Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flame retardants

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Flame retardants'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Flame retardants"

1

Li, Jingwen, Yiliang Sun, Boming Zhang, and Guocheng Qi. "Mechanical, Flame-Retardant and Dielectric Properties of Intumescent Flame Retardant/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene through a Novel Dispersed Distribution Mode." Polymers 16, no. 10 (May 9, 2024): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16101341.

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The application of continuous glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene thermoplastic composites (GF/PP) is limited due to the inadequate flame retardancy of the polypropylene (PP) matrix. Apart from altering the composition of the flame retardants, the distribution modes of flame retardants also impact material performance. In this study, an alternative approach involving non-uniform distribution is proposed, namely, dispersed distribution, in which non-flame-retardant-content layers (NFRLs) and/or low-flame-retardant-content layers (LFRLs) are dispersed among high-flame-retardant-content layers (HFRLs). The mechanical, flame retardant and dielectric properties of GF/PP with intumescent flame retardant (IFR/GF/PP) are investigated comparatively under uniform, gradient, and dispersed distributions of the flame retardants. The results demonstrate that non-uniform distribution exhibits superior flame retardant performance compared to uniform distribution. Dispersed distribution enables IFR/GF/PP to attain enhanced mechanical properties and reduced dielectric constants while maintaining excellent flame-retardant properties.
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Kailun, Xing, and Yin Siqi. "Research Progress in Flame Retardant in Flame Retardant Coatings." Expert Review of Chinese Chemical 2, no. 2 (April 20, 2024): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.62022/ercc.issn3006-0095.2024.02.005.

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Flame retardant coatings are functional materials that can serve as decorative and protective substrates in the event of a fire. Flame retardant coatings generally consist of two parts: a base material and a flame retardant agent. A detailed introduction was given to the development of flame retardant coatings in recent years and the flame retardants used in flame retardant coatings. Flame retardants mainly include halogen flame retardants, phosphorus nitrogen flame retardants, expansion flame retardants, biomass flame retardants, and graphene flame retardants. The application of flame retardant coatings in the fields of epoxy resin, polyurethane, etc. was elaborated. In addition, the application of new biomass flame retardants and graphene flame retardants was introduced, and the future development of flame retardant coatings and flame retardants was described.
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Liu, Chun, Tieling Xing, Bingju Wei, and Guoqiang Chen. "Synergistic Effects and Mechanism of Modified Silica Sol Flame Retardant Systems on Silk Fabric." Materials 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101842.

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The nano-silica sol was prepared by sol-gel method, and the boric acid, urea, cyanoguanidine, melamine cyanurate (MCA), 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), and 6H-dibenz (C,E) (1,2) oxaphosphorin-6-oxide (DOPO) were added to the silica sol to modify the flame retardant through physical doping and chemical bonding. According to the formula proposed by Lewin, the calculation of flammability parameters were obtained by the limiting oxygen index meter, the micro calorimeter, the vertical burner, and the thermogravimetric analyzer proved that there was a synergistic or additive effect between the B/N/P flame retardant and the silica sol. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to characterize the morphology, structure, and pyrolysis products of treated silk fabric and residues after combustion. The results show that the flame retardancy of silica-boron sol is mainly caused by endothermic reaction and melt covering reaction. Silicon-nitrogen sol acts as a flame retardant through endothermic reaction, release of gases, and melting coverage. Silicon-phosphorus sol achieves flame retardancy by forming an acid to promote formation of a carbon layer and melting coverage. Silica sol and other flame retardants show excellent flame retardanty after compounding, and have certain complementarity, which can balance the dosage, performance, and cost of flame retardants, and is more suitable for industrial development.
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Shao, Yuran, Yuting Wang, Fei Yang, Chungui Du, Jiawei Zhu, Ying Ran, Qichao Bao, Yingying Shan, and Weigang Zhang. "Sodium Silicate/Urea/Melamine Ternary Synergistic Waterborne Acrylic Acid Flame-Retardant Coating and Its Flame-Retardant Mechanism." Molecules 29, no. 7 (March 26, 2024): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071472.

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Waterborne acrylic coatings, the largest market share of predominant environmentally friendly coatings, face limitations in their extensive application due to their flammability. The flame-retardant properties of the coatings could be significantly enhanced by incorporate inorganic flame retardants. However, inorganic flame retardants tend to aggregate and unevenly disperse in waterborne acrylic coatings, causing a substantial decrease in flame retardancy. In this work, sodium silicate was utilized as a flame retardant, with urea and melamine serving as modifiers and synergistic agents. This combination resulted in the preparation of a sodium silicate/urea/melamine ternary synergistic waterborne acrylic flame-retardant coating. This coating was applied to the surface of poplar veneer to create flame-retardant poplar veneer. Subsequently, various instruments, including a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a limiting oxygen index meter (LOI), a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), and a cone calorimeter (CONE), were employed to investigate the relevant properties and mechanisms of both the flame-retardant coating and poplar veneer. The results demonstrated that the sodium silicate/urea/melamine ternary synergistic flame retardant did not exhibit aggregation and could be uniformly dispersed in waterborne acrylic coatings. The physical and mechanical properties of the ternary synergistic flame-retardant poplar veneer coating were satisfactory. Melamine and urea, acting as modifiers, not only greatly enhanced the dispersibility of sodium silicate in waterborne acrylic coatings, but also assisted in the formation of a silicon-containing char layer through the generation of nitrogen, achieving ternary synergistic flame retardancy. In conclusion, this work explores a novel method to efficiently and uniformly disperse inorganic flame retardants in organic coatings. It significantly improves the dispersibility and uniformity of inorganic flame retardants in organic polymers, thereby substantially enhancing the flame-retardant performance of coatings. This work provides a theoretical basis for the research and application of new flame-retardant coatings in the field of chemistry and materials.
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Zhu, Yuanzhao, Wei Wu, Tong Xu, Hong Xu, Yi Zhong, Linping Zhang, Yimeng Ma, et al. "Morphology-Controlled Synthesis of Polyphosphazene-Based Micro- and Nano-Materials and Their Application as Flame Retardants." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102072.

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Common flame retardants, such as halogen-based materials, are being phased-out owing to their harmful environmental and health effects. We prepared poly-(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol) (PZS) microspheres, nanotubes, capsicum-like nanotubes, and branched nanotubes as flame retardants. An increase in reaction temperature changed the morphology from nanotubes to microspheres. A PZS shape had a positive effect on the flame retardancy of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The PZS with a capsicum-like nanotube morphology had the best flame retardancy, and the PET limiting oxygen index increased from 25.2% to 34.4%. The flame retardancy capability was followed by PZS microspheres (33.1%), branched nanotubes (32.8%), and nanotubes (32.5%). The capsicum-like nanotubes promote the formation of highly dense and continuous carbon layers, and they release a non-combustible gas (CO2). This study confirms polyphosphazene-based flame retardants as viable and environmentally-friendly alternatives to common flame retardants. It also presents a novel and facile design and synthesis of morphology-controlled nanomaterials with enhanced flame retardant properties.
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Gu, Yan Nan, Jin Huan Zheng, and Yang Yi Chen. "Study of Flame-Retardant and Waterproof Breathable Fabric by Coating Finishing." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1964–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1964.

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Organic flame retardant of N-P complex type and inorganic flame retardant hydrotalcite were respectively added to waterproof breathable coating agent ,the influence of dosages of two fla- me retardants on the flame retardancy of coated fabric were studied ,and the influence of the optim- al dosages of different flame retardants on the waterproof breathable permeability of coated fabric were investigated . The results show that adding inorganic flame retardant hydrotalcite has better flame-retardant and waterproof breathable permeability when the addition of hydrotalcite is 5% quality of coating agent , after-flame time and after-glow time of coated fabric are 0s, char length is 10.5cm, moisture quantity is 7247g/m2•24h, water pressure resistance is 430mmH2O.
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Chen, Ding Meng, Yi Ping Zhao, Jia Jian Yan, Li Chen, Zhi Zhi Dong, and Wei Gui Fu. "Preparation and Properties of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foams." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.540.

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Polyurethane foams (PUFs) filled with several halogen-free flame retardants and composite halogen-free flame retardants were prepared. The flame retardant, thermal stable and mechanical properties of the PUFs were investigated. The results of limiting oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that PUFs filled with dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) had better flame retardancy compared with other flame retardants and DMMP degraded at a low temperature to form several phosphorated acids which accelerated the formation of char layer. Composite flame retardant of DMMP and melamine (MA) had a synergistic effect between phosphorus and nitrogen. The combination of DMMP and MA slightly altered the density of the PUFs. Results from the mechanical analysis revealed that with the increase in concentration of MA in the composite flame retardant of DMMP and MA, the tensile strength of PUFs reduced firstly and then increased up to a constant.
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Li, Yan, Lizheng Sha, Huifang Zhao, and Cheng Huang. "Preparation and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant air filter paper." BioResources 14, no. 4 (September 12, 2019): 8499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.8499-8510.

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Four flame retardants and styrene-acrylic latex were used to make flame-retardant air filter paper via emulsion impregnation. The compositions and flame retardant mechanism of the flame retardants were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retardance of air filter paper was evaluated using TGA and limiting oxygen index (LOI) meter, and the physical properties and pore structure of the flame-retardant air filter paper were measured using stiffness tester, burst tester, and aperture analyzer. The results showed that the optimal ratio of flame retardant to styrene-acrylic latex was 1:1.4. The synergistic effect of boron, phosphorus and nitrogen made FR3 have good flame-retardant effect on air filter paper. Air filter paper with FR3 also had good physical strength and suitable pore size distribution.
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Zhang, Taiming, Huanyu Xie, Shuai Xie, Ajuan Hu, Jie Liu, Jian Kang, Jie Hou, Qing Hao, Hong Liu, and Hengxing Ji. "A Superior Two-Dimensional Phosphorus Flame Retardant: Few-Layer Black Phosphorus." Molecules 28, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 5062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135062.

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The usage of flame retardants in flammable polymers has been an effective way to protect both lives and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus flame retardants have the potential to be follow-on flame retardants after halogenated variants, because of their low toxicity, high efficiency and compatibility. Recently, the emerging allotrope of phosphorus, two-dimensional black phosphorus, as a flame retardant has been developed. To further understand its performance in flame-retardant efficiency among phosphorus flame retardants, in this work, we built model materials to compare the flame-retardant performances of few-layer black phosphorus, red phosphorus nanoparticles, and triphenyl phosphate as flame-retardant additives in cellulose and polyacrylonitrile. Aside from the superior flame retardancy in polyacrylonitrile, few-layer black phosphorus in cellulose showed the superior flame-retardant efficiency in self-extinguishing, ~1.8 and ~4.4 times that of red phosphorus nanoparticles and triphenyl phosphate with similar lateral size and mass load (2.5~4.8 wt%), respectively. The char layer in cellulose coated with the few-layer black phosphorus after combustion was more continuous and smoother than that with red phosphorus nanoparticles, triphenyl phosphate and blank, and the amount of residues of cellulose coated with the few-layer black phosphorus in thermogravimetric analysis were 10 wt%, 14 wt% and 14 wt% more than that with red phosphorus nanoparticles, triphenyl phosphate and blank, respectively. In addition, although exothermic reactions, the combustion enthalpy changes in the few-layer black phosphorus (−127.1 kJ mol−1) are one third of that of red phosphorus nanoparticles (−381.3 kJ mol−1). Based on a joint thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and microscopic analysis, the superior flame retardancy of the few-layer black phosphorus was attributed to superior combustion reaction suppression from the two-dimensional structure and thermal nature of the few-layer black phosphorus.
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Xu, Ling, Xuan Liu, and Rui Yang. "Flame Retardant Paraffin-Based Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Material via Expandable Graphite-Based Flame-Retardant Coating." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 2408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102408.

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Shape-stabilized phase change material (SSPCM) is a promising thermal energy storage material in energy-saving buildings. However, its flammability leads to a fire risk. The conventional bulk addition method has a limited flame-retardant effect. Herein, a series of surface coatings with various flame retardants were introduced to improve flame retardance of SSPCM. The results showed that all of the coatings had flame-retardant effects on SSPCM; In particular, the EG coating performed the best: the horizontal burning time was the longest, the limiting oxygen index was above 30%, the V0 classification was obtained, the peak heat release rate was sharply decreased from 1137.0 to 392.5 kW/m2 and the burning process was prolonged with the least total smoke production. The flame-retardant mechanism was discussed. As paraffin easily evaporated from the SSPCM at a moderate temperature, it caused flames. After being surface coated, the EG-based coatings first hindered the volatilization of paraffin at a moderate temperature, then expanded and formed thick porous carbon layers at a high temperature to block the transfer of combustibles, oxygen and heat between the bulk and the environment. Therefore, the surface coating strategy achieved a desirable flame-retardant level with fewer flame retardants.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flame retardants"

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Cequier, Manciñeiras Enrique. "Identifying human exposure pathways to flame retardants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283285.

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El principal objetiu d'aquesta tesi consisteix en millorar la comprensió de com i en quina mesura els retardants de flama (RF), tant els heretats com els emergents, que estan incorporats en articles d'ús diari i materials de construcció, entren en els éssers humans. Per això, un grup de 48 mares i els seus fills/es (6-12 anys), residents a l'área metropolitana d'Oslo (Noruega), van participar en l'estudi. Es van recollir mostres biològiques, de sang (només de les mares) i orina, i mostres de pols i aire de l'interior de les viviendes. Per a la determinació de RF persistents en sang es va desenvolupar un mètode basat en GC-MS i un segon mètode, basat en UPLC-TOF, per a la determinació de metabòlits dels RFs excretats en l'orina. Els principals RF persistents detectats en sang van ser: anti-Dechlorane Plus (0.85 ng/g lípid) > BDE -153 (0.82 ng/g lípid) > BDE -47 (0.49 ng/g lípid) > syn-Dechlorane Plus (0.45 ng/g lípid). La suma dels RF emergents va resultar en concentracions comparables a la suma dels difenil èters polibromats, essent els productes alimentaris una de las fonts més importants de RF en aquest estudi. Els dos principals metabòlits detectats en l'orina dels fills/es i les mares van ser el difenil fosfat (1 ng/ml) i el bis(1,3-dicloro-2-propil) fosfat (0.2-0.3 ng/ml). Es va trobar una estreta relació entre les concentracions d'aquests dos metabòlits en l'orina dels fills/es i les concentracions dels RF a l'aire i la pols de las vivendes. Aquest descobriment suggereix que l'ambient interior influeix més significativament en els nivells d'organofosfats en els fills/es que altres fonts com podrien ser els productes alimentaris.
El objetivo principal de esta tesis consiste en mejorar la comprensión de cómo y en qué medida los retardantes de llama (FR), tanto los heredados como los emergentes, que están incorporados en los artículos de uso diario y materiales de construcción, entran en los seres humanos. Para ello, un grupo de 48 madres y sus hijos/as (6-12 años), resididentes en el área metropolitana de Oslo (Noruega), participaron en el estudio. Se recogieron muestras biológicas de sangre (sólo de las madres) y orina, y muestras de polvo y aire del interior de las viviendas. Para la determinación de FR persistentes en sangre se desarrollló un método basado en GC-MS y un segundo método basado en UPLC-TOF para la determinación de metabolitos de los FRs excretados en la orina. Los principales FR persistentes detectados en sangre fueron: anti-Dechlorane Plus (0.85 ng/g lípido) > BDE -153 (0.82 ng/g lípido) > BDE -47 (0.49 ng/g lípido) > syn-Dechlorane Plus (0.45 ng/g lípido). La suma de los FR emergentes resultó en concentraciones comparables a la suma de los difenil éteres polibromados, siendo los productos alimentarios una de las fuentes más importantes de FR en este estudio. Los dos principales metabolitos detectados en la orina de los hijos/as y las madres fueron difenil fosfato (1 ng/ml) y bis(1,3-dicloro-2-propil) fosfato (0.2-0.3 ng/ml). Se encontró una estrecha relación entre las concentraciones de estos dos metabolitos en la orina de los niños y las concentraciones de los FR en el aire y el polvo de las viviendas. Este hallazgo sugiere que el ambiente interior contribuye de manera más significativa en los niveles de organofosfatos en los hijos/as que otras fuentes, como podrían ser los productos alimentarios.
The main research goal of this thesis is to further understanding of how and to what extent flame retardant (FR) chemicals, both legacy and emerging, which are present in every-day consumer goods and construction materials enter in humans. To do so, a cohort of 48 mothers and their offspring (6-12 years) were recruited in the greater area of Oslo (Norway) and samples of blood (only from the mothers), urine, and samples of indoor dust and air were collected. For the determination of persistent FR in blood a method based on GC-MS was developed, and a second method, based on UPLC-TOF, was also developed for the determination of the non-persistent FR (organophosphates) in urine. The main persistent FRs detected in blood were anti-Dechlorane Plus (0.85 ng/g lipid) > BDE-153 (0.82 ng/g lipid) > BDE-47 (0.49 ng/g lipid) > syn-Dechlorane Plus (0.45 ng/g lipid). The sum of the emerging FRs were found in comparable concentrations to the sum of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, diet being one of the most important sources of FRs in this study group. The two main metabolites detected in urine from children and mothers were diphenyl phosphate (1 ng/mL) and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (0.2-0.3 ng/mL). A strong relationship between the concentrations of these two metabolites in urine and the concentrations of the parent compounds in indoor air and dust for children was found. This finding suggests that the indoor environment contributes more importantly to the body burden of organophosphates in children from the cohort than other sources like diet.
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Karlsson, Henrik. "Source inventory of flame retardants in Sweden : Does the release of flame retardants pose any danger to the environment?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-420787.

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Ruflin, Catherine. "New phosphorus containing flame : retardants for cotton fabrics /." Zürich : ETH, 2006. http://e-collection.ethbib.ethz.ch/show?type=diss&nr=16734.

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Coleman, G. V. "Development of novel flame retardants for polyurethane foams." Thesis, University of Salford, 1994. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/14783/.

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In line with current environmental concerns, a non—halogenated, high phosphorus content flame retardant for polyurethane foams is preferred. Cyclic phosphorus compounds have a high percentage of phosphorus and should therefore exhibit good flame retardant activity when incorporated into polyurethane foams. One such group of compounds, known as phospholenes, had previously been successfully synthesised but in poor yields and with only a few derivatives being prepared. This work was concerned with identifying and then optimising synthesis routes to a variety of model phospholene oxide esters, that were proposed to have potential as novel flame retardants. Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the simplest synthesis reaction were also investigated. Once optimisation of both stages of the two stage synthesis were successful in raising the yields from -25% to >90%, a flow reactor was designed and constructed to facilitate production of the model compounds in large quantities (-P 1/2 kg) required and then incorporated into polyurethane foams at a variety of loadings. These flame retarded polyurethane foams were prepared and extensive flammability tests were subsequently performed to fully evaluate the model compounds' performance as flame retardants. The model compounds exhibited favourable flame retardant properties, but their physical properties prohibited their use as commercial flame retardants. However the work completed has shown the potential, within this area of compounds, for the commercial development of suitable flame retardants.
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Brommer, Sandra. "Characterising human exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2014. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5292/.

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Concentrations of selected PFRs were determined in indoor dust from cars, couches, living rooms, offices, and school classrooms in Australia, Canada, Germany, Kazakhstan, and the UK. Significant differences were found between concentrations of PFRs in dust from different microenvironment categories in the same country. Assessment of human exposure via dust ingestion, revealed the majority of exposure to most PFRs occurs in the domestic environment. However, exposure to TDCIPP occurs primarily in cars, and a substantial proportion of the exposure of young children to EHDPP occurs in classrooms. Reassuringly, the exposure estimates in this study are at least 2 orders of magnitude below health based limit values reported in the literature. However, improved characterisation of exposure to TCIPP via inhalation is identified as a research priority. To address the substantial uncertainty in existing values reported for PFR vapour pressures, they were determined experimentally via the GC-RT method. For most target PFRs, results showed good overall agreement with the mean of experimental and \(in\) \(silico\) literature values. However, values for the chlorinated PFRs exceeded the average of literature values.
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Priegert, Andrew Mark. "Synthesis, structure, and properties of phosphorus-containing flame retardants." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60397.

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Biswas, Bhaskar. "Fire retardation of epoxy composites using reactive flame retardants." Thesis, University of Bolton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531177.

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Wilson, Jonathan Colin. "Further investigation of novel flame retardants for polyurethane foams." Thesis, University of Salford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341311.

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Khattab, M. A. A. El-M. M. "Inorganic sulphur oxyacid salts as flame retardants for cotton." Thesis, City University London, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356009.

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Durganala, Sravanthi. "Synthesis Of Non-Halogenated Flame Retardants For Polyurethane Foams." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1312338050.

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Books on the topic "Flame retardants"

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Visakh, P. M., and Yoshihiko Arao, eds. Flame Retardants. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6.

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Baumgartner, William G., and Michael Murphy. Flame retardants. Cleveland (767 Beta Dr., Cleveland 44143-2326): Freedonia Group, 2002.

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M, Brown David, Teresa L. Hayes, and Sarah R. Sphar. Flame retardants. Cleveland: Freedonia Group, 1999.

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Eljarrat, Ethel, and Damià Barceló, eds. Brominated Flame Retardants. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19269-2.

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Flame, Retardants '94 Conference (1994 London England). Flame retardants '94. London: Interscience Communications, 1994.

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L, Buszard D., Plastics and Rubber Institute, British Plastics Federation, Association of Plastics Manufacturers in Europe., Fire Retardant Chemical Association (U.S.), and Flame Retardants '92 Conference ( 1992 : London, England), eds. Flame retardants '92. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1992.

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Damià, Barceló, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Brominated Flame Retardants. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

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Flame Retardants '90 Conference (1990 London, England). Flame retardants '90. London: Elsevier Applied Science, 1990.

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Flame Retardants '96 Conference (1996 London, England). Flame retardants '96. London: Interscience Communications, 1996.

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W, Gilman Jeffrey, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. New Flame Retardants Consortium: Final report : flame retardant mechanism of silica. [Gaithersburg, MD]: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flame retardants"

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Visakh, P. M. "Advances in Flame Retardant of Different Types of Nanocomposites." In Flame Retardants, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_1.

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Mohamed, Amina L., and Ahmed G. Hassabo. "Flame Retardant of Cellulosic Materials and Their Composites." In Flame Retardants, 247–314. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_10.

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Arao, Yoshihiko. "Flame Retardancy of Polymer Nanocomposite." In Flame Retardants, 15–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_2.

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Xu, Tao. "Recent Developments in Different Techniques Used for the Flame Retardancy." In Flame Retardants, 45–77. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_3.

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Mihajlović, Ivana. "Recent Development of Phosphorus Flame Retardants in Thermoplastic Blends and Nanocomposites." In Flame Retardants, 79–114. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_4.

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Pack, Seongchan. "A Review of Non-halogen Flame Retardants in Epoxy-Based Composites and Nanocomposites: Flame Retardancy and Rheological Properties." In Flame Retardants, 115–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_5.

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Rault, F., S. Giraud, and F. Salaün. "Flame Retardant/Resistant Based Nanocomposites in Textile." In Flame Retardants, 131–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_6.

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Zhang, Henglong L., Jianying Y. Yu, and Chongzheng Z. Zhu. "Flame Retardants in Bitumens and Nanocomposites." In Flame Retardants, 167–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_7.

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Sittisart, Pongphat, and Mohammed M. Farid. "Fire Retardant for Phase Change Material." In Flame Retardants, 187–207. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_8.

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Rosace, G., V. Migani, E. Guido, and C. Colleoni. "Flame Retardant Finishing for Textiles." In Flame Retardants, 209–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03467-6_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flame retardants"

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Birtane, Hatice. "The production of flame retardant paper with DOPO." In 10th International Symposium on Graphic Engineering and Design. University of Novi Sad, Faculty of technical sciences, Department of graphic engineering and design,, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24867/grid-2020-p16.

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Flame retardant property to paper increases the use of paper and the value of paper products. The flame retardant property was achieved by the addition of an organophosphorus agent to the paper. A great deal of research has been done on 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives as flame retardants. To apply the flame retardant property in condensed phase, DOPO derivative materials are generally used as an acid source for intumescent flame retardants to promote dehydration and carbonization of the charring agent to form a continuous layer of carbon. In this study, In order to prepare a flame retardant paper coating, DOPO derivative was synthesized with 3-aminophenyl sulfone, and benzaldehyde reaction and the chemical structure of DOPO is illuminated by ATR-FTIR then paper was coating with a flame retardant coating formulation ingredient with DOPO. The paper’s properties were investigated. Surface energy of coated papers and contact angles were determined with goniometer. Printability parameters such as color, gloss, surface tension were examined. The results the study DOPO added paper coatings improve the paper flame retardancy.
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Edenburn, David L. "Flame Retardants in Automotive Plastics." In SAE 2001 World Congress. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2001-01-0845.

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Landry, Susan D. "Sustainable developments for flame retardants." In 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology (ISSST). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/issst.2010.5507762.

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Vagula, Mary C., Nathan Kubeldis, and Charles F. Nelatury. "Environmental monitoring of brominated flame retardants." In SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing, edited by Sárka O. Southern, Kevin N. Montgomery, Carl W. Taylor, Bernhard H. Weigl, B. V. K. Vijaya Kumar, Salil Prabhakar, and Arun A. Ross. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.887127.

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Kijowska, Dorota, and Piotr Jankowski. "New hybrid halogen-free flame retardants." In TIMES OF POLYMERS (TOP) AND COMPOSITES 2014: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Times of Polymers (TOP) and Composites. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4876787.

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Spiridonova, Veronika G., Olga G. Tsirkina, Sergey A. Shabunin, Alexander L. Nikiforov, and Svetlana N. Uleva. "Evaluation of the effect of intumescent flame retardants on the fire hazard indicators of textile materials." In INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL SYMPOSIUM (ISTS) «IMPROVING ENERGY AND RESOURCE-EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY OF PROCESSES AND DEVICES IN CHEMICAL AND RELATED INDUSTRIES». The Kosygin State University of Russia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/eeste-2021-2-217-221.

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This article discusses the aspects of the use of intumescent flame retardants to reduce the fire hazard of technical fabrics made of natural fibers. The effectiveness of bulging compositions based on tannic acid is shown. Experimental data on the fire-hazardous properties of the starting material and its constituent textile fibers, as well as fabrics treated with an intumescent flame retardant, are presented.
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Kote, Prashant, Magdalen Asare, Sahilkumar Chaudhary, Tim Dawsey, and Ram Gupta. "Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foams Using Vegetable Oil-based polyol." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/iefv6816.

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Polyurethanes can be used in many applications by modifying their properties via facile methods. Most of the polyurethanes currently used for industrial applications originated from petrochemical-based chemicals. There is a growing demand in industries to use renewable resources for polyurethanes. Vegetable oil-based polyurethanes have shown properties comparable to that of petroleum-based polyurethanes. In this research, sunflower oil was used as a renewable resource for polyurethanes. Rigid polyurethane foams were prepared using sunflower-based polyols. The polyols were synthesized via epoxidation followed by a ring-opening reaction. Epoxy number, hydroxyl number, viscosity, and spectroscopy characterizations confirm the synthesis of bio-polyol. One of the major issues in polyurethanes is their high flammability which was reduced by using flame-retardants. Two flame-retardants using melamine and diphenylphosphinic acid (DPPMA) and a phosphorous‐nitrogen intumescent flame‐retardant (2,2‐diethyl‐1,3‐propanediol phosphoryl melamine, DPPM) were synthesized and used in bio-based polyurethanes. as used as an additive flame retardant. The foams with DPPMA and DPPM showed high closed cell content ( >90%) with a high compression strength of 217 kPa and 208 kPa, respectively. The microstructure analysis of the foams using scanning electron microscopy revealed an even distribution of the pore size. The addition of DPPMA and DPPM in polyurethane foams results in the formation of a protective char layer during the flammability test and reduces the weight loss from 43% to 2.5% and 1.4% and burning time from 70 seconds to 6 seconds and 4.5 seconds, respectively. Our research suggests that sunflower oil could be a potential candidate for the polyurethane industries and DPPMA and DPPM can be used as an effective flame-retardant in these bio-based polyurethane foams.
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Safarikova, B., A. Kalendova, V. Habrova, S. Zatloukalova, and M. Machovsky. "Synergistic effect between polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and flame retardants." In TIMES OF POLYMERS (TOP) AND COMPOSITES 2014: Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Times of Polymers (TOP) and Composites. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4876789.

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Li, Shulei, Yinjie Wang, Jiping Liu, and Wei Zhao. "Synthesis of Novel Polyphosphonate Flame Retardants for Epoxy Resins." In 2017 6th International Conference on Measurement, Instrumentation and Automation (ICMIA 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmia-17.2017.104.

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Sun, Ying-Juan, Chun-Guang Song, and Yin-Qiu Wei. "Montmorillonite as Flame Retardants for Flexible Poly (Vinyl Chloride)." In 2016 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics and Information Technology. Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmit-16.2016.88.

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Reports on the topic "Flame retardants"

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Gilman, Jeffrey W., Takashi Kashiwagi, Marc Nyden, and Richard H. Jr Harris. New flame retardants consortium:. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6357.

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Abelow, Alexis Elizabeth, April Nissen, Lee Taylor Massey, and LeRoy L. Whinnery. Effectiveness of Flame Retardants in TufFoam. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1413598.

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Zhao, Jing-yi, Zi-xiang Zhan, Meng-juan Lu, Fang-biao Tao, De Wu, and Hui Gao. A systematic review of epidemiological studies on the association between organophosphate flame retardants and neurotoxicity. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.5.0083.

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Review question / Objective: This study aims to collect published or unpublished related studies systematically and comprehensively, and screen out the articles that meets the quality standards for qualitative combination, so as to draw a relatively reliable comprehensive conclusion on the relationship of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) with neurodevelopmental toxicity. Eligibility criteria: In brief, epidemiological studies including cohort study, case-control study and cross-sectional survey were screened. Studies regarding relationships between human exposure to organophosphate esters and neurotoxicity were possible eligible for the present systematic review. The adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes included development of cognition, behavior, motor, brain change, emotion, etc. Studies that did not meet the above criteria were not included in this systematic review.
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Galica, J. P. Development of flame retardant PV module encapsulants: Volume 1. Final report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/676950.

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Avis, William. Technical Aspects of e-Waste Management. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.051.

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Population growth, increasing prosperity and changing consumer habits globally are increasing demand for consumer electronics. Further to this, rapid changes in technology, falling prices, increased affordability and consumer appetite for new products have exacerbated e-waste management challenges and seen millions of tons of electronic devices become obsolete. This rapid literature review collates evidence from academic, policy focussed and grey literature on the technical aspects e-waste value chains. The report should be read in conjunction with two earlier reports on e-waste management1. E-waste is any electrical or electronic equipment, including all components, subassemblies and consumables, which are part of the equipment at the time the equipment becomes waste. The exact treatment of Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) can vary enormously according to the category of WEEE and technology that is used. Electrical and electronic items contain a wide variety of materials. As a result of this complex mix of product types and materials, some of which are hazardous (including arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury and certain flame retardants) multiple approaches to WEEE are required, each with specific technical guidelines. This report is structured as follows: Section two provides an introduction to the technical aspects of e-waste management, including a reflection on the challenges and complexities of managing a range of product types involving a range of components and pollutants. Section three provides an annotated bibliography of key readings that discuss elements of the technical aspects of managing e-waste. This bibliography includes readings on national guidelines, training manuals and technical notes produced by the Basel convention and courses. WEEE recycling can be a complex and multifaced process. In order to manage e-waste effectively, the following must be in place Legislative and regulatory frameworks Waste Prevention and minimisation guidelines Identification of waste mechanisms Sampling, analysis and monitoring expertise Handling, collection, packaging, labelling, transportation and storage guidelines Environmentally sound disposal guidelines Management is further complicated by the speed of technological advance with technologies becoming redundant much sooner than initially planned. Case studies show that the average actual lifetimes of certain electronic products are at least 2.3 years shorter than either their designed or desired lifetimes.
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Oh, Mee-Hye, Yeo-Seoung Yoon, Min-Kyung Kang, and Chun-Beom Lee. The Effect of Flame Retardant in TPE (Thermal Plastic Elastomer) by Nano-Clay. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0207.

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Evaluation of exposure to metals and flame retardants at an electronics recycling company. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshhhe201602573333.

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Evaluation of exposures to metals and flame retardants at an electronics recycling company. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshhhe201700133356.

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Evaluation of exposure to metals, flame retardants, and nanomaterials at an electronics recycling company. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, May 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshhhe201500503308.

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Health hazard evaluation report: evaluation of occupational exposure to flame retardants at four gymnastics studios. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26616/nioshhhe201401313268.

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