus, la présence de POSS rend possible la création de silicophosphates renforçant le résidu. Au contraire, le résidu du système à base de nanotubes de carbone est très rigide et se fissure durant la combustion, ce qui empêche la bonne formation de la couche protectriceThis thesis aims at flame-retarding an epoxy resin through the use of nanoparticles. Incorporation of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) or carbon nanotubes alone in the matrix provides little enhancement of the reaction to fire. The covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes by grafting fire-retardant moieties has been carried out and characterized, but it does not enhance the reaction to fire of the epoxy matrix filled with carbon nanotubes. The combination between a phosphorus-based flame-retardant (APP) and carbon nanotubes reveals an antagonistic effect between these two fillers. On the contrary, using POSS in combination with APP provides a synergy. The study of the thermal degradation of these systems shows that the interactions between these fillers modify the viscosity of the degraded matrix. The trapping of degradation gases is enhanced in the case of APP/POSS, which results in the creation of a protective layer earlier than with the reference system containing APP alone. Furthermore, the presence of POSS permits the creation of silicophosphates which reinforce the residue. On the contrary, the residue of the formulation containing carbon nanotubes is excessively stiff and it cracks during combustion, hindering the proper formation of the protective layer
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Kondaveeti, Rajiv. "Impact of Halogenated Aliphatic and Aromatic Additives on Soot and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- An Ethylene-air Laminar Co-flow Diffusion Flame Study." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1343786258.
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Ell, Malin, Anna Hult, and Josephine Risberg. "Kartläggning av inherent flamskyddade textilier : hur påverkar dessa hälsa och miljö?" Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-26545.
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Flamskyddsmedel i textila material används för att förhindra eller fördröja brand. Lagar och standarder ställer krav på att textila varor i offentliga miljöer har ett flamskydd. Flamskyddade textilier används också av de yrkesgrupper som utsätts för brandrisk på arbetsplatsen. Användningen av flamskydd har ökat sedan 1970-talet. På 1980-talet började hälso- och miljöriskerna med användningen av dessa att uppmärksammas. Detta har lett till reglering för användning av de flamskydd som innehåller klor och brom. Utveckling av halogenfria flamskyddsmedel som hälso- och miljövänliga alternativ pågår. Även möjligheten att integrera flamskyddsmedlet i textilfibern ses som ett hälso- och miljövänligt alternativ. Integrering av ett inherent flamskydd sker antingen i form av sampolymerisation med den textila polymeren eller vid extrudering av garnet. Inherent flamskydd i textila material marknadsförs som hälso- och miljövänliga då det inte avges från det textila materialet vid tvätt och slitage. Dessa aspekter innefattar endast den del av det textila materialets livslängd som innebär användning av textilen. Information om påverkan på hälsa och miljö vid produktion och bortförskaffande av ett inherent flamskyddade textilier är bristfällig. Resultatet visar att ämnen och föreningar som ger det textila materialet ett inherent flamskydd kan vid dessa steg i materialets livscykel orsaka skada på både människa och natur. Vid framställning och hantering av dessa ämnen kan en felaktig sådan leda till utsläpp. Dessa utsläpp kan orsaka luftföroreningar och försurning i mark och vatten. Vid bortförskaffande av inherent flamskyddade textilier är deponi vanligt vilket i sin tur leder till förbränning av avfallet. Vid förbränning avges deponigaser som är toxiska för hälsa och miljö.Flame retardants in textile material is used to prevent or delay fire. Laws and standards require that textile goods used in public environments are flame protected. Flame retardant textiles are also used by the occupational groups exposed to the risk of fire in the workplace. The use of flame retardants has increased since the 1970s. In the 1980s, the health and environmental risks associated with their use began to receive attention. This had led to regulations for the use of flame retardants containing chlorine and bromine. The development of halogen-free flame retardants as health and environmentally friendly alternatives is ongoing. The possibility of integrating the flame retardant into the textile fiber is also seen as a health and environmentally friendly alternative. Integration of an inherent flame retardant can be done either during copolymerization of the textile polymer or by adding an additive by the extrusion of the yarn. Inherent flame retardants in textile materials are marketed as health and environmentally friendly as they’re not emitted from the textile material during wash and wear. These aspects include only the part of the lifespan of the textile material that involves the use of the textile. Information of the impact on health and environment during the production and disposal stage of an inherently flame-retardant textile is insufficient. The results show that substances and compounds giving the textile material an inherent flame protection can at these stages in the material life cycle cause damage to both humans and nature. An incorrect handling in the production phase of these substances can lead to emissions. These emissions can cause air pollution and acidification in soil and water. Landfill is common at disposing of inherently flame-retardant textiles which later leads to combustion of the materials. During combustion toxic landfill gases are released into the environment.
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Jurs, Joshua Lewis. "Development and testing of flame retardant additives and polymers." Thesis, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1911/18653.
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The first chapter examines the non-halogenated flame retardant additives. The synthesis and blending of these various boron compounds are discussed and the blending of these additives into commercial polymers is addressed. The burn results of these polymer and additives blends are displayed.
Chapter 2 shows the various halogenated flame retardant additives, based on the insecticide DDT and its many analogs. The synthesis and blending of these various halogenated flame retardant additives in several commercial polymers is examined. The burn results for these additives are shown and all perform as V-0 material in the UL-94 flammability test, when they are mixed with a synergist (antimony oxide) and an anti-drip additive (polytetrafluoroethylene). These compounds represent a new class of halogenated flame retardant additives, which could be used in commercial polymers.
The third chapter outlines the new approach in making flame retardant polymers out of the DDT monomer and its various analogs. The synthesis and blending of these new flame retardant polymers into commercial plastics is examined. The burn results of these new polymer blends are summarized.
Chapter 4 examines a new class of inherently flame retardant polymers, which incorporates the bisphenol C structure into these new polymers. The synthesis and blending of these novel flame retardant polymers is outlined. The burn results for these new polymers show that they all work as inherently flame retardant polymer without the need for a synergist. These polymers represent a new class of inherently flame retardant polymers.
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Chia, J. Z., and 蔡宗任. "Flame Retardant Chelated with Heavy Metals as Smoke-Suppressing and Additives for Plastics." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41624745696960781747.
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Chang, Liou Chin, and 劉進昌. "The flammability characterizations study for toxic-free polymer with flame-retardant and halogen-free additives." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/75093155623474670125.
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碩士國立中正大學
化學工程研究所
93
The main purpose of this research is to find the condition that the flammability characterization and synerqistic effects of halogen-free flame-retardant PNP additive and magnesium hydroxide in toxic-free polymer ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA).We have been studied by Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) , Smoke Density chamber test , thermo-gravimetric (TGA) and FTIR (Fourier transform infra-red) analysis. The results show that the halogen-free flame-retardant NP additive in EVA polymer have a great effect on the flammability.But the NP/Mg(OH)2/ EVA copolymer blends have a poor effect on flammability. Thermal analysis indicates the initial step in the EVA’s degradation involves the release of acetic acid. The second step involves degradation of the main chains of EVA. When the heating temperature rises to 450℃ have transethylenes generate , the evidence is in 965㎝-1 wave number has a peak in FTIR analysis. But when the heating temperature rises to 530℃ , the C=O , C-O , C-O-C bond have completed broken , we can not find the peak in FTIR spectroscopy. Anyway , we can say it that 30 weight percent flame-retardant NP additive to the toxic free polymer EVA have nice flame-retardant effect
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Yang, Meng Ping, and 楊孟萍. "Study on Preparation and Characteristics of Flame Retardant Polymer of Polypropylene with Graphene additive." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93128684975274281662.
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碩士國防大學理工學院
材料科學與工程碩士班
101
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of flame-retardant and aging properties of polypropylene with graphene additive. Firstly the granules of polypropylene were molten into colloid, then respectively mixed with 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 wt % self-made graphite oxide, self-made graphene and commercial graphene which dissolved in tetrahydrofuran. Since tetrahydrofuran was volatilized at high temperature, the flame-retardant polypropylene composites are prepared after cooling and molding. Finally the thermal properties and aging tests of composites were conducted. Structure analysis by SPM discovered commercial graphene is about 2-4 layer sheet and self-made graphene is about 3-6 layer. The results of limit oxygen index test and UL-94 vertical flame test reveals that graphite materials have good flame retardant effects. After forty-two(42) days aging test conducted, we found that polypropylene loaded with 1%wt GM has better thermal stability in these GM/PP. The activation enginery of 1%wt GM/PP composites is 346.4 kJ/mole, higher than that, 189.3 kJ/mole, of pure polypropylene, increasing 83% improvement. It demonstrates that graphene can be used as an environmental protected halogen-free flame retardant, while effectively improve the thermal stability of polypropylene.