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Journal articles on the topic 'Flame retardants'
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1
Li, Jingwen, Yiliang Sun, Boming Zhang, and Guocheng Qi. "Mechanical, Flame-Retardant and Dielectric Properties of Intumescent Flame Retardant/Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene through a Novel Dispersed Distribution Mode." Polymers 16, no. 10 (May 9, 2024): 1341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16101341.
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The application of continuous glass fiber-reinforced polypropylene thermoplastic composites (GF/PP) is limited due to the inadequate flame retardancy of the polypropylene (PP) matrix. Apart from altering the composition of the flame retardants, the distribution modes of flame retardants also impact material performance. In this study, an alternative approach involving non-uniform distribution is proposed, namely, dispersed distribution, in which non-flame-retardant-content layers (NFRLs) and/or low-flame-retardant-content layers (LFRLs) are dispersed among high-flame-retardant-content layers (HFRLs). The mechanical, flame retardant and dielectric properties of GF/PP with intumescent flame retardant (IFR/GF/PP) are investigated comparatively under uniform, gradient, and dispersed distributions of the flame retardants. The results demonstrate that non-uniform distribution exhibits superior flame retardant performance compared to uniform distribution. Dispersed distribution enables IFR/GF/PP to attain enhanced mechanical properties and reduced dielectric constants while maintaining excellent flame-retardant properties.
2
Kailun, Xing, and Yin Siqi. "Research Progress in Flame Retardant in Flame Retardant Coatings." Expert Review of Chinese Chemical 2, no. 2 (April 20, 2024): 27–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.62022/ercc.issn3006-0095.2024.02.005.
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Flame retardant coatings are functional materials that can serve as decorative and protective substrates in the event of a fire. Flame retardant coatings generally consist of two parts: a base material and a flame retardant agent. A detailed introduction was given to the development of flame retardant coatings in recent years and the flame retardants used in flame retardant coatings. Flame retardants mainly include halogen flame retardants, phosphorus nitrogen flame retardants, expansion flame retardants, biomass flame retardants, and graphene flame retardants. The application of flame retardant coatings in the fields of epoxy resin, polyurethane, etc. was elaborated. In addition, the application of new biomass flame retardants and graphene flame retardants was introduced, and the future development of flame retardant coatings and flame retardants was described.
3
Liu, Chun, Tieling Xing, Bingju Wei, and Guoqiang Chen. "Synergistic Effects and Mechanism of Modified Silica Sol Flame Retardant Systems on Silk Fabric." Materials 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101842.
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The nano-silica sol was prepared by sol-gel method, and the boric acid, urea, cyanoguanidine, melamine cyanurate (MCA), 1-hydroxyethane 1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), and 6H-dibenz (C,E) (1,2) oxaphosphorin-6-oxide (DOPO) were added to the silica sol to modify the flame retardant through physical doping and chemical bonding. According to the formula proposed by Lewin, the calculation of flammability parameters were obtained by the limiting oxygen index meter, the micro calorimeter, the vertical burner, and the thermogravimetric analyzer proved that there was a synergistic or additive effect between the B/N/P flame retardant and the silica sol. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrum, scanning electron microscopy, and pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were used to characterize the morphology, structure, and pyrolysis products of treated silk fabric and residues after combustion. The results show that the flame retardancy of silica-boron sol is mainly caused by endothermic reaction and melt covering reaction. Silicon-nitrogen sol acts as a flame retardant through endothermic reaction, release of gases, and melting coverage. Silicon-phosphorus sol achieves flame retardancy by forming an acid to promote formation of a carbon layer and melting coverage. Silica sol and other flame retardants show excellent flame retardanty after compounding, and have certain complementarity, which can balance the dosage, performance, and cost of flame retardants, and is more suitable for industrial development.
4
Shao, Yuran, Yuting Wang, Fei Yang, Chungui Du, Jiawei Zhu, Ying Ran, Qichao Bao, Yingying Shan, and Weigang Zhang. "Sodium Silicate/Urea/Melamine Ternary Synergistic Waterborne Acrylic Acid Flame-Retardant Coating and Its Flame-Retardant Mechanism." Molecules 29, no. 7 (March 26, 2024): 1472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules29071472.
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Waterborne acrylic coatings, the largest market share of predominant environmentally friendly coatings, face limitations in their extensive application due to their flammability. The flame-retardant properties of the coatings could be significantly enhanced by incorporate inorganic flame retardants. However, inorganic flame retardants tend to aggregate and unevenly disperse in waterborne acrylic coatings, causing a substantial decrease in flame retardancy. In this work, sodium silicate was utilized as a flame retardant, with urea and melamine serving as modifiers and synergistic agents. This combination resulted in the preparation of a sodium silicate/urea/melamine ternary synergistic waterborne acrylic flame-retardant coating. This coating was applied to the surface of poplar veneer to create flame-retardant poplar veneer. Subsequently, various instruments, including a scanning electron microscope (SEM), a limiting oxygen index meter (LOI), a thermogravimetric analyzer (TG), and a cone calorimeter (CONE), were employed to investigate the relevant properties and mechanisms of both the flame-retardant coating and poplar veneer. The results demonstrated that the sodium silicate/urea/melamine ternary synergistic flame retardant did not exhibit aggregation and could be uniformly dispersed in waterborne acrylic coatings. The physical and mechanical properties of the ternary synergistic flame-retardant poplar veneer coating were satisfactory. Melamine and urea, acting as modifiers, not only greatly enhanced the dispersibility of sodium silicate in waterborne acrylic coatings, but also assisted in the formation of a silicon-containing char layer through the generation of nitrogen, achieving ternary synergistic flame retardancy. In conclusion, this work explores a novel method to efficiently and uniformly disperse inorganic flame retardants in organic coatings. It significantly improves the dispersibility and uniformity of inorganic flame retardants in organic polymers, thereby substantially enhancing the flame-retardant performance of coatings. This work provides a theoretical basis for the research and application of new flame-retardant coatings in the field of chemistry and materials.
5
Zhu, Yuanzhao, Wei Wu, Tong Xu, Hong Xu, Yi Zhong, Linping Zhang, Yimeng Ma, et al. "Morphology-Controlled Synthesis of Polyphosphazene-Based Micro- and Nano-Materials and Their Application as Flame Retardants." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102072.
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Common flame retardants, such as halogen-based materials, are being phased-out owing to their harmful environmental and health effects. We prepared poly-(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol) (PZS) microspheres, nanotubes, capsicum-like nanotubes, and branched nanotubes as flame retardants. An increase in reaction temperature changed the morphology from nanotubes to microspheres. A PZS shape had a positive effect on the flame retardancy of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The PZS with a capsicum-like nanotube morphology had the best flame retardancy, and the PET limiting oxygen index increased from 25.2% to 34.4%. The flame retardancy capability was followed by PZS microspheres (33.1%), branched nanotubes (32.8%), and nanotubes (32.5%). The capsicum-like nanotubes promote the formation of highly dense and continuous carbon layers, and they release a non-combustible gas (CO2). This study confirms polyphosphazene-based flame retardants as viable and environmentally-friendly alternatives to common flame retardants. It also presents a novel and facile design and synthesis of morphology-controlled nanomaterials with enhanced flame retardant properties.
6
Gu, Yan Nan, Jin Huan Zheng, and Yang Yi Chen. "Study of Flame-Retardant and Waterproof Breathable Fabric by Coating Finishing." Advanced Materials Research 557-559 (July 2012): 1964–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.557-559.1964.
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Organic flame retardant of N-P complex type and inorganic flame retardant hydrotalcite were respectively added to waterproof breathable coating agent ,the influence of dosages of two fla- me retardants on the flame retardancy of coated fabric were studied ,and the influence of the optim- al dosages of different flame retardants on the waterproof breathable permeability of coated fabric were investigated . The results show that adding inorganic flame retardant hydrotalcite has better flame-retardant and waterproof breathable permeability when the addition of hydrotalcite is 5% quality of coating agent , after-flame time and after-glow time of coated fabric are 0s, char length is 10.5cm, moisture quantity is 7247g/m2•24h, water pressure resistance is 430mmH2O.
7
Chen, Ding Meng, Yi Ping Zhao, Jia Jian Yan, Li Chen, Zhi Zhi Dong, and Wei Gui Fu. "Preparation and Properties of Halogen-Free Flame Retardant Polyurethane Foams." Advanced Materials Research 418-420 (December 2011): 540–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.418-420.540.
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Polyurethane foams (PUFs) filled with several halogen-free flame retardants and composite halogen-free flame retardants were prepared. The flame retardant, thermal stable and mechanical properties of the PUFs were investigated. The results of limiting oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that PUFs filled with dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) had better flame retardancy compared with other flame retardants and DMMP degraded at a low temperature to form several phosphorated acids which accelerated the formation of char layer. Composite flame retardant of DMMP and melamine (MA) had a synergistic effect between phosphorus and nitrogen. The combination of DMMP and MA slightly altered the density of the PUFs. Results from the mechanical analysis revealed that with the increase in concentration of MA in the composite flame retardant of DMMP and MA, the tensile strength of PUFs reduced firstly and then increased up to a constant.
8
Li, Yan, Lizheng Sha, Huifang Zhao, and Cheng Huang. "Preparation and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant air filter paper." BioResources 14, no. 4 (September 12, 2019): 8499–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.8499-8510.
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Four flame retardants and styrene-acrylic latex were used to make flame-retardant air filter paper via emulsion impregnation. The compositions and flame retardant mechanism of the flame retardants were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The flame retardance of air filter paper was evaluated using TGA and limiting oxygen index (LOI) meter, and the physical properties and pore structure of the flame-retardant air filter paper were measured using stiffness tester, burst tester, and aperture analyzer. The results showed that the optimal ratio of flame retardant to styrene-acrylic latex was 1:1.4. The synergistic effect of boron, phosphorus and nitrogen made FR3 have good flame-retardant effect on air filter paper. Air filter paper with FR3 also had good physical strength and suitable pore size distribution.
9
Zhang, Taiming, Huanyu Xie, Shuai Xie, Ajuan Hu, Jie Liu, Jian Kang, Jie Hou, Qing Hao, Hong Liu, and Hengxing Ji. "A Superior Two-Dimensional Phosphorus Flame Retardant: Few-Layer Black Phosphorus." Molecules 28, no. 13 (June 28, 2023): 5062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135062.
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The usage of flame retardants in flammable polymers has been an effective way to protect both lives and material goods from accidental fires. Phosphorus flame retardants have the potential to be follow-on flame retardants after halogenated variants, because of their low toxicity, high efficiency and compatibility. Recently, the emerging allotrope of phosphorus, two-dimensional black phosphorus, as a flame retardant has been developed. To further understand its performance in flame-retardant efficiency among phosphorus flame retardants, in this work, we built model materials to compare the flame-retardant performances of few-layer black phosphorus, red phosphorus nanoparticles, and triphenyl phosphate as flame-retardant additives in cellulose and polyacrylonitrile. Aside from the superior flame retardancy in polyacrylonitrile, few-layer black phosphorus in cellulose showed the superior flame-retardant efficiency in self-extinguishing, ~1.8 and ~4.4 times that of red phosphorus nanoparticles and triphenyl phosphate with similar lateral size and mass load (2.5~4.8 wt%), respectively. The char layer in cellulose coated with the few-layer black phosphorus after combustion was more continuous and smoother than that with red phosphorus nanoparticles, triphenyl phosphate and blank, and the amount of residues of cellulose coated with the few-layer black phosphorus in thermogravimetric analysis were 10 wt%, 14 wt% and 14 wt% more than that with red phosphorus nanoparticles, triphenyl phosphate and blank, respectively. In addition, although exothermic reactions, the combustion enthalpy changes in the few-layer black phosphorus (−127.1 kJ mol−1) are one third of that of red phosphorus nanoparticles (−381.3 kJ mol−1). Based on a joint thermodynamic, spectroscopic, and microscopic analysis, the superior flame retardancy of the few-layer black phosphorus was attributed to superior combustion reaction suppression from the two-dimensional structure and thermal nature of the few-layer black phosphorus.
10
Xu, Ling, Xuan Liu, and Rui Yang. "Flame Retardant Paraffin-Based Shape-Stabilized Phase Change Material via Expandable Graphite-Based Flame-Retardant Coating." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 21, 2020): 2408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102408.
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Shape-stabilized phase change material (SSPCM) is a promising thermal energy storage material in energy-saving buildings. However, its flammability leads to a fire risk. The conventional bulk addition method has a limited flame-retardant effect. Herein, a series of surface coatings with various flame retardants were introduced to improve flame retardance of SSPCM. The results showed that all of the coatings had flame-retardant effects on SSPCM; In particular, the EG coating performed the best: the horizontal burning time was the longest, the limiting oxygen index was above 30%, the V0 classification was obtained, the peak heat release rate was sharply decreased from 1137.0 to 392.5 kW/m2 and the burning process was prolonged with the least total smoke production. The flame-retardant mechanism was discussed. As paraffin easily evaporated from the SSPCM at a moderate temperature, it caused flames. After being surface coated, the EG-based coatings first hindered the volatilization of paraffin at a moderate temperature, then expanded and formed thick porous carbon layers at a high temperature to block the transfer of combustibles, oxygen and heat between the bulk and the environment. Therefore, the surface coating strategy achieved a desirable flame-retardant level with fewer flame retardants.
11
Gao, Ming, Chun Guang Song, Dan Rong, and Yu Wen Ji. "Gangue as Flame Retardants for Flexible Poly(Vinyl Chloride)." Advanced Materials Research 983 (June 2014): 3–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.983.3.
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Gangue as flame retardant was used to PVC, the mechanical properties and flame retardance of the samples were studied. The resultant data show that gangue little effect on the mechanical properties of the sample, especially tensile strength, yield stress, and 10% of gangue obtained good flame retardance. PVC treated with flame-retardants showed a high limiting oxygen index, char yield, which indicated that the flame retardance of the treated PVC was improved.
12
Cao, Q., Q. G. Cao, X. X. Qiu, and J. Song. "Effects of Expanded Graphite, Aluminum Hydroxide, and Kaolin on Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression of Polyurethane Composites." International Polymer Processing 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ipp-2020-3950.
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Abstract Polyurethane is a widely used polymer that has good abrasion resistance and low-temperature resistance. However, polyurethane composite materials are highly inflammable and thus require the use of flame retardants. This study selected green and environment-friendly flame retardants such as expanded graphite, aluminum hydroxide, and kaolin to be used as individual or paired retardants to produce polyurethane composites. By analyzing the potential and mechanical properties of the polyurethane composites, it was found that the composite material with the flame retardant composed of graphite and modified kaolin had better flame retardancy, smoke suppression performance, and high thermal stability.
13
Lu, Jiazheng, Tejun Zhou, Chuanping Wu, and Yangyi Ou. "Dropping Fire Retardants by Helicopter and Its Application to Wildfire Prevention near Electrical Transmission Lines." Fire 6, no. 5 (April 25, 2023): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire6050176.
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Dropping fire retardants by helicopter can effectively reduce the intensity of wildfires. This study proposes a test plan for spraying different fire retardants from a helicopter bucket fire extinguisher. In this study, pure water, 10% Class AB flame retardant, 0.3% gel flame retardant, 10% Class A flame retardant, and 10% Class A flame retardant + 0.6% guar gum were each added to the bucket fire extinguishing device and sprayed on 4-layer, 6-layer, and 12-layer wood cribs. The radiation intensity, mass loss, and temperature were used as indicators to compare the burning intensity of the fire field and the difference in fire field combustion intensity after the wood cribs were ignited 1 h after natural air drying. The results showed that flame retardancy could be ranked from high to low as follows: 10% Class A flame retardant + 0.6% guar gum > gel flame retardant > 10% Class A flame retardant > Class AB flame retardant > pure water. During the long-term high temperature and drought period in Hunan Province, China, from August to September 2022, a field application showed that dropping fire retardants by helicopter effectively reduced the intensity of wildfires and avoided transmission line trips due to the wildfire, which reduced the number of ground personnel required when fighting large-scale forest fires.
14
Sag, Jacob, Philipp Kukla, Daniela Goedderz, Hendrik Roch, Stephan Kabasci, Manfred Döring, and Frank Schönberger. "Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040778.
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Novel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Polylactic acid (PLA) formulations with the synthesized compounds were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of these flame retardants and their mode of action by using TGA, UL94, and cone calorimetry. In order to compare the results a flame retardant polyester containing only one phosphorus group (ItaP) was also investigated in PLA regarding its flame inhibiting effect. Since the fire behavior depends not only on the mode of action of the flame retardants but also strongly on physical phenomena like melt dripping, the flame retardants were also incorporated into PLA with higher viscosity. In the UL94 vertical burning test setup, 10% of the novel flame retardants (FR 1–4) is sufficient to reach a V-0 rating in both PLA types, while a loading of 15% of ItaP is not enough to reach the same classification. Despite their different structure, TGA and cone calorimetry results confirmed a gas phase mechanism mainly responsible for the highly efficient flame retardancy for all compounds. Finally, cone calorimetry tests of the flame retardant PLA with two heat fluxes showed different flame inhibiting efficiencies for different fire scenarios.
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Wang, Zheng Zhou, Lin Liu, Gan Xin Jie, and Ping Kai Jiang. "Flame Retardance and Thermal Decomposition of EVA Composites Containing Melamine Phosphate and Dipentaerythritol." Advanced Materials Research 284-286 (July 2011): 1831–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.284-286.1831.
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Flame retarded ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) was prepared in a melt process containing melamine phosphate (MP), or MP in combination with dipentaerythritol (DPER) as flame retardants. The influence of MP and MP/DPER on flame retardant properties of EVA was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL 94 test. Thermal decomposition of the flame retardants and flame retarded EVA composites was studied by the thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that MP used alone in EVA does not exerts good flame retardancy, even at a loading of 50wt%. It is found that the flame retardant properties of the EVA/MP/DPER composites is greatly improved when a suitable amount of MP substituted by DPER. Moreover, mechanical properties of the EVA composites were studied.
16
Shen, Yan, Shao Guo Wen, Ji Hu Wang, Hong Bo Liu, Hai Liang Qi, Qian Xu, and Wei Wei Hu. "Flame Retardant Polyamide 6 Composites Using NMH or NMH/MCA/APP." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1208.
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In this paper, flame retardant Polyamide 6 (PA6) composites were prepared by nano-magnesium hydroxide (NMH) or its composites with melamine cyanurate(MCA) and ammonium polyphosphate(APP). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the structure of nano-magnesium hydroxide. The properties including tensile properties, molten index (MFI), rockwell hardness and density of flame retardant PA6 were analyzed. Orthogonal experiments were used to study flame retardancy of PA6 with NMH, MCA and APP. The results showed NMH had hexagonal orthorhombic crystal structure with size of 300×200×100nm. Density of polyamide 6 showed an upward trend when the content of NMH was increasing, the mechanical properties and hardness changed little while processing performance serious declined. The flame retardance of nitrogen-phosphorus -inorganic flame retardants was not desirable.
17
Ren, Xue Jun, Chun Guang Song, and Ming Gao. "Coal Ash as Flame Retardants for Flexible Poly (Vinyl Chloride)." Advanced Materials Research 1056 (October 2014): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1056.62.
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Coal ash as flame retardant was used to PVC, the mechanical properties and flame retardance of the samples were studied. The resultant data show that coal ash better effect on the mechanical properties of the sample, especially tensile strength, impact strength, and 4% of coal ash obtained good flame retardance. PVC treated with flame-retardants showed a high limiting oxygen index, high decomposition temperature, which indicated that the flame retardance of the treated PVC was improved.
18
Gebke, Stefan, Katrin Thümmler, Rodolphe Sonnier, Sören Tech, André Wagenführ, and Steffen Fischer. "Flame Retardancy of Wood Fiber Materials Using Phosphorus-Modified Wheat Starch." Molecules 25, no. 2 (January 14, 2020): 335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020335.
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Biopolymer-based flame retardants (FR) are a promising approach to ensure adequate protection against fire while minimizing health and environmental risks. Only a few, however, are suitable for industrial purposes because of their poor flame retardancy, complex synthesis pathway, expensive cleaning procedures, and inappropriate application properties. In the present work, wheat starch was modified using a common phosphate/urea reaction system and tested as flame retardant additive for wood fibers. The results indicate that starch derivatives from phosphate/urea systems can reach fire protection efficiencies similar to those of commercial flame retardants currently used in the wood fiber industry. The functionalization leads to the incorporation of fire protective phosphates (up to 38 wt.%) and nitrogen groups (up to 8.3 wt.%). The lowest levels of burning in fire tests were measured with soluble additives at a phosphate content of 3.5 wt.%. Smoldering effects could be significantly reduced compared to unmodified wood fibers. The industrial processing of a starch-based flame retardant on wood insulating materials exhibits the fundamental applicability of flame retardants. These results demonstrate that starch modified from phosphate/urea-systems is a serious alternative to traditional flame retardants.
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Kim, Hyelim, Ji-Su Kim, and Wonyoung Jeong. "Study on the Flame Retardancy and Hazard Evaluation of Poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) Fibers by the Addition of Antimony-Based Flame Retardants." Polymers 14, no. 1 (December 23, 2021): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14010042.
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Antimony oxide (ATO) is used mainly as a flame retardant, but it is classified as a hazardous substance. Therefore, regulations on the use of antimony trioxide (ATO(3)) and antimony pentoxide (ATO(5)) in textile products are being developed. Accordingly, there is a need for alternative flame retardants. In this study, antimony tetroxide (ATO(4)), which has higher thermal stability and resistance to acids and alkalis than ATO(3) or ATO(5), was selected to assess its use as an alternative flame retardant. First, ATO(3) or ATO(4) were added to poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) (PANVDC), and the film and wet-spun fiber were prepared. The PANVDC film with flame retardants was prepared to evaluate the flame retardancy and the mechanism of action of the flame retardants. Flame retardancy analysis showed that a limiting oxygen index of 31.2% was obtained when ATO(4) was added, which was higher than when ATO(3) was used. Subsequently, PANVDC fibers with antimony oxide were manufactured and showed improved mechanical and thermal properties when ATO(4) was used, compared to when ATO(3) was tested. In addition, migration analysis due to antimony in the fiber confirmed that the elution amount was below the acceptable standard when PANVDC fibers with ATO(4) were added. Therefore, based on these results, the flame-retardant and thermal properties of antimony tetroxide were superior to antimony trioxide, and it was confirmed that ATO(4) could be used as an alternative flame retardant to ATO(3).
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Gebke, Stefan, Katrin Thümmler, Rodolphe Sonnier, Sören Tech, Andre Wagenführ, and Steffen Fischer. "Suitability and Modification of Different Renewable Materials as Feedstock for Sustainable Flame Retardants." Molecules 25, no. 21 (November 4, 2020): 5122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215122.
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Due to their chemical structure, conventional flame retardants are often toxic, barely biodegradable and consequently neither healthy nor environmentally friendly. Their use is therefore increasingly limited by regulations. For this reason, research on innovative flame retardants based on sustainable materials is the main focus of this work. Wheat starch, wheat protein, xylan and tannin were modified with phosphate salts in molten urea. The functionalization leads to the incorporation of phosphates (up to 48 wt.%) and nitrogen (up to 22 wt.%). The derivatives were applied on wood fibers and tested as flame retardants. The results indicate that these modified biopolymers can provide the same flame-retardant performances as commercial compounds currently used in the wood fiber industry. Besides, the flame retardancy smoldering effects may also be reduced compared to unmodified wood fibers depending on the used biopolymer. These results show that different biopolymers modified in phosphate/urea systems are a serious alternative to conventional flame retardants.
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Wan, Le, Cong Deng, Ze-Yong Zhao, Hong Chen, and Yu-Zhong Wang. "Flame Retardation of Natural Rubber: Strategy and Recent Progress." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 12, 2020): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020429.
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Natural rubber (NR) as a kind of commercial polymer or engineering elastomer is widely used in tires, dampers, suspension elements, etc., because of its unique overall performance. For some NR products, their work environment is extremely harsh, facing a serious fire safety challenge. Accordingly, it is important and necessary to endow NR with flame retardancy via different strategies. Until now, different methods have been used to improve the flame retardancy of NR, mainly including intrinsic flame retardation through the incorporation of some flame-retarding units into polymer chains and additive-type flame retardation via adding some halogen or halogen-free flame retardants into NR matrix. For them, the synergistic flame-retarding action is usually applied to simultaneously enhance flame retardancy and mechanical properties, in which some synergistic flame retardants such as organo-montmorillonite (OMMT), carbon materials, halloysite nanotube (HNT), etc., are utilized to achieve the above-mentioned aim. The used flame-retarding units in polymer chains for intrinsic flame retardation mainly include phosphorus-containing small molecules, an unsaturated chemical bonds-containing structure, a cross-linking structure, etc.; flame retardants in additive-type flame retardation contain organic and inorganic flame retardants, such as magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, ammonium polyphosphate, and so on. Concerning the flame retardation of NR, great progress has been made in the past work. To achieve the comprehensive understanding for the strategy and recent progress in the flame retardation of NR, we thoroughly analyze and discuss the past and current flame-retardant strategies and the obtained progress in the flame-retarding NR field in this review, and a brief prospect for the flame retardation of NR is also presented.
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Liu, Quanyi, Donghui Wang, Zekun Li, Zhifa Li, Xiaoliang Peng, Chuanbang Liu, Yu Zhang, and Penglun Zheng. "Recent Developments in the Flame-Retardant System of Epoxy Resin." Materials 13, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13092145.
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With the increasing emphasis on environmental protection, the development of flame retardants for epoxy resin (EP) has tended to be non-toxic, efficient, multifunctional and systematic. Currently reported flame retardants have been capable of providing flame retardancy, heat resistance and thermal stability to EP. However, many aspects still need to be further improved. This paper reviews the development of EPs in halogen-free flame retardants, focusing on phosphorus flame retardants, carbon-based materials, silicon flame retardants, inorganic nanofillers, and metal-containing compounds. These flame retardants can be used on their own or in combination to achieve the desired results. The effects of these flame retardants on the thermal stability and flame retardancy of EPs were discussed. Despite the great progress on flame retardants for EP in recent years, further improvement of EP is needed to obtain numerous eco-friendly high-performance materials.
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Li, Jiaqi, Zhaoyi He, Le Yu, Lian He, and Zuzhen Shen. "Multi-Objective Optimization and Performance Characterization of Asphalt Modified by Nanocomposite Flame-Retardant Based on Response Surface Methodology." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 4, 2021): 4367. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164367.
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In order to improve the safety of the tunnel asphalt pavement in the event of a fire, and reduce the deterioration of the low temperature crack resistance of the asphalt by the flame retardant. The research uses aluminum hydroxide (ATH) as a smoke suppressant, diethyl aluminum hypophosphite (ADP) as a flame retardant, and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) as a synergist to modified styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS) modified asphalt (MA). First, the content of ATH, ADP, and HNTs was used as the response variable. The physical properties (Penetration, Softening point, Ductility) and static flame retardant properties (Limiting oxygen index meter, Ignition point) of the asphalt modified by nanocomposite flame-retardant (HNTs-CFRMA) were the response variables. The response surface methodology was used to design the test, and regression models were established to analyze the influence of flame retardants on the performance of asphalt. Then, comprehensively considering the effects of physical properties and flame retardant properties, the normalized desirability function was used to perform a multi-objective optimization design on the components of the nanocomposite flame retardant modifier to obtain the best flame retardant formula. Finally, the rheological properties of MA, conventional flame-retardant modified asphalt (CFRMA), and HNTs-CFRMA were tested based on Dynamic shear rheometer, Multiple stress creep test, Force ductility tester, and Bending beam rheometer. The performance of flame-retardant and smoke suppression were tested by the Cone calorimeter tests. The result shows that ATH, ADP, and HNTs can enhance the high temperature performance of asphalt, reduce the penetration. The addition of HNTs can increase significantly the softening point and reduce the deteriorating effect of flame retardants on the low temperature performance of asphalt; the addition of ATH and HNTs can improve significantly the flame retardancy of asphalt. Based on the desirability function of power exponent, the formulation of the nanocomposite flame retardant with better physical properties and flame retardant properties is ATH:ADP:HNTs = 3:5:1, and the total content is 9 wt%. Nanocomposite flame retardants can improve obviously the high temperature rheological properties of asphalt. The rutting factor and the cracking factor of HNTs-CFRMA improve markedly, and the irrecoverable creep compliance is reduced, compared with MA and CFRMA. Nanocomposite flame retardant can make up for the deterioration of conventional flame retardants on asphalt’s low temperature performance. At the same time, it has better flame-retardant performance and smoke suppression performance.
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Zhang, An Zhen, and Yi He Zhang. "Preparation and Characterization of Excellent Flame Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foams." Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (October 2011): 1563–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1563.
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Rigid polyurethane foams were excellent thermal insulation materials with widely used, which was highly flammable at the same time. In order to obtain safe application, flame retarded polyurethane foams were needed. In this paper, series flame retarded rigid polyurethane foams were prepared with loading different flame retardants such as ammonium polyphosphate, expandable graphite, red phosphorus, Tri (2-chloroethyl) phosphate and dimethyl methylphosphonate. The effects of flame retardants on the foaming-process and flame retardant property of the rigid polyurethane foams were investigated by otary viscometer and limiting oxygen index. The results showed that the combination of solid and liquid flame retardants was necessary to improve the flame retardant and different flame retardants played synergistic roles in rigid polyurethane foams. The limiting oxygen indexes of the foams could be up to 30wt% and 29.6% with 25wt% solid flame retardants and 10wt% liquid retardants, respectively.
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Islam, Md Shahidul, and Theo G. M. van de Ven. "Cotton-based flame-retardant textiles: A review." BioResources 16, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 4354–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.islam.
Full textAbstract:
Biodegradable textiles made from cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, have gained attention from researchers, due to the ease with which cellulose can be chemically modified to introduce multifunctional groups, and because of its renewable and biodegradable nature. One of the most attractive features required for civilian and military applications of textiles is flame-retardancy. This review focuses on various methods employed for the fabrication of cellulose-based flame-retardant cotton textiles along with their developed flame-retardant properties over the last few years. The most common method is to merge N, S, P, and Si-based polymeric, non-polymeric, polymeric/non-polymeric hybrids, inorganic, and organic/inorganic hybrids with cellulose to fabricate flame-retardant cotton textiles. In these studies, cellulose was chemically bonded with the flame-retardants or in some cases, cotton textiles were coated by flame-retardants. The flame-retardant properties of the cotton textiles were investigated and determined by various methods, including the limiting oxygen index (LOI), the vertical flame test, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and by cone calorimetry. This review demonstrates the potential of cellulose-based flame-retardant textiles for various applications.
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Renner, Juliana Sally, Rhoda Afriyie Mensah, Lin Jiang, Qiang Xu, Oisik Das, and Filippo Berto. "Fire Behavior of Wood-Based Composite Materials." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 13, 2021): 4352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244352.
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Wood-based composites such as wood plastic composites (WPC) are emerging as a sustainable and excellent performance materials consisting of wood reinforced with polymer matrix with a variety of applications in construction industries. In this context, wood-based composite materials used in construction industries have witnessed a vigorous growth, leading to a great production activity. However, the main setbacks are their high flammability during fires. To address this issue, flame retardants are utilized to improve the performance of fire properties as well as the flame retardancy of WPC material. In this review, flame retardants employed during manufacturing process with their mechanical properties designed to achieve an enhanced flame retardancy were examined. The addition of flame retardants and manufacturing techniques applied were found to be an optimum condition to improve fire resistance and mechanical properties. The review focuses on the manufacturing techniques, applications, mechanical properties and flammability studies of wood fiber/flour polymer/plastics composites materials. Various flame retardant of WPCs and summary of future prospects were also highlighted.
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Lyu, Ping, Yongbo Hou, Jinhu Hu, Yanyan Liu, Lingling Zhao, Chao Feng, Yong Ma, et al. "Composites Filled with Metal Organic Frameworks and Their Derivatives: Recent Developments in Flame Retardants." Polymers 14, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 5279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235279.
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Polymer matrix is vulnerable to fire hazards and needs to add flame retardants to enhance its performance and make its application scenarios more extensive. At this stage, it is more necessary to add multiple flame-retardant elements and build a multi-component synergistic system. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have been studied for nearly three decades since their introduction. MOFs are known for their structural advantages but have only been applied to flame-retardant polymers for a relatively short period of time. In this paper, we review the development of MOFs utilized as flame retardants and analyze the flame-retardant mechanisms in the gas phase and condensed phase from the original MOF materials, modified MOF composites, and MOF-derived composites as flame retardants, respectively. The effects of carbon-based materials, phosphorus-based materials, nitrogen-based materials, and biomass on the flame-retardant properties of polymers are discussed in the context of MOFs. The construction of MOF multi-structured flame retardants is also introduced, and a variety of MOF-based flame retardants with different morphologies are shown to broaden the ideas for subsequent research.
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Chen, Yunan, Qingshan Wu, Na Li, Tao Tang, Xin Xie, Cece Zhang, and Yuxin Zuo. "The Flame Retardancy and Smoke Suppression Performance of Polyvinyl Chloride Composites with an Efficient Flame Retardant System." Coatings 13, no. 10 (October 23, 2023): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings13101814.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the most widely used general flame-retardant plastic worldwide; however, the large number of plasticizers added during processing significantly reduces its flame-retardant property. To prepare a new type of PVC material with highly efficient flame retardancy and smoke suppression, antimony trioxide (Sb2O3), talc powder, hydromagnesite, and zinc borate were added in different proportions to PVC to explore the flame-retardant properties, thermal weight, smoke density (Ds), and mechanical properties of the composite materials. Results showed that the limiting oxygen index value of each group was higher than 27% after adding talc powder, magnesite, and zinc borate to replace part of the Sb2O3. This value was within the refractory-grade level and indicated a good flame retardancy performance. The replacement effect was in line with the experimental expectation. The lowest Ds peak value was 656.4 when the flame retardants were added with 10 wt% Sb2O3, 50 wt% hydromagnesite, 20 wt% talc, and 20 wt% Zn3BO6. Compared with pure Sb2O3 as a flame retardant, the Ds peak value decreased by 46.7%. The thermogravimetric decomposition temperature of the composites in each group was generally higher than that of the group with pure Sb2O3 as a flame retardant, increasing by 45.3 °C. The thermal stability of the composites was improved, and the elongation at the break and tensile strength were 234.9% and 25.8 MPa, respectively, indicating good mechanical properties. The results showed that using compound flame retardants to replace most of the Sb2O3 is an effective technique for obtaining good flame retardancy and mechanical properties of PVC. This study, not only reduced the manufacturing cost of flame-retardant PVC, but also effectively reduced its smoke density and the time to reach the highest smoke density, which provided a research reference for the application and promotion of flame-retardant PVC.
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Dong, Er Ying, Yuan Lin Ren, and Yin Shan Jin. "Evaluation of Flame Retardants on Wood-Flour/PE Composites." Advanced Materials Research 627 (December 2012): 705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.627.705.
Full textAbstract:
The flame retardancy, thermal degradation, morphological properties, chemical composition of wood flour-plastic composites have been investigated. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP), melamine (MEL) and dipentaerythritol (DPER) were used as intumescent flame retardants. The Limited oxygen index (LOI) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed for the study of fire retardance. According to the results obtained from the experiments, the LOI and the char residue of the fire retarded composites increased from 18.1% and 10.1% to 33.9% and 24.2%, respectively. And the thermal stability also became better. From the SEM pictures we visually observed that there are lots bubbles on the surface of the retarded composites not neat composite. FTIR also reflected its chemical composition changing more or less. Overall, ratios of flame retardant monomers had significant impact on fire resistance of wood-flour/PE composites.
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Wu, Zhi Ping, Yun Chu Hu, and Mei Qin Chen. "The Effect of Intumescent Flame Retardant Contained Microencapsulated Red Phosphorus on the Flame Retardance and Thermal Degradation Behaviour of Epoxy Resin." Advanced Materials Research 197-198 (February 2011): 1167–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.197-198.1167.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) contained microencapsulated red phosphorus on the flame retardance of E-44 epoxy resin (EP) was studied. The test results indicated that good flame retardancy can be realized when epoxy resin treated with 30% IFR. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the charring amount at high temperature of EP can increase substantially when IFR was incorporated. In order to further explain this phenomenon, Dolye integration method of thermal degradation dynamics was employed to study the thermal degradation process of EP treated with IFR based on the microencapsulated red phosphrous according to the thermal gravimetry analysis results.The activation energy and reactor order of different thermal degradation stages were obtained. The results of thermal degradation dynamics implied the intumescent flame retardants can improve the flame retardance of the epoxy resin through decrease the degradation speed and increase the activation energy of the second thermal degradation stage.
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ZHANG, CAIJUAN, HUI GUO, XINJIE ZHOU, LILI YU, HUI LI, and ZHI-BIN YANG. "EFFECTS OF DIFFERRENT BORON-BASED FLAME RETARDANTS ON THE COMBUSTIBILITY OF BAMBOO FILAMENTS." Wood Research 67, no. 2 (April 19, 2022): 221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37763/wr.1336-4561/67.2.221230.2.
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In this study, eight types of boron-based flame retardants were performed to evaluate theeffects of different boron components on the combustibility of the bamboo filaments. Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, boric acid/borax, and nano-ZnBO4were used as the active flame retardant components. Besides, other inorganic flame retardants including nano-SiO2and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were also introduced in order to increase the flame retardant of these boron-based components. The combustibility of the bamboo filaments treated with different flame retardants were evaluated by cone calorimeter analysis. Theresults showed that the flame retardants including the heat release and smoke release resistance of the bamboo filaments with different boron-based components and nano-SiO2or APP, could be significantly improved, especially, in the samples treated with the compound flame retardant composed of boric acid, borax and nano-SiO2, which was attributed to the synergistic effect of these flame retardant components.
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Lu, Shaolin, Wei Hong, and Xudong Chen. "Nanoreinforcements of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Flame Retardant Polymeric Composites: An Overview." Advances in Polymer Technology 2019 (December 4, 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/4273253.
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Polymer materials are ubiquitous in daily life. While polymers are often convenient and helpful, their properties often obscure the fire hazards they may pose. Therefore, it is of great significance in terms of safety to study the flame retardant properties of polymers while still maintaining their optimal performance. Current literature shows that although traditional flame retardants can satisfy the requirements of polymer flame retardancy, due to increases in product requirements in industry, including requirements for durability, mechanical properties, and environmental friendliness, it is imperative to develop a new generation of flame retardants. In recent years, the preparation of modified two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants has attracted wide attention in the field. Due to their unique layered structures, two-dimensional nanomaterials can generally improve the mechanical properties of polymers via uniform dispersion, and they can form effective physical barriers in a matrix to improve the thermal stability of polymers. For polymer applications in specialized fields, different two-dimensional nanomaterials have potential conductivity, high thermal conductivity, catalytic activity, and antiultraviolet abilities, which can meet the flame retardant requirements of polymers and allow their use in specific applications. In this review, the current research status of two-dimensional nanomaterials as flame retardants is discussed, as well as a mechanism of how they can be applied for reducing the flammability of polymers.
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Tang, Ting Ting, Xing Yong Liu, and Shi Xiong Hao. "Mechanism and Preparation Methods of Inorganic Fire-Retardant." Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (September 2013): 757–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.757.
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The flame-retardant mechanisms of aluminium hydroxide (ATH) and magnesium hydroxide (MH) that used as typical inorganic fire-retardant were illustrated. The preparation methods of the fire-retardants are reviewed. And the modification approaches and future development direction of the fire-retardants were also discussed. Although the ATH and MH are environmental friendly flame retardants, they still have drawbacks and further research is needed to improve their flame retardant properties.
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Song, Wan-Meng, Li-Yao Zhang, Ping Li, and Yun Liu. "High-Efficient Flame-Retardant Finishing of Cotton Fabrics Based on Phytic Acid." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021093.
Full textAbstract:
In this study, an efficient phosphorus-containing flame retardant, PAPBTCA, was synthesized from phytic acid, pentaerythritol, and 1,2,3,4-butane tetracarboxylic acid, and its structure was characterized. PAPBTCA was finished on cotton fabrics by the pad-dry-curing process, and the flame retardancy, flame-retardant durability, and wrinkle resistance of the obtained flame-retardant fabrics were investigated. It should be noted that the heat release rate value of the flame-retardant cotton fabrics treated with 200 g/L PAPBTCA decreased by 90% and its excellent flame retardancy was maintained after 5 washing cycles. Meanwhile, the wrinkle resistance of flame-retardant cotton fabrics has been significantly improved. In addition, compared with the control, the breaking force loss of PAPBTCA-200 in the warp and weft directions was 24% and 21%, respectively. This study provides a new way to utilize natural phosphorus-based flame retardants to establish multifunctional finishing for cotton fabrics.
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Varfoloveev, S. D., S. M. Lomakin, P. A. Sakharov, and A. V. Khvatov. "Effective chemical methods of fire control: new threats and new solutions." Вестник Российской академии наук 89, no. 5 (May 6, 2019): 442–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5873895442-448.
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This paper discusses the prospective flame retardant systems for polymeric materials, while considering the environmental issues they create. Polymer nanocomposites with carbon nano-additives and layered silicates are presented as a new type of flame retardant system which exhibits a synergistic effect flame retardancy for traditional polymer thermoplasts. Particular attention is paid to the novel intumescent flame retardants based on the oxidized renewable raw materials, which can be successfully used in the manufacture of multi-purpose timber construction and polymer materials.
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Howell, Bob A., and Yoseph G. Daniel. "The impact of sulfur oxidation level on flame retardancy." Journal of Fire Sciences 36, no. 6 (November 2018): 518–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904118806155.
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Compounds containing sulfur in various forms may be used as flame retardants or as adjuvants to promote the activity of other flame-retarding elements, most notably phosphorus. To gain a better understanding of the nature of the sulfur moiety in a flame retardant on performance, a series of phosphorus esters derived from isosorbide containing sulfur at various levels of oxygenation (sulfide, sulfoxide, sulfone) have been prepared and evaluated for flame-retardant impact in diglycidyl ether of bis-phenol A epoxy. In all cases, the presence of sulfur positively impacts flame retardancy. In general, the impact on flame retardancy increases as the level of oxygenation at sulfur increases (sulfone > sulfoxide > sulfide).
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Mokoana, Vincent, Joseph Asante, and Jonathan Okonkwo. "Brominated flame-retardant composition in firefighter bunker gear and its thermal performance analysis." Journal of Fire Sciences 39, no. 3 (April 15, 2021): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07349041211001296.
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Firefighting bunker gear is manufactured from flame-retardant materials, which resist ignition and delay flame spread. However, concerns have been emerging on the potential harmful effects of some flame retardants (FRs) commonly used in flame-retarding materials, particularly the brominated flame retardants. This study investigated the presence of flame retardants in bunker gear, particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their congeners in the garments, and evaluated their impact on thermal performance. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy was used to ascertain the presence of bromine as a possible indicator for brominated flame retardants. X-ray fluorescence results indicated the presence of Br in all samples, ranging from 444 to 20,367 µg/g. Further analysis via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was done on samples. Brominated flame retardants, particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane, were detected in all samples with concentrations ranging from 261.61 to 1001.77 µg/g and 0.01 to 0.07 µg/g, respectively. The cone calorimeter was used, with 50 and 75 kW/m2 heat fluxes, to investigate the impact of the brominated flame-retardant concentrations, if any, on thermal performance. New bunker garments, particularly those with lower Br and brominated flame-retardant concentrations, were observed to have higher thermal performance.
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URAL, ELIF. "TIN OXIDE DOPPED CaCO3 COATING ON PAPER FOR FLAME RETARDANCY AND PRINTABILITY PROPERTIES." Cellulose Chemistry and Technology 56, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2022): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35812/cellulosechemtechnol.2022.56.13.
Full textAbstract:
"Valuable papers, such as checks, promissory notes, money or printing papers used in wallpaper laminates, must be resistant to burning. For this reason, different flame retardants are used in papers. However, generally, the flame retardants used negatively affect printability by creating a hydrophobic surface. For this reason, it is thought that the combination of flame retardants with a filler that will positively affect the printability of paper will be more suitable for such printable papers. For this purpose, this work aimed to obtain paper with good printability and delayed ignition properties by using calcium carbonate, which is a good paper filler, and tin oxide, which is a flame retardant. In this study, starch-based paper coating formulations containing calcium carbonate and tin oxide individually and in combination in equal amounts were prepared and applied on office paper. Color, gloss, contact angle and flame retardancy properties of the produced papers were determined using a spectrophotometer, a glossmeter, a goniometer and LOI, respectively. Prints were made on the the obtained papers with the IGT C1 offset test printing machine, and the color and gloss properties of the prints were determined. As a result, it was determined that the flame retardancy properties of the papers were significantly increased with the tin oxide filler, while the combination of calcium carbonate and tin oxide improved both the printability and flame retardancy properties."
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Zhang, Tao, and Yong Liu. "Preparation of High-Transparency Phosphenanthrene-Based Flame Retardants and Studies of Their Flame-Retardant Properties." Polymers 15, no. 24 (December 11, 2023): 4665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15244665.
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Transparency is an important property for polymer flame retardants, especially epoxy resin (EP) flame retardants, and flame-retardant epoxy resins that maintain a high transparency and low chromatic aberration play important roles in the optical, lighting, and energy industries. Herein, a DOPO-based flame retardant 6,6′-((sulfonylbis(4,1-phenylene))bis(oxy))bis(dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) with a high transparency and low chromatic aberration was prepared via the classical Atherton–Todd reaction and named SBPDOPO. Its chemical structure was characterized with Fourier IR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy. An EP loaded with 7 wt% SBPDOPO passed the UL-94 V-0 rating with an LOI value of 32.1%, and the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production were reduced by 34.1%, 31.6%, and 27.7%, respectively, compared with those of pure EP. In addition, the addition of SBPDOPO improved the thermal stability, residual mass, and glass transition temperature of the EP. On this basis, the EP containing 7 wt% SBPDOPO maintained a high transparency and low color aberration, with a transmittance of 94% relative to that of pure EP and a color aberration ΔE of 1.63. Finally, the flame-retardant mechanism of SBPDOPO was analyzed, which demonstrated that it exerted both gas-phase and condensed-phase flame-retardant effects, and that SBPDOPO/EP had high potential for application scenarios in which both flame retardancy and transparency are needed. SBPDOPO/EP has great potential for applications requiring both flame retardancy and transparency.
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Wang, Yan, Xining Jia, Hui Shi, Jianwei Hao, Hongqiang Qu, and Jingyu Wang. "Graphene Nanoplatelets Hybrid Flame Retardant Containing Ionic Liquid and Ammonium Polyphosphate for Modified Bismaleimide Resin: Excellent Flame Retardancy, Thermal Stability, Water Resistance and Unique Dielectric Properties." Materials 14, no. 21 (October 26, 2021): 6406. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216406.
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To achieve the requirements of modified bismaleimide resin composites in electronic industry and high energy storage devices, flame retardancy, water resistance and dielectric properties must be improved. Hence, a highly efficient multifunctional graphene nanoplatelets hybrid flame retardant is prepared by ionic liquid graphite and ammonium polyphosphate. The preparation processes of the flame retardants are simple, low energy consumption and follow the green chemical concept of 100% utilization of raw materials, compared with chemical stripping. The bismaleimide resin containing 10 wt.% of the flame retardant show good flame retardancy, resulting in the limiting oxygen index increases to above 43%, and the peak heat release rate, total heat release and total smoke release decrease by 41.8%, 47.8% and 52.3%, respectively. After soaking, mass loss percentage of the modified bismaleimide resin only decreases by 0.96%, the dielectric constant of the composite increases by 39.4%, and the dielectric loss decreases with the increase of frequency. The hybrid flame retardants show multifunctional effect in the modified bismaleimide resin, due to the physical barrier, the chemical char-formation, hydrophobicity and strong conductivity attributed to co-work of Graphene nanoplatelets, ammonium polyphosphate and ionic liquid.
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Wang, Zhiwen, Yan Jiang, Xiaomei Yang, Junhuan Zhao, Wanlu Fu, Na Wang, and De-Yi Wang. "Surface Modification of Ammonium Polyphosphate for Enhancing Flame-Retardant Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane." Materials 15, no. 6 (March 8, 2022): 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15061990.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, the development of efficient and environmentally friendly flame-retardant thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite materials has caused extensive research. Ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is used as a general intumescent flame retardant to improve the flame retardancy of TPU. In this paper, we developed a functionalized APP flame retardant (APP-Cu@PDA). Adding only 5 wt% of APP-Cu@PDA into TPU can significantly improve the flame-retardant’s performance of the composite material, reflected by a high LOI value of 28% with a UL-94 test of V-0 rating. Compared with pure TPU, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, peak smoke release rate, and total smoke release were reduced by 82%, 25%, 50%, and 29%, respectively. The improvements on the flame-retardant properties of the TPU/5%APP-Cu@PDA composites were due to the following explanations: Cu2+-chelated PDA has a certain catalytic effect on the carbonization process, which can promote the formation of complete carbon layers and hinder the transfer of heat and oxygen. In addition, after adding 5% APP-Cu@PDA, the tensile strength and elongation at the break of TPU composites did not decrease significantly. In summary, we developed a new flame-retardant APP-Cu@PDA, which has better flame-retardant properties than many reported TPU composites, and its preparation process is simple and environmentally friendly. This process can be applied to the industrial production of flame retardants in the future.
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Lu, Shaolin, Botao Shen, and Xudong Chen. "Construction of Charring-Functional Polyheptanazine towards Improvements in Flame Retardants of Polyurethane." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020340.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen-containing flame retardants have been extensively applied due to their low toxicity and smoke-suppression properties; however, their poor charring ability restricts their applications. Herein, a representative nitrogen-containing flame retardant, polyheptanazine, was investigated. Two novel, cost-effective phosphorus-doped polyheptazine (PCN) and cobalt-anchored PCN (Co@PCN) flame retardants were synthesized via a thermal condensation method. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated effective doping of P into triazine. Then, flame-retardant particles were introduced into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using a melt-blending approach. The introduction of 3 wt% PCN and Co@PCN could remarkably suppress peak heat release rate (pHRR) (48.5% and 40.0%), peak smoke production rate (pSPR) (25.5% and 21.8%), and increasing residues (10.18 wt%→17.04 wt% and 14.08 wt%). Improvements in charring stability and flame retardancy were ascribed to the formation of P–N bonds and P=N bonds in triazine rings, which promoted the retention of P in the condensed phase, which produced additional high-quality residues.
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Lu, Shaolin, Botao Shen, and Xudong Chen. "Construction of Charring-Functional Polyheptanazine towards Improvements in Flame Retardants of Polyurethane." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020340.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen-containing flame retardants have been extensively applied due to their low toxicity and smoke-suppression properties; however, their poor charring ability restricts their applications. Herein, a representative nitrogen-containing flame retardant, polyheptanazine, was investigated. Two novel, cost-effective phosphorus-doped polyheptazine (PCN) and cobalt-anchored PCN (Co@PCN) flame retardants were synthesized via a thermal condensation method. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicated effective doping of P into triazine. Then, flame-retardant particles were introduced into thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) using a melt-blending approach. The introduction of 3 wt% PCN and Co@PCN could remarkably suppress peak heat release rate (pHRR) (48.5% and 40.0%), peak smoke production rate (pSPR) (25.5% and 21.8%), and increasing residues (10.18 wt%→17.04 wt% and 14.08 wt%). Improvements in charring stability and flame retardancy were ascribed to the formation of P–N bonds and P=N bonds in triazine rings, which promoted the retention of P in the condensed phase, which produced additional high-quality residues.
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Reuter, Jens, Tobias Standau, Volker Altstädt, and Manfred Döring. "Flame-retardant hybrid materials based on expandable polystyrene beads." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 270–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119899851.
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A highly efficient flame-retardant hybrid foam material combining expandable polystyrene foam beads and a waterborne resin equipped with inorganic flame retardants is described. The resin and the inorganic fillers were varied, and the different compositions were investigated in small burner and cone calorimeter tests. The burning time during the small burner test decreases from >60 s for neat expandable polystyrene to 0 s for optimized hybrid specimens. The peak of the heat release rate decreases from 661.0 kW/m2 for neat expandable polystyrene to 121.36 kW/m2 for a hybrid composition of 1:1:1 (expandable polystyrene:aluminum hydroxide:phenol formaldehyde resin). The hybrid materials containing inorganic flame retardants are burning slower and release heat and smoke more constantly at significantly lower rates. Furthermore, a continuous network of the cured thermoset is shown, which leads to embedded expandable polystyrene beads. The flame-retardant thermoset protects the expandable polystyrene from fire and leads to a material with high dimensional stability and efficient flame retardancy.
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Tian, Feiyu, Deliang Xu, and Xinwu Xu. "Synergistic Effect of APP and TBC Fire-Retardants on the Physico-Mechanical Properties of Strandboard." Materials 15, no. 2 (January 7, 2022): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15020435.
Full textAbstract:
This study explored the feasibility of fabricating fire-retardant strandboard with low mechanical properties deterioration to the physico-mechanical properties. A hybrid fire-retardant system of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and 1,3,5-tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-1,3,5-triazinane-2,4,6-trione (TBC) was investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis results show that both APP and TBC enhance the thermal stability and incombustibility of wood strands. An infrared spectrum was applied to investigate the effect of flame retardants on the curing behaviors of polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (PMDI) resin. Based on the results of limiting oxygen index (LOI) and Cone calorimetry (CONE), APP and TBC both lead to a higher fire retardancy to strandboard. It is worth mentioning that the two flame retardants lead to evidently differential influences on the modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), internal bond (IB), and water-soaking thickness swelling (TS) properties of strandboard. Hence, a hybrid flame retardant is prominent in manufacturing strandboard with both good fire retardant and satisfying physico-mechanical properties.
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Dowbysz, Adriana, Mariola Samsonowicz, and Bożena Kukfisz. "Recent Advances in Bio-Based Additive Flame Retardants for Thermosetting Resins." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 8 (April 15, 2022): 4828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084828.
Full textAbstract:
Thermosetting resins are used in many applications due to their great mechanical properties, chemical resistance, and dimensional stability. However, the flammability of thermosets needs to be improved to minimize fire risk and meet fire safety regulations. Some commercially available flame retardants have an adverse effect on people’s health and the environment. Thus, the development of novel, more sustainable flame retardants obtained or derived from biomass has become an objective of contemporary research. The objective of this study is to summarize recent progress on bio-based flame retardants for thermosetting resins so as to promote their prompt development. Groups of biomass compounds with a potential for flame retardant industrial applications were introduced, and their thermal degradation was investigated. The authors focused mostly on the thermal degradation of composites containing bio-based flame retardants determined by thermogravimetric analysis, their tendency to sustain a flame determined by a limiting oxygen index, and fire behavior determined by a cone calorimeter test. The results showed that the mode of action is mostly based on the forming of the char layer. However, in many cases, there is still a necessity to input a high amount of additive to achieve significant flame retardancy effects, which may adversely impact mechanical properties.
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Qi, Fei, Mengqi Tang, Na Wang, Nian Liu, Xiaolang Chen, Zhibin Zhang, Kun Zhang, and Xiong Lu. "Efficient organic–inorganic intumescent interfacial flame retardants to prepare flame retarded polypropylene with excellent performance." RSC Advances 7, no. 50 (2017): 31696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04232a.
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An efficient and simple approach for the preparation of organic–inorganic intumescent interfacial flame retardants, aiming at enhancing the flame-retardant efficiency and interfacial adhesion between matrix and flame retardants was presented.
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He, Ruiyang. "Application analysis of two flame retardant polymer materials." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 13 (August 21, 2022): 183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v13i.1349.
Full textAbstract:
Flame retardants have become an integral part of the construction industry, not only to bring safety to residents in the event of fire, but also to reduce property damage. As excellent flame retardant materials, common flame retardant polymer composites mainly include two types, that is, traditional flame retardant and nano flame retardant. This research introduces the different flame retardants under the two categories and their corresponding flame retardant mechanisms in detail. And some other flame retardant polymer composites. In terms of mechanism, two important flame retardant mechanisms include dehydration and charring. In this research, the advantages and disadvantages of different flame retardant mechanisms in different polymers and their causes are introduced in detail. In addition, this research will compare the advantages and disadvantages of existing flame retardant materials and look forward to their future development trends, hoping to provide a new idea for the development of new flame retardant materials.
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Hua, Yating, Chungui Du, Huilong Yu, Ailian Hu, Rui Peng, Jingjing Zhang, Qi Li, and Zhongqing Ma. "Flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics of bamboo impregnated with silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcates." BioResources 16, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 1311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.1.1311-1324.
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Flame-retardant silicate-intercalated calcium aluminum hydrotalcites (CaAl-SiO3-LDHs) were synthesized to treat bamboo for retardancy, to overcome the bamboo’s flammability and reduce the production of toxic smoke during combustion. The microstructure, elemental composition, flame retardancy, and smoke suppression characteristics of the bamboo before and after the fire-retardant treatment with different pressure impregnation were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), elemental analysis (EDX), and cone calorimetry. It was found that CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame retardants can effectively fill and cover the cell wall surface and the cell cavity of bamboo without damaging the microstructure. As compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the heat release rate (HRR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo was significantly reduced, the total heat release (THR) decreased by 31.3%, the residue mass increased by 51.4%, the time to ignition (TTI) delay rate reached 77.8%, the mass loss rate (MLR) decreased, and the carbon formation improved. Additionally, as compared to the non-flame-retardant bamboo, the total smoke release (TSR) of the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo decreased by 38.9%, and the carbon monoxide yield (YCO) approached zero. Thus, the CaAl-SiO3-LDHs flame-retardant bamboo has excellent flame-retardancy and smoke suppression characteristics.
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Zhang, Ze Jiang, Li Jun Li, Feng Li, Jin He, and Zi Qiong Gan. "Infrared Analysis on Pyrolysis Products of Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 900–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.900.
Full textAbstract:
Infrared spectra of the pyrolysis gases of polyurethane foam flame retarded by MPOP, MP, MC, magnesium hydroxide, or antimony trioxide flame retardants was analyzed online by FTIR method. At 600°C, the polyurethane foam flame retarded by MPOP, MP, MC, magnesium hydroxide or antimony trioxide flame retardants released more hydrogen cyanide than the pure polyurethane foam, proved that the MPOP, MP, MC and magnesium hydroxide flame retardants could change the law that the polyurethane released hydrogen cyanide. At 600 °C, the peak of C=O stretching vibration at 1730cm-1did not appear for the flame-retardant polyurethane, indicating that the flame retardants can make the polyurethane rapidly carbonize and the fewer C=O intermediate was produced. The absorbent peaks of the fire-retardant samples at 1604cm-1, 1538 cm-1, 1250 to 1230 cm-1and 1450cm-1implied that the flame retardants could delay the oxidative decomposition of the polyurethane component at 600 °C, so that more components may be carbonized. When increasing the pyrolysis temperature, the perlite would make polyurethane foam release fewer hydrogen cyanide.