Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flame retardant compounds

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
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Academic literature on the topic 'Flame retardant compounds'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 25 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Flame retardant compounds"

1

Howell, Bob A., and Yoseph G. Daniel. "The impact of sulfur oxidation level on flame retardancy." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 6 (2018): 518–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118806155.

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Compounds containing sulfur in various forms may be used as flame retardants or as adjuvants to promote the activity of other flame-retarding elements, most notably phosphorus. To gain a better understanding of the nature of the sulfur moiety in a flame retardant on performance, a series of phosphorus esters derived from isosorbide containing sulfur at various levels of oxygenation (sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone) have been prepared and evaluated for flame-retardant impact in diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A epoxy. In all cases, the presence of sulfur positively impacts flame retardancy. In general, the impact on flame retardancy increases as the level of oxygenation at sulfur increases (sulfone > sulfoxide > sulfide).
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Fedotov, Ilya, Andrey Sivenkov, and Yuri Naganovsky. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FLAME RETARDANT IMPREGNATING COMPOUNDS FOR WOODEN STRUCTURES." Problems of risk management in the technosphere 2023, no. 3 (2023): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.61260/1998-8990-2023-3-67-78.

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The article considers the results of evaluating the flame retardant effectiveness of various flame retardants by the method of fire exposure according to GOST 53292–2009 and by methods of thermal analysis (thermogravimetry, differential thermogravimetry, derivative thermal analysis). According to the results of fire of surface application of flame retardants from 350 to 550 kg/m2, group I or II of flame retardant
 efficiency is provided (mass loss from 8,67 to 25 %). It is shown that the group of flame-retardant effectiveness does not actually reflect the nature and degree of realization of the mechanism of flame retardant action of flame retardants, their ability to influence the features of thermal transformations of wood. It has been established that the type of flame retardant, its chemical component composition and the mechanism of flame retardant action to varying degrees affect the main stages of thermal oxidative decomposition of wood. The results obtained can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of fire protection in reducing the intensity of the charring process and predicting the intensity of smoldering (flameless) combustion of wood. tests, it was found that with the consumption
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Chen, Min, Qinhe Guo, Yao Yuan, et al. "Recent Advancements of Bio-Derived Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials." Polymers 17, no. 2 (2025): 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17020249.

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The sustainable flame retardancy of polymeric materials is a key focus for the direction of the next generation in the field of fire safety. Bio-derived flame retardants are gaining attention as environmentally friendly additives due to their low ecological impact and decreasing costs. These compounds can enhance char formation in polymeric materials by swelling upon heating, attributed to their functional groups. This review explores various biomolecules used as flame retardants, including phytic acid, chitosan, lignin, tannic acid, and bio-derived phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, emphasizing their flame-retardant properties and compatibility with different polymer matrices. The primary focus is on the structural characteristics, modifications, and flame-retardant behaviors of these bio-derived additives, particularly regarding their mechanisms of action within polymeric materials. Finally, the review explores the opportunities, current challenges, and future directions for the practical application of bio-derived flame retardants in polymer materials.
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Song, Ming Lin, Ya Wen Huang, Ke Cao, and Jun Xiao Yang. "Synthesis of a New Silicon-Phosphorus Hybrid Flame Retardant from Waste Silicon Oil and its Application in Polypropylene System." Advanced Materials Research 534 (June 2012): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.534.304.

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A new silicon-phosphorus hybrid (SPH) flame retardant was synthesized by condensation reaction of 1-oxo-4-hydroxymenthyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicy[2,2,2] octane (PEPA) with waste silicon oil which is mainly consisted of the compounds of CxHySizCln. The effect of Si/P hybrid on the flame retardancy of polypropylene composites (PP/Si-P) was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retarding performance of PP/SPH/MP/PER at the same loading amount is slightly higher relative to MP/PER. This, in plus to the low cost and the value in environmental protecting, makes SPH possess the application potential in flame retardants.
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Shin, Young Jae, Min Jae Shin, and Jae Sup Shin. "Flame Retardant Properties of Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives for ABS." Polymers and Polymer Composites 26, no. 4 (2018): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111802600405.

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Three cyclotriphosphazene derivatives were used as flame retardants for ABS resin in this study. These compounds were synthesized by the reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with 2,2'-dihydroxybiphenyl, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene and 9,10-dihydroxyphenanthrene respectively. The activities of these compounds as flame retardants for ABS were characterized by UL94 and LOI tests. The 9,10-dihydroxyphenanthrene derivatives showed the best flame-retardant activity. The effects of these compounds to the physical properties of ABS were also measured. The synergistic effect of antimony (V) oxide or novolac to these flame retardant compounds were discussed.
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Sag, Jacob, Philipp Kukla, Daniela Goedderz, et al. "Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)." Polymers 12, no. 4 (2020): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040778.

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Novel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Polylactic acid (PLA) formulations with the synthesized compounds were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of these flame retardants and their mode of action by using TGA, UL94, and cone calorimetry. In order to compare the results a flame retardant polyester containing only one phosphorus group (ItaP) was also investigated in PLA regarding its flame inhibiting effect. Since the fire behavior depends not only on the mode of action of the flame retardants but also strongly on physical phenomena like melt dripping, the flame retardants were also incorporated into PLA with higher viscosity. In the UL94 vertical burning test setup, 10% of the novel flame retardants (FR 1–4) is sufficient to reach a V-0 rating in both PLA types, while a loading of 15% of ItaP is not enough to reach the same classification. Despite their different structure, TGA and cone calorimetry results confirmed a gas phase mechanism mainly responsible for the highly efficient flame retardancy for all compounds. Finally, cone calorimetry tests of the flame retardant PLA with two heat fluxes showed different flame inhibiting efficiencies for different fire scenarios.
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Tan, Yi Lun, Liu Sun, Si Chun Shao, Jin Peng Fu, and Zhi Han Peng. "Synthesis and Characterization of Melamine Halogen Acid Salts and its Application as Flame Retardant." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1087.

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In this paper, a series of novel halogen compounds, melamine halogen acid salts were directly synthesized by melamine and halogen acid in water phase. The chemical structures of melamine halogen acid salts were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis and1H-NMR. Meanwhile, the thermal properties of compounds were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA results showed that melamine halogen acid salts had good thermostability during polymer processing. Futhermore, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test were used to study the flame retardant properties of composites blended by melamine halogen acid salts and polymer. The results revealed good flame retardancy that flame retardant polyethylene with 2 wt% melamine hydrobromide in total 8 wt% flame retardants got LOI value of 29.7% and reached UL 94 V-0 rating.
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Nguyen, Tuan Anh, Xuan Huy Nguyen, and Thuy Van Ngo. "Research on mechanical properties and fire retardancy of epoxy composites reinforced by fly ash of thermal power plant." Vietnam Journal of Chemistry 61, S3 (2023): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vjch.202300048.

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AbstractFlame retardants (FRs) play an important role as additives which is applied in a wide range of products because they can inhibit ignition to delay the spread of fire. By adding fly ash (a waste of thermal power plants), we have developed an epoxy resin material with good flame retardant properties. Besides, using the fly ash can reduce the consumption of current flame retardants (organic halogen compounds) and thus meet the environmental safety of flame retardant epoxy resin. For this reason, studies on enhancing the flame retardancy of epoxy resin using fly ash as an eco‐friendly additive have paid more attention. Adding fly ash flame retardant additives to epoxy resin can improve the oxidation resistance of target materials. In this study, fly ash was modified with Ca(OH)2 to improve its flame retardant ability and compatibility with epoxy resin. The results show that the samples get higher flame retardant when using 30 wt.%, 40 wt.% and 50 wt.% fly ash. Flame retardant is assessed by the determination of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the burning rate test according to the UL94 method. The results show that at the mixing ratio of 40% fly ash, the LOI index is 24.4% and the burning rate according to the UL 94HB method is 19.56 mm/min. When increasing the fly ash content from 30 to 50 wt%, the flame retardant ability increases while the tensile strength, flexural strength and Izod impact strength decrease. For the compressive strength, it increases and maintains at a specified level. The results of this study suggest that fly ash would be a capable candidate for petroleum‐based flame retardant additives.
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Sag, Jacob, Daniela Goedderz, Philipp Kukla, Lara Greiner, Frank Schönberger, and Manfred Döring. "Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins." Molecules 24, no. 20 (2019): 3746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203746.

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Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.
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Dowbysz, Adriana, Mariola Samsonowicz, and Bożena Kukfisz. "Modification of Glass/Polyester Laminates with Flame Retardants." Materials 14, no. 24 (2021): 7901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247901.

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This paper presents a review of flame retardants used for glass/polyester laminates. It concerns flame retardants withdrawn from use such as compounds containing halogen atoms and flame retardants currently used in the industry, such as inorganic hydroxides, phosphorus and nitrogen-containing compounds, antimony, and boron compounds, as well as tin–zinc compounds. Attention is also drawn to the use of nanoclays and the production of nanocomposites, intumescent flame retardant systems, and mats, as well as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. The paper discusses the action mechanism of particular flame retardants and presents their advantages and disadvantages.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flame retardant compounds"

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Owen, Steven Robert. "Antimony oxide compounds for flame retardant ABS polymer." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1998. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27210.

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Antimony trioxide (Sb2O3) is a common additive in flame retardant formulations and a study has been made to determine the effects of adding it alone, or with four commercial brominated materials (OBDPO, BTBPE, TBBA and PDBS80) to ABS polymer. The results focus upon mechanical, rheological, microscopical and flame retardant properties, and the effects of different Sb2O3 grades with average particle sizes ranging from 0.1 to 11.8 μm. The Sb2O3 was mainly studied up to 12 wt% loading in ABS, since this is considered to be the maximum level used in commercial flame retardant formulations.
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Miller, Angela. "Organo-iron compounds : coordination chemistry and flame retardant properties." Thesis, Open University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.236301.

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Ricklund, Niklas. "Environmental occurrence and behaviour of the flame retardant decabromodiphenyl ethane." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad miljövetenskap (ITM), 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-34060.

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The environmental occurrence and behaviour of the brominated flame retardant (BFR) decabromodiphenyl ethane (dbdpe) has only been studied to a limited extent. It is structurally similar to decabromodiphenyl ether (decaBDE), which makes it conceivable that dbdpe may also become an environmental contaminant of concern. A method for environmental analysis and comparative assessments of dbdpe and decaBDE was developed. Both BFRs were studied in: a mass balance of the Henriksdal WWTP in Stockholm (Paper I); an international survey of sewage sludge (Paper II); sediment along a transect from Henriksdal WWTP to the outer archipelago of Stockholm and from isolated Swedish lakes (Paper III); and a benthic food web from the Scheldt estuary (Paper IV). Dbdpe was found in sludge from every country surveyed, indicating that it may be a worldwide concern. The WWTP mass balance showed that virtually all of the BFRs were transferred from wastewater to sludge. A small fraction was emitted via the effluent, confirming emissions to the aquatic environment. In the marine sediment, the BFR levels close to the WWTP outfall were high. They decreased along the transect to low levels in the outer archipelago. The study of lake sediment showed a widespread presence of dbdpe in the Swedish environment and provided evidence that it originates from long range atmospheric transport. In the food web, dbdpe did bioaccumulate to a small extent which was similar to decaBDE. The transfer of the BFRs from sediment to benthic invertebrates was low, while transfer from prey to predator was higher. Biodilution was observed rather than biomagnification. This work suggests that the persistence, the susceptibility to long range atmospheric transport, and the potential for bioaccumulation are similar for dbdpe and the regulated decaBDE that it is replacing. Thus, there is a risk that a problematic environmental pollutant is being replaced with a chemical that is equally problematic.<br>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Manuscript.
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Dogan, Mehmet. "Production And Characterization Of Boron Containing Flame Retardant Polyamide-6 And Polypropylene Composites And Fibers." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613266/index.pdf.

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The main objective of this study was to produce flame retardant polyamide-6 (PA-6) and polypropylene (PP) composites and fibers containing boron compounds. The synergistic effect on flame retardancy of boron compounds (boron silicon containing oligomer (BSi), zinc borate (ZnB), boron phosphate (BPO4), metal oxide doped BPO4 and lanthanum borate (LaB)) with conventional flame retardants were investigated. The synergistic effect of nano-clay with commercial flame retardants was also investigated in order to reduce the total amount of flame retardant that is essential for fiber applications. The UL-94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), fourrier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and cone calorimeter tests were conducted on composite materials in order to investigate the effect of synergy agents on the flame retardant and thermal properties of conventional flame retardant containing PA-6 and PP composites. According to the results from composite materials, boron compounds and clay showed synergistic effect with phosphorus based commercial flame retardants by acting generally with a condensed phase mechanism by increasing the char formation and/or by increasing the barrier effect of the final char residue. Inspired from the previous studies, firstly, only nano-sized BPO4 containing flame retardant fibers were produced and characterized. In the view of the results obtained from the composite trials, the boron compounds and organo clay were used with phosphorus based flame retardants to produce flame retardant fibers. The characterization of fiber samples were made with mechanical testing, melt flow index measurements (MFI), TGA, DSC, SEM and Micro Combustion Calorimeter (MCC) tests. According to the results from fiber samples, the inclusion of BPO4 reduced the peak heat release rate of the pure PA-6 and PP fiber. The reduction for PA-6 is higher than the PP fiber due to char forming character of PA-6. The usage of boron compounds and clay with phosphorus based flame retardants caused further reduction of peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release values and increased the char formation. The amount of reduction of PHRR and total heat release (THR) is not so much due to the thermally thin character of fiber samples of nearly 40 microns. It is evident that a fabric made with these fibers will show better flame retardant behavior than single fiber tests due to its thick character with respect to the fiber samples.
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Kruger, Hermanus Joachim. "Characterisation of expandable graphite and its flame retardant abilities in flame retardant systems for polyethylene." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61304.

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In the pursuit of lower cost intumescent flame retardant (IFR) systems, the compound expandable graphite (EG) was identified. This compound delivers high flame retardant performance but provides non-uniform thermal shielding when exposed to open flame from below due to negative gravitational effects. It was theorised that this may be remedied either through ion exchange of the interstratified ions with low glass transition ions or through use in binary systems with other compounds. Two classes of commercial EG were identified, namely a low and a high expansion onset temperature EG compound. Extensive characterisation of each EG compound was undertaken to assess its composition, expansion mechanisms and onset temperatures in order to identify compatible compounds for binary use. The susceptibility of each compound to ion exchange was also assessed. An industrial IFR ethylenediamine phosphate (EDAP) and a novel flame retardant were synthesised for assessment in binary use with EG. Coupled with the above study, this project developed two novel fire testing techniques as low cost alternatives to well-established fire testing methods such as cone calorimetry. The first technique involved an open flame fire testing method which allowed vertical or horizontal testing. Digital and infrared (IR) video recording during operation facilitated comparison of multiple performance indicators further strengthening this method. The second technique allowed assessment of the mass loss resistance of each compound during laser pyrolysis. Characterisation of the EG compounds allowed development of structural models to describe each compound and explain the mechanisms of their expansion and gaseous release. Exhaustive ion exchange testing did not deliver favourable results, necessitating the pursuit of compounds for binary use with EG. A novel IFR was synthesised by neutralising 3,5-diaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride salt with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. This compound, which melts at 257 °C, decomposes concurrently to release carbon dioxide gas which promotes intumescent charring. The flame retardant performance of this compound and EDAP as primary flame retardants and in combination with expandable graphite was evaluated. As a proof of concept, the novel compound was tested as a primary flame retardant using cone calorimetry after which its utility in binary systems with low temperature expandable graphite was tested. Substantial decreases in peak heat release rate (pHRR) and flame out time were achieved for all binary systems. This success led to testing of a number of combinations of low and high expansion onset EG and the other IFRs to identify the highest performing combination, which proved to be the 10-10 EDAP-EG system. Combinations of EG and the novel compound also showed excellent results. The novel fire testing techniques proved effective in identifying high performance combinations and showed comparable trends to those measured in cone calorimetry, at a greatly reduced cost and material requirement. IR analysis of open flame fire testing indicated increases in the temperatures required for ignition and burn through of the substrate. Observations, corroborated by optical video, showed that cohesive and uniform thermal shielding was achieved in all binary systems tested. This study illustrates that systems of 10% EG combined with either 10% DABAP or 10% EDAP are both the most economical binary systems tested but are extremely high performance systems as well. Both of these systems delivered excellent results while being more economic than the widely used industrial system with a 25-30% EDAP loading. It is recommended that these compounds be considered for industrial use. Furthermore, the effective fire testing techniques developed in this study may be utilised in future fire testing to identify high performance compounds at a lower cost prior to further assessment through methods such as cone calorimetry.<br>Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2017.<br>Chemical Engineering<br>PhD<br>Unrestricted
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Gunduz, Huseyin Ozgur. "Flame Retardancy Of Polyamide Compounds And Micro/nano Composites." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610668/index.pdf.

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In the first part of this dissertation, glass fiber reinforced/unreinforced polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyamide 66 (PA66) were compounded with three different flame retardants, which were melamine cyanurate, red phosphorus and brominated epoxy with antimony trioxide, by using an industrial scale twin screw extruder. Then, to investigate flame retardancy of these specimens, UL-94, Limiting Oxygen Index (LOI) and Mass Loss Cone Calorimeter (MLC) tests were carried out. In addition to flammability tests, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and tensile testing were performed. Results of the tensile tests were evaluated by relating them with fiber length distributions and fracture surface morphologies under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Incorporation of melamine cyanurate (MCA) to PA6 led to some increase in LOI value and minor reductions in Peak Heat Release Rate (PHRR) value. However, it failed to improve UL-94 rating. Moreover, poor compatibility of MCA with PA6 matrix caused significant reductions in tensile strength. Brominated epoxy in combination with antimony trioxide (Br/Sb) was compounded with both glass fiber reinforced PA6 and PA66. Br/Sb synergism was found to impart excellent flammability reductions in LOI value and UL-94 as V-0 rating. Effectiveness of Br/Sb flame retardant was also proven by the MLC measurements, which showed excessive reductions in PHRR and Total Heat Evolved (THE) values. On the other hand, Br/Sb shifted the degradation temperature 100&deg<br>C lower and decreased the tensile strength value, due to poor fiber-matrix adhesion and decreased fiber lengths. Red phosphorus (RP), when introduced to glass fiber reinforced PA66 induced V-0 rating in UL-94 together with significant increase in LOI value, and major decrease in PHRR. Degradation temperature was 20&deg<br>C lower while mechanical properties were kept at acceptable values compared to neat glass fiber reinforced PA66. In the second part of this dissertation, to investigate synergistic flame retardancy of nanoclays<br>glass fiber reinforced PA6 was compounded by certain nanoclay and an organo-phosphorus flame retardant (OP), which contains aluminum phosphinate, melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate, in a laboratory scale twin screw extruder. Exfoliated clay structure of the nanocomposites was assessed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), while thermal stability and combustion behaviors were evaluated by TGA, LOI, UL-94 and MLC. Replacement of a certain fraction of the flame retardant with nanoclay was found to significantly reduce PHRR and THE values, and delay the ignition. Moreover, remarkable improvements were obtained in LOI values along with maintained UL-94 ratings. Residue characterization by ATR-FTIR and SEM ascribed the enhanced flame retardancy of nanocomposite specimens to the formation of a glassy boron-aluminum phosphate barrier reinforced by clay layers at the nanoscale.
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Mailhos-Lefievre, Valèrie. "Etude de la pyrolyse des polyamides 11 et 12, purs et ignifugés par le système (decabromodiphenyle-trioxide d'antimoine) : mise en évidence d'une triple synergie brome-antimoine-azote." Paris 13, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA132003.

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Bullett, Kelly Jane. "Flame retarding acrylic and styrenic polymers by modification with phosphorus-containing compounds." Thesis, University of Salford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395658.

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Duberg, Daniel. "Identification of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFR) in building materials." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-64604.

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Humans today spend most of their time in various indoor settings such as housing, schools and workplaces. The quality of the indoor environment is therefore of great significance for our wellbeing. However, it has been suggested that the indoor environment contains over 6000 organic compounds, such as various volatile organic compounds (VOC). Around 500 of these compounds is believed to be due to emissions from different surrounding building materials such as insulation, plastic film, sealants and flooring. This study targeted building materials from three low energy preschools that were sampled and analyzed for emissions of VOCs and nine different organophosphate flame retardant compounds (OPFR) using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC/MS). Low energy buildings are buildings that is particularly air tight to be so energy efficient as possible. The study uses a qualitative approach and therefore mainly identifies possible contribution from building materials to indoor environment. More than 100 different VOCs was identified and the most noticeable were meta-, ortho- and para-xylene, toluene, n-hexane and propylene glycol, all but the last compound is associated with hazardous health effects. The building materials that emitted the largest amounts of VOCs was sealants and adhesives. Linoleum flooring and acrylic was also large emitters. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were identified in all samples and all nine targeted OPFR compounds were identified in the various material samples and dust samples. T-Flex tape and plastic film was the sample materials that emitted most OPFR compounds.
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Ghincolov, Stefan <1992&gt. "[P=O]-containing compounds for applications in polymeric materials as flame retardants and markers." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/18141.

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[P=O]-containing compounds and luminescent Ln(III) and Mn(II) complexes were prepared for applications in polymeric materials as flame retardants and markers. The experimental work first concerned the investigation of a new synthetic route to functionalize DOPO (6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) by formally replacing the P-bonded hydrogen atom with N- and O-containing fragments. The second part concerned the synthesis of new luminescent Ln(III) and Mn(II) complexes and the investigation of their optical properties. The [P=O]-containing compounds and the complexes were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, IR, NMR and magnetism measurements, while the optical properties were investigated by PL and PLE spectroscopy.
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Books on the topic "Flame retardant compounds"

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Abdo, K. NTP technical report on the toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (CAS no. 115-96-8) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (gavage studies). U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Toxicology Program, 1991.

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Esch, G. J. van. Flame retardants: Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts. World Health Organization, 2000.

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van, Esch G. J., WHO Task Group on Environmental Health Criteria for Flame retardants: tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salt., United Nations Environment Programme, et al., eds. Flame retardants: Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium salts. World Health Organization, 2000.

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Commission of the European Communities., ed. Techno-economic study on the reduction of industrial emissions to air, discharges to water and the generation of wastes from the production, processing and destruction (by incineration) of brominated flame retardants: Final report. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1995.

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WHO Task Group Meeting on Principles and Methods for Assessing Allergic Hypersensitization Associated with Exposure to Chemicals., United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, World Health Organization, Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals., and International Program on Chemical Safety., eds. Principles and methods for assessing allergic hypersensitization associated with exposure to chemicals. World Health Organization, 1999.

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Owen, Steven Robert. Antimony oxide compounds for flame retardant ABS polymer. 1998.

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Miller, Angela. Organo-iron compounds: Coordination chemistry and flame retardant properties. 1990.

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Barceló, Damià, and Ethel Eljarrat. Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer, 2011.

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Barceló, Damià, and Ethel Eljarrat. Brominated Flame Retardants. Springer Berlin / Heidelberg, 2013.

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Rigolo, Mark *. Magnesium compounds as flame retardants in polypropylene. 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flame retardant compounds"

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Neuenhaus, Mario, and Andreas Niklaus. "Reactive Compounding of Highly Filled Flame Retardant Wire and Cable Compounds." In Reactive Extrusion. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527801541.ch11.

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Lambropoulou, D., E. Evgenidou, Ch Christophoridis, E. Bizani, and K. Fytianos. "Flame Retardants." In Analysis of Endocrine Disrupting Compounds in Food. Wiley-Blackwell, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118346747.ch17.

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Cusack, P. A. "Flame retardants: tin compounds." In Plastics Additives. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_37.

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Zaikov, Guennadi E., and Sergei M. Lomakin. "Flame retardants: poly(vinyl alcohol) and silicon compounds." In Plastics Additives. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_35.

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Bisschoff, Kobie, and W. W. Focke. "Oxygenated Hydrocarbon Compounds as Flame Retardants for Polyester Fabric." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2001-0797.ch019.

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Carty, Peter. "Flame retardants: iron compounds, their effect on fire and smoke in halogenated polymers." In Plastics Additives. Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5862-6_34.

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Quagliano, Javier C., Victor M. Wittemberg, and Irma C. Gavilán García. "Recent Advances on the Utilization of Nanoclays and Organophosphorus Compounds in Polyurethane Foams for Increasing Flame Retardancy." In Structural Nanocomposites. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40322-4_11.

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Kandola, Baljinder K., A. Yenilmez, Richard A. Horrocks, G. Smart, W. Kun, and Yuan Hu. "Effect of Flame Retardants on the Thermal, Burning, and Char Formation Behaviour of Polypropylene-Nanoclay Compounded Polymers." In ACS Symposium Series. American Chemical Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2009-1013.ch005.

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Kumar Kundu, Chanchal, Zhiwei Li, Lei Song, and Yuan Hu. "Flame Retardant Treatments of Nylon Textiles: A Shift towards Eco-Friendly Approaches." In The Success Story of Nylon - An Effective Chemistry Behind 85 Years of Achievements [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.94880.

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Among the synthetic polymeric textiles, Nylon (Polyamide) textiles (Nylon66/Nylon 6) are one of the most widely used materials, especially as apparel and industrial uses for their excellent properties, namely higher strength and good wear resistance. Unfortunately, due to their organic structures, they show the relative ease of burning, which poses a great risk to fire. For the flame retardant (FR) treatment of nylon textiles, several strategies have been developed throughout the years and the earlier studies show the enormous uses of petroleum-based flame retardant compounds via energy intensive application methods. However, the rapid improvement in living standards as well as the recent call for a reduction of environmental impacts during manufacturing and use have been pushed researchers to come up with environmentally benign chemistries and processes. Therefore, the challenges in search of the most sustainable, efficient and durable flame retardant treatments for nylon textiles still remain as a hot topic to be addressed. This chapter discusses the eco-friendly approaches that have been taken in escalating the fire performance of these novel nylon textiles, especially focusing on the applied compounds and the application techniques along with the durability issues of such applications.
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Ghiraldelli Miranda, Raul, Carolina Ferreira Sampaio, Fernanda Gomes Leite, Flavia Duarte Maia, and Daniel Junqueira Dorta. "Flame Retardants: New And Old Environmental Contaminants." In The Toxicity of Environmental Pollutants [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104886.

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Flame retardants are a group of compounds used in a variety of consumer goods to inhibit or retard the spread of flames. Several classes of chemical compounds have such capabilities, however, the persistence of these compounds in the environment and their toxicity are crucial points for a risk assessment. Classes such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have already been banned in some parts of the world while they are still permitted and extensively used in other parts of the globe. In the need for substitutes for the toxic compounds used, new structures have been synthesized and suggested by the industry as an alternative and substitutives flame retardants. The objective of this review is to address the classes of compounds used as flame retardants in terms of their toxicity to human or non-human organisms and their persistence in the environment.
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Conference papers on the topic "Flame retardant compounds"

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Akyıldız, Tuğba, Ömer Özdemir, and Hümeyra Bozkurt. "Development of Flame Retardant EPDM based Rubber Compounds." In 7th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/iccpe21.114.

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Mao, Juhua, and Dayong Gui. "Study on Epoxy Molding Compounds Modified by Novel Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant and OMMT." In 2006 7th International Conference on Electronic Packaging Technology. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icept.2006.359797.

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Sazonova, S., Viktor Asminin, and Elena Druzhinina. "THE USE OF IMPREGNATING COMPOUNDS TO ENHANCE THE FLAME-RETARDANT PROPERTIES OF WOODEN STRUCTURES." In ENERGY-SAVING AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE TECHNOLOGIES OF THE TIMBER INDUSTRY – 2025. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2025. https://doi.org/10.58168/e-sestti2025_296-300.

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It is shown that ensuring fire safety of buildings with wooden structures is very important, and choosing the most effective, modern and technologically advanced fire protection methods will easily solve the problem. The mechanism of wood gorenje gorenje; the influence of humidity on wood burning; principles of fire protection of wood are considered. A scheme of ways to reduce the flammability of wood is given, the classification of flame retardants and types of impregnating compounds for wood are considered.
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Hylton, Ronald R. "Techniques for Identification of Silver Migration in Plastic Encapsulated Devices Assembled with Molding Compound Containing Red Phosphorus Flame Retardant Material." In ISTFA 2008. ASM International, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2008p0112.

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Abstract This paper describes the electrical signatures and failure analysis techniques used to identify plastic encapsulated devices that have failed due to silver migration. This migration, which produces resistive leakages between adjacent pins, has been associated with molding compounds that utilize red phosphorous as a flame retardant material. A description of the failure mechanism is also presented.
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Yang, Shoulu, Chunhua Yao, Xinli Zhang, et al. "Flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of two silicon compounds and their synergistic effect with Tin." In 2012 International Conference on Biobase Material Science and Engineering (BMSE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/bmse.2012.6466217.

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Huerta, Rafael, and Nevil Wu. "Red Phosphorous Induced Shorts in Plastic Packages." In ISTFA 2004. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2004p0644.

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Abstract Red phosphorous is one of the inorganic phosphorous compounds used as a flame retardant in microelectronic applications. One of the concerns is a red phosphorus induced pin-to-pin short in the molding compound. This paper discusses the red phosphorous-induced shorts in a 100 Lead TQFP (14x20x1.4mm) plastic package. The devices first failed on boards in the field. After de-soldering them from the boards, the devices were tested and found to have resistive pin-to-pin shorts. Common failure analysis techniques, including parallel lapping, cross sectioning, and X-ray, failed to reveal the resistive shorts and the shorting mechanism. Removing the molding compound by means of a wet chemical etching method using sulfuric acid on a hot plate worked very well and enabled to expose particles in three dimensions. It was concluded that the resistive shorts were not necessarily due to a single large phosphorous particle, but due to small and fragmented pieces of phosphorous.
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Mattausch, Hannelore, Stephan Laske, Dieter Hohenwarter, and Clemens Holzer. "The effect of mineral fillers on the rheological, mechanical and thermal properties of halogen-free flame-retardant polypropylene/expandable graphite compounds." In PROCEEDINGS OF PPS-30: The 30th International Conference of the Polymer Processing Society – Conference Papers. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4918526.

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Han, Suh Joon. "Flame Retardant Behavior of Cable Compound with Graphene." In 2018 IEEE Electrical Insulation Conference (EIC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eic.2018.8481096.

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Soun Jung, Jin, and Eun Joo Shin. "FLAME-RETARDANT TREATMENT EFFEECT OF WOVEN FABRIC USING HANJI YARN FOR CAR SEATS." In 23rd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2023. STEF92 Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2023v/6.2/s26.66.

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This research aims to contribute to the development of eco-friendly car seats using hanji yarn by examining the flame-retardant treatment effect of two types of hanji yarn fabrics woven with polyester warp yarn and two different types of weft yarn: hanji- polyester blended yarn (76:24) and 100-percent hanji yarn, respectively. In terms of the flame-retardant treatment, NICCA FI-NONE PD-38 was used as the flame retardant with the concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 percent, and a flame resistance test was conducted in accordance with MS 300-08, the flame resistance standard for car interior materials. The test results show that the fabric untreated with flame-retardant chemicals completely combusted while the fabric treated with a flame retardant exhibited self- extinguishing properties, regardless of the concentration of flame-retardant chemicals. In an analysis of the thermal stability of the two different types of hanji yarn fabrics, the fabric treated with flame-retardant chemicals exhibited thermal stability by forming a carbonaceous layer faster than the untreated fabric. In an analysis of the changes of functional groups, conducted by infrared spectroscopy to examine the chemical structures of the flame retardant used in the research, the P-OR ester peak and the P-O peak were observed in the spectral range from 900 to 1,000 cm-1 and from 725 to 845 cm-1, respectively. This suggests that the flame retardant used in the research is a phosphorus compound.
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McRae, Jametta, Ajit Kelkar, Christopher Grace, William Craft, and Tony Giamei. "Impact Damage Resistance of Aluminum Alloy Foams." In ASME 1998 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece1998-0888.

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Abstract While some polymers are engineered to improve strength and endurance under elevated temperatures, these same materials are costly both economically and environmentally with the latter of the two stimulating the interest for this study. Polymers, more specifically foam cells are generally flame retardant. When ignited, toxins such as fluorine, bromine and other metallic salts are given off in the air. This poses potential environmental hazards. However, metallic materials (Aluminum) with their high strength, stiffness and ductility are much more environmentally friendly. Even if alloyed with appropriate compounds, the resulting core material could be melted down, separated then cast into new stock. Moreover, the use of an alloyed material can generally enhance the strength and stiffness of sandwich composite structures so essential in aerospace applications. United Technologies Research Center provided a plate of Aluminum alloy foam for impact testing by North Carolina A&amp;T Researchers and graduate students. The material was provided by Austrian Metals Co. (AMAG) to UTRC under ONR Contract # N00014-95-C-0231, Thompson &amp; Renauld (1997). All specimens were cut from one sample of nominal dimensions of 20 inches by 20 inches by 0.65 inches in thickness. The sample mass was 3142 grams and the apparent density was 0.737 g/cc. The chemical composition is close to that of 6061. The sheet sample was formed by AMAG and heat treated to T5 specifications consisting of 14 hours in a furnace at 160 °C. Generally the bending stiffness and failure mechanisms were substantially different from those of polymeric foam sandwich cores made of Rohacell, a polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam in a prior study, Craft et al (1997). Rohacell is an easily machined, but a hygroscopic form with low shear strength and stiffness, but it and many other organic foams have a relatively uniform cellular construction in a wide variety of densities.
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Reports on the topic "Flame retardant compounds"

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Rimdusit, Sarawut, Nitinat Suppakarn, and Chanchira Jubsilp. Effect of triphenylphosphate flame retardant on properties of polybenzoxazines : Research Report. Chulalongkorn University, 2011. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2011.97.

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To enhance flame retardancy of polybenzoxazines, non-halogenated phosphorus compound has been evaluated for its potential flame retardant. In this research, the resulting flame retardanted polybenzoxazines were prepared by mixing phosphorus flame retardant with three types of arylamine-based benzoxazine resins. Their fire resistance, thermal, and mechanical properties were investigated. The weight ratios of benzoxazine resins/TPP were varied to different phosphorus content. DSC results indicated that, in the presence of TPP, the onset and maximum temperature of the exothermic peak due to the ring opening polymerization of benzoxazine resins shifted to lower temperature. From TGA results. The degradation temperatures at 5% weight loss of polybenzoxazines were reduced. All polybenzoxazines possessed relatively high char yield, which increased as the TPP content increased. This implied that their flame retardancy could be enhanced. The flame-retardancy of these thermosets was evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and and UL-94 vertical tests. Upon adding 10 wt% of TPP, LOI increased from 23.5, 23, 22 to 26, 25, 24. For BA-a, BA-mt, and BA35x, respectively. Furthermore, the flammability was found to be in an order of BA-a&lt;BA-mt&lt;BA-35x. The maximum flame retardancy of V-0 class specimens were obtained when adding TPP at 2 wt% for BA-mt and 5 wt% for BA-a and BA-35x. That is TPP contributes to the enhancement of flame retardancy of polybenzoxazines even at a relatively low amount of the TPP. Additionally, it was found that flexural strength and flexural modulus of those polybenzoxazines decreased with an addition of TPP. Finally, the reduction of Tg of BA-a, Ba-mt, and BA-35x with increasing of TPP were also observed possibly from the plasticizing effect of the TPP additive.
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