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Journal articles on the topic 'Flame spray synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Rodriguez-Fernandez, Helena, Shruthi Dasappa, Kaylin Dones Sabado, and Joaquin Camacho. "Production of Carbon Black in Turbulent Spray Flames of Coal Tar Distillates." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (2021): 10001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110001.

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Conventional carbon black production occurs by pyrolysis after heavy aromatic feedstock is injected into the post-combustor region of furnace black reactors. The current work examines the conversion of the coal tar distillate in turbulent spray flames to demonstrate a more compact reactor configuration. Coal tar distillates diluted in toluene is atomized and burned in a standardized flame spray synthesis configuration, known as SpraySyn. Flame conditions are characterized by thermocouple, soot pyrometry and image analysis and product particle properties are examined by TEM and Raman spectrosco

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2

Ali, Md Yusuf, Hans Orthner, and Hartmut Wiggers. "Spray Flame Synthesis (SFS) of Lithium Lanthanum Zirconate (LLZO) Solid Electrolyte." Materials 14, no. 13 (2021): 3472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14133472.

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A spray-flame reaction step followed by a short 1-h sintering step under O2 atmosphere was used to synthesize nanocrystalline cubic Al-doped Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO). The as-synthesized nanoparticles from spray-flame synthesis consisted of the crystalline La2Zr2O7 (LZO) pyrochlore phase while Li was present on the nanoparticles’ surface as amorphous carbonate. However, a short annealing step was sufficient to obtain phase pure cubic LLZO. To investigate whether the initial mixing of all cations is mandatory for synthesizing nanoparticulate cubic LLZO, we also synthesized Li free LZO and subsequentl

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3

Baker, C., W. Kim, J. Sanghera, et al. "Flame spray synthesis of Lu2O3 nanoparticles." Materials Letters 66, no. 1 (2012): 132–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2011.08.058.

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4

Liewhiran, Chaikarn, Anurat Wisitsoraat, and Sukon Phanichphant. "Sensing High Concentrations in Air of H₂ Based on Spin-Coated Films of Flame-Spray-Made SnO₂ and Pd/SnO₂ Nanoparticles." Key Engineering Materials 421-422 (December 2009): 311–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.421-422.311.

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Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP) was performed for the synthesis of high specific surface area (SSABET) of SnO2 nanopowders (141.6 m2/g) and supported palladium (Pd) nanoparticles containing 0.2-3 wt%Pd with controlled size and a crystallinity in a single step. The particles properties were further characterized by XRD, BET and TEM analyses. The crystalline particles were used for sensing film preparation by spin coating. It was found that the flame-spray-made 0.2 wt%Pd/SnO2 sensor showed higher and faster response to reducing H2 gas than pure flame-spray-made SnO2 sensor.

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5

Mädler, L., H. K. Kammler, R. Mueller, and S. E. Pratsinis. "FLAME SPRAY PYROLYSIS FOR SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES." Journal of Aerosol Science 32 (September 2001): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(21)00101-4.

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6

Stodt, Malte F. B., Munko Gonchikzhapov, Tina Kasper, Udo Fritsching, and Johannes Kiefer. "Chemistry of iron nitrate-based precursor solutions for spray-flame synthesis." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 44 (2019): 24793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp05007h.

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7

Tabersky, Daniel, Norman A. Luechinger, Michael Rossier, et al. "Development and characterization of custom-engineered and compacted nanoparticles as calibration materials for quantification using LA-ICP-MS." J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 29, no. 6 (2014): 955–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ja00054d.

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8

Høj, Martin, Kasper Linde, Thomas Klint Hansen, Michael Brorson, Anker Degn Jensen, and Jan-Dierk Grunwaldt. "Flame spray synthesis of CoMo/Al2O3 hydrotreating catalysts." Applied Catalysis A: General 397, no. 1-2 (2011): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcata.2011.02.034.

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9

Ramadhan, Zeno Rizqi, Changhun Yun, Bo-In Park, et al. "One-Pot Synthesis of Lithium Nickel Manganese Oxide-Carbon Composite Nanoparticles by a Flame Spray Pyrolysis Process." Science of Advanced Materials 12, no. 2 (2020): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2020.3682.

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The nanoparticles based on nickel-manganese oxide and carbon-coated LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 are synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis technology with controlled particle sizes. The structural properties of nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution electron microscopy. It is observed that the higher surface tension of precursors in the flame spray pyrolysis setup increases the particle sizes. The post annealing treatment significantly enhances the crystallinity of nanoparticles due to the favorable oxidation process and the structure conversion from NiMn2O4 to NiMnO3. In ad

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10

Tada, Shohei, Kim Larmier, Robert Büchel, and Christophe Copéret. "Methanol synthesis via CO2 hydrogenation over CuO–ZrO2 prepared by two-nozzle flame spray pyrolysis." Catalysis Science & Technology 8, no. 8 (2018): 2056–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cy00250a.

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11

Pozio, Alfonso, Francesco Bozza, Nicola Lisi, et al. "Cobalt Oxide Synthesis via Flame Spray Pyrolysis as Anode Electrocatalyst for Alkaline Membrane Water Electrolyzer." Materials 15, no. 13 (2022): 4626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134626.

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Nanostructured cobalt oxide powders as electro catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an alkaline membrane electrolysis cell (AME) were prepared by flame spray synthesis (FS); an AME’s anode was then produced by depositing the FS prepared cobalt oxide powders on an AISI-316 sintered metal fiber by the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. FS powders and the composite electrode were characterized by SEM, XRD, and XPS analysis. The electrode showed an increase in the OER catalytic activity in a KOH 0.5 M solution with respect to commercial materials commonly applied in alkaline

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12

Biemelt, T., K. Wegner, J. Teichert, and S. Kaskel. "Microemulsion flame pyrolysis for hopcalite nanoparticle synthesis: a new concept for catalyst preparation." Chemical Communications 51, no. 27 (2015): 5872–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc00481k.

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13

Franzelli, Benedetta, Philippe Scouflaire, and Nasser Darabiha. "Using In Situ Measurements to Experimentally Characterize TiO2 Nanoparticle Synthesis in a Turbulent Isopropyl Alcohol Flame." Materials 14, no. 22 (2021): 7083. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14227083.

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The objective of the present work is to show the potential of in situ measurements for the investigation of nanoparticles production in turbulent spray flames. This is achieved by considering multiple diagnostics to characterize the liquid break-up, the reactive flow and the particles production in a spray burner for TiO2 nanoparticle synthesis. The considered liquid fuel is a solution of isopropyl alcohol and titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) precursor. Measurements show that shadowgraphy can be used to simultaneously localize spray and nanoparticles, light scattering allows to characterize t

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14

Dani Nandiyanto, Asep Bayu, Yusuke Kito, Tomoyuki Hirano, Risti Ragadhita, Phong Hoai Le, and Takashi Ogi. "Spherical submicron YAG:Ce particles with controllable particle outer diameters and crystallite sizes and their photoluminescence properties." RSC Advances 11, no. 48 (2021): 30305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra04800g.

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We demonstrate the synthesis of spherical submicron YAG:Ce particles with controllable particle outer diameters and crystallite sizes and their photoluminescence properties, produced by a flame-assisted spray-pyrolysis method with annealing process.

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15

Tani, Takao, Shu Saeki, Takenobu Suzuki, and Yasutake Ohishi. "Chromium-Doped Forsterite Nanoparticle Synthesis by Flame Spray Pyrolysis." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 90, no. 3 (2007): 805–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.01497.x.

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16

Mädler, L., H. K. Kammler, R. Mueller, and S. E. Pratsinis. "Controlled synthesis of nanostructured particles by flame spray pyrolysis." Journal of Aerosol Science 33, no. 2 (2002): 369–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(01)00159-8.

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17

Lee, Jae Seok, Myoung Hwan Oh, Purushottam Kumar, Aniruddh Khanna, Rajiv K. Singh, and Madhav B. Ranade. "Mn-Doped Zn2SiO4 Phosphors Synthesis Using Flame Spray Pyrolysis." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 20, no. 5 (2011): 1001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11666-011-9630-4.

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18

Carvajal, Luisa, Robison Buitrago-Sierra, Alexander Santamaría, Steven Angel, Hartmut Wiggers, and Jaime Gallego. "Effect of Spray Parameters in a Spray Flame Reactor During FexOy Nanoparticles Synthesis." Journal of Thermal Spray Technology 29, no. 3 (2020): 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11666-020-00991-1.

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19

Keskinen, H., J. M. Mäkelä, M. Vippola, et al. "Generation of silver/palladium nanoparticles by liquid flame spray." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 5 (2004): 1544–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.0207.

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Ag–Pd alloy nanoparticles have been generated from silver and palladium nitrate precursors using a high temperature aerosol method, the liquid flame spray (LFS) process. In the LFS process, a spray aerosol of precursor liquid is introduced into a high-temperature H2–O2 flame. The primary micron-sized spray droplets evaporatein the flame, and the final particulate product is a result of the nucleation of the pure metal vapors shortly after the flame. In the study, three Ag–Pd molar ratios—10:90, 50:50, and 90:10—were used in the precursor. As a result of the synthesis, metalalloy nanoparticles

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20

Zhou, Xiong, and Wen Jun Kong. "Synthesis of Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia Particles by Flame Spray Pyrolysis Method." Advanced Materials Research 629 (December 2012): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.629.70.

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This paper presented a novel synthesis method for yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) by using the flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) method. Spherical and dense YSZ particles for thermal barrier coating were successfully synthesized by FSP from the nebulized precursor solution. XRD results revealed that the YSZ powder is only composed of tetragonal phase particles. Most particles are a few hundred nanometers in diameter and their sizes are mainly dependent on the concentration of the precursor solution, while flame condition has little effect. Particle size and morphology are greatly affected by the pr

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21

Zindrou, Areti, Asterios Mantzanis, and Yiannis Deligiannakis. "Industrial Scale Engineering of Photocatalytic Nanomaterials by Flame Spray Pyrolysis (F.S.P.)." Solid State Phenomena 336 (August 30, 2022): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-va48p3.

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Flame Spray Pyrolysis is an attractive technology for the synthesis of nanosized materials with distinct characteristics. Industry leaders such as Cabot, Cristal, DuPont, Evonik, and Ishihara manufacture flame-made materials in millions of tons per year including carbon blacks. Herein we exemplify the application of large-scale FSP process for the synthesis of highly active photocatalysts, able to achieve high H2, O2 production yields from H2O. Precise control of W-doping along with controlled Scheelite-phase BiVO4 is a benchmark oxygen-evolving nanocatalyst. Double-Nozzle FSP is demonstrated

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22

Ahn, Kang Ho, Jung Ho Ahn, K. S. Jeon, and Yong Ho Choa. "Synthesis of Ultra-Fine Iron-Oxide Nano-Particles in a Diffusion Flame with Electro-Spraying Assistance." Materials Science Forum 449-452 (March 2004): 1169–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.449-452.1169.

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Ultra-fine Fe2O3 nano-particles are synthesized using H2/O2 co-axial diffusion flame with the state-of-the-art electro-spraying (e-spray) technique at atmospheric condition. Fe(CO)5 is used as a precursor and the liquid phase Fe(CO)5 is injected directly into the center of the flame using the electro-spraying method. The synthesized particle morphology sampled from the inside of flame is analyzed by TEM. The synthesized particles showed different crystal structures for different particle collection method and the collection positions.

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23

Jodhani, Gagan, Jiahao Huang та Perena Gouma. "Flame Spray Synthesis and Ammonia Sensing Properties of Pure α-MoO3 Nanosheets". Journal of Nanotechnology 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7016926.

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This paper highlights the flame spray synthesis of α-MoO3 using ammonium molybdate as precursor. The as-synthesized particles obtained were found to be ammonium molybdenum oxide and belonged to the triclinic crystal system. The particles crystallized to α-MoO3 upon thermal treatment at 500°C. Sensors were prepared by drop coating the powders onto alumina substrates coated with platinum electrodes and sensing tests were conducted evaluating the detection of ammonia concentrations down to ppb level concentration in air. The flame synthesized α-MoO3 based sensors show high sensitivity towards amm

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24

Buchheiser, Simon, Ferdinand Kistner, Frank Rhein, and Hermann Nirschl. "Spray Flame Synthesis and Multiscale Characterization of Carbon Black–Silica Hetero-Aggregates." Nanomaterials 13, no. 12 (2023): 1893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano13121893.

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The increasing demand for lithium-ion batteries requires constant improvements in the areas of production and recycling to reduce their environmental impact. In this context, this work presents a method for structuring carbon black aggregates by adding colloidal silica via a spray flame with the goal of opening up more choices for polymeric binders. The main focus of this research lies in the multiscale characterization of the aggregate properties via small-angle X-ray scattering, analytical disc centrifugation and electron microscopy. The results show successful formation of sinter-bridges be

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25

Zindrou, Areti, Pavlos Psathas, and Yiannis Deligiannakis. "Flame Spray Pyrolysis Synthesis of Vo-Rich Nano-SrTiO3-x." Nanomaterials 14, no. 4 (2024): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14040346.

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Engineering of oxygen vacancies (Vo) in nanomaterials allows diligent control of their physicochemical properties. SrTiO3 possesses the typical ABO3 structure and has attracted considerable attention among the titanates due to its chemical stability and its high conduction band energy. This has resulted in its extensive use in photocatalytic energy-related processes, among others. Herein, we introduce the use of Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP); an industrial and scalable process to produce Vo-rich SrTiO3 perovskites. We present two types of Anoxic Flame Spray Pyrolysis (A-FSP) technologies using C

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26

Teoh, Wey. "A Perspective on the Flame Spray Synthesis of Photocatalyst Nanoparticles." Materials 6, no. 8 (2013): 3194–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma6083194.

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27

Sahm, T. "Flame spray synthesis of tin dioxide nanoparticles for gas sensing." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 98, no. 2-3 (2004): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2003.10.003.

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28

Tok, A. I. Y., F. Y. C. Boey, S. W. Du, and B. K. Wong. "Flame spray synthesis of ZrO2 nano-particles using liquid precursors." Materials Science and Engineering: B 130, no. 1-3 (2006): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2006.02.069.

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29

Heine, Martin C., and Sotiris E. Pratsinis. "Droplet and Particle Dynamics during Flame Spray Synthesis of Nanoparticles†." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 44, no. 16 (2005): 6222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0490278.

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30

Mueller, Roger, Lutz Mädler, and Sotiris E. Pratsinis. "Nanoparticle synthesis at high production rates by flame spray pyrolysis." Chemical Engineering Science 58, no. 10 (2003): 1969–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2509(03)00022-8.

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31

Jang, Hee, Chun Seong, Yong Suh, Heon Kim, and Churl Lee. "Synthesis of Lithium-Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles by Flame Spray Pyrolysis." Aerosol Science and Technology 38, no. 10 (2004): 1027–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/027868290524016.

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32

Rittler, A., L. Deng, I. Wlokas, and A. M. Kempf. "Large eddy simulations of nanoparticle synthesis from flame spray pyrolysis." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 36, no. 1 (2017): 1077–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.08.005.

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33

MATSUSHITA, Masaya, Motohiro OSHIMA, Jiro SENDA, and Kozo ISHIDA. "1125 Flame Synthesis for TiO_2 Nanoparticles by Flash Boiling Spray." Proceedings of Conference of Kansai Branch 2013.88 (2013): _11–35_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekansai.2013.88._11-35_.

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34

Tok, A. I. Y., F. Y. C. Boey, and X. L. Zhao. "Novel synthesis of Al2O3 nano-particles by flame spray pyrolysis." Journal of Materials Processing Technology 178, no. 1-3 (2006): 270–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.04.007.

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35

Tricoli, Antonio, and Tobias D. Elmøe. "Flame spray pyrolysis synthesis and aerosol deposition of nanoparticle films." AIChE Journal 58, no. 11 (2012): 3578–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.13739.

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36

Heine, M. C., and S. E. Pratsinis. "Droplet and Particle Dynamics during Flame Spray Synthesis of Nanoparticles." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 77, no. 8 (2005): 1230–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.200590160.

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37

Schuh, K., W. Kleist, M. Høj, V. Trouillet, A. D. Jensen, and J. D. Grunwaldt. "One-step synthesis of bismuth molybdate catalysts via flame spray pyrolysis for the selective oxidation of propylene to acrolein." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 97 (2014): 15404–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc07527g.

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38

Conte, Francesco, Serena Esposito, Vladimiro Dal Santo, Alessandro Di Michele, Gianguido Ramis, and Ilenia Rossetti. "Flame Pyrolysis Synthesis of Mixed Oxides for Glycerol Steam Reforming." Materials 14, no. 3 (2021): 652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14030652.

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Flame spray pyrolysis was used to produce nanosized Ni-based catalysts starting from different mixed oxides. LaNiO3 and CeNiO3 were used as base materials and the formulation was varied by mixing them or incorporating variable amounts of ZrO2 or SrO during the synthesis. The catalysts were tested for the steam reforming of glycerol. One of the key problems for this application is the resistance to deactivation by sintering and coking, which may be increased by (1) improving Ni dispersion through the production of a Ni-La or Ni-Ce mixed oxide precursor, and then reduced; (2) using an oxide as Z

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39

Serrano-Bayona, Raul, Carson Chu, Peng Liu, and William L. Roberts. "Flame Synthesis of Carbon and Metal-Oxide Nanoparticles: Flame Types, Effects of Combustion Parameters on Properties and Measurement Methods." Materials 16, no. 3 (2023): 1192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031192.

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Carbon and metal-oxide nanoparticles (NP) are currently synthesized worldwide for various applications in the solar-energy, optical, pharmaceutical, and biomedical industries, among many others. Gas phase methods comprise flame synthesis and flame spray pyrolysis (FSP), which provide high efficiency, low cost, and the possibility of large-scale applications. The variation of combustion operation parameters exerts significant effects on the properties of the NPs. An analysis of the latest research results relevant to NP flame synthesis can provide new insight into the optimization of these meth

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40

Setiawan, Adhi, W. Widiyastuti, Sugeng Winardi, and Agung Nugroho. "SINTESIS BIOMATERIAL HYDROXYAPATITE DENGAN PROSES FLAME SPRAY PYROLYSIS DISERTAI PENAMBAHAN ADITIF ORGANIK." REAKTOR 16, no. 4 (2017): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/reaktor.16.4.189-198.

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SYNTHESIS OF HYDROXYAPATITE BIOMATERIALS BY FLAME SPRAY PYROLYSIS PROCESS WITH ADDITION OF ORGANIC ADDITIVES. Hydroxyapatite is biomaterial which is widely used for biomedical aplication such as implant because biocompatible, bioactivity, and strong affinity to biopolymers. Therefore parameters of morphology and crystallinity becomes an important parameter to be controlled. The addition of the organic additive on HAp precursor with ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol 400, and urea is the alternative to improve the size, morphology, and crystallinity of HAp particles. The equipment for flame s

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41

Tischendorf, Ricardo, Kristina Duschik, Fabian Fröde, et al. "On the Formation of Carbonaceous By-Product Species in Spray Flame Synthesis of Maghemite Nanoparticles." Applied Sciences 15, no. 6 (2025): 3294. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063294.

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This study investigates the formation of by-product species during flame spray synthesis (SFS) of superparamagnetic maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) nanoparticles. Four samples are synthesized by utilizing two standardized burner types (SpraySyn1 and SpraySyn2) and varying the iron (III) nonahydrate (INN) concentration (0.1 M and 0.2 M) in the precursor feed while using ethanol and 2-ethylhexanoic acid as solvent. Conducting complementary powder analysis revealed a predominant presence of carboxylates and carbonates as by-product species (~14–18 wt.%), while no strong indications for elemental carbon and p

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42

Mäkelä, Jyrki M., Janne Haapanen, Juha Harra, Paxton Juuti, and Sonja Kujanpää. "Liquid Flame Spray—A Hydrogen-Oxygen Flame Based Method for Nanoparticle Synthesis and Functional Nanocoatings." KONA Powder and Particle Journal 34 (2017): 141–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14356/kona.2017020.

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43

Brobbey, Kofi Jocelyn, Janne Haapanen, Mikko Tuominen, et al. "High-speed production of antibacterial fabrics using liquid flame spray." Textile Research Journal 90, no. 5-6 (2019): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519866952.

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Healthcare associated infections (HAIs) are known as one of the major problems of the modern healthcare system, which result in additional cost and mortality. It has also been shown that pathogenic bacteria are mostly transferred via surfaces in healthcare settings. Therefore, antibacterial surfaces, which include fabrics and textiles, can be used in a healthcare environment to reduce the transfer of pathogenic bacteria, hence reducing HAIs. Silver nanoparticles have been shown to have broad spectrum antibacterial properties, and therefore they have been incorporated into fabrics to provide an

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44

JANG, Hee Dong, Hankwon CHANG, and Kikuo OKUYAMA. "Synthesis of Binary Component Metal Oxide Nanoparticles by Flame Spray Pyrolysis." RESOURCES PROCESSING 54, no. 1 (2007): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4144/rpsj.54.9.

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45

Phakatkar, Abhijit H., Mahmoud Tamadoni Saray, Md Golam Rasul, et al. "Ultrafast Synthesis of High Entropy Oxide Nanoparticles by Flame Spray Pyrolysis." Langmuir 37, no. 30 (2021): 9059–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01105.

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46

MATSUSHITA, Masaya, Motohiro OSHIMA, Jiro SENDA, and Kozo ISHIDA. "G060015 Development of Nanoparticle Flame Synthesis Method by Flash Boiling Spray." Proceedings of Mechanical Engineering Congress, Japan 2012 (2012): _G060015–1—_G060015–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemecj.2012._g060015-1.

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47

Ichinose, Hiromichi, Yuzo Shiwa, and Masamitsu Nagano. "Synthesis ofBaTiO3/LaNiO3andPbTiO3/LaNiO3Multilayer Thin Films by Spray Combustion Flame Technique." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 33, Part 1, No. 10 (1994): 5903–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.33.5903.

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48

Lee, Jae Seok, Sushant Gupta, Purushottam Kumar, Madhav B. Ranade, and Rajiv K. Singh. "Synthesis and Characterization of YAG:Ce3+ Nanophosphor prepared by Flame Spray Pyrolysis." ECS Transactions 16, no. 30 (2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.3106665.

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49

Tani, Takao, Naoyoshi Watanabe, and Kazumasa Takatori. "Emulsion Combustion and Flame Spray Synthesis of Zinc Oxide/Silica Particles." Journal of Nanoparticle Research 5, no. 1/2 (2003): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1024475000805.

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50

Torabmostaedi, Hosein, and Tao Zhang. "Numerical simulation of TiO 2 nanoparticle synthesis by flame spray pyrolysis." Powder Technology 329 (April 2018): 426–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2018.01.051.

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