Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flame spread Fire

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Flame spread Fire'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Flame spread Fire"

1

Yedinak, Kara M., Jack D. Cohen, Jason M. Forthofer, and Mark A. Finney. "An examination of flame shape related to convection heat transfer in deep-fuel beds." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 2 (2010): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07143.

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Fire spread through a fuel bed produces an observable curved combustion interface. This shape has been schematically represented largely without consideration for fire spread processes. The shape and dynamics of the flame profile within the fuel bed likely reflect the mechanisms of heat transfer necessary for the pre-heating and ignition of the fuel during fire spread. We developed a simple laminar flame model for examining convection heat transfer as a potentially significant fire spread process. The flame model produced a flame profile qualitatively comparable to experimental flames and similar to the combustion interface of spreading fires. The model comparison to flame experiments revealed that at increasing fuel depths (>0.7 m), lateral flame extension was increased through transition and turbulent flame behaviour. Given previous research indicating that radiation is not sufficient for fire spread, this research suggests that flame turbulence can produce the convection heat transfer (i.e. flame contact) necessary for fire spread particularly in vertically arranged, discontinuous fuels such as shrub and tree canopies.
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Wotton, B. M., R. S. McAlpine, and M. W. Hobbs. "The effect of fire front width on surface fire behaviour." International Journal of Wildland Fire 9, no. 4 (1999): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf00021.

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To determine the effect of fire front width on surface fire spread rates, a series of simultaneously ignited experimental fires was carried out in a pine plantation. Fires were ignited in plots with widths ranging from 0.5 m to 10 m and were burned in low wind conditions. Flame lengths were small in all fires, ranging from 20 cm to 60 cm. Since pre-heating of the forest litter from flame radiation is assumed to be an important mechanism in the spread of low intensity, low wind surface fires, it then follows that the width of a flaming front should effect on the heating of the fuel to ignition temperatures. Total flame radiation was also measured at a point 50 cm ahead of the advancing flame front for a number of the fires. Experimental results indicate that a flame radiation measured ahead of the fire stays fairly constant once the flame width is between 2 and 5 m. Theoretical flame radiation calculations confirm this trend. Rates of spread between the 5 and 10 metre width fires also appear to be similar; this indicates that, for the type of fires studied, once flame width is greater than about 2 m, radiation from any extra width of fire front has little effect on spread rate.
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Finney, Mark A., Jack D. Cohen, Isaac C. Grenfell, and Kara M. Yedinak. "An examination of fire spread thresholds in discontinuous fuel beds." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 2 (2010): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07177.

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Many fuel beds, especially live vegetation canopies (conifer forests, shrub fields, bunch-grasses) contain gaps between vegetation clumps. Fires burning in these fuel types often display thresholds for spread that are observed to depend on environmental factors like wind, slope, and fuel moisture content. To investigate threshold spread behaviours, we conducted a set of laboratory burn experiments in artificial fuel beds where gap structure, depth, and slope were controlled. Results revealed that fire spread was limited by gap distance and that the threshold distance for spread was increased for deeper fuel beds and steeper slopes. The reasons for this behaviour were found using a high-speed thermal camera. Flame movements recorded by the camera at 120 Hz suggested fuel particles experience intermittent bathing of non-steady flames before ignition and that fuel particles across the gap ignited only after direct flame contact. The images also showed that the flame profile within the fuel bed expands with height, producing greater horizontal flame displacement in deeper beds. Slope, thus, enhances spread by increasing the effective depth in the uphill direction, which produces wider flames, and thereby increases the potential flame contact. This information suggests that fire spread across discontinuous fuel beds is dependent on the vertical flame profile geometry within the fuel bed and the statistical properties of flame characteristics.
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Delichatsios, M. A. "Basic Polymer Material Properties for Flame Spread." Journal of Fire Sciences 11, no. 4 (July 1993): 287–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419301100401.

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We present and demonstrate the application of a systematic methodology for predicting fire spread and growth and for a relative fire hazard classification of materials for any scale and fire environment. This methodol ogy consists of three steps: (1) select laboratory test methods to perform flam mability measurements; (2) based on these measurements, obtain key flamma bility material properties which are precisely defined in this work; and (3) use these properties in a mathematical model of fire spread and growth to predict fire hazards. The complementary test methods we have selected and used are: (a) a general flammability test apparatus (such as NIST or FMRC) [1,2] modified to also provide pyrolysis measurements in an inert N2 atmosphere; (b) the Limited Oxygen Index (LOI) apparatus, which is used here as a tool for ob taining properties needed for creeping flame spread and extinction, including vitiated environments; and (c) a solid material smoke-point height apparatus [8], which is used to characterize the smokiness of the burning material needed to determine the radiation and smoke yield for arbitrary fire situations (wall fires, pool fires or ceiling fires) [8]. The use and proper interpretation of the Limited Oxygen Index apparatus can replace the LIFT [10] apparatus for deter mining in a more accurate and direct way the material properties required for creeping (vertical downward, lateral, horizontal) flame spread. The present methodology has been compared well with experiments in this work and else where [9], and it has been used to predict critical conditions for fire spread [11], not empirically as it is usually done, but based on first principles of fire spread, fire growth and burning, together with material flammability properties syste matically deduced from small-scale test measurements.
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Streeks, Tamara J., M. Keith Owens, and Steve G. Whisenant. "Examining fire behavior in mesquite - acacia shrublands." International Journal of Wildland Fire 14, no. 2 (2005): 131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf03053.

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The vegetation of South Texas has changed from mesquite savanna to mixed mesquite–acacia (Prosopis–Acacia) shrubland over the last 150 years. Fire reduction, due to lack of fine fuel and suppression of naturally occurring fires, is cited as one of the primary causes for this vegetation shift. Fire behavior, primarily rate of spread and fire intensity, is poorly understood in these communities, so fire prescriptions have not been developed. We evaluated two current fire behavior systems (BEHAVE and the CSIRO fire spread and fire danger calculator) and three models developed for shrublands to determine how well they predicted rate of spread and flame length during three summer fires within mesquite–acacia shrublands. We also used geostatistical analyses to examine the spatial pattern of net heat, flame temperature and fuel characteristics. The CSIRO forest model under-predicted the rate of fire spread by an average of 5.43 m min−1 and over-predicted flame lengths by 0.2 m while the BEHAVE brush model under-predicted rate of spread by an average of 6.57 m min−1 and flame lengths by an average of 0.33 m. The three shrubland models did not consistently predict the rate of spread in these plant communities. Net heat and flame temperature were related to the amount of 10-h fuel on the site, but were not related to the cover of grasses, forbs, shrubs, or apparent continuity of fine fuel. Fuel loads were typical of South Texas shrublands, in that they were uneven and spatially inconsistent, which resulted in an unpredictable fire pattern.
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Cruz, Miguel G., Richard J. Hurley, Rachel Bessell, and Andrew L. Sullivan. "Fire behaviour in wheat crops – effect of fuel structure on rate of fire spread." International Journal of Wildland Fire 29, no. 3 (2020): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf19139.

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A field-based experimental study was conducted in 50×50m square plots to investigate the behaviour of free-spreading fires in wheat to quantify the effect of crop condition (i.e. harvested, unharvested and harvested and baled) on the propagation rate of fires and their associated flame characteristics, and to evaluate the adequacy of existing operational prediction models used in these fuel types. The dataset of 45 fires ranged from 2.4 to 10.2kmh−1 in their forward rate of fire spread and 3860 and 28000 kWm−1 in fireline intensity. Rate of fire spread and flame heights differed significantly between crop conditions, with the unharvested condition yielding the fastest spreading fires and tallest flames and the baled condition having the slowest moving fires and lowest flames. Rate of fire spread in the three crop conditions corresponded directly with the outputs from the models of Cheney et al. (1998) for grass fires: unharvested wheat → natural grass; harvested wheat (~0.3m tall stubble) → grazed or cut grass; and baled wheat (<0.1m tall stubble) → eaten-out grass. These models produced mean absolute percent errors between 21% and 25% with reduced bias, a result on par with the most accurate published fire spread model evaluations.
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Bradstock, RA, and AM Gill. "Fire in Semiarid, Mallee Shrublands - Size of Flames From Discrete Fuel Arrays and Their Role in the Spread of Fire." International Journal of Wildland Fire 3, no. 1 (1993): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf9930003.

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Aspects of flammability of the major fuel arrays in a mallee shrubland community, and the basis for fire-spread in these discrete fuels, are examined and discussed. Relationships between plant size and weight of litter (shrubs and mallee eucalypts) or grass hummocks (Triodia irritans) were studied. Hummock mass was a function of hummock diameter and height. On ignition, maximum flame length was related to hummock height and diameter. For mallee eucalypts the mass of litter beneath individual plants was related to the diameter of the litter bed. Flame length was also related to litter bed diameter. In other species of shrubs, fires were not sustained independently. We hypothesize that T. irritans will play a major role in fire spread in communities because flames from hummocks will have the greatest ability to bridge gaps between fuel arrays (flames longer than in eucalypts). Size of hummocks will have an important bearing on propagation of fire across fuel-gaps. By contrast, the main role of eucalypts in fire-spread may be as a source of burning brands which initiate spot fires. There is scope to understand fire-spread in these communities on the basis of flame lengths (in conjunction with plant size) in relation to wind.
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Ke, Gao, Liu Zimeng, Jia Jinzhang, Liu Zeyi, Aiyiti Yisimayili, Qi Zhipeng, Wu Yaju, and Li Shengnan. "Study on Flame Spread Characteristics of Flame-Retardant Cables in Mine." Advances in Polymer Technology 2020 (February 10, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8765679.

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Polymer combustion is an important factor in mine fires. Based on the actual environment in a mine tunnel, a cable combustion experiment platform was established to study the regularities of the cable fire spread speed and smoke temperature under different conditions, including various fire loads and ventilation speeds. The flame change and molten dripping behaviour during the fire spread process were also analyzed. The experimental results show that the flame-retardant cable can be ignited and continuously burnt at a certain wind speed, but the combustion can be restrained at high wind speed. The combustion speed of the flame-retardant cable is affected by the fire load and ventilation speed. The combustion droplets can change the shape of the flame, which can consequently ignite other combustible materials. The analysis of the experimental results provides an important basis for the prevention of tunnel fires.
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Wotton, B. Mike, James S. Gould, W. Lachlan McCaw, N. Phillip Cheney, and Stephen W. Taylor. "Flame temperature and residence time of fires in dry eucalypt forest." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 3 (2012): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10127.

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Temperature profiles of flames were measured using arrays of thermocouples on towers located in experimental bushfires of varying intensity, carried out in dry eucalypt forest of different fuel age and structure. In-fire video of flame-front passage and time series data from very fine exposed thermocouples were used to estimate the duration of passage of the main flaming front in these experimental fires. Flame temperature measured at points within the flame was found to vary with height; maximum flame temperature was greater in the tall shrub fuel than in the low shrub fuel sites. A model to estimate flame temperature at any height within a flame of a specific height was developed. The maximum flame temperature observed was ~1100°C near the flame base and, when observation height was normalised by flame height, flame temperature exponentially decreased to the visible flame tip where temperatures were ~300°C. Maximum flame temperature was significantly correlated with rate of spread, fire intensity, flame height and surface fuel bulk density. Average flame-front residence time for eucalypt forest fuels was 37 s and did not vary significantly with fine fuel moisture, fuel quantity or bulk density.
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Butler, B., C. Teske, D. Jimenez, J. O'Brien, P. Sopko, C. Wold, M. Vosburgh, B. Hornsby, and E. Loudermilk. "Observations of energy transport and rate of spreads from low-intensity fires in longleaf pine habitat – RxCADRE 2012." International Journal of Wildland Fire 25, no. 1 (2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf14154.

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Wildland fire rate of spread (ROS) and intensity are determined by the mode and magnitude of energy transport from the flames to the unburned fuels. Measurements of radiant and convective heating and cooling from experimental fires are reported here. Sensors were located nominally 0.5 m above ground level. Flame heights varied from 0.3 to 1.8 m and flaming zone depth varied from 0.3 to 3.0 m. Fire ROS derived from observations of fire transit time between sensors was 0.10 to 0.48 m s–1. ROS derived from ocular estimates reached 0.51 m s–1 for heading fire and 0.25 m s–1 for backing fire. Measurements of peak radiant and total energy incident on the sensors during flame presence reached 18.8 and 36.7 kW m–2 respectively. Peak air temperatures reached 1159°C. Calculated fire radiative energy varied from 7 to 162 kJ m–2 and fire total energy varied from 3 to 261 kJ m–2. Measurements of flame emissive power peaked at 95 kW m–2. Average horizontal air flow in the direction of flame spread immediately before, during, and shortly after the flame arrival reached 8.8 m s–1, with reverse drafts of 1.5 m s–1; vertical velocities varied from 9.9 m s–1 upward flow to 4.5 m s–1 downward flow. The observations from these fires contribute to the overall understanding of energy transport in wildland fires.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flame spread Fire"

1

Lewis, M. J. "Field modelling of flame spread for enclosure fires." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264350.

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Kwon, Jaewook. "Evaluation of FDS V.4: Upward Flame Spread." Digital WPI, 2006. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1022.

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"NIST's Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) is a powerful tool for simulating the gas phase fire environment of scenarios involving realistic geometries. If the fire engineer is interested in simulating fire spread processes, FDS provides possible tools involving simulation of the decomposition of the condensed phase: gas burners and simplified pyrolysis models. Continuing to develop understanding of the capability and proper use of FDS related to fire spread will provide the practicing fire engineer with valuable information. In this work three simulations are conducted to evaluate FDS V.4's capabilities for predicting upward flame spread. The FDS predictions are compared with empirical correlations and experimental data for upward flame spread on a 5 m PMMA panel. A simplified flame spread model is also applied to assess the FDS simulation results. Capabilities and limitations of FDS V.4 for upward flame spread predictions are addressed, and recommendations for improvements of FDS and practical use of FDS for fire spread are presented."
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Kwon, Jae-Wook. "Evaluation of FDS V.4 -- Upward flame spread." Link to electronic thesis, 2006. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-090606-112948/.

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Kim, Dong-Hyun. "A Study for Surface Fire Behavior and Flame Spread Model in Forest Fire." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120907.

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Musluoglu, Eren. "A Theoretical Analysis Of Fire Development And Flame Spread In Underground Trains." Phd thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610860/index.pdf.

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The fire development and flame spread in the railway carriages are investigated by performing a set of simulations using a widely accepted simulation software called &
#8216
Fire Dynamics Simulator&
#8217
. Two different rolling stock models
representing a train made up of physically separated carriages, and a 4-car train with open wide gangways
have been built to examine the effects of train geometry on fire development and smoke spread within the trains. The simulations incorporate two different ignition sources
a small size arson fire, and a severe baggage fire incident. The simulations have been performed incorporating variations of parameters including tunnel geometry, ventilation and evacuation strategies, and combustible material properties. The predictions of flame spread within the rolling stock and values of the peak heat release rates are reported for the simulated incident cases. In addition, for a set of base cases the onboard conditions are discussed and compared against the tenability criteria given by the international standards. The predictions of heat release rate and the onboard conditions from the Fire Dynamics Simulator case studies have been checked against the empirical methods such as Duggan&
#8217
s method and other simulation softwares such as CFAST program.
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Cowlard, Adam. "Sensor and model integration for the rapid prediction of concurrent flow flame spread." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/2753.

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Fire Safety Engineering is required at every stage in the life cycle of modern-day buildings. Fire safety design, detection and suppression, and emergency response are all vital components of Structural Fire Safety but are usually perceived as independent issues. Sensor deployment and exploitation is now common place in modern buildings for means such as temperature, air quality and security management. Despite the potential wealth of information these sensors could afford fire fighters, the design of sensor networks within buildings is entirely detached from procedures associated to emergency management. The experiences of Dalmarnock Fire Test Two showed that streams of raw data emerging from sensors lead to a rapid information overload and do little to improve the understanding of the complex phenomenon and likely future events during a real fire. Despite current sensor technology in other fields being far more advanced than that of fire, there is no justification for more complex and expensive sensors in this context. In isolation therefore, sensors are not sufficient to aid emergency response. Fire modelling follows a similar path. Two studies of Dalmarnock Fire Test One demonstrate clearly the current state of the art of fire modelling. A Priori studies by Rein et al. 2009 showed that blind prediction of the evolution of a compartment fire is currently beyond the state of the art of fire modelling practice. A Posteriori studies by Jahn et al. 2007 demonstrated that even with the provision of large quantities of sensor data, video footage, and prior knowledge of the fire; producing a CFD reconstruction was an incredibly difficult, laborious, intuitive and repetitive task. Fire fighting is therefore left as an isolated activity that does not benefit from sensor data or the potential of modelling the event. In isolation sensors and fire modelling are found lacking. Together though they appear to form the perfect compliment. Sensors provide a plethora of information which lacks interpretation. Models provide a method of interpretation but lack the necessary information to make this output robust. Thus a mechanism to achieve accurate, timely predictions by means of theoretical models steered by continuous calibration against sensor measurements is proposed. Issues of accuracy aside, these models demand heavy resources and computational time periods that are far greater than the time associated with the processes being simulated. To be of use to emergency responders, the output would need to be produced faster than the event itself with lead time to enable planning of an intervention strategy. Therefore in isolation, model output is not robust or fast enough to be implemented in an emergency response scenario. The concept of super-real time predictions steered by measurements is studied in the simple yet meaningful scenario of concurrent flow flame spread. Experiments have been conducted with PMMA slabs to feed sensor data into a simple analytical model. Numerous sensing techniques have been adapted to feed a simple algebraic expression from the literature linking flame spread, flame characteristics and pyrolysis evolution in order to model upward flame spread. The measurements are continuously fed to the computations so that projections of the flame spread velocity and flame characteristics can be established at each instant in time, ahead of the real flame. It was observed that as the input parameters in the analytical models were optimised to the scenario, rapid convergence between the evolving experiment and the predictions was attained.
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Adam, Brittany A. "INCORPORATING DYNAMIC FLAME BEHAVIOR INTO THE SCALING LAWS OF WILDLAND FIRE SPREAD." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/me_etds/54.

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A challenge for fire researchers is obtaining data from those fires that are most dangerous and costly. While it is feasible to instrument test beds, test plots, and small prescribed burns for research, it is uncommon to successfully instrument an active wildland fire. With a focus on very specific facets of wildland fire, researchers have created many unique models utilizing matchsticks, cardboard, liquid fuel, excelsior, plywood, live fuels, dead fuels, and wood cribs of different packing densities. Such scale models, however, only serve as valid substitutes for the full-scale system when all functional relations of the scale model are made similar to corresponding relations of the original phenomena. The field of study of large wildland fires therefore was in need of a framework that researchers could use to relate the results from many previous experiments to full-scale wildland fires; this framework was developed during the research for this dissertation. This further work developing laws for instability scaling in wildland settings was founded on the established work in dynamic similitude of G.I. Taylor, H. C. Hottel, F. A. Williams, R. I. Emori, K. Saito and Y. Iguchi. Additionally, in this work, a new dynamic flame parameter was incorporated into the scaling laws for fires that had not previously been assessed and proved to provide additional, important insight into flame spread. The new dynamic parameter enabled improved St-Fr correlations and was established for a wide range of fire sizes and fuel types.
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Park, Jeanhyuk. "NUMERICAL STUDY OF CONCURRENT FLAME SPREAD OVER AN ARRAY OF THIN DISCRETE SOLID FUELS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case151492595770856.

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Li, Qian. "NUMERICAL STUDY OF FIRE BEHAVIOR BETWEEN TWO INCLINED PANELS." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1560241654377726.

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Shi, Yan Safety Science Faculty of Science UNSW. "A model for the (QUASI) steady flame spread on vertical and horizontal surface." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Safety Science, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41435.

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Initial fire spread is composed of the processes of ignition, flame spread, and burning rate. The effects of a material's thermal characteristics and burning behaviors on flame spread are important. However, many zone and field models of compartment fire can not predict spread on objects accurately enough due to the neglect of these behaviors in their fire growth sub-models. As a result, a model dedicated to the early stage of fire growth is needed to provide the accuracy necessary for competent assessment of the response of safety systems, as well as satisfying the requirement for a comprehensive risk assessment. This study is undertaken to investigate the use of formulations outlined by previous researchers by review of the theory of flame spread models. A computer model is proposed that can determine the impact of the material properties with emphasis on practical engineering analyses. Through this computer program, we can obtain the pyrolysis zone, the flame height, the burnout time, the burnout portion, the mass loss rate, total heat release rate, and mean flame velocity of a material at specific time. The effort in this study has been focused on developing a relatively simple model for fire spread on a vertically oriented material which contains the most common aspect of fire growth theory such as the transit burning rate, material properties, burner affection, flame spread rate and burnout. This study used Vc++ as a program development platform which has an easy to use interface and reasonable execution times. The model is a combination of two sub-models. One is to simulate the flame spread on horizontal surface. The other is to simulate it on a vertical surface. In two sub-models, the spread process model is two-dimensioned yet symmetric. By using empirical physical equations and correlations, this model predicted flame spread by solving a set of closed coupled correlations simultaneously. Each sub-model contains several functions: ignition, mass loss rate calculation, burning area and the surface temperature calculation. The results of this proposed computer model are compared with experimental studies involving a limited number of comparisons of experimental data for early stage vertical flame spread. The model calculations and experimental measurements of the mass loss rate, heat release rate, and radiation flux were found to be in good agreement. Recommendations are made for further development of the more complex initial stage fire growth model.
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Books on the topic "Flame spread Fire"

1

Wilson, Ralph A. A theoretical basis for modeling probability distributions of fire behavior. Ogden, UT (324 25th St., Ogden 84401): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1987.

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Principles of fire behavior. Albany, N.Y: Delmar Publishers, 1998.

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Scott, Joe H. Comparison of crown fire modeling systems used in three fire management applications. Fort Collins, Colo: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2006.

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Scott, Joe H. Nomographs for estimating surface fire behavior characteristics. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2007.

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Eenigenburg, James E. Computer program for calculating and plotting fire direction and rate of spread. [Saint Paul, Minn.]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, 1987.

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Rockett, John A. HDR reactor containment fire modeling with BRI2. Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1992.

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Wilson, Ralph A. Reexamination of Rothermel's fire spread equations in no-wind and no-slope conditions. [Ogden, Utah]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 1990.

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Andrews, Patricia L. FIRES: Fire Information Retrieval and Evaluation System : a program for fire danger rating analysis. Ogden, UT: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, 1997.

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Shōbōchō, Tokyo (Japan). Tōkyō-to no chiikibetsu enshō kikendo sokutei kekka (tokubetsuku). Tōkyō: Tōkyō Shōbōchō, 1991.

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(Firm), Arup Fire. Expert report: World Trade Center : documentation and analysis of fire spread in World Trade Center events of 9/11. Westborourgh, MA (1500 West Park Dr., Suite 180, Westborough): Ove Arup & Partners Massachusetts, 2002.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flame spread Fire"

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Hasemi, Yuji. "Surface Flame Spread." In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 705–23. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_23.

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Sun, Jinhua, and Lin Jiang. "Thermal Analysis and Flame Spread Behavior of Building-Used Thermal Insulation Materials." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 45–59. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_5.

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Tarumoto, Tatsuya, Junghoon Ji, Tsuneto Tsuchihashi, Kazunori Harada, Woon-Hyung Kim, Kye-Won Park, and Jong-Hoon Kim. "A Procedure for Measuring Flame Spread Properties of Materials by Cone Calorimeter." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 587–95. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_60.

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Watson, Andrew J., and James E. Lovelock. "The Dependence of Flame Spread and Probability of Ignition on Atmospheric Oxygen." In Fire Phenomena and the Earth System, 273–87. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118529539.ch14.

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Yan, Weigang, Yang Shen, Lin Jiang, Weiguang An, Yang Zhou, Zhen Li, and Jinhua Sun. "Experimental Study of Sidewall and Pressure Effect on Vertical Downward Flame Spread Over Insulation Material." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 823–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_84.

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Ido, Kazuhiko, Kazunori Harada, Yoshifumi Ohmiya, Ken Matsuyama, Masaki Noaki, and Junghoon Ji. "Algebraic Equations for Calculating Surface Flame Spread and Burning of a Cubical-Shaped Polyurethane Foam Block." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 427–35. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_43.

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Karpov, Alexander, Artem Shaklein, Mikhail Korepanov, and Artem Galat. "Numerical Study of the Radiative and Turbulent Heat Flux Behavior of Upward Flame Spread Over PMMA." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 841–48. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_86.

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Finney, Mark A., Jason Forthofer, Isaac C. Grenfell, Brittany A. Adam, Nelson K. Akafuah, and Kozo Saito. "Section B Fire and Explosion - A Study of Flame Spread in Engineered Cardboard Fuel Beds Part I: Correlations and Observations of Flame Spread." In Progress in Scale Modeling, Volume II, 71–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10308-2_5.

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Korobeinichev, Oleg, Alexander Tereshchenko, Alexander Paletsky, Andrey Shmakov, Munko Gonchikzhapov, Anatoly Chernov, Lilia Kataeva, Dmitriy Maslennikov, and Naian Liu. "The Velocity and Structure of the Flame Front at Spread of Fire Across the Pine Needle Bed Depending on the Wind Velocity." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 771–79. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_79.

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Himoto, Keisuke, and Yoshikazu Deguchi. "Evaluation of Temperature Rise Under an Eave Due to Flame Impingement: Toward the Mitigations of Fire Spread Risk in Japanese Historic Urban Areas." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 577–85. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_59.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flame spread Fire"

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Osorio, Andres F., A. Fernandez Pello, David L. Urban, and Gary A. Ruff. "Low-pressure flame spread limits of fire resistant fabrics." In 43rd International Conference on Environmental Systems. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-3386.

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Coppalle, A., S. Ukleja, M. Delichatsios, N. Dreuille, M. Suzanne, and A. Thiry. "Flame Spread Measurements on Mattresses with Two Methods." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Seminar Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-5936-0_04-02.

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Wang, Q. S., Y. Yin, G. Z. Shao, Q. J. Sun, Y. F. Su, H. H. Xiao, and J. H. Sun. "Flame Spread Behavior Over Quartz Sand Soaked with Ethanol." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Seminar Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-5936-0_04-01.

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N., Krishnamoorthy, Chaos M., Khan M.M., Chatterjee P., Wang Y., and Dorofeev S. "Experimental and Numerical Study of Flame Spread in Parallel Panel Geometry." In Sixth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7724-8_03-07.

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Y., Nakamura, Azumaya Y., Wakatsuki K., Ito H., and Fujita O. "Experimental Study of Flame Spread over Electric Cables at Low Pressure." In Sixth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7724-8_13-05.

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P., Rauwoens, Degroote J., Wasan S., Vierendeels J., and Merci B. "Upward Flame Spread Simulations by Coupling an Enthalpy-based Pyrolysis Model with CFD." In Sixth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7724-8_03-08.

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Chow, C. L., and W. K. Chow. "Experimental Studies on Fire Spread Over Glass Fac¸ade." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37363.

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There are concerns on the behaviour of glass fac¸ade under a big fire. Real-scale experiments on a single-skin fac¸ade were carried out at a large laboratory of a sizable aluminum manufacturing plant in Southern China. Burning behaviour of a three-storey high single-skin glass fac¸ade with double glazing due to an adjacent big room fire was studied. Part of the fac¸ade of width 12 m and height 13 m was installed in a testing tower. A glass pane of the fac¸ade was taken out with a model fire chamber placed next to the opening. Flashover in the chamber was set up by burning a 2 MW gasoline fire. Flame and smoke spread from the chamber would move up along the glass fac¸ade. Air temperature outside the glazing above the fire chamber was measured. It is observed that flame spread out of the opening will be attached to the upper levels. The glass fac¸ade at that level will be heated up and broken. Flame can spread to the room at the upper level. Another flashover fire will then occur with adequate air supply. This scenario on having a post-flashover fire in an adjacent upper room should be included in hazard assessment in buildings with glass fac¸ade.
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Beji, T., S. Verstockt, B. Merci, C. Abecassis-Empis, M. Krajcovic, and A. Majdalani. "RABOT2012 – Enclosure Effects on Flame Spread Over a Sofa and Consequences on the Fire Development." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Seminar Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-5936-0_02-08.

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Kim, Eunju, YONGZHE XU, Kyunjoo Lee, Jaesug Ki, and Byungsoo Lee. "The Optimal Path Search Algorithm for Spread of Flame and Smoke in Fire Simulation." In The 6th International Conference on Control and Automation. Science & Engineering Research Support soCiety, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/astl.2013.29.40.

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Nakamura, Yuji, Nobuko Yoshimura, Tomohiro Matsumura, Hiroyuki Ito, and Osamu Fujita. "Flame Spread Along PE-Insulated Wire in Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Enclosure." In ASME/JSME 2007 Thermal Engineering Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2007 InterPACK Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2007-32657.

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Flame spread over polymer-insulated wire in reduced (sub-atmospheric) pressure has been studied experimentally in order to evaluate the fire safety of electric circuit in the aircraft as well as the space habitats. Polyethylene (PE) insulated NiCr wire is used as the burning sample. Ambient gas is the mixture of nitrogen and oxygen, and the composition is fixed as air (79 vol.% of N2 and 21 vol.% of O2) throughout the study. Total pressure is reduced from atmospheric (101 kPa) to sub-atmospheric (20 kPa) in order to investigate the role of the reduced pressure on the flame spread along the wire. Spread event followed by the forced ignition is recorded by digital video camera to obtain any time-dependent flame behavior. Experimental results show that the flame shape is changed from typical “teardrop” to “round” (and even oval) with the decrease in total pressure. Flame spread rate increases in the reduced pressure although the partial pressure of oxygen is “reduced” with the total pressure. Such “pronounced” spread behavior is continuously observed until just before the extinction condition (∼25 kPa in the present study). The change in flame shape could enhance thermal input to the unburned PE through gas-phase conduction as well as conduction along the wire, and these should be responsible for the faster flame spread in sub-atmospheric pressure. Heat balance is roughly estimated with measured temperature and relative contribution of above two thermal input pathways is understood almost comparable. Importance of the presence of conductive material, such as metal wire, on flame spread is addressed in the current spread behavior.
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