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Journal articles on the topic 'Flame retardant polymers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 5 April 2025

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1

Lu, Shaolin, Wei Hong, and Xudong Chen. "Nanoreinforcements of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardant Polymeric Composites: An Overview." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (December 4, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4273253.

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Polymer materials are ubiquitous in daily life. While polymers are often convenient and helpful, their properties often obscure the fire hazards they may pose. Therefore, it is of great significance in terms of safety to study the flame retardant properties of polymers while still maintaining their optimal performance. Current literature shows that although traditional flame retardants can satisfy the requirements of polymer flame retardancy, due to increases in product requirements in industry, including requirements for durability, mechanical properties, and environmental friendliness, it is

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2

Beyer, Günter. "Flame Retardancy of Nanocomposites - from Research to Reality." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 5 (2005): 529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300510.

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Nanocomposites are a new class of polymer systems. Modified layered silicates as fillers are dispersed at a nm-level within a polymer matrix. For nanocomposites new and extraordinary properties are observed. The thermal stability and the flame retardancy of polymers forming nanocomposites are improved. The flame retardancy mechanism of layered silicate nanocomposites is based on the char formation and its structure; the char insulates the polymer from heat and acts as a barrier, reducing the escape of volatile gases from the polymer combustion. The cone calorimeter is a very useful tool to inv

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3

He, Ruiyang. "Application analysis of two flame retardant polymer materials." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 13 (August 21, 2022): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v13i.1349.

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Flame retardants have become an integral part of the construction industry, not only to bring safety to residents in the event of fire, but also to reduce property damage. As excellent flame retardant materials, common flame retardant polymer composites mainly include two types, that is, traditional flame retardant and nano flame retardant. This research introduces the different flame retardants under the two categories and their corresponding flame retardant mechanisms in detail. And some other flame retardant polymer composites. In terms of mechanism, two important flame retardant mechanisms

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4

Ramadan, Noha, Mohamed Taha, Angela Daniela La Rosa, and Ahmed Elsabbagh. "Towards Selection Charts for Epoxy Resin, Unsaturated Polyester Resin and Their Fibre-Fabric Composites with Flame Retardants." Materials 14, no. 5 (2021): 1181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051181.

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Epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins are the most used thermosetting polymers. They are commonly used in electronics, construction, marine, automotive and aircraft industries. Moreover, reinforcing both epoxy and unsaturated polyester resins with carbon or glass fibre in a fabric form has enabled them to be used in high-performance applications. However, their organic nature as any other polymeric materials made them highly flammable materials. Enhancing the flame retardancy performance of thermosetting polymers and their composites can be improved by the addition of flame-retardant material

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5

Lyu, Ping, Yongbo Hou, Jinhu Hu, et al. "Composites Filled with Metal Organic Frameworks and Their Derivatives: Recent Developments in Flame Retardants." Polymers 14, no. 23 (2022): 5279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235279.

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Polymer matrix is vulnerable to fire hazards and needs to add flame retardants to enhance its performance and make its application scenarios more extensive. At this stage, it is more necessary to add multiple flame-retardant elements and build a multi-component synergistic system. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been studied for nearly three decades since their introduction. MOFs are known for their structural advantages but have only been applied to flame-retardant polymers for a relatively short period of time. In this paper, we review the development of MOFs utilized as flame retardant

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6

Pan, Kai, Hui Liu, Zhijun Wang, et al. "Insights into Ionic Liquids for Flame Retardant: A Study Based on Bibliometric Mapping." Safety 9, no. 3 (2023): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety9030049.

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Fire is a typical disaster in the processing industry. Ionic liquids, as a type of green flame retardant, play an important role in process safety. In order to grasp the current research status, hotspots, and frontiers in the field of ionic liquids in flame retardancy, the bibliometric mapping method is applied to study the relevant literature in Web of Science datasets from 2000–2022 in this paper. The results show that the research on ionic liquids in flame retardancy is multidisciplinary and involves some disciplines such as energy science, material science, and environmental protection. Jo

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7

Shao, Yuran, Yuting Wang, Fei Yang, et al. "Sodium Silicate/Urea/Melamine Ternary Synergistic Waterborne Acrylic Acid Flame-Retardant Coating and Its Flame-Retardant Mechanism." Molecules 29, no. 7 (2024): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071472.

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Waterborne acrylic coatings, the largest market share of predominant environmentally friendly coatings, face limitations in their extensive application due to their flammability. The flame-retardant properties of the coatings could be significantly enhanced by incorporate inorganic flame retardants. However, inorganic flame retardants tend to aggregate and unevenly disperse in waterborne acrylic coatings, causing a substantial decrease in flame retardancy. In this work, sodium silicate was utilized as a flame retardant, with urea and melamine serving as modifiers and synergistic agents. This c

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8

Qu, Qi, Jin Xu, Huanhuan Wang, et al. "Carbon Nanotube-Based Intumescent Flame Retardants Achieve High-Efficiency Flame Retardancy and Simultaneously Avoid Mechanical Property Loss." Polymers 15, no. 6 (2023): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15061406.

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Intumescent flame retardants (IFR) are an excellent solution to the problem of easy combustion of polymers. Still, the negative effect of the addition of flame retardants is the decline of the mechanical properties of polymers. In this context, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are modified with tannic acid (TA) and then wrapped on the surface of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to construct a special intumescent flame retardant structure (CTAPP). The respective advantages of the three components in the structure are explained in detail, especially the role of CNTs with high thermal conductivity in the flam

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9

Shen, Jingjing, Jianwei Liang, Xinfeng Lin, Hongjian Lin, Jing Yu, and Shifang Wang. "The Flame-Retardant Mechanisms and Preparation of Polymer Composites and Their Potential Application in Construction Engineering." Polymers 14, no. 1 (2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010082.

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Against the background of people’s increasing awareness of personal safety and property safety, the flame retardancy (FR) of materials has increasingly become the focus of attention in the field of construction engineering. A variety of materials have been developed in research and production in this field. Polymers have many advantages, such as their light weight, low water absorption, high flexibility, good chemical corrosion resistance, high specific strength, high specific modulus and low thermal conductivity, and are often applied to the field of construction engineering. However, the FR

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10

Carvalho, Bárbara O., Luís P. C. Gonçalves, Patrícia V. Mendonça, João P. Pereira, Arménio C. Serra, and Jorge F. J. Coelho. "Replacing Harmful Flame Retardants with Biodegradable Starch-Based Materials in Polyethylene Formulations." Polymers 15, no. 20 (2023): 4078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15204078.

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The addition of toxic flame retardants to commercially available polymers is often required for safety reasons due to the high flammability of these materials. In this work, the preparation and incorporation of efficient biodegradable starch-based flame retardants into a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) matrix was investigated. Thermoplastic starch was first obtained by plasticizing starch with glycerol/water or glycerol/water/choline phytate to obtain TPS-G and TPS-G-CPA, respectively. Various LDPE/TPS blends were prepared by means of melt blending using polyethylene graft maleic anhydride as

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11

Zhang, Taiming, Huanyu Xie, Shuai Xie, et al. "A Superior Two-Dimensional Phosphorus Flame Retardant: Few-Layer Black Phosphorus." Molecules 28, no. 13 (2023): 5062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135062.

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The usage of flame retardants in flammable polymers has been an effective way to protect both lives and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus flame retardants have the potential to be follow-on flame retardants after halogenated variants, because of their low toxicity, high efficiency and compatibility. Recently, the emerging allotrope of phosphorus, two-dimensional black phosphorus, as a flame retardant has been developed. To further understand its performance in flame-retardant efficiency among phosphorus flame retardants, in this work, we built model materials to compare the flam

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12

Kim, Hyelim, Ji-Su Kim, and Wonyoung Jeong. "Study on the Flame Retardancy and Hazard Evaluation of Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) Fibers by the Addition of Antimony-Based Flame Retardants." Polymers 14, no. 1 (2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010042.

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Antimony oxide (ATO) is used mainly as a flame retardant, but it is classified as a hazardous substance. Therefore, regulations on the use of antimony trioxide (ATO(3)) and antimony pentoxide (ATO(5)) in textile products are being developed. Accordingly, there is a need for alternative flame retardants. In this study, antimony tetroxide (ATO(4)), which has higher thermal stability and resistance to acids and alkalis than ATO(3) or ATO(5), was selected to assess its use as an alternative flame retardant. First, ATO(3) or ATO(4) were added to poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) (PANVDC),

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13

Chen, Shaojun, Youhan Zeng, Weifeng Bi, Haitao Zhuo, and Haiqiang Zhong. "Development of a UiO-66 Based Waterborne Flame-Retardant Coating for PC/ABS Material." Polymers 16, no. 2 (2024): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16020275.

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The flame-retardancy of polymeric materials has garnered great interest. Most of the flame retardants used in copolymers are functionalized additives, which can deteriorate the intrinsic properties of these materials. As a new type of flame retardant, functionalized metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can be used in surface coatings of polymers. To reduce the flammability, a mixture of phytic acid, multi-wall carbon nanotubes, zirconium-based MOFs, and UiO-66 was coated on a PC/ABS substrate. The structure of the UiO-66-based flame retardant was established by FT-IR, XRD, XPS, and SEM. The flammab

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14

Hu, Yongwei, Yong Liu, Shihao Zheng, and Wendong Kang. "Progress in Application of Silane Coupling Agent for Clay Modification to Flame Retardant Polymer." Molecules 29, no. 17 (2024): 4143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29174143.

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Polymer composites are widely used in various fields of production and life, and the study of preparing environmentally friendly and flame retardant clay/polymer composites has gradually become a global research hotspot. But how to efficiently surface modify clay and apply it to the field of flame retardant polymers is still a potential challenge. One of the most commonly used surface modification methods is the modification of clay with silane coupling agents. The hydrolysable groups of the silane coupling agent first hydrolyze to generate hydroxyl groups. These hydroxyl groups then undergo a

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15

Zhang, Tao, and Yong Liu. "Preparation of High-Transparency Phosphenanthrene-Based Flame Retardants and Studies of Their Flame-Retardant Properties." Polymers 15, no. 24 (2023): 4665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15244665.

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Transparency is an important property for polymer flame retardants, especially epoxy resin (EP) flame retardants, and flame-retardant epoxy resins that maintain a high transparency and low chromatic aberration play important roles in the optical, lighting, and energy industries. Herein, a DOPO-based flame retardant 6,6′-((sulfonylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) with a high transparency and low chromatic aberration was prepared via the classical Atherton–Todd reaction and named SBPDOPO. Its chemical structure was characterized with Fourier IR spectroscop

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16

Nguyen, Tuan Anh. "Study on the Synergies of Nanoclay and MWCNTs to the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites." Journal of Nanomaterials 2021 (June 9, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5536676.

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Modern flame retardants are organic compounds containing halogen or phosphorus groups and are not always well dispersed in polymers. Thus, by using a small amount of nanoclay and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), they can significantly reduce the number of conventional flame retardant additives, making the material with optimal flame retardant properties. Conventional flame retardants always have some negative effects on the mechanical properties of the polymer substrate, so by using nanoclay and MWCNTs, those adverse effects can be minimized and overcome. In this work, in order to improv

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17

Ismailova, Ra’no, Nailya Valeeva, Islom Khaydarov, Baxrom Ibragimov, and Fotima Sobirova. "Fire retardants giving special properties to fibers and textile materials based on them." E3S Web of Conferences 486 (2024): 05021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448605021.

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The fire-retardant properties of modified polyacrylonitrile fibers with phosphorus-containing polymers, as well as nitrogen and brominecontaining flame retardants, have been studied. It has been shown that, in contrast to low molecular weight fire retardants, polymer and oligomer fire retardants give fibers higher fire-retardant properties. The results of determining the flammability of samples showed that the treatment of polyacrylonitrile fibers with oligomeric flame retardants based on the developed flame retardants improves the fire-retardant properties of fibers and materials based on the

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18

Vahabi, Henri, Hadi Rastin, Elnaz Movahedifar, Karina Antoun, Nicolas Brosse, and Mohammad Reza Saeb. "Flame Retardancy of Bio-Based Polyurethanes: Opportunities and Challenges." Polymers 12, no. 6 (2020): 1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061234.

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Sustainable polymers are emerging fast and have received much more attention in recent years compared to petro-sourced polymers. However, they inherently have low-quality properties, such as poor mechanical properties, and inadequate performance, such as high flammability. In general, two methods have been considered to tackle such drawbacks: (i) reinforcement of sustainable polymers with additives; and (ii) modification of chemical structure by architectural manipulation so as to modify polymers for advanced applications. Development and management of bio-based polyurethanes with flame-retard

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19

Repon, Md Reazuddin, Nure Alam Siddiquee, Mohammad Abdul Jalil, Daiva Mikučionienė, Md Rezaul Karim, and Tarikul Islam. "Flame Retardancy Enhancement of Jute Fabric Using Chemical Treatment." TEKSTILEC 64, no. 1 (2021): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14502/tekstilec2021.64.70-80.

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This work aims to improve the flame retardancy of jute fabric. Raw and bleached plain weave jute fabric was used in this work. Flame retardants borax, diammonium phosphate and thiourea were applied in different concentrations in a raw and bleached jute fabric with the padding method. The influences of flame retardant finishing on the vertical flammability behaviour and tensile properties as well as wash resistance were inves¬tigated. Flame spread time was found to significantly increase when these simple flame retardant finishing agents were used. It was found that the borax-treated raw and bl

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20

Zhang, Xu, Dan Li, Hua Xie, and Rui Feng Ma. "Study on Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of Magnesium Salt Flame Retardants." Advanced Materials Research 915-916 (April 2014): 1058–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.915-916.1058.

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Magnesium salt flame retardant is a new filler flame retardant agent, and can release the water and absorb the latent heat during the thermal decomposition, which can effectively inhibit the polymers decomposition and cool the combustible gas generated in the case of fire. In this paper, the magnesium salt flame retardant is synthesized in different conditions. Then the thermal decomposition features of the magnesium salt flame retardants with the smallest particle diameters are characterized by using thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. Finally, on the basis of this a

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21

Zhu, Yuanzhao, Wei Wu, Tong Xu, et al. "Morphology-Controlled Synthesis of Polyphosphazene-Based Micro- and Nano-Materials and Their Application as Flame Retardants." Polymers 14, no. 10 (2022): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102072.

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Common flame retardants, such as halogen-based materials, are being phased-out owing to their harmful environmental and health effects. We prepared poly-(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol) (PZS) microspheres, nanotubes, capsicum-like nanotubes, and branched nanotubes as flame retardants. An increase in reaction temperature changed the morphology from nanotubes to microspheres. A PZS shape had a positive effect on the flame retardancy of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The PZS with a capsicum-like nanotube morphology had the best flame retardancy, and the PET limiting oxygen index

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22

Green, Joseph. "A Review of Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardants." Journal of Fire Sciences 10, no. 6 (1992): 470–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419201000602.

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The flame retardant mechanism described for phosphorus- containing flame retardants includes both a condensed and a vapor phase mechanism depending on the type of phosphorus compound and the polymer. Intumescence is also described. Chemical structures of the flame retardant are shown. Specific applications for red phosphorus, organophosphates, chlorophos phates and bromophosphates are described. The use of triarylphosphates in PVC, modified polyphenylene oxide, and polycarbonate/ABS is described. The chlorophosphates are used in polyurethanes and the bromophosphates in en gineering thermoplast

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23

Kim, Yukyung, Sanghyuck Lee, and Hyeonseok Yoon. "Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers." Polymers 13, no. 4 (2021): 540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040540.

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Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize ther

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Lee, Seung Hun, Seul Gi Lee, Jun Seo Lee, and Byung Chol Ma. "Understanding the Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant on Improving the Fire Safety of Rigid Polyurethane Foam." Polymers 14, no. 22 (2022): 4904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14224904.

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Combinations of multiple inorganic fillers have emerged as viable synergistic agents for boosting the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polymer materials. However, few studies on the effect of multiple inorganic fillers on the flame retardant behavior of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foam have been carried out. In this paper, a flame retardant combination of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and traditional flame retardants ammonium polyphosphate (APP), pentaerythritol (PER), melamine cyanurate (MC), calcium carbonate (CC), and expandable graphite (EG) was incorporated into RPU foam to i

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Lu, Shike, Xueting Chen, Bin Zhang, et al. "Synergistic Modification of Polyformaldehyde by Biobased Calcium Magnesium Bi-Ionic Melamine Phytate with Intumescent Flame Retardant." Polymers 16, no. 5 (2024): 614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16050614.

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Intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) are mainly composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (ME), and some macromolecular char-forming agents. The traditional IFR still has some defects in practical application, such as poor compatibility with the matrix and low flame-retardant efficiency. In order to explore the best balance between flame retardancy and mechanical properties of flame-retardant polyformaldehyde (POM) composite, a biobased calcium magnesium bi-ionic melamine phytate (DPM) synergist was prepared based on renewable biomass polyphosphate phytic acid (PA), and its synergistic

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Zhang, Jingnan, Siming Lian, Yifan He, et al. "Intrinsically flame-retardant polyamide 66 with high flame retardancy and mechanical properties." RSC Advances 11, no. 1 (2021): 433–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra07822k.

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Li, Yan, Leijie Qi, Yifan Liu, et al. "Recent Advances in Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polyolefin Cable Sheath Materials." Polymers 14, no. 14 (2022): 2876. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142876.

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With the continuous advancements of urbanization, the demand for power cables is increasing to replace overhead lines for energy transmission and distribution. Due to undesirable scenarios, e.g., the short circuit or poor contact, the cables can cause fire. The cable sheath has a significant effect on fire expansion. Thus, it is of great significance to carry out research on flame-retardant modification for cable sheath material to prevent fire accidents. With the continuous environmental concern, polyolefin (PO) is expected to gradually replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for cable sheath materi

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Lin, Xiao Dan, Bin Yang, Guang Kai Wang, Erigene Bakangura, Ming Huang, and Zhi Shan Fan. "Smart Efficient Flame Retardant Carpets in Non Halogen Flame Retardant Polymers." Advanced Materials Research 650 (January 2013): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.650.279.

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Non halogen flame retardant researches have achieved great progress; however, theoretical works are much lagged. Here we show a model of an efficient Flame Retardant Carpet (e-FRC) based on the synergistic flame retardant system of phosphorus and hydroxyl compounds that can give ABS UL 94 V-0 efficiently. This model is further extended to explain the high efficient flame retardancy of phosphonates by proposing a surfactant structured intermediate from pyrolysis. The smart intermediate self-assembles on charred polymer matrix, forming an anisotropy molecular membrane, with one side of hydrocarb

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Sover, Alexandru, Stanislav Marzynkevitsch, and Bastian Munack. "Processing Conditions of Expandable Graphite in PP and PA Matrix and their Performance." Materiale Plastice 55, no. 4 (2018): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.18.4.5063.

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Polypropylene (PP) and polyamide (PA) polymers are used in different situations where they provide a flame retarding effect to meet safety standards. The expandable graphite as an additive for polymer materials has a good flame retardant effect and it does not harm the environment. The processing of this additive is presented for those two different polymers. Compounds with proportions of 10, 20, 30% of this additive were prepared in order to investigate the processability and flame retarding effect of PP and PA samples. The results show that the process conditions differ greatly between the p

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Cao, Q., Q. G. Cao, X. X. Qiu, and J. Song. "Effects of Expanded Graphite, Aluminum Hydroxide, and Kaolin on Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Polyurethane Composites." International Polymer Processing 36, no. 1 (2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2020-3950.

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Abstract Polyurethane is a widely used polymer that has good abrasion resistance and low-temperature resistance. However, polyurethane composite materials are highly inflammable and thus require the use of flame retardants. This study selected green and environment-friendly flame retardants such as expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide, and kaolin to be used as individual or paired retardants to produce polyurethane composites. By analyzing the potential and mechanical properties of the polyurethane composites, it was found that the composite material with the flame retardant composed of graph

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Ge, Hua, Wei Wang, Ying Pan, Xiaojuan Yu, Weizhao Hu, and Yuan Hu. "An inherently flame-retardant polyamide containing a phosphorus pendent group prepared by interfacial polymerization." RSC Advances 6, no. 85 (2016): 81802–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra17108g.

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Inherent flame retardation has the advantage that it will allow polymers to impart the flame retardancy permanently, and the introduction of a few weight percent of the flame retardant unit can lead to improvements in the overall flame retardancy.

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Kaysser, Simon T., Christian Bethke, Isabel Fernandez Romero, et al. "Investigations on Epoxy-Carbamate Foams Modified with Different Flame Retardants for High-Performance Applications." Polymers 13, no. 22 (2021): 3893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13223893.

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In transport sectors such as aviation, automotive and railway, materials combining a high lightweight potential with high flame retardant properties are in demand. Polymeric foams are suitable materials as they are lightweight, but often have high flammability. This study focuses on the influence of different flame retardants on the burning behavior of Novolac based epoxy foams using Isophorone Diamine carbamate (B-IPDA) as dual functional curing and blowing agent. The flame retardant properties and possible modifications of these foams are systematically investigated. Multiple flame retardant

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Wu, Denghui, Xinhang Li, and Peihua Zhao. "Durable Flame-Retardant Cotton Fabric Modified by a Novel Reactive P-N Intumescent Flame Retardant." Advances in Polymer Technology 2023 (July 7, 2023): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4359057.

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A novel reactive P-N intumescent flame retardant tetroxo (3-triethylphosphine-5-chlorine-1-triazine) neopentane (TTCTN) was prepared, and its structure was determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The flame retardance and physiological comfort properties of TTCTN-treated cotton fabrics (TTCTN-CF) was researched. The CF treated with 20 wt% TTCTN (TTCTN(20)-CF) showed the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was up to 28.6%, and the flame retardancy reached the class B1 of national standard of flame retardant fabrics, and its peak heat release rate and total h

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Bhoite, Sangram P., Jonghyuck Kim, Wan Jo, et al. "Understanding the Influence of Gypsum upon a Hybrid Flame Retardant Coating on Expanded Polystyrene Beads." Polymers 14, no. 17 (2022): 3570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173570.

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A low-cost and effective flame retarding expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam was prepared herein by using a hybrid flame retardant (HFR) system, and the influence of gypsum was studied. The surface morphology and flame retardant properties of the synthesized flame retardant EPS were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cone calorimetry testing (CCT). The SEM micrographs revealed the uniform coating of the gypsum-based HFR on the EPS microspheres. The CCT and thermal conductivity study demonstrated that the incorporation of gypsum greatly decreases the peak heat release rate (

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Renner, Juliana Sally, Rhoda Afriyie Mensah, Lin Jiang, Qiang Xu, Oisik Das, and Filippo Berto. "Fire Behavior of Wood-Based Composite Materials." Polymers 13, no. 24 (2021): 4352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244352.

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Wood-based composites such as wood plastic composites (WPC) are emerging as a sustainable and excellent performance materials consisting of wood reinforced with polymer matrix with a variety of applications in construction industries. In this context, wood-based composite materials used in construction industries have witnessed a vigorous growth, leading to a great production activity. However, the main setbacks are their high flammability during fires. To address this issue, flame retardants are utilized to improve the performance of fire properties as well as the flame retardancy of WPC mate

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Wang, Qilei. "Preparation and surface modification of Mg(OH)2/siloxane nanocomposite flame retardant." Journal of Polymer Engineering 35, no. 2 (2015): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2014-0032.

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Abstract In order to obtain flame retardants with good heat resistance, retardant properties and affinity, magnesium hydroxide (MH)/siloxane nanocomposite flame retardants were prepared by the hydrothermal and hypergravity method. The MH and MH/siloxane particles were characterized and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunner-Emment-Teller (BET) measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), etc. The results show that the stability of as-prepared MH/siloxane nanocomposite flame retardants is superior to MH particles prepared by other prepared methods, and the agglomeration

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Zhang, Tiefeng, Chunfeng Wang, Yue Wang, Yongliang Wang, and Zhidong Han. "Effects of Modified Layered Double Hydroxides on the Thermal Degradation and Combustion Behaviors of Intumescent Flame Retardant Polyethylene Nanocomposites." Polymers 14, no. 8 (2022): 1616. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14081616.

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The flame retardancy of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) correlates with their structure and dispersion in a polymeric matrix. To improve the flame retardant effectiveness of Mg-Al LDH in polyethylene (PE), 2-carboxy ethyl (phenyl) phosphinic acid (CEPPA) was adopted as a flame retardant modifier to prepare CEPPA-intercalated LDH (CLDH) by the regeneration method, which was then exfoliated in PE by melt blending in the form of a masterbatch prepared from solution mixing. By compounding CLDH with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER

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He, Ying, Xiaobei Jin, Jingpeng Li, and Daochun Qin. "Mechanical and Fire Properties of Flame-Retardant Laminated Bamboo Lumber Glued with Phenol Formaldehyde and Melamine Urea Formaldehyde Adhesives." Polymers 16, no. 6 (2024): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16060781.

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This study investigated the effects of different adhesives, phenol formaldehyde (PF) and melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF), on the mechanical and fire properties of flame-retardant laminated bamboo lumber (LBL). The results demonstrated that the flame-retardant treatment using phosphorus–nitrogen–boron compounds endowed the LBL with excellent flame retardancy and smoke suppression properties, even though the bending strength and bond shear strength were slightly reduced. The PF-glued LBL exhibited superior mechanical and shear properties to the MUF-glued ones, primarily due to its higher proces

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Alosime, Eid M., and Ahmed A. Basfar. "A Systematic Investigation on the Influence of Intumescent Flame Retardants on the Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA)/Liner Low Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) Blends." Molecules 28, no. 3 (2023): 1023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031023.

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Because of their high filler loadings, commercial-grade clean flame-retardant materials have unstable mechanical properties. To address this issue, intumescent polymers can be used to develop clean flame retardants with very low levels of smoke and toxicity generation. An intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system composed of red phosphorus (RP), zinc borate (ZB), and a terpolymer of ethylene, butyl acrylate, and maleic anhydride (EBM) was used to prepare EVA (ethylene-vinyl acetate) and EVA/LLDPE (linear low-density polyethylene) composites; their mechanical and flammability properties were sys

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Zheng, Jiaxin, Congxiao Wang, Yuyin Zhao, Menghao Guo, Yadong He, and Chunling Xin. "The Synergy of Nanosilica and Zinc Diethyl Hypophosphite Influences the Flame Retardancy and Foaming Performance of Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate)." Advances in Polymer Technology 2023 (April 28, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4319998.

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In order to improve the flame retardancy of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and maintain its excellent foamability, nanosilica (nano-SiO2), and zinc diethyl hypophosphite (ZDP) were selected as synergistic flame retardants, and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) was used as a chain extender to carry out flame retardant and chain extension modification of PET simultaneously. The flame retardancy and flame-retardant mechanism of modified PET were characterized by limiting oxygen index, vertical combustion test, thermogravimetric analysis, and SEM. Dynamic rheological test and DSC were used to an

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Borah, Jyotishmoy, Guang Yi Lin, and Chuan Sheng Wang. "Hyperbranched Polymers as Novel Flame Retardant Material." Advanced Materials Research 87-88 (December 2009): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.87-88.271.

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A series of aromatic hyperbranched polyethers have been synthesized from cyanuric chloride and diols by using nucleophilic displacement polymerization technique. The synthesized sulfur containing polyether was blended with commercially available low density polyethylene (LDPE) and plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) separately to improve the flame retardant property of those linear polymers. The flame retardancy of blends at different dose levels of the hyperbranched polyether with those linear polymers was investigated by measurement of limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and thermogravimetric ana

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Faryal, Sidra, Muhammad Zafar, M. Shahid Nazir, Zulfiqar Ali, Manwar Hussain, and Syed Muhammad Imran. "The Synergic Effect of Primary and Secondary Flame Retardants on the Improvement in the Flame Retardant and Mechanical Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Nanocomposites." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (2022): 10866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122110866.

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Recently, nanocomposites of polymers have attracted attention due to their advanced features compared to their complement polymer microcomposites. In this study, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was used as a matrix; antimony trioxide (primary flame retardant) and montmorillonite organo-clay (secondary flame retardant), along with benzoflex (plasticizer), were used as fillers to examine their synergistic effect. Nanocomposites of various compositions (TPU-1 to TPU-6) were prepared via the melt-mixing method and compressed to form sheets of the desired dimensions with a compression molding hydr

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Santos, Leandra P., Douglas S. da Silva, Thais H. Morari, and Fernando Galembeck. "Environmentally Friendly, High-Performance Fire Retardant Made from Cellulose and Graphite." Polymers 13, no. 15 (2021): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13152400.

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Many materials and additives perform well as fire retardants and suppressants, but there is an ever-growing list of unfulfilled demands requiring new developments. This work explores the outstanding dispersant and adhesive performances of cellulose to create a new effective fire-retardant: exfoliated and reassembled graphite (ERG). This is a new 2D polyfunctional material formed by drying aqueous dispersions of graphite and cellulose on wood, canvas, and other lignocellulosic materials, thus producing adherent layers that reduce the damage caused by a flame to the substrates. Visual observatio

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Bhoite, Sangram P., Jonghyuck Kim, Wan Jo, et al. "Expanded Polystyrene Beads Coated with Intumescent Flame Retardant Material to Achieve Fire Safety Standards." Polymers 13, no. 16 (2021): 2662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162662.

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The compatibility and coating ratio between flame retardant materials and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is a major impediment to achieving satisfactory flame retardant performance. In this study, we prepared a water-based intumescent flame retardant system and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-coated expandable polystyrene microspheres by a simple coating approach. We investigated the compatibility, coating ratio, and fire performance of EPS- and MDI-coated EPS foam using a water-based intumescent flame retardant system. The microscopic study revealed that the water-based intumescent fla

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Chen, Haonan, Sheng Zhu, Rongfan Zhou, et al. "Thermal Degradation Behavior of Thiol-ene Composites Loaded with a Novel Silicone Flame Retardant." Polymers 14, no. 20 (2022): 4335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204335.

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A novel silicone flame retardant PMDA was synthesized and blended with a commercial thiol–ene (TE) to obtain a flame-retardant TE (FRTE) composite. The cone calorimeter measurement showed the incorporation of PMDA improved the flame retardancy of the TE composite at concentrations of 5 wt%. The thermal stability and degradation mechanism of FRTE in nitrogen was studied by thermogravimetric analysis. The degradation behaviour of TE containing a PMDA flame retardant was found to be changed. The kinetics of thermal degradation was evaluated by Kissinger method and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method. The res

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Wei, Ming, Daniel Murphy, Carol Barry, and Joey Mead. "HALOGEN-FREE FLAME RETARDANTS FOR WIRE AND CABLE APPLICATIONS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 83, no. 3 (2010): 282–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3525686.

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Abstract Flame retardants play a very important role in avoiding fire risks in wire and cable applications due to heat generation by current or outside sources. Halogen flame retardants are typically used to ensure good flammability. The halogen flame retardants, however, are under close scrutiny because of their potential to give off corrosive compounds when the materials are burned, as well as other safety, environmental, and health issues. For wire and cable industries, halogen-free flame retardant additives, such as nanoclays, nanotubes, aluminium trihydrate, or magnesium hydroxide are pot

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Vahabi, Henri, Elnaz Movahedifar, Baljinder K. Kandola, and Mohammad Reza Saeb. "Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) for Polymer Materials Ranking." Polymers 15, no. 11 (2023): 2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15112422.

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In 2019, we introduced Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) as a universal dimensionless index for the classification of flame-retardant polymer materials (Polymers, 2019, 11(3), 407). FRI simply takes the peak of Heat Release Rate (pHRR), Total Heat Release (THR), and Time-To-Ignition (ti) from cone calorimetry data and quantifies the flame retardancy performance of polymer composites with respect to the blank polymer (the reference sample) on a logarithmic scale, as of Poor (FRI ˂ 100), Good (100 ≤ FRI ˂ 101), or Excellent (FRI ≥ 101). Although initially applied to categorize thermoplastic composite

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Pan, Wei-Hao, Wen-Jie Yang, Chun-Xiang Wei, Ling-Yun Hao, Hong-Dian Lu, and Wei Yang. "Recent Advances in Zinc Hydroxystannate-Based Flame Retardant Polymer Blends." Polymers 14, no. 11 (2022): 2175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14112175.

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During the combustion of polymeric materials, plenty of heat, smoke, and toxic gases are produced that may cause serious harm to human health. Although the flame retardants such as halogen- and phosphorus-containing compounds can inhibit combustion, they cannot effectively reduce the release of toxic fumes. Zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS, ZnSn(OH)6) is an environmentally friendly flame retardant that has attracted extensive interest because of its high efficiency, safety, and smoke suppression properties. However, using ZHS itself may not contribute to the optimal flame retardant effect, which is c

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Geng, Junming, Jianyu Qin, and Jiyu He. "Preparation of Intercalated Organic Montmorillonite DOPO-MMT by Melting Method and Its Effect on Flame Retardancy to Epoxy Resin." Polymers 13, no. 20 (2021): 3496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203496.

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An intercalated organic montmorillonite DOPO-MMT was prepared through the melting method using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) as a modifier. Epoxy resin (EP) composites were prepared with DOPO-MMT, DOPO, MMT, and the physical mixtures of DOPO+MMT as flame retardants. The microstructure of the flame retardants and EP samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The flame retardant properties, thermal stability, and residual char structure of the EPs were studied by the limited ox

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Abdalrhem, Hossamaldin Ahmed Omer, Yueyue Pan, Hongda Gu, et al. "Synthesis of DOPO-Based Phosphorus-Nitrogen Containing Hyperbranched Flame Retardant and Its Effective Application for Poly(ethylene terephthalate) via Synergistic Effect." Polymers 15, no. 3 (2023): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030662.

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To obtain industrialized poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) composites with highly efficient flame retardancy, a phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) containing hyperbranched flame retardant additive was synthesized by 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phospho-phenanthrene-butyric acid (DDP) and tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate (THEIC) through high temperature esterification known as hyperbranched DDP-THEIC (hbDT). The chemical structure of the synthesized hbDT was determined by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and GPC, etc. Subsequently, hbDT/PET composites were prepared by co-blending, and the effects of hbDT on the therma

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