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1

Howell, Bob A., and Yoseph G. Daniel. "The impact of sulfur oxidation level on flame retardancy." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 6 (2018): 518–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118806155.

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Compounds containing sulfur in various forms may be used as flame retardants or as adjuvants to promote the activity of other flame-retarding elements, most notably phosphorus. To gain a better understanding of the nature of the sulfur moiety in a flame retardant on performance, a series of phosphorus esters derived from isosorbide containing sulfur at various levels of oxygenation (sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone) have been prepared and evaluated for flame-retardant impact in diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A epoxy. In all cases, the presence of sulfur positively impacts flame retardancy. In general, the impact on flame retardancy increases as the level of oxygenation at sulfur increases (sulfone > sulfoxide > sulfide).
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2

Fedotov, Ilya, Andrey Sivenkov, and Yuri Naganovsky. "THE EFFECTIVENESS OF FLAME RETARDANT IMPREGNATING COMPOUNDS FOR WOODEN STRUCTURES." Problems of risk management in the technosphere 2023, no. 3 (2023): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.61260/1998-8990-2023-3-67-78.

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The article considers the results of evaluating the flame retardant effectiveness of various flame retardants by the method of fire exposure according to GOST 53292–2009 and by methods of thermal analysis (thermogravimetry, differential thermogravimetry, derivative thermal analysis). According to the results of fire of surface application of flame retardants from 350 to 550 kg/m2, group I or II of flame retardant
 efficiency is provided (mass loss from 8,67 to 25 %). It is shown that the group of flame-retardant effectiveness does not actually reflect the nature and degree of realization of the mechanism of flame retardant action of flame retardants, their ability to influence the features of thermal transformations of wood. It has been established that the type of flame retardant, its chemical component composition and the mechanism of flame retardant action to varying degrees affect the main stages of thermal oxidative decomposition of wood. The results obtained can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of fire protection in reducing the intensity of the charring process and predicting the intensity of smoldering (flameless) combustion of wood. tests, it was found that with the consumption
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3

Chen, Min, Qinhe Guo, Yao Yuan, et al. "Recent Advancements of Bio-Derived Flame Retardants for Polymeric Materials." Polymers 17, no. 2 (2025): 249. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17020249.

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The sustainable flame retardancy of polymeric materials is a key focus for the direction of the next generation in the field of fire safety. Bio-derived flame retardants are gaining attention as environmentally friendly additives due to their low ecological impact and decreasing costs. These compounds can enhance char formation in polymeric materials by swelling upon heating, attributed to their functional groups. This review explores various biomolecules used as flame retardants, including phytic acid, chitosan, lignin, tannic acid, and bio-derived phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, emphasizing their flame-retardant properties and compatibility with different polymer matrices. The primary focus is on the structural characteristics, modifications, and flame-retardant behaviors of these bio-derived additives, particularly regarding their mechanisms of action within polymeric materials. Finally, the review explores the opportunities, current challenges, and future directions for the practical application of bio-derived flame retardants in polymer materials.
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4

Song, Ming Lin, Ya Wen Huang, Ke Cao, and Jun Xiao Yang. "Synthesis of a New Silicon-Phosphorus Hybrid Flame Retardant from Waste Silicon Oil and its Application in Polypropylene System." Advanced Materials Research 534 (June 2012): 304–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.534.304.

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A new silicon-phosphorus hybrid (SPH) flame retardant was synthesized by condensation reaction of 1-oxo-4-hydroxymenthyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicy[2,2,2] octane (PEPA) with waste silicon oil which is mainly consisted of the compounds of CxHySizCln. The effect of Si/P hybrid on the flame retardancy of polypropylene composites (PP/Si-P) was studied by limiting oxygen index (LOI) test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retarding performance of PP/SPH/MP/PER at the same loading amount is slightly higher relative to MP/PER. This, in plus to the low cost and the value in environmental protecting, makes SPH possess the application potential in flame retardants.
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5

Shin, Young Jae, Min Jae Shin, and Jae Sup Shin. "Flame Retardant Properties of Cyclotriphosphazene Derivatives for ABS." Polymers and Polymer Composites 26, no. 4 (2018): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111802600405.

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Three cyclotriphosphazene derivatives were used as flame retardants for ABS resin in this study. These compounds were synthesized by the reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with 2,2'-dihydroxybiphenyl, 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene and 9,10-dihydroxyphenanthrene respectively. The activities of these compounds as flame retardants for ABS were characterized by UL94 and LOI tests. The 9,10-dihydroxyphenanthrene derivatives showed the best flame-retardant activity. The effects of these compounds to the physical properties of ABS were also measured. The synergistic effect of antimony (V) oxide or novolac to these flame retardant compounds were discussed.
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6

Sag, Jacob, Philipp Kukla, Daniela Goedderz, et al. "Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)." Polymers 12, no. 4 (2020): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040778.

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Novel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Polylactic acid (PLA) formulations with the synthesized compounds were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of these flame retardants and their mode of action by using TGA, UL94, and cone calorimetry. In order to compare the results a flame retardant polyester containing only one phosphorus group (ItaP) was also investigated in PLA regarding its flame inhibiting effect. Since the fire behavior depends not only on the mode of action of the flame retardants but also strongly on physical phenomena like melt dripping, the flame retardants were also incorporated into PLA with higher viscosity. In the UL94 vertical burning test setup, 10% of the novel flame retardants (FR 1–4) is sufficient to reach a V-0 rating in both PLA types, while a loading of 15% of ItaP is not enough to reach the same classification. Despite their different structure, TGA and cone calorimetry results confirmed a gas phase mechanism mainly responsible for the highly efficient flame retardancy for all compounds. Finally, cone calorimetry tests of the flame retardant PLA with two heat fluxes showed different flame inhibiting efficiencies for different fire scenarios.
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7

Tan, Yi Lun, Liu Sun, Si Chun Shao, Jin Peng Fu, and Zhi Han Peng. "Synthesis and Characterization of Melamine Halogen Acid Salts and its Application as Flame Retardant." Advanced Materials Research 750-752 (August 2013): 1087–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.750-752.1087.

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In this paper, a series of novel halogen compounds, melamine halogen acid salts were directly synthesized by melamine and halogen acid in water phase. The chemical structures of melamine halogen acid salts were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), elemental analysis and1H-NMR. Meanwhile, the thermal properties of compounds were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The TGA results showed that melamine halogen acid salts had good thermostability during polymer processing. Futhermore, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and vertical burning test were used to study the flame retardant properties of composites blended by melamine halogen acid salts and polymer. The results revealed good flame retardancy that flame retardant polyethylene with 2 wt% melamine hydrobromide in total 8 wt% flame retardants got LOI value of 29.7% and reached UL 94 V-0 rating.
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8

Nguyen, Tuan Anh, Xuan Huy Nguyen, and Thuy Van Ngo. "Research on mechanical properties and fire retardancy of epoxy composites reinforced by fly ash of thermal power plant." Vietnam Journal of Chemistry 61, S3 (2023): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vjch.202300048.

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AbstractFlame retardants (FRs) play an important role as additives which is applied in a wide range of products because they can inhibit ignition to delay the spread of fire. By adding fly ash (a waste of thermal power plants), we have developed an epoxy resin material with good flame retardant properties. Besides, using the fly ash can reduce the consumption of current flame retardants (organic halogen compounds) and thus meet the environmental safety of flame retardant epoxy resin. For this reason, studies on enhancing the flame retardancy of epoxy resin using fly ash as an eco‐friendly additive have paid more attention. Adding fly ash flame retardant additives to epoxy resin can improve the oxidation resistance of target materials. In this study, fly ash was modified with Ca(OH)2 to improve its flame retardant ability and compatibility with epoxy resin. The results show that the samples get higher flame retardant when using 30 wt.%, 40 wt.% and 50 wt.% fly ash. Flame retardant is assessed by the determination of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and the burning rate test according to the UL94 method. The results show that at the mixing ratio of 40% fly ash, the LOI index is 24.4% and the burning rate according to the UL 94HB method is 19.56 mm/min. When increasing the fly ash content from 30 to 50 wt%, the flame retardant ability increases while the tensile strength, flexural strength and Izod impact strength decrease. For the compressive strength, it increases and maintains at a specified level. The results of this study suggest that fly ash would be a capable candidate for petroleum‐based flame retardant additives.
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9

Sag, Jacob, Daniela Goedderz, Philipp Kukla, Lara Greiner, Frank Schönberger, and Manfred Döring. "Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants from Biobased Chemicals and Their Application in Polyesters and Epoxy Resins." Molecules 24, no. 20 (2019): 3746. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203746.

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Phosphorus-containing flame retardants synthesized from renewable resources have had a lot of impact in recent years. This article outlines the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of these compounds in polyesters and epoxy resins. The different approaches used in producing biobased flame retardant polyesters and epoxy resins are reported. While for the polyesters biomass derived compounds usually are phosphorylated and melt blended with the polymer, biobased flame retardants for epoxy resins are directly incorporated into the polymer structure by a using a phosphorylated biobased monomer or curing agent. Evaluating the efficiency of the flame retardant composites is done by discussing results obtained from UL94 vertical burning, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry tests. The review ends with an outlook on future development trends of biobased flame retardant systems for polyesters and epoxy resins.
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10

Dowbysz, Adriana, Mariola Samsonowicz, and Bożena Kukfisz. "Modification of Glass/Polyester Laminates with Flame Retardants." Materials 14, no. 24 (2021): 7901. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247901.

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This paper presents a review of flame retardants used for glass/polyester laminates. It concerns flame retardants withdrawn from use such as compounds containing halogen atoms and flame retardants currently used in the industry, such as inorganic hydroxides, phosphorus and nitrogen-containing compounds, antimony, and boron compounds, as well as tin–zinc compounds. Attention is also drawn to the use of nanoclays and the production of nanocomposites, intumescent flame retardant systems, and mats, as well as polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes. The paper discusses the action mechanism of particular flame retardants and presents their advantages and disadvantages.
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11

Abd El-Wahab, H. "Synthesis and characterisation of the flame retardant properties and corrosion resistance of Schiff’s base compounds incorporated into organic coating." Pigment and Resin Technology 44, no. 2 (2015): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-05-2014-0042.

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Purpose – This paper aims to report on the synthesis and characterisation of new flame retardants and anticorrosive additives based on Schiff’s base compounds, which were added physically to organic coating. Design/methodology/approach – Flame retardants are incorporated into polymeric materials either as additives or as reactive materials. Additive-type flame retardants are widely used by incorporating into polymeric materials by physical means. In this research, Schiff’s base (azomethine) compounds are added physically to alkyd paint as flame-retardant additives. Elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to characterise the structure of the prepared Schiff’s base compounds. Thermal gravimetric analysis was used to evaluate their thermal stability. Experimental coatings were manufactured on a laboratory scale, and then applied by brush on wood and steel panels. Findings – Results of an oxygen index value indicated that alkyd paints containing Schiff’s base compounds as additives exhibit very good flame-retardant effects. Also the physical, mechanical and corrosion resistance properties were studied to evaluate the drawbacks of the additives. The additives did not affect the flexibility of the paint formula. The gloss and the impact strength were decreased by the additives, but the hardness, adhesion and corrosion resistance were significantly improved by these additives. Research limitations/implications – Alkyd resins are the most extensively used synthetic polymers in the coating industry. Nitrogen compounds are a small but rapidly growing group of flame retardants which are in the focus of public interest concerning environment-friendly flame retardants. So, the focus of this study is on Schiff’s base compounds as flame retardants and anticorrosive additives for alkyd resins to assess their applicability. Practical implications – Schiff’s base compounds can be used as new additives in paint formulations to improve the flame-retardant and corrosion properties. Originality/value – In recent years, there has been considerable interest in the nitrogen-based family of materials because they not only have a wide range of thermal and chemical stabilities, but can also provide improved thermal and flame-retardant properties to polymers. The present paper reports on the synthesis and characterisation of Schiff’s base compounds and their performance in alkyd resin coatings.
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12

Kim, Woojung, and Dong Quy Hoang Thi. "Organo-phosphorus flame retardants when applied to acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 1, no. 6 (2018): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v1i6.629.

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In order to find an effective halogen-free flame retardant for acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene copolymer (ABS), organo-phosphorus compounds were studied and their flame retarding performances were determined by UL 94 vertical test. It is found that the flame retardancy strongly depends on phosphorus (P) content of organophosphorus compounds. Only the mixture of ABS with 2-(6-oxido-6Hdibenz< c,e><1,2>oxaphosphorin-6-yl) methyl diethyl phosphinate (ODOPM-DE), which has the highest P content, i.e., 17.68 % gives V-0 rating for the 70/30 composition.
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13

Wei, Ming, Daniel Murphy, Carol Barry, and Joey Mead. "HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTS FOR WIRE AND CABLE APPLICATIONS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 83, no. 3 (2010): 282–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3525686.

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Abstract Flame retardants play a very important role in avoiding fire risks in wire and cable applications due to heat generation by current or outside sources. Halogen flame retardants are typically used to ensure good flammability. The halogen flame retardants, however, are under close scrutiny because of their potential to give off corrosive compounds when the materials are burned, as well as other safety, environmental, and health issues. For wire and cable industries, halogen-free flame retardant additives, such as nanoclays, nanotubes, aluminium trihydrate, or magnesium hydroxide are potential alternatives. Types of halogen-free flame retardant additives used in wire and cable constructions are reviewed and discussed.
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14

Usri, Siti Nur Khalidah, Zuhair Jamain, and Mohamad Zul Hilmey Makmud. "A Review on Synthesis, Structural, Flame Retardancy and Dielectric Properties of Hexasubstituted Cyclotriphosphazene." Polymers 13, no. 17 (2021): 2916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172916.

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Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene is a ring compound consisting of an alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atom with two chlorine substituents attached to the phosphorus atom. The six chlorine atoms attached to this cyclo compound can be substituted with any different nucleophile that leads to changes in different chemical and physical properties. The major topics that were investigated in this research are the flame retardancy and dielectric properties of cyclotriphosphazene compounds. Cyclotriphosphazene compounds have high potential to act as a flame retardant, and this compound consists of two active elements attributed to its high flame-retardant character. This compound also demonstrated good ability as a flame retardant due to its low toxicity and less smoke produced. In addition, cyclotriphosphazene compounds were also investigated for their dielectric properties. Cyclotriphosphazene has high potential in the electrical field since it has dielectric properties that can be widely studied in the investigation of any potential application. This review presented literature studies focused on recent research development and studies in the field of cyclotriphosphazene that focused on synthesis, structural, flame retardancy, and dielectric properties of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene compounds.
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15

He, Ying, Xiaobei Jin, Jingpeng Li, and Daochun Qin. "Mechanical and Fire Properties of Flame-Retardant Laminated Bamboo Lumber Glued with Phenol Formaldehyde and Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Adhesives." Polymers 16, no. 6 (2024): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16060781.

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This study investigated the effects of different adhesives, phenol formaldehyde (PF) and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF), on the mechanical and fire properties of flame-retardant laminated bamboo lumber (LBL). The results demonstrated that the flame-retardant treatment using phosphorus–nitrogen–boron compounds endowed the LBL with excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties, even though the bending strength and bond shear strength were slightly reduced. The PF-glued LBL exhibited superior mechanical and shear properties to the MUF-glued ones, primarily due to its higher processing temperature and deeper adhesive penetration. In addition, the MUF-glued flame-retardant LBL displayed better heat release reduction and smoke suppression properties than the PF-glued LBL, which resulted from the synergistic flame retardancy between the melamine element in MUF and the applied flame retardant. The analysis of the influence of adhesive type on the mechanical and fire properties of flame-retardant LBL holds significant importance for the future design and production of high-performance LBL material.
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16

Linh, Pham Thi Thuy, and Hoang Thi Dong Quy. "Thermoplastic polyurethane flame retardant using phosphorus/phosphorus-nitrogen compounds." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 2, no. 1 (2019): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v2i1.680.

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In order to improve fire performance of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material, halogen-free flame retardants (triphenylphosphate- TPP and diamonium hydrogen phosphate-DAP) were studied in an attempt to obtain UL-94V ratings. The fire behaviors and thermal stability properties were evaluated using UL-94 vertical test and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The UL- 94V results showed that V-0 ratings were achieved at 5 wt% of DAP or 7.5 wt% loading of TPP. The incorporation of these flame retardant (FR) increases the flame retardant properties as well as the amounts of charred residues protecting the mixture from further degradation. This assertion could be accepted when observing that the char residual of TPU/DAP mixture at 500–600oC was much higher than that of neat TPU. The char layer limited the amount of fuel available and insulate the underlying composite material from the flame and, thus, make further degradation more difficult. The mechanism of flame retardants was also discussed in this study.
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17

Pokatilov, Andrey V., and Anastasia V. Tikhomirova. "Research of properties and confirmation of compatibility of fire protection compounds of foreign and domestic production for wooden structures." Earthquake Engineering. Construction Safety, no. 3 (June 6, 2025): 9–18. https://doi.org/10.37153/2618-9283-2025-3-09-18.

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Introduction. The article studies the properties of flame retardants of foreign and domestic production widely used for processing load-bearing and enclosing structures of buildings and structures made of wood. Detailed studies of the interaction of compounds from different manufacturers are necessary for the subsequent operation of such facilities, since the flame retardant coating must be carried out periodically. Methods. To study the interaction, various equipment was used to study the properties of flame-retardant materials. A full-scale experiment was also conducted on the interaction of samples coated with the studied compounds with water and the effect of humidity on them. Results. Chemical analysis of flame retardants performed on a SPECTROSCAN MAX-GVM wave dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer showed that they differ in terms of the inorganic component. A thermogravimetric study performed on the HQG-2 thermogravimetric analyzer revealed that the samples behave almost identically. In the initial period of time, the samples rapidly lose mass. The weight loss during drying was 14.53 % for the Phoenix DP sample and 13.75 % for Pirilax-K45. There was no particular effect of humidity on the studied samples. Constant exposure to water leads to the destruction of the coating of samples coated with both studied compounds almost simultaneously. Testing of samples in a specialized laboratory confirmed the effectiveness of flame retardants. Discussion. Despite the fact that the composition of flame retardants differs somewhat in terms of the inorganic component, and when heated, the flame retardant of foreign production obviously reacts chemically with air, or the components of this composition interact with each other, which is not observed for the composition of domestic production, the flame retardant and water-repellent properties of the samples are the same. In addition, when heated, the solvent is removed from the formulations in the same temperature range, which indicates that under the same conditions, the drying rate of the coatings will be commensurate. The tests carried out indicate the chemical compatibility of the compounds. The reaction of the compounds and their combinations to the effects of an extremely humid environment and direct ingress of water, as well as the preservation of flame-retardant properties as a result of the interaction of the compounds indicates that they can be used for coating wooden structures both together and separately, but subject to the following conditions.
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18

Liu, Xinhua, Chenghu Lei, and Yinchun Fang. "Fully bio-based chitosan/sodium alginate coating for flame retardant Xuan paper." BioResources 17, no. 4 (2022): 6521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.4.6521-6531.

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The development of bio-based flame retardants has received increasing attention. In this study, fully bio-based chitosan/sodium alginate (CS/SA) coating was applied by layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly on Xuan paper to improve its flame retardancy. The LOI value of Xuan paper reached 33.3% after 20 BLs CS/SA coating. Its char length was reduced to 8.8 cm with no after-flame and after-glow. These results showed that the flame retardancy of Xuan paper was greatly improved by LbL assembly CS/SA coating. Thermogravimetry results revealed that CS/SA coating on Xuan paper slowed down the thermal degradation process and promoted the char formation both under nitrogen and air atmosphere. The stable char layer formation by CS/SA coating covered on the Xuan paper inhibited the heat transfer and diffusion of combustible gases, showing obvious condensed phase flame retardant action. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed that CS/SA coating on paper fiber promoted the char formation to form the stable covering layer. Furthermore, the CS/SA coating formed non-flammable gases to enhance the flame retardancy of Xuan paper, showing a certain gas phase flame retardant action. This research provides a new approach for fire-resistant Xuan paper by using fully bio-based compounds.
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19

Nguyen, Tuan Anh. "Study on the Synergies of Nanoclay and MWCNTs to the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites." Journal of Nanomaterials 2021 (June 9, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536676.

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Modern flame retardants are organic compounds containing halogen or phosphorus groups and are not always well dispersed in polymers. Thus, by using a small amount of nanoclay and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), they can significantly reduce the number of conventional flame retardant additives, making the material with optimal flame retardant properties. Conventional flame retardants always have some negative effects on the mechanical properties of the polymer substrate, so by using nanoclay and MWCNTs, those adverse effects can be minimized and overcome. In this work, in order to improve the mechanical properties and flame retardant of nanocomposite materials, nanoclay I.30E and MWCNTs are mixed into epoxy, with the selected percentage of 2% and 0.02% by weight, respectively, stirring mechanically for 7, 8, and 9 hours at 3000 rpm at 80°C, then performing ultrasonic vibration for 6 hours at 65°C.
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20

Gebke, Stefan, Katrin Thümmler, Rodolphe Sonnier, Sören Tech, Andre Wagenführ, and Steffen Fischer. "Suitability and Modification of Different Renewable Materials as Feedstock for Sustainable Flame Retardants." Molecules 25, no. 21 (2020): 5122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215122.

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Due to their chemical structure, conventional flame retardants are often toxic, barely biodegradable and consequently neither healthy nor environmentally friendly. Their use is therefore increasingly limited by regulations. For this reason, research on innovative flame retardants based on sustainable materials is the main focus of this work. Wheat starch, wheat protein, xylan and tannin were modified with phosphate salts in molten urea. The functionalization leads to the incorporation of phosphates (up to 48 wt.%) and nitrogen (up to 22 wt.%). The derivatives were applied on wood fibers and tested as flame retardants. The results indicate that these modified biopolymers can provide the same flame-retardant performances as commercial compounds currently used in the wood fiber industry. Besides, the flame retardancy smoldering effects may also be reduced compared to unmodified wood fibers depending on the used biopolymer. These results show that different biopolymers modified in phosphate/urea systems are a serious alternative to conventional flame retardants.
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21

Liu, Quanyi, Donghui Wang, Zekun Li, et al. "Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin." Materials 13, no. 9 (2020): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092145.

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With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.
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22

Zhao, Siheng, Bo Xu, Hao Shan, Qinglei Zhang, and Xiangdong Wang. "How Do Phosphorus Compounds with Different Valence States Affect the Flame Retardancy of PET?" Polymers 15, no. 8 (2023): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15081917.

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This work investigated the effect of different valence states of phosphorus-containing compounds on thermal decomposition and flame retardancy of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Three polyphosphates—PBPP with +3-valence P, PBDP with +5-valence P and PBPDP with both +3/+5-valence P—were synthesized. The combustion behaviors of flame-retardant PET were studied and the structure–property relationships between the phosphorus-based structures with different valence states and flame-retardant properties were further explored. It was found that phosphorus valence states significantly affected the flame-retardant modes of action of polyphosphate in PET. For the phosphorus structures with +3-valence, more phosphorus-containing fragments were released in the gas phase, inhibiting polymer chain decomposition reactions; by contrast, those with +5-valence phosphorus retained more P in the condensed phase, promoting the formation of more P-rich char layers. It is worth noting that the polyphosphate containing both +3/+5-valence phosphorous tended to combine the advantage of phosphorus structures with two valence states and balance the flame-retardant effect in the gas phase and condensed phase. These results contribute to guiding the design of specified phosphorus-based structures of flame-retardant compounds in polymer materials.
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23

Nguyen, Huyen Thi Thu, Linh Thi Thuy Pham, and Quy Thi Dong Hoang. "Flame retardation performances of phosphorus-containing compounds in unsaturated polyester." Science and Technology Development Journal 18, no. 3 (2015): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i3.830.

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Aluminium hydrogen phosphite (AHP) was synthesized in order to investigate their flame retarding performances for unsaturated polyester (UP). AHP and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) flame retardants were studied to increase fire resistance and thermal stability of materials. UL 94HB rating is achieved at 15 wt% AHP - 15 wt% TPP loading. Sample with 30 wt% loading of AHP has the burning rate slower than that of neat UP. The incorporation of FR increases the flame retardant properties as well as the amounts of charred residues protecting the mixture from further degradation. This assertion can be accepted when observing that the char yield of UP/FR mixtures at 500-650 oC is much higher than that of neat UP. The char layer may limit the amount of fuel available and insulate the underlying polymer from the flame and, thus, make further degradation more difficult.
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24

Morgan, Alexander B., Vladimir Benin, Donald A. Klosterman, Abdulhamid Bin Sulayman, Mustafa Mukhtar, and Mary L. Galaska. "Organophosphorus-hydrazides as potential reactive flame retardants for epoxy." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 1 (2019): 28–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119890280.

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For structural composites used in vehicles and aircraft, flame retardant chemistries which enhance char formation and reduce heat release are preferred. Phosphorus-based and phosphorus–nitrogen flame retardants for epoxies have been well studied to date, but phosphorus hydrazides have not been studied for their flame-retardant potential in epoxy. These hydrazides offer some novel structures and they can potentially offer a combination of vapor and condensed phase flame retardant action. A series of eight compounds were systematically investigated in this study as reactive flame retardants in a bisphenol F epoxy/aliphatic amine resin system at a level of 2.5 wt% phosphorus. Results suggest that the phosphorus hydrazides react with the epoxy during thermal decomposition, and they also release nitrogen during flaming combustion of the epoxy matrix. The observed reactions resulted in increased char yields and reduced total heat release, while simultaneously lowering heat of combustion and total smoke release.
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Lin, Xiao Dan, Bin Yang, Guang Kai Wang, Erigene Bakangura, Ming Huang, and Zhi Shan Fan. "Smart Efficient Flame Retardant Carpets in Non Halogen Flame Retardant Polymers." Advanced Materials Research 650 (January 2013): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.650.279.

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Non halogen flame retardant researches have achieved great progress; however, theoretical works are much lagged. Here we show a model of an efficient Flame Retardant Carpet (e-FRC) based on the synergistic flame retardant system of phosphorus and hydroxyl compounds that can give ABS UL 94 V-0 efficiently. This model is further extended to explain the high efficient flame retardancy of phosphonates by proposing a surfactant structured intermediate from pyrolysis. The smart intermediate self-assembles on charred polymer matrix, forming an anisotropy molecular membrane, with one side of hydrocarbon groups and the other of inorganic groups. The organic side adheres onto polymeric char, and inorganic side facing the fire, forms an Oxygen Shielding Screen (OSS). The OSS together with charred layer underneath constitutes an e-FRC. This e-FRC structure can be found in earlier reports. It can explain all present existing efficient flame retardant systems.
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Zirnstein, Benjamin, Dietmar Schulze, and Bernhard Schartel. "Mechanical and Fire Properties of Multicomponent Flame Retardant EPDM Rubbers Using Aluminum Trihydroxide, Ammonium Polyphosphate, and Polyaniline." Materials 12, no. 12 (2019): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12121932.

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In this study, multicomponent flame retardant systems, consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), aluminum trihydroxide (ATH), and polyaniline (PANI), were used in ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber. The multicomponent system was designed to improve flame retardancy and the mechanical properties of the rubber compounds, while simultaneously reducing the amount of filler. PANI was applied at low loadings (7 phr) and combined with the phosphorous APP (21 phr) and the mineral flame retardant ATH (50 phr). A comprehensive study of six EPDM rubbers was carried out by systematically varying the fillers to explain the impact of multicomponent flame retardant systems on mechanical properties. The six EPDM materials were investigated via the UL 94, limiting oxygen index (LOI), FMVSS 302, glow wire tests, and the cone calorimeter, showing that multicomponent flame retardant systems led to improved fire performance. In cone calorimeter tests the EPDM/APP/ATH/PANI composite reduced the maximum average rate of heat emission (MARHE) to 142 kW·m−2, a value 50% lower than that for the unfilled EPDM rubber. Furthermore, the amount of phosphorus in the residues was quantified and the mode of action of the phosphorous flame retardant APP was explained. The data from the cone calorimeter were used to determine the protective layer effect of the multicomponent flame retardant systems in the EPDM compounds.
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Nguyen, Hung Kim, Wataru Sakai, and Congtranh Nguyen. "Preparation of a Novel Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabric." Materials 13, no. 1 (2019): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010054.

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A novel halogen-free flame-retardant formulation was prepared and coated onto cotton fabrics. The structure of phosphorus compounds in the system was characterized by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Results from the ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analyses presented that the flame retardant was coated successfully onto a cotton surface. We investigated the thermal stability and fire-retardant behaviors of cotton fabrics using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and the vertical flame test. We also discuss the mechanism of flame retardance of coated cotton fabrics.
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Pan, Wei-Hao, Wen-Jie Yang, Chun-Xiang Wei, Ling-Yun Hao, Hong-Dian Lu, and Wei Yang. "Recent Advances in Zinc Hydroxystannate-Based Flame Retardant Polymer Blends." Polymers 14, no. 11 (2022): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112175.

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During the combustion of polymeric materials, plenty of heat, smoke, and toxic gases are produced that may cause serious harm to human health. Although the flame retardants such as halogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds can inhibit combustion, they cannot effectively reduce the release of toxic fumes. Zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS, ZnSn(OH)6) is an environmentally friendly flame retardant that has attracted extensive interest because of its high efficiency, safety, and smoke suppression properties. However, using ZHS itself may not contribute to the optimal flame retardant effect, which is commonly combined with other flame retardants to achieve more significant efficiency. Few articles systematically review the recent development of ZHS in the fire safety field. This review aims to deliver an insight towards further direction and advancement of ZHS in flame retardant and smoke suppression for multiple polymer blends. In addition, the fire retarded and smoke suppression mechanism of ZHS will be demonstrated and discussed in depth.
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Cui, Yunlong, Yu Liu, Dongxu Gu, et al. "Three-Dimensional Cross-Linking Network Coating for the Flame Retardant of Bio-Based Polyamide 56 Fabric by Weak Bonds." Polymers 16, no. 8 (2024): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16081044.

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Weak bonds usually make macromolecules stronger; therefore, they are often used to enhance the mechanical strength of polymers. Not enough studies have been reported on the use of weak bonds in flame retardants. A water-soluble polyelectrolyte complex composed of polyethyleneimine (PEI), sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and melamine (MEL) was designed and utilized to treat bio-based polyamide 56 (PA56) by a simple three-step process. It was found that weak bonds cross-linked the three compounds to a 3D network structure with MEL on the surface of the coating under mild conditions. The thermal stability and flame retardancy of PA56 fabrics were improved by the controlled coating without losing their mechanical properties. After washing 50 times, PA56 still kept good flame retardancy. The cross-linking network structure of the flame retardant enhanced both the thermal stability and durability of the fabric. STPP acted as a catalyst for the breakage of the PA56 molecular chain, PEI facilitated the char formation and MEL released non-combustible gases. The synergistic effect of all compounds was exploited by using weak bonds. This simple method of developing structures with 3D cross-linking using weak bonds provides a new strategy for the preparation of low-cost and environmentally friendly flame retardants.
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Trovato, Valentina, Silvia Sfameni, Rim Ben Debabis, et al. "How to Address Flame-Retardant Technology on Cotton Fabrics by Using Functional Inorganic Sol–Gel Precursors and Nanofillers: Flammability Insights, Research Advances, and Sustainability Challenges." Inorganics 11, no. 7 (2023): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics11070306.

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Over the past decade, inorganic fillers and sol–gel-based flame-retardant technologies for textile treatments have gained increasing research interest as useful alternatives to hazardous chemicals previously employed in textile coating and finishing. This review presents the current state of the art of inorganic flame-retardant technology for cotton fabrics to scientists and researchers. Combustion mechanism and flammability, as well as the thermal behavior of neat cotton samples, are first introduced. The main section is focused on assessing the effect of inorganic and sol–gel-based systems on the final flame-retardant properties of cotton fabrics, emphasizing their fire safety characteristics. When compared to organic flame-retardant solutions, inorganic functional fillers have been shown to be more environmentally friendly and pollution-free since they do not emit compounds that are hazardous to ecosystems and humans when burned. Finally, some perspectives and recent advanced research addressing the potential synergism derived from the use of inorganic flame retardants with other environmentally suitable molecules toward a sustainable flame-retardant technological approach are reviewed.
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Liu, Chao, Hui Qiao, Guilong Xu, Yun Liang, Jin Yang, and Jian Hu. "Phosphorous-Nitrogen Modification of Epoxy Grafted Poly-Acrylic Resin: Synergistic Flame Retardment Effect." Polymers 13, no. 16 (2021): 2826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162826.

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A novel high-efficient flame retardant epoxy grafted poly-acrylic resin modified by phosphorus and nitrogen was successfully synthesized by radical grafting polymerization and solution polymerization simultaneously. The flame retardancy of copolymer resin was investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), cone calorimetric test (CONE), limiting oxygen index (LOI) and so on. The micro-morphology and chemical composition of char formed after a CONE calorimetric test was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. The Kissinger method was used to evaluate the kinetics of thermal decomposition on copolymer resin. The results showed that the flame retardant property of copolymer resin increased with the increase in phosphorus content. With the increase in nitrogen content, however, the flame retardant property first increased and then decreased. The flame retardant property of the resin was the best and the limiting oxygen index could reach 34.3% when the phosphorus content and nitrogen content of the copolymer resin were 6.45 wt% and 2.33 wt%, respectively. Meanwhile, nitrogen-containing compounds will interact with phosphorus-containing compounds to form P-N intermediates during combustion, which have stronger dehydration and carbonization and could further enhance the flame retardant performance of the resin and generate phosphorus-nitrogen synergistic interactions.
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Golovina, Ekaterina Valerievna, and Andrey Vladimirovich Kalach. "Investigation of thermally expanding flame retardants by thermal analysis for use in the Arctic region." Technology of technosphere safety, no. 99 (2023): 8–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2023.1.99.8-16.

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Introduction. The article presents the results of the study of flame-retardant swelling materials based on silicone binder and epoxy resin-based methods of synchronous thermal analysis. A comparative analysis of the results of thermogravimetric, differential-thermogravimetric analysis and differential-scanning calorimetry was carried out. The relevance of the use of fire protection means at oil and gas industry facilities located in the Arctic regions is substantiated. The thermoanalytical characteristics of the analyzed flame retardants have been studied, allowing to assess the heat resistance and flammability. Purpose and objectives. The purpose of this article is to analyze the thermophysical properties of flame-retardant swelling compounds based on epoxy resins and silicone binder in relation to the conditions of hydrocarbon combustion, characteristic of the oil and gas industry. To achieve this purpose, the following tasks were solved: - investigation by methods of thermal analysis of thermally expanding flame retardants based on epoxy resins as a binder; - analysis of bulging flame-retardant coatings based on silicone binder by thermal analysis methods; - comparative analysis of thermo-oxidative degradation of the studied fire-protective materials. Methods. Methods of synchronous thermal analysis were used in the study: thermogravimetric method, differential thermogravimetric method, scanning calorimetry method. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, similarities in the flow of physico-chemical processes in thermally expanding flame retardants based on silicone binder and based on epoxy resins were revealed. Three main peaks of mass loss on the TG curve are identified, and the temperature intervals at which the greatest mass loss is observed are highlighted. As a result of the study by differential scanning calorimetry, the thermal effects of the analyzed flame retardant materials were studied. Conclusions. Based on the results of thermal analysis, it is concluded that the heat resistance of flame retardant coatings based on epoxy binder is higher compared to silicone flame retardant. Keywords: thermally expanding flame retardants; method of synchronous thermal analysis; thermoanalytical characteristics; thermal resistance; flammability.
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Jung, Hyun Chul, Woo Nyon Kim, Chang Ryong Lee, Kwang S. Suh, and Sung-Ryong Kim. "Properties of Flame-Retarding Blends of Polycarbonate and Poly(Acrylonitrile-butadiene-Styrene)." Journal of Polymer Engineering 18, no. 1-2 (1998): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-1998-1-210.

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Abstract Limiting oxygen index (LOI) value, glass transition temperature (Tg), thermal degradation profile, morphology, and tensile strength and elongation at break of the flame-retarding polycarbonate (PC)-poly(acrylonitrile- butadiene-styrene) (ABS) (7/3) blends were studied. The flame retardants used were huntite-hydromagnetite compounds (HHM), triphenyl phosphate (TPP), zinc stannate, and antimony trioxide. The LOI values were increased with the increase of TPP content, but they did not change significantly when the HHM was used as a flame retardant Glass transition temperatures of the flame-retarding PC-ABS (7/3) blends were decreased significantly when TPP was added to the blends. This is mainly due to the plasticizing effect of the TPP on the PC-ABS (7/3) blends. In the flame-retarding PC-ABS (7/3) blends, the LOI value, tensile strength, and elongation at break were measured and found to be 24.6 - 31.6%, 41.4 - 50.3 MPa, and 2.16 - 33.7%, respectively. These LOI values and mechanical properties were achieved when the TPP, zinc stannate, and antimony trioxide were used as flame retardants, and when dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid sodium salt and dimethylsulfone were used as additives into the PC-ABS (7/3) blends.
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Mishra, Nikita, and Dilip Vasava. "Recent developments in s-triazine holding phosphorus and nitrogen flame-retardant materials." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 6 (2020): 552–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904120952347.

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Flame retardants are chemical compounds when mixed or incorporated in to polymers provide varying degrees of flammability protection. Flammable polymeric materials are ubiquitous with a wide array of applications. However, recent studies have shown potential environmental and health concerns with certain halogen-containing flame retardants. Thus, it has now become a necessity to explore new and effective materials that are safer and environmentally benign. In this context, halogen-free phosphorus- and nitrogen-containing flame retardants have attracted much attention worldwide. Moreover, s-triazine is the central focus because of its excellent charring effect. General strategies for synthesizing s-triazine compounds mostly via nucleophilic substitution reaction have been highlighted. This review provides a comprehensive description on design and synthesis of flame-retardant materials with significant flammability performance.
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35

Malucelli, Giulio. "Bio-Sourced Flame Retardants for Textiles: Where We Are and Where We Are Going." Molecules 29, no. 13 (2024): 3067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29133067.

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After the period of halogenated compounds, the period of nano-structured systems, and that of phosphorus (and nitrogen)-based additives (still in progress), following the increasingly demanding circular economy concept, about ten years ago the textile flame retardant world started experiencing the design and exploitation of bio-sourced products. Indeed, since the demonstration of the potential of such bio(macro)molecules as whey proteins, milk proteins (i.e., caseins), and nucleic acids as effective flame retardants, both natural and synthetic fibers and fabrics can take advantage of the availability of several low-environmental impact/“green” compounds, often recovered from wastes or by-products, which contain all the elements that typically compose standard flame-retardant recipes. The so-treated textiles often exhibit flame-retardant features that are similar to those provided by conventional fireproof treatments. Further, the possibility of using the same deposition techniques already available in the textile industry makes these products very appealing, considering that the application methods usually do not require hazardous or toxic chemicals. This review aims to present an overview of the development of bio-sourced flame retardants, focusing attention on the latest research outcomes, and finally discussing some current challenging issues related to their efficient application, paving the way toward further future implementations.
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Kim, Young-Hun, Jeong Ju Baek, Ki Cheol Chang, et al. "Influence of Thiol-Functionalized Polysilsesquioxane/Phosphorus Flame-Retardant Blends on the Flammability and Thermal, Mechanical, and Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Emission Properties of Epoxy Resins." Polymers 16, no. 6 (2024): 842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16060842.

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In this study, thiol-functionalized ladder-like polysesquioxanes end-capped with methyl and phenyl groups were synthesized via a simple sol-gel method and characterized through gel permeation chromatography (GPC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Additionally, epoxy blends of different formulations were prepared. Their structural, flame-retardant, thermal, and mechanical properties, as well as volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions, were determined using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), TGA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), limiting oxygen index (LOI), cone calorimetry, and a VOC analyzer. Compared to epoxy blends with flame retardants containing elemental phosphorus alone, those with flame retardants containing elemental phosphorus combined with silicon and sulfur exhibited superior thermal, flame-retardant, and mechanical properties with low VOC emissions. SEM of the residual char revealed a dense and continuous morphology without holes or cracks. In particular, LOI values for the combustion of methyl and phenyl end-capped polysilsesquioxane mixtures were 32.3 and 33.7, respectively, compared to 28.4% of the LOI value for the blends containing only phosphorus compounds. The silicon–sulfur–phosphorus-containing blends displayed reduced flammability concerning the blends using a flame retardant containing only phosphorus. This reflects the cooperative effects of various flame-retardant moieties.
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Nurqulov, F.N., and O'.D. Hakimov. "FLAMMABLE PROTECTION PROPERTIES OF METAL-CONTAINED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE COMPOUNDS AND EFFECTS ON THERMOLYSIS PROCESS." MODERN SCIENCE AND RESEARCH 2, no. 10 (2023): 668–76. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10030375.

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<i>In this research work, methods of obtaining polymer compositions based on polyvinyl chloride with reduced flammability using metal and phospho-metal flame retardant systems were developed. In order to achieve the goal, the laws of thermooxidative decomposition of polyvinyl chloride in the presence of OST containing metal, phosphorus-nitrogen, and phosphorus-nitrogen-metal, the dimensions of OST components containing metal, and the interrelationship between the flame retardancy properties and thermolysis kinetics of PVC-compositions were studied, and the flame-retardant properties of PVC-compositions were studied. The content of the OST that provides the indicators is determined.</i>
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Tawiah, Benjamin, Bin Yu, and Bin Fei. "Advances in Flame Retardant Poly(Lactic Acid)." Polymers 10, no. 8 (2018): 876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10080876.

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PLA has become a commodity polymer with wide applications in a number of fields. However, its high flammability with the tendency to flow in fire has limited its viability as a perfect replacement for the petrochemically-engineered plastics. Traditional flame retardants, which may be incorporated into PLA without severely degrading the mechanical properties, are the organo-halogen compounds. Meanwhile, these compounds tend to bioaccumulate and pose a risk to flora and fauna due to their restricted use. Research into PLA flame retardants has largely focused on organic and inorganic compounds for the past few years. Meanwhile, the renewed interest in the development of environmentally sustainable flame retardants (FRs) for PLA has increased significantly in a bid to maintain the integrity of the polymer. A review on the development of new flame retardants for PLA is presented herein. The focus is on metal oxides, phosphorus-based systems, 2D and 1D nanomaterials, hyperbranched polymers, and their combinations, which have been applied for flame retarding PLA are discussed. The paper also reviews briefly the correlation between FR loadings and efficiency for various FR systems, and their effects on processing and mechanical properties.
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Bazzad, Priyanka, and J. B. Dahiya. "Effect of Functionality of Organophosphorus Flame Retardants on Flammability and Thermal Stability of DGEBA-Based Epoxy Resin Nanocomposites." Current Applied Polymer Science 4, no. 3 (2021): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2452271604666211104091336.

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Background: Epoxy resins have been extensively used in fire hazard environments, such as printed circuit boards, electrical isolation materials, adhesives, construction, and transportation due to their economically viable, simple processing. Therefore, the development of thermally stable and flame-retardant epoxy resin systems is essential. Objective: The aim of the present study was to study the effect of the functionality of organophosphorus flame retardants on DGEBA-based epoxy resin nanocomposites on thermal stability and flame retardancy. Method: DGEBA (diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A)-based epoxy resin nanocomposites having 2.0 wt% phosphorus were prepared with organophosphorus flame retardants with different functionalities by using an in-situ polymerization method. The flame retardant compounds uni-functional 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and bi-functional 2-(6-oxid-6Hdibenz [c, e] [1, 2] oxaphosphorin 6-yl) 1, 4-benzenediol (DOPO-HQ) were prepared. The thermal behavior of composites was studied by TG and DTA techniques. The flammability behavior was investigated by UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests. Results: The XRD and TEM results showed the mixed dispersion of nanoclay platelets in an epoxy matrix. The thermal stability of the epoxy composite (EPDOPO-HQ) containing bi-functional DOPOHQ is increased by 16°C in comparison to the epoxy composite (EPDOPO) containing uni-functional DOPO. According to the TG analysis, the addition of nanoclay was observed to be more effective and synergistic with bi-functional DOPO-HQ as the EPDOPO-HQ/NC sample gains more resistance to degradation after around 450°C and also gave rise to a high char yield. Epoxy resin samples containing reactive flame retardants gave UL-94 V-0 rating, but further addition of 2.0 wt% nanoclay lowered the rating from V-0 to V-1. Conclusions: TG analysis of the epoxy composite samples showed that the addition of nanoclay were observed to be synergistic with bi-functional flame retardant (DOPO-HQ) as the EPDOPO-HQ/NC sample gained more resistance to degradation after around 450°C due to the formation of mixed intercalated and exfoliated structure. The EPDOPO-HQ sample gave a high char yield with increased onset degradation temperature, high thermal stability as well as high flame retardancy.
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Sover, Alexandru, Stanislav Marzynkevitsch, and Bastian Munack. "Processing Conditions of Expandable Graphite in PP and PA Matrix and their Performance." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 4 (2018): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.4.5063.

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Polypropylene (PP) and polyamide (PA) polymers are used in different situations where they provide a flame retarding effect to meet safety standards. The expandable graphite as an additive for polymer materials has a good flame retardant effect and it does not harm the environment. The processing of this additive is presented for those two different polymers. Compounds with proportions of 10, 20, 30% of this additive were prepared in order to investigate the processability and flame retarding effect of PP and PA samples. The results show that the process conditions differ greatly between the polymers used in higher proportions. The improvement of the flame retarding effect was observed for both polymer compounds with expandable graphite. The plastics flammability standard UL 94 V0 could be achieved for the PP compound in all additive proportions and for the PA compounds only above 20%. The processing of the PP compound with co-rotating twin-screw extruder and an injection moulding machine takes place works well and provides a good homogenous mixture. The PA compound could not be processed at a higher additive content by the extruder. Special screw configuration is necessary to process this polymer compound. Also the flame retardant effect was inferior to the PP compound. The mechanical properties of the compounds decrease with the increasing additive content, particularly the impact strength of the samples.
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Zhao, Wei, Yongxiang Li, Qiushi Li, Yiliang Wang, and Gong Wang. "Investigation of the Structure-Property Effect of Phosphorus-Containing Polysulfone on Decomposition and Flame Retardant Epoxy Resin Composites." Polymers 11, no. 2 (2019): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020380.

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The flame retardant modification of epoxy (EP) is of great signification for aerospace, automotive, marine, and energy industries. In this study, a series of EP composites containing different variations of phosphorus-containing polysulfone (with a phosphorus content of approximately 1.25 wt %) were obtained. The obtained EP/polysulfone composites had a high glass transition temperature (Tg) and high flame retardancy. The influence of phosphorus-containing compounds (ArPN2, ArPO2, ArOPN2 and ArOPO2) on the thermal properties and flame retardancy of EP/polysulfone composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), a UL-94 vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter tests. The phosphorus-containing polysulfone enhanced the thermal stability of EP. The more stable porous char layer, less flammable gases, and a lower apparent activation energy at a high degree of conversion demonstrated the high gas inhibition effect of phosphorus-containing compounds. Moreover, the gas inhibition effect of polysulfone with a P–C bond was more efficient than the polysulfone with a P–O–C bond. The potential for optimizing flame retardancy while maintaining a high Tg is highlighted in this study. The flame-retardant EP/polysulfone composites with high thermal stability broaden the application field of epoxy.
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Kahraman, Merve, and Nilgün Kızılcan. "Investigation of flame retardancy properties of polypropylene-colemanite and intumescent flame retardant additive blends." Synthesis and Sintering 2, no. 3 (2022): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2022.2397.

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Polypropylene (PP) represents a considerable proportion of polyolefins (PO) used in different industrial applications such as automobile components, textiles, packaging, insulation, medical devices, various housewares and household appliances due to its efficient cost, desirable mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, easy processability and recyclability. Because of its carbonaceous structure, PP is a highly flammable material with a LOI value of 18 that presents serious fire hazard. In this research, Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and colemanite were added to polypropylene to compose 30% of the total mass of the polymeric compounds and the synergistic effect of colemanite with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) additive in PP was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), glow wire test (GWT), UL-94 test and mechanical properties measurements. The LOI, UL 94 and glow wire test results showed that colemanite had a significant effect on flame retardancy and LOI value which can reach to 37.6 % with loading level of 2 wt.% colemanite at the total amount of flame retardant additives kept constant at 30 wt.%. Additionally, the PP/IFR compounds passed UL 94 V0 rating and both 750 °C and 850 °C glow wire tests and with 2-8 wt.% colemanite loading. According to TGA analyses, the results indicated that colemanite improved the thermal stability of PP/IFR compounds and also promoted the formation of char layer. When colemanite mineral added to polypropylene without IFR system, it has no effect on flame retardancy properties of polypropylene. When all properties have been taken into consideration, colemanite can be used up to 6 wt% in IFR.
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43

Svatikov, A. Yu, and I. D. Simonov-Emelyanov. "THE THERMAL STABILITY OF POLYMER CABLE COMPOUNDS WITH A FLAME-RETARDING FILLER." Fine Chemical Technologies 13, no. 6 (2018): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32362/2410-6593-2018-13-6-35-41.

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Currently, halogen-free cable compositions are becoming increasingly common in the manufacture of cable compositions. The concept of halogen-free or “zero halogen” becomes a symbol of fire resistance, low-smoke characteristics, low toxicity of volatile products of combustion, the absence of the toxic, corrosive and irritating gas - hydrogen chloride - and other hydrogen halides in the volatile products. More and more manufacturers of cable products are beginning to pay increasing attention to the problems of processing, toxicity and fire safety. It should be noted that the requirements for improving the fire safety of cable products are constantly becoming tougher, since the main problem of most of these polymeric materials is their flammability, high smoke generation and high flame spread rate. In this regard, there is a burning question to increase these characteristics and bring them to the level of compounds based on PVC. The main way to increase the flame-retardant characteristics of halogenfree cable compositions is to introduce mineral fire retardants into these compositions. The study of the composition and packaging of these mineral fillers-flame retardants makes it possible to increase the level of flame-retardant characteristics of halogen-free cable compositions. The paper presents the results of studies on the thermal stability of cable compositions based on PE + EVA mixtures containing magnesium hydroxide crystalline hydrate as a filler-flame retardant. It is shown that cable compositions containing magnesium hydroxide crystal hydrate are characterized by higher heat resistance and thermal stability (~ 2-fold) compared to a polymeric matrix based on PE + SEVA. This allows to process them at high temperatures (more than 200°C) by extrusion and pressure casting.
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Dowbysz, Adriana, Mariola Samsonowicz, and Bożena Kukfisz. "Recent Advances in Bio-Based Additive Flame Retardants for Thermosetting Resins." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (2022): 4828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084828.

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Thermosetting resins are used in many applications due to their great mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability. However, the flammability of thermosets needs to be improved to minimize fire risk and meet fire safety regulations. Some commercially available flame retardants have an adverse effect on people’s health and the environment. Thus, the development of novel, more sustainable flame retardants obtained or derived from biomass has become an objective of contemporary research. The objective of this study is to summarize recent progress on bio-based flame retardants for thermosetting resins so as to promote their prompt development. Groups of biomass compounds with a potential for flame retardant industrial applications were introduced, and their thermal degradation was investigated. The authors focused mostly on the thermal degradation of composites containing bio-based flame retardants determined by thermogravimetric analysis, their tendency to sustain a flame determined by a limiting oxygen index, and fire behavior determined by a cone calorimeter test. The results showed that the mode of action is mostly based on the forming of the char layer. However, in many cases, there is still a necessity to input a high amount of additive to achieve significant flame retardancy effects, which may adversely impact mechanical properties.
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Khanal, Santosh, Yunhua Lu, Li Dang, Muhammad Ali та Shiai Xu. "Effects of α-zirconium phosphate and zirconium organophosphonate on the thermal, mechanical and flame retardant properties of intumescent flame retardant high density polyethylene composites". RSC Advances 10, № 51 (2020): 30990–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra04929h.

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Machado, Irlaine, Isabel Hsieh, Veronica Calado, Thomas Chapin, and Hatsuo Ishida. "Nacre-Mimetic Green Flame Retardant: Ultra-High Nanofiller Content, Thin Nanocomposite as an Effective Flame Retardant." Polymers 12, no. 10 (2020): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102351.

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A nacre-mimetic brick-and-mortar structure was used to develop a new flame-retardant technology. A second biomimetic approach was utilized to develop a non-flammable elastomeric benzoxazine for use as a polymer matrix that effectively adheres to the hydrophilic laponite nanofiller. A combination of laponite and benzoxazine is used to apply an ultra-high nanofiller content, thin nanocomposite coating on a polyurethane foam. The technology used is made environmentally friendly by eliminating the need to add any undesirable flame retardants, such as phosphorus additives or halogenated compounds. The very-thin coating on the polyurethane foam (PUF) is obtained through a single dip-coating. The structure of the polymer has been confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The flammability of the polymer and nanocomposite was evaluated by heat release capacity using microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC). A material with heat release capacity (HRC) lower than 100 J/Kg is considered non-ignitable. The nanocomposite developed exhibits HRC of 22 J/Kg, which is well within the classification of a non-ignitable material. The cone calorimeter test was also used to investigate the flame retardancy of the nanocomposite’s thin film on polyurethane foam. This test confirms that the second peak of the heat release rate (HRR) decreased 62% or completely disappeared for the coated PUF with different loadings. Compression tests show an increase in the modulus of the PUF by 88% for the 4 wt% coating concentration. Upon repeated modulus tests, the rigidity decreases, approaching the modulus of the uncoated PUF. However, the effect of this repeated mechanical loading does not significantly affect the flame retarding performance.
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47

Wu, Yarong, Xiang Zhou, Zhiqi Xing, and Jiangtao Ma. "Metal compounds as catalysts in the intumescent flame retardant system for polyethylene terephthalate fabrics." Textile Research Journal 89, no. 15 (2018): 2983–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517518805373.

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Forming a carbonaceous protective layer during combustion has been proven to be an effective way to improving the flame retardancy of polymers and it has been found that some metal compounds could promote dehydrogenation and aromatization of the degradation products. In this research, several divalent or multivalent metal compounds were added in the intumescent flame retardant (IFR) based on ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol and melamine for polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabrics. The prepared flame retardant dispersions containing 25 wt% IFR and 1 wt% metal compounds were applied on PET fabrics by the common pad-dry-cure method. None of the treated samples generated any dripping during the vertical burning test, with the highest limiting oxygen index being up to 33.4%. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the catalytic effect of metal compounds may occur in promoting the formation of char residues. The morphology of char residues of two of the IFR/metal compound-treated PET fabrics, IFR/FeCl3 and IFR/ZnCl2, were smooth and compact, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Laser Raman spectroscopy of the char residues suggested that a higher graphitization degree was obtained by adding the metal compounds. Real-time Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that metal compounds made more phosphorus available for phosphorylation and char formation. The results of the present study indicate the possibility for enhancing char formation via the catalytic effect of metal compounds to improve the flame retardant and anti-dripping properties of the PET fabrics.
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48

Litzenburger, Achim. "Criteria For, and Examples of Optimal Choice of Flame Retardants." Polymers and Polymer Composites 8, no. 8 (2000): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391120000808581.

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What would our lives be without plastics? Better or worse? The same question is valid for chemical compounds, especially fire-retardants, being added to polymers to enhance and tailor polymer properties. Within five main types of fire retardants a significant number of compounds serve one goal: improve resistance against fire! For decades, innumerable applications prove the universal utility of brominated fire-retardants. Today, cost optimization of final compounds is very often the main driving force to reduce fire safety or to use the cheapest flame retardant available. By referring to applications, this paper reflects the influence of different properties and suggests guidelines for optimal choice of fire retardants.
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49

Zuo, Duquan, Haolin Ding, Maoyong Zhi, Yi Xu, Zhongbo Zhang, and Minghao Zhang. "Research Progress on the Oxidation Behavior of Ignition-Proof Magnesium Alloy and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy with Multi-Element Rare Earth Additions: A Review." Materials 17, no. 13 (2024): 3183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17133183.

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The phenomenon of high-temperature oxidation in magnesium alloys constitutes a significant obstacle to their application in the aerospace field. However, the incorporation of active elements such as alloys and rare earth elements into magnesium alloys alters the organization and properties of the oxide film, resulting in an enhancement of their antioxidation capabilities. This paper comprehensively reviews the impact of alloying elements, solubility, intermetallic compounds (second phase), and multiple rare earth elements on the antioxidation and flame-retardant effects of magnesium alloys. The research progress of flame-retardant magnesium alloys containing multiple rare earth elements is summarized from two aspects: the oxide film and the matrix structure. Additionally, the existing flame-retardancy models for magnesium alloys and the flame-retardant mechanisms of various flame-retardant elements are discussed. The results indicate that the oxidation of rare earth magnesium alloys is a complex process determined by internal properties such as the structure and properties of the oxide film, the type and amount of rare earth elements added, the proportion of multiple rare earth elements, synergistic element effects, as well as external properties like heat treatment, oxygen concentration, and partial pressure. Finally, some issues in the development of multi-rare earth magnesium alloys are raised and the potential directions for the future development of rare earth flame-retardant magnesium alloys are discussed. This paper aims to promote an understanding of the oxidation behavior of flame-retardant magnesium alloys and provide references for the development of rare earth flame-retardant magnesium alloys with excellent comprehensive performance.
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Syrbu, Svetlana Alexandrovna, Anisa Khamidovna Salikhova, Olga Germanovna Tsirkina, Veronika Gerbertovna Spiridonova, Nina Nikolaevna Kolesnikova, and Elena Vasilyevna Barinova. "Development of flame retardant compositions for decorative and special purpose fabrics and investigation of their fire-hazardous properties." Technology of technosphere safety 105 (2024): 115–29. https://doi.org/10.25257/tts.2024.3.105.115-129.

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Introduction. Reducing the fire hazard of woven materials is an urgent task. The main way to reduce the flammability of textile materials of various compositions and purposes is the use of fire retardants – components added to materials of organic origin to provide fire protection. Fire retardant compounds must be selected taking into account the purpose of the finished textile product, the requirements for fire retardant, hygienic, and mechanical characteristics. Due to the specific nature of their use, decorative fabrics intended for furniture upholstery, sewing curtains and curtains, interior decoration, as well as special-purpose fabrics used for the manufacture of special protective clothing against heat and flame are subjected to fire-retardant treatment. The work used antipyretic compounds based on the drugs Pecoflam and Pyrovatex. As additives in order to increase the effectiveness of fire retardants, the drug Covelos, which is silicon dioxide, and the drug Teflon, an organofluorine compound, were introduced into the solutions. The purpose of the study is development of formulations for flame retardant compositions that provide high fire retardant properties of textile materials for various purposes made from natural and synthetic fibers and their mixtures. Research methods. To obtain the results, a comparative system analysis of literature data and experimental results, flammability tests in accordance with state standard GOST R 50810-95, fire resistance tests in accordance with state standard GOST 11209-2014, as well as methods for determining the oxygen index were used. Research results. Fire retardant compounds have been developed for decorative polyester fabrics and the minimum concentrations of Pecoflam and Pyrovatex for special purpose fabrics have been determined. Flammability and fire resistance tests have been carried out. The values of the oxygen index and flame propagation speed were determined for samples of avisent and twill. It has been established that the concentration of Pecoflam to impart fire-retardant properties to avisent fabric is up to 200 g/l, the concentration of Pyrovatex to impart fire-retardant properties to twill fabric is up to 300 g/l. Conclusion. The tests conducted allowed us to evaluate the effectiveness of surface fire protection treatment of decorative and special-purpose polyester fabrics using Pecoflam and Pirovatex preparations, which can be implemented at the final finishing stage. Optimum concentrations of the said preparations were determined to reduce the fire hazard of decorative and special-purpose textile materials. Keywords: textile material; fire retardant composition; testing of fabric samples; oxygen index; flame propagation speed.
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