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Journal articles on the topic 'Flamimgo'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Caziani, Sandra M., Omar Rocha Olivio, Eduardo Rodríguez Ramírez, et al. "Seasonal Distribution, Abundance, and Nesting of Puna, Andean, and Chilean Flamingos." Condor 109, no. 2 (2007): 276–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/109.2.276.

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Abstract Of the world's five flamingo species, the rarest and least known are the Puna Flamingo (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) and the Andean Flamingo (P. andinus). These two species coexist with the more common Chilean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus chilensis) throughout much of their range. We conducted four simultaneous surveys from 1997 to 2001 (two in summer and two in winter) to estimate the distribution and abundance of all three species in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and Peru, at a regional scale. Of 224 wetlands surveyed, 179 had flamingos; 63% of these were in the high Andes (above 4000 m), 25% were in the puna (3000 to 4000 m), and the remainder were in lowlands (below 3000 m). Maximum counts were 64 000 Puna Flamingos (summer 1998), 34 000 Andean Flamingos (summer 1997), and 83 000 Chilean Flamingos (winter 1998). In summer, Puna Flamingos congregated at wetlands in the high Andes, with 50% of the population in just three lakes: Colorada, Grande, and Vilama. Andean Flamingos were more uniformly distributed across a broader elevational range (2500 m), and Chilean Flamingos showed a heterogeneous distribution pattern. In winter, all species moved to lower latitudes within the high Andes and to lower altitudes on the central plains of Argentina. The most important nesting wetlands were Colorada, in Bolivia, for the Puna Flamingo, Surire and Atacama, in Chile, for the Andean Flamingo, and Surire for the Chilean Flamingo. We recommend continued monitoring through simultaneous summer surveys, and a conservation strategy that considers the large spatial and temporal scales at which these species operate, including their seasonal migrations.

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2

Anderson, Matthew J., Autumn G. Jones, Amanda P. Schlosnagle, Michelle L. King, and Angela Perretti. "Examining Unihemispheric Sleep and its Potential Relation to Lateral Resting Behaviour and Unipedal Resting Stance in Caribbean Flamingos." Avian Biology Research 11, no. 2 (2018): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/175815618x15204318491767.

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While much recent research has examined flamingo unipedal resting, as well as laterality in the resting behaviours of these birds, the phenomenon of unihemispheric sleep is not well documented in flamingos, and the potential relationship between unihemispheric sleep and these other aspects of flamingo resting behaviour has not been thoroughly explored. In the present report, unihemispheric sleep was studied in Caribbean Flamingos (Phoenicopterus ruber) (n=17) at the Philadelphia Zoo (Philadelphia, PA, USA). Specifically, we examined whether unihemispheric sleep, as measured by contralateral eye closure, is associated with unipedal resting and lateral behavioural side choice in resting Caribbean Flamingos. Results over three studies evidenced that Caribbean Flamingos do engage in unihemispheric sleep, and suggested that unihemispheric sleep is not related to unipedal resting or lateral neck-resting behaviour. Moreover, Harker and Harker's (2010) hypothesis that unipedal resting in flamingos is brought on by the impending onset of unihemispheric sleep was tested, with results failing to support this notion.

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3

Chang, Young-Hui, and Lena H. Ting. "Mechanical evidence that flamingos can support their body on one leg with little active muscular force." Biology Letters 13, no. 5 (2017): 20160948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0948.

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Flamingos (Phoenicopteridae) often stand and sleep on one leg for long periods, but it is unknown how much active muscle contractile force they use for the mechanical demands of standing on one leg: body weight support and maintaining balance. First, we demonstrated that flamingo cadavers could passively support body weight on one leg without any muscle activity while adopting a stable, unchanging, joint posture resembling that seen in live flamingos. By contrast, the cadaveric flamingo could not be stably held in a two-legged pose, suggesting a greater necessity for active muscle force to stabilize two-legged versus one-legged postures. Our results suggest that flamingos engage a passively engaged gravitational stay apparatus (proximally located) for weight support during one-legged standing. Second, we discovered that live flamingos standing on one leg have markedly reduced body sway during quiescent versus alert behaviours, with the point of force application directly under the distal joint, reducing the need for muscular joint torque. Taken together, our results highlight the possibility that flamingos stand for long durations on one leg without exacting high muscular forces and, thus, with little energetic expenditure.

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4

Kumssa, Tewodros, and Afework Bekele. "Current Population Status and Activity Pattern of Lesser Flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) and Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus) in Abijata-Shalla Lakes National Park (ASLNP), Ethiopia." International Journal of Biodiversity 2014 (April 29, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/295362.

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A study of the population status, habitat preference, and activity pattern of nonbreeding flamingos was carried out in Lakes Abijata, Shalla, and Chitu, part of the Great Rift Valley, Ethiopia, from 2011 to 2013. The current population status and habitat preference of flamingos in the area are still poorly known. Likewise, data on diurnal and seasonal activity pattern of the species are scarce and this leads to the misunderstanding of how Flamingos use local wetlands throughout the different seasons. Data regarding population size and activity pattern were gathered during the wet and dry seasons. Point-count method was used to estimate the population size. Behaviors were recorded using scan sampling techniques. A total of 53671 individuals representing two species of flamingo were counted during both wet and dry seasons from the three lakes. There were more flamingos during the dry season than the wet season in Lake Abijata contrary to Lakes Shalla and Chitu during the wet season. Lesser flamingos (Phoeniconaias minor) were the most abundant species comprising 95.39%, while Greater Flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) accounted for 4.61% of the total population. Lake Abijata is the major stronghold of Lesser Flamingos in the area. There was significant variation in the mean number of both species during the wet and dry season in the different study sites of the lake, respectively. The species were known to use varied habitats within the lakes. The Lesser Flamingo mainly preferred the shoreline and mudflat areas of the lakes. However, Greater Flamingo on several occasions showed preference to offshore area of the lakes. Seasonal average flock sizes were not similar between the species. There was a strong relationship between time allocated to each activity and time of day. Feeding activity varied among daylight hours and was higher in the evening (76.5%) and late morning (74.56%) and least during midday (54%). Some variations in activity breakdown were observed between time blocks and season. Conservation efforts in the park should include the wild flora and fauna not only of the land but also of the aquatic systems. The information in this study will be very useful for the future management of the species in the area.

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5

WAMBUI, MBOTE BETH, ALFRED OPERE, JOHN M. GITHAIGA, and FREDRICK K. KARANJA. "Assessing the impacts of climate variability and climate change on biodiversity in Lake Nakuru, Kenya." Bonorowo Wetlands 8, no. 1 (2018): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/bonorowo/w080102.

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Wambui MB, Opere A, Githaiga MJ, Karanja FK. 2017. Assessing the impacts of climate variability and climate change on biodiversity in Lake Nakuru, Kenya. Bonorowo Wetlands 1: 13-24. This study evaluates the impacts of the raised water levels and the flooding of Lake Nakuru and its surrounding areas on biodiversity, specifically, the phytoplankton and lesser flamingo communities, due to climate change and climate variability. The study was to review and analyze noticed climatic records from 2000 to 2014. Several methods were used to ascertain the past and current trends of climatic parameters (temperature, rainfall and evaporation), and also the physicochemical characteristics of Lake Nakuru (conductivity, phytoplankton, lesser flamingos and the lake depth). These included time series analysis, and trend analysis, so the Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to show a relationship between the alterations in lake conductivity to alterations in population estimates of the lesser flamingos and the phytoplankton. Data set extracted from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) (IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) Atlas subset) models were subjected to time series analysis method where the future climate scenarios of near surface temperature, rainfall and evaporation were plotted for the period 2017 to 2100 (projection) for RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 relative to the baseline period 1971 to 2000 in Lake Nakuru were analysed. The results were used to evaluate the impact of climate change on the lesser flamingos and phytoplankton abundance. It was noticed that there was a raise in the mean annual rainfall during the study period (2009 to 2014) which brought the increment in the lake’s surface area from a low area of 31.8 km² in January 2010 to a high of 54.7 km² in Sept 2013, indicating an increment of 22.9 km² (71.92% surface area increment). Mean conductivity of the lake also lessened leading to the loss of phytoplankton on which flamingos feed making them to migrate. A strong positive correlation between conductivity and the lesser flamingo population was noticed signifying that low conductivity affects the growth of phytoplankton and since the lesser flamingos depend on the phytoplankton for their feed, this subsequently revealed that the phytoplankton density could be a notable predictor of the lesser flamingo occurrence in Lake Nakuru. There was also a strong positive correlation noticed between phytoplankton and the lesser flamingo population which confirms that feed availability is a key determining factor of the lesser flamingo distribution in the lake. It is projected that there would be an increment in temperatures, rainfall and evaporation for the period 2017 to 2100 under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5 relative to the baseline period 1971 to 2000 obtained from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) multi-model ensemble. As a result, it is expected that the lake will further increment in surface area and depth by the year 2100 due to increased rainfall thereby affecting the populations of the lesser flamingos and phytoplankton, as the physicochemical factors of the lake will alter as well during the projected period.

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6

Fiorucci, Letizia, Francesco Grande, Roberto Macrelli, Petra Schnitzer, and Lorenzo Crosta. "Hand-Rearing of Three Lesser Flamingo Chicks (Phoeniconaias minor)." Animals 10, no. 8 (2020): 1251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10081251.

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There are few published studies regarding lesser flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor) reproduction, crop milk composition, and hand-rearing under human care. Between the end of June and the beginning of August of 2017, three eggs were laid in a group of 29 lesser flamingos kept under human care. Two eggs and one chick were abandoned by the parents, and three chicks were hand-reared. This report describes diet composition, dietary intake, feeding protocols, and growth index, from the first day to 60 days after hatching, for three lesser flamingo chicks.

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7

MORENO-OPO, R., Z. E. OULD SIDATY, J. M. BALDÒ, F. GARCÌA, D. OULD SEHLA DAF, and L. M. GONZÀLEZ. "A breeding colony of the Near Threatened Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor in western Africa: a conservation story of threats and land management." Bird Conservation International 23, no. 4 (2012): 426–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270912000366.

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SummaryThe 2011 breeding results of the Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor at its only West African colony, in Aftout es Saheli, south-west Mauritania, are presented. Several breeding attempts have been documented since the second half of the 19th century although no successful breeding, in terms of fledged juveniles, was recorded until 2010. Adverse hydrological dynamics, easy access to the colony by predators, and disturbance and direct mortality caused by poachers led to the failure of all previous breeding attempts. In 2011 the breeding colony was monitored and a number of major threats were identified and averted. Management interventions consisted of deterring and trapping predators (jackals Canis adustus and C. aureus and warthog Phacochoerus africanus) around the colony and preventing the killing of flamingos by poachers. As a result, 4,800 Lesser Flamingos and 10,200 Greater Flamingos Phoenicopterus roseus incubating individuals, as well as about 14,000 chicks of both species, were recorded. It was not possible to prevent the death by predation or other natural causes of 4,672 juveniles of both species after the wetland dried up, so the final estimated number of fledged juveniles was 10,000. The field work allowed us to collect information on hydrological dynamics and to propose conservation measures matching Lesser Flamingo ecological requirements. Similarly, we identified the most sustainable measures for deterring predators, with the aim of including them in the management of the wetland.

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8

Plasencia Vázquez, Alexis Herminio, Xiomara Gálvez-Aguilera, Yarelys Ferrer-Sánchez, and Anay Serrano-Rodríguez. "Variación temporal de la distribución espacial por edades de Phoenicopterus ruber (Phoenicopteriformes: Phoenicopteridae) en los humedales de Yucatán, México." Revista de Biología Tropical 65, no. 4 (2017): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v65i4.26550.

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The Caribbean Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) in Mexico is distributed throughout the complex of lagoons in coastal wetlands of the Yucatan Peninsula. The species shows a tendency toward differential use of areas between juveniles and adults at different stages of their life cycle, and in different seasons. The aim of this study was to determine the most important areas where flamingos are distributed in Yucatan wetlands, and to describe temporal variations according to age and stages of their life cycle. For this, we used the records of ringed individuals sighted during the period 2010-2015. The areas with the largest numbers of individuals, by stage and season, were identified. Flamingos were recorded in 39 different areas of 43 sampled. In general, the sites with the largest number of records were Isla La Angostura and Punta Mecoh. To both juveniles and adults, areas with higher occupancy rates differed by age between the different stages of the life cycle and seasons. In the Charca Salinera Chel and Isla La Angostura ringed flamingos of almost all ages were recorded. Although already described areas (Celestún, Ría Lagartos) are certainly important, new sites hosting considerable populations at some stage of this species life cycle were detected (e.g. Humedal Progreso; Salamandra, Laguna Rosada; Xcambo). These new sites should be given more attention and important security measures and protection are recommended to all of them. It is necessary to seek new support sources for studies that determine the flamingo population’s status in difficult access areas for which little information is available.

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9

Kumar, Amit, and Sarita Rana. "Population and conservation threats to the Greater Flamingos Phoenicopterus roseus (Aves: Phoenicopteriformes: Phoenicopteridae) at Basai Wetland and Najafgarh Jheel Bird Sanctuary, Haryana, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 7 (2021): 18894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.6258.13.7.18894-18898.

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Greater Flamingos are the largest and most widespread, among other species of Phoenicopteridae. This study documents the population structure and conservation threats affecting the population and habitat of the flamingos at Najafgarh Jheel Bird Sanctuary and Basai wetland in Haryana, India. The study areas were surveyed monthly between May 2019 to February 2020 at regular intervals. A Nikon 8 X 40 field binoculars and a Nikon SX60 camera were used to observe flocks of P. roseus. A total of 65 flocks of flamingo were observed, and 6,768 individuals were counted using point counts method. Najafgarh Jheel Bird Sanctuary holds a major proportion of their population comprising about 91.78 % and Basai wetland holds about 8.21 % of their population, while 52.46 % of the total population were classified as adults, and 47.53 % were juveniles (sub-adults). Habitat fragmentation resulting from construction of roads is one of the major threats, while overgrowth of water hyacinth, cattle grazing and fishing activities at Basai Wetland, adversely affected the flamingos. At the Najafgarh Jheel, cattle grazing was considered to be the major threat, followed by the overgrown water hyacinth, fishing activities and collision with high tension power lines.

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10

Sandri, Camillo, Vittoria Vallarin, Carolina Sammarini, Barbara Regaiolli, Alessandra Piccirillo, and Caterina Spiezio. "How to be a great dad: parental care in a flock of greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)." PeerJ 5 (May 30, 2017): e3404. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3404.

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In the last years, studies on captive greater flamingos have increased. Research on zoo animals is important to improve the knowledge on these species and to improve their ex-situ and in-situ conservation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the parental behaviour of a captive colony of greater flamingo hosted at Parco Natura Viva, an Italian zoological garden, to improve the knowledge on this species in zoos. In particular, the present study investigated and compared the parental care of females and males in 35 breeding pairs of greater flamingos. For each pair, we collected durations of parental care behaviour of both females and males, recording their position in relation to the nest (near the nest, on the nest, away from the nest) and individual and social behaviours performed. First, both partners were involved in parental care and displayed species-specific behaviours reported in the wild. The main results were that males spent more time than females on the nest (P = 0.010) and near it (P = 0.0001) and were more aggressive toward other flamingos than females, both when sitting on the nest (P = 0.003) and when near the nest (P = 0.0003). Therefore, male flamingos seem to be more involved in incubation duties and nest protection than females. This kind of research is important not only to expand the knowledge on bird species such as flamingos, but also to improve their husbandry and breeding in controlled environment. Indeed, understanding animal behaviour allows us to gain insights into their individual and social needs, addressing potential animal welfare issues.

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11

Scarton, Francesco. "Environmental characteristics of shallow bottoms used by Greater Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus in a northern Adriatic lagoon." Acrocephalus 38, no. 174-175 (2017): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acro-2017-0010.

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AbstractSince the beginning of this century, Greater FlamingoPhoenicopterus roseusflocks have been observed regularly when feeding in the large extensions of shallow bottoms in the Lagoon of Venice (NE Italy), the largest lagoon along the Mediterranean. Nowadays thousands of flamingos are present throughout the year. Between 2013 and 2017 I collected data on the environmental features of the shallow bottoms used by feeding flocks, along with measurements of flight initiation distance (FID) of Greater Flamingo in response to the approach of boats and pedestrians. Shallow bottoms were shown to be used when covered with approximately 10 to 60 cm of water. All the feeding sites were in open landscapes, with low occurrence of saltmarshes in a radius of 500 m. The bottoms were barely covered with seagrasses (<4% of the surface around the survey points) and were mostly silty. Feeding flocks were on average 1.2 km far from the nearest road or dyke, while the mean distance from channels that could be used by boats was about 420 m. The mean FID caused by boats or pedestrians was 241 m ± 117 m (N = 31, ± 1 SD) without significant differences between those for the two disturbance sources. The use of shallow bottoms by the Greater Flamingo appears governed primarily by the tidal cycle, but boat disturbance probably modifies this effect. According to FID values, a set-back distance of 465 m is suggested to reduce the disturbance caused by boats and pedestrians to the flamingo feeding flocks.

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Ernoul, Lisa, Angela Wardell-Johnson, Raphaël Mathevet, et al. "Context in Landscape Planning: Improving Conservation Outcomes by Identifying Social Values for a Flagship Species." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (2021): 6827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126827.

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Sustainable conservation planning depends on understanding local context including the way social values impact a landscape. Flamingos are used here as a flagship species to focus the social values of a broad range of people living in and working in the Camargue in France. A survey questionnaire (n = 87) was used to identify the range of ways in which people value the landscape and their perception of effectiveness of flamingo management strategies. Survey analysis was conducted through a multi-method approach, triangulating standard descriptive statistics, qualitative data analysis, and multivariate analysis applying numerical taxonomy. Applying numerical taxonomy allowed us to identify and define six social assemblages. Each assemblage had geographical characteristics with distinct values and perceptions in relation to management. The primary residence and geographic identity of the participants was defining, showing clear value differences from participants living in different parts of the delta. The participants most frequently agreed that flamingos contributed to the aesthetic, economic, biodiversity, and recreational values of the landscape. We show how identifying points of consensus and points in contest is necessary for navigating differences in values for conservation planning. This research shows the importance of the local social context in sustainably managing landscape change.

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13

Ror Wolf. "Flamingo." Sirena: poesia, arte y critica 2010, no. 1 (2010): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sir.0.0260.

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Ror Wolf and Eva Bourke. "Flamingo." Sirena: poesia, arte y critica 2010, no. 1 (2010): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sir.0.0300.

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15

Abou Chehade, Lara, Marco Fontanelli, Luisa Martelloni, Christian Frasconi, Michele Raffaelli, and Andrea Peruzzi. "Effects of Flame Weeding on Organic Garlic Production." HortTechnology 28, no. 4 (2018): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04081-18.

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A lack of efficient machines and strategies for cropping practices are still problems on small farms and in difficult landscapes, especially in organic crop production. The aim of this study was to develop a new weed control strategy for a typical organic garlic (Allium sativum) grown in Liguria, Italy. Flaming was proposed as an additional tool for the physical weed control program. A field experiment was conducted to test the effects of different flaming doses and timing on weed control and garlic production. The treatments consisted of a broadcast flaming at 16, 22, 37, and 112 kg·ha−1 of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at three different crop growth stages—emergence (BBCH 9), three to four leaves (BBCH 13) and six to seven leaves (BBCH 16)—once (at each growth stage separately), twice (at BBCH 9 and BBCH 13, BBCH 9 and BBCH 16, and BBCH 13 and BBCH 16 stages) or three times (all stages combined). Treatments were compared with a weedy control and hand weeding. One flaming treatment was effective in controlling weeds during the growing season. Frequent flaming treatments did not further reduce the weed biomass measured at harvest. A higher production than the weedy control, in terms of the number of marketable bulbs and yield, was obtained for all the flaming interventions carried out at more than 16-kg·ha−1 LPG dose. Garlic flamed once at BBCH 13 at any LPG dose or three times at more than 16 kg·ha−1 led to a comparable number of bulbs as hand weeding. Three flamings at an LPG dose of 22 kg·ha−1 also gave a statistically similar yield to hand weeding. In general, garlic was shown to tolerate up to three flaming treatments without a decline in the production. The decline in yield compared with hand weeding could be offset by the economical savings of the mechanization process and by integrating flaming with other mechanical tools used for weed management.

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Степанова, М. В. "Determination of Chemical Element Content in Pink Flamingo Feathers Phoenicopterus ruber roseus as a Method of Health Assessment." Vestnik APK Verhnevolzh`ia, no. 1(53) (March 30, 2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35694/yarcx.2021.53.1.008.

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Представлены результаты исследований микроэлементного состава перьев диких птиц, содержащихся в условиях зоологических учреждений. Целью исследования было изучить содержание некоторых тяжёлых металлов и мышьяка у представителей отряда Фламингообразные Phoenicopteriformes и разработать центильные шкалы для оценки состояния здоровья птиц. В 2018–2020 гг. проведены исследования перьев розового фламинго на предмет накопления цинка, меди, железа, свинца, кадмия и мышьяка атомно-абсорбционным методом. Приведены данные по особенностям содержания химических элементов у розового фламинго – Phoenicopterus ruber roseus. В ходе исследования установлено, что по величине среднего содержания в перьях птиц исследуемые элементы образуют следующий убывающий ряд: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > As. У розовых фламинго, содержащихся в искусственно созданных условиях, наблюдается тенденция к снижению концентрации кадмия у 50,0%, увеличению железа, свинца и мышьяка – у 50,0% особей. Наибольшие колебания в отклонении уровня накопления отмечены в отношении токсичных элементов: Cd, Pb и As, наименьшие – Cu. Средние концентрации Zn, Cu, Fe и Cd установлены у 33,3% особей фламинго, Pb и As – у 16,7% от общего количества изученных птиц. 16,7% исследуемых птиц по уровню содержания цинка и меди, 33,3% – железа, свинца, кадмия и мышьяка находятся в состоянии «предболезни» и требуют дополнительных обследований. Достоверно установлен синергизм между накоплением Fe – As, Pb – Cd, Pb – As и антагонизм между Fe – Cu и Fe – Pb. Для улучшения микроэлементного статуса розового фламинго зоологических учреждений необходимо проводить мониторинговые исследования с периодичностью 1 раз в полгода с оценкой уровня химических элементов по центильным шкалам. The results of researches of microelement composition of feathers of wild birds contained in conditions of zoological institutions are presented. The purpose of the research was to study the content of some heavy metals and arsenic in representatives of the Flamingo Phoenicopteriformes and to develop centile metrics for assessing the health of birds. In 2018-2020 studies of pink flamingo feathers were carried out for the accumulation of zinc, copper, iron, lead, cadmium and arsenic by absorption method. Data on peculiarities of chemical elements content in pink flamingo – Phoenicopterus ruber roseus are given. As part of the study it was found that in terms of the average content in bird feathers the examined elements form the following decreasing series: Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > As. In pink flamingos contained in artificially created conditions, there is a tendency to decrease the concentration of cadmium in 50.0%, an increase in iron, lead and arsenic in 50.0% of individuals. The largest fluctuations in the deviation in the level of accumulation were noted for toxic elements: Cd, Pb and As, the smallest – Cu. Average concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe and Cd were established in 33.3% of individuals of flamingos, Pb and As – in 16.7% of the total number of birds studied. 16.7% of birds under investigation in terms of zinc and copper content, 33.3% – iron, lead, cadmium and arsenic are in a state of "pre-disease" and require additional examinations. The synergism between the accumulation of Fe – As, Pb – Cd, Pb – As and the antagonism between Fe – Cu and Fe – Pb is reliably established. To improve the microelement status of pink flamingo of zoological institutions, it is necessary to conduct monitoring studies once every six months with an assessment of the level of chemical elements on centile metrics.

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17

Millán de la Blanca, María Gemma, Eva Martínez-Nevado, Cristina Castaño, et al. "Sperm Cryopreservation in American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus Ruber): Influence of Cryoprotectants and Seminal Plasma Removal." Animals 11, no. 1 (2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010203.

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The American flamingo is a useful model for the development of successful semen cryopreservation procedures to be applied to threatened related species from the family Phoenicopteridae, and to permit genetic material banking. Current study sought to develop effective sperm cryopreservation protocols through examining the influences of two permeating cryoprotectants and the seminal plasma removal. During two consecutive years (April), semen samples were collected and frozen from American flamingos. In the first year, the effect of two permeating cryoprotectants, DMA (dimethylacetamide) (6%) or Me2SO (dimethylsulphoxide) (8%), on frozen–thawed sperm variables were compared in 21 males. No differences were seen between DMA and Me2SO for sperm motility, sperm viability, and DNA fragmentation after thawing. In the second year, the role of seminal plasma on sperm cryoresistance was investigated in 31 flamingos. Sperm samples were cryopreserved with and without seminal plasma, using Me2SO (8%) as a cryoprotectant. The results showed that samples with seminal plasma had higher values than samples without seminal plasma for the following sperm variables: Straight line velocity (22.40 µm/s vs. 16.64 µm/s), wobble (75.83% vs. 69.40%), (p < 0.05), linearity (62.73% vs. 52.01%) and straightness (82.38% vs. 73.79%) (p < 0.01); but acrosome integrity was lower (55.56% vs. 66.88%) (p < 0.05). The cryoresistance ratio (CR) was greater in samples frozen with seminal plasma than without seminal plasma for CR-progressive motility (138.72 vs. 54.59), CR-curvilinear velocity (105.98 vs. 89.32), CR-straight line velocity (152.77 vs. 112.58), CR-average path velocity (122.48 vs. 98.12), CR-wobble (111.75 vs. 102.04) (p < 0.05), CR-linearity (139.41 vs. 113.18), and CR-straightness (124.02 vs. 109.97) (p < 0.01). This research demonstrated that there were not differences between Me2SO and DMA to successful freezing sperm of flamingos; seminal plasma removal did not provide a benefit for sperm cryopreservation.

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Atta, Dean. "Black Flamingo." Feminist Dissent, no. 4 (March 11, 2019): 88–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31273/fd.n4.2019.345.

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Henny, R. J., R. T. Poole, and C. A. Conover. "`Flamingo' Aglaonema." HortScience 27, no. 10 (1992): 1139. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.10.1139.

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Miller, Leslie Adrienne. "Lost Flamingo." Antioch Review 44, no. 4 (1986): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4611654.

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Kidd, Peter, and Paul Rose. "Influences of Rearing Environment on Behaviour and Welfare of Captive Chilean Flamingos: A Case Study on Foster-Reared and Parent-Reared Birds." Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2, no. 2 (2021): 174–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2020013.

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Behaviour signals the internal states that relate to an individual’s welfare and its development is influenced by the early social environment that an animal experiences. Husbandry practices can alter this early social environment, for example different rearing conditions (e.g., foster rearing by a surrogate parent of another species). Widespread implementation of altered rearing can lack empirical support and non-parent-reared animals may experience poorer welfare resulting from maternal deprivation. An opportunity presented itself to measure the effect of foster-rearing on Chilean flamingo behaviour and social preferences at WWT Slimbridge Wetland Centre and compare findings to parent-reared conspecifics in the same time period. Data were collected from April to July 2019 at three timepoints during each observation day. Binomial generalized linear mixed models were used to assess the relationship between focal chicks’ rearing background with behaviour, zone usage, and flock position whilst accounting for climatic factors and visitor numbers. The development of social preferences was assessed using social network analysis. Our results showed limited impacts on flamingo behavioural development due to foster rearing. Foster-reared chicks spent less time feeding, were more likely to occupy the nesting area of the enclosure, and had fewer significant preferred associations than parent-reared chicks, but preferred social bonds were as equally strong and durable for both foster-reared and parent-reared chicks. Our results have important welfare implications for the use of foster-rearing in captive environments; altered early social rearing environments through cross-fostering in Chilean flamingos is associated with limited differences in behavioural and social development.

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Regaiolli, Barbara, Camillo Sandri, Paul E. Rose, Vittoria Vallarin, and Caterina Spiezio. "Investigating parental care behaviour in same-sex pairing of zoo greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)." PeerJ 6 (July 18, 2018): e5227. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5227.

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Same-sex pair bonds have been documented in several animal species and they are widespread in birds. However, little is known about the evolutionary origin and the adaptive value of such behaviour. The aim of this study was to investigate the parental behaviour of four zoo female greater flamingos involved in two breeding pairs, housed in a flock at Parco Natura Viva, Italy. Further, the behaviour of the study females was compared with that of male and female flamingos in heterosexual pairs described in a previous published work on this same flock. For each pair, the behaviour of both birds during the incubation period was recorded and twenty 10-minute sessions were run within the incubation period. A continuous focal animal sampling method was used to collect data on location (on the nest or not on the nest) and the parental care behaviour (e.g.: agonistic behaviours toward disturbing conspecifics, egg-care, nest-building, self-comfort behaviour, sleeping) of the two pairs. Data of the current study females were compared with those of females and males involved in heterosexual pairs of this same flock. Results showed that within each pair the egg-layer female stayed away from the nest more than the other female. In addition, the female that did not lay an egg was more involved in agonistic behaviour compared to other females, particularly when in specific locations. In heterosexual pairs, male flamingos were more involved in the incubation and in nest protection. Moreover, no significant differences in the time spent on the nest and away from the nest between the heterosexual male and the non-layer females of same-sex pairs were found. The same findings were reported when comparing heterosexual females and the egg-layer females of the same-sex pairs. Therefore, our findings suggest that in greater flamingos the behaviour of the female–female pairs seems to be equivalent to that of male-female bonds. Such research provides more insight into flamingo social behaviour, and their reproductive cycle, and provides information on why pair bonds may form and how these affect the wider breeding behaviour of the flock.

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Reshag, Ali Faris. "Anatomical and histological study of the kidneys and salt glands in great flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus)." Iraqi Journal of Veterinary Medicine 40, no. 1 (2016): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30539/iraqijvm.v40i1.151.

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This study was designed to explain the anatomy and histology of kidneys and salt glands in Great Flamingos. Eight adult healthy Great Flamingos of both sexes have been used. The results showed that the kidneys in Great Flamingos consist of three separated lobes. The right kidney was longer 8.9±0.3 mm than the left kidney 8.4±0.4mm. The ratio of the kidneys weight to the total body weight was 0.39%. The salt gland was very large crescent shape, and occupied the supraorbital fossa and has 20.8±0.2mm long and 3.9±0.2mm in diameter. The volume of cortex was 60-70% and the medulla was 30-40%. Within the middle region of cortex there were numerous large corpuscles (mammalian type) and few of small corpuscles (reptilian type). There was a variation between the means diameters of mammalian type 59±1µm and reptilian type 42±0.9µm. The proximal and distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts were lined by simple cuboidal epithelium and their means diameters were 46±0.9, 44±1 and 55.1±0.7µm, respectively. Within medulla the thick and thin segments were arranged at the peripheral zone of medullary cone while the collecting ducts were at the central part of cone and all were lined with simple cuboidal epithelium except thin segments were lined with squamous cells. The salt gland were consisted of lobules surrounded by thick connective tissue capsule and each has mass of branched tubuloacinar secretory unites. The latter were made up by single layer of cuboidal cells. The tubules lead into central duct lined by double layer of cuboidal cells while the main duct lined with stratified cuboidal epithelium. The secretory units of salt gland gave negative reaction to PAS and combined AB (pH 2.5) and PAS stains and this indicate the absence of neutral mucosubstances. The results concluded that the kidneys in great flamingo was small size organ with low relative weight in compare to birds size and the salt glands was active organ.

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Coulson, John. "The Greater Flamingo." Waterbirds 31, no. 1 (2008): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1675/1524-4695(2008)31[150:tgf]2.0.co;2.

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25

Sturgess, Douglas M. "Flamingo Tongue, Bonaire." Spine 34, no. 13 (2009): i. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000352518.00265.62.

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Juršič, Barbara. "A temporalidade em O último voo do flamingo do escritor moçambicano Mia Couto." Verba Hispanica 20, no. 2 (2012): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/vh.20.2.141-149.

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No romance O último voo do flamingo a nossa perceção linear, europeia do tempo que tem raízes no cristianismo, encontra-se face a face com a não europeia, neste caso a perceção do tempo africana que é, como por exemplo a latino-americana, cíclica. A par destes dois conceitos, existe um outro, individual – a compreensão individual da dimensão temporal.Como conciliar a perceção dos europeus para os quais o «agora» praticamente não existe e aquela dos moçambicanos que não conhecem a palavra para o «futuro» porque o percebem como algo santo, intocável, enquanto o passado trouxe tantas mágoas, deixou tantas feridas que o querem esquecer, criar um tempo novo. Mas, para que um tempo novo, mais feliz possa chegar, é preciso reconquistar esse tempo do traumático período de guerra, «fazê-lo nosso» como diz o escritor.Sobre a busca do tempo para recuperar o passado perdido com a ajuda da sabedoria dos antepassados, sobre a criação de um tempo novo, o nosso tempo, e a aspiração por um futuro melhor, tão desejado por todos os seres humanos, nas asas dos flamingos, anunciadores de esperança.

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Redón, Stella, Gonzalo Gajardo, Gergana Vasileva, Marta Sánchez, and Andy Green. "Explaining Variation in Abundance and Species Diversity of Avian Cestodes in Brine Shrimps in the Salar de Atacama and Other Chilean Wetlands." Water 13, no. 13 (2021): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131742.

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Further biogeographical studies of parasites are vital to improve our understanding of biodiversity distribution and predict the impacts of global change. Hypersaline lakes are good laboratories to investigate the avian cestode abundance and species diversity given the abundance of hosts (waterbirds and Artemia) and their broad latitudinal distribution. We analysed cestode infection in brine shrimp Artemia franciscana in northern (Atacama) and central Chile and compared them to results from A. persimilis in southern Chile (Patagonia). Thus, we covered a broad latitudinal gradient from 23° to 53° S. Five cestode taxa including two species of the genus Flamingolepis, Gynandrotaenia stammeri, Eurycestus avoceti, and Fuhrmannolepis averini were recorded from A. franciscana in Atacama lagoons (prevalence = 4.1%). In contrast, no cestode infection was detected in central Chile, likely because they are temporary wetlands. Parasites of flamingos and shorebirds were associated with Atacama lagoons (arid and higher salinity), while Confluaria podicipina and Fimbriarioides sp. (parasites of grebes and ducks, respectively) were dominant in Patagonian lagoons (sub-antarctic and of lower salinity). These differences mirror changes in the relative abundance of the respective final hosts. The flamingo parasite Flamingolepis sp. 1 was the most prevalent and abundant cestode in Atacama, where it was recorded only in autumn. Seasonality and habitat effects (especially abundance and phenology of different bird species) appear to override any latitudinal trends in the prevalence, diversity, and distribution of cestodes. Cestode prevalence was higher in larger wetlands but was not related to the sex of either intermediate host. We recorded a greater taxonomic richness at the cestode family level in Atacama, but a greater dominance of a single family of avian hosts (the flamingos). Ours is the first spatio–temporal study of Artemia cestodes at local and regional scales in the southern hemisphere.

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28

Krusoe, James. "Flamingos." Antioch Review 47, no. 3 (1989): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4612074.

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29

Schlant, Ernestine, and Bianca Döring. "Ein Flamingo, eine Wüste." World Literature Today 65, no. 2 (1991): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40147171.

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30

Greenwood, Andrew. "Care of Flamingo Feet." AAV Today 1, no. 4 (1987): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27670286.

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31

Gangaiamaran, Pichaimuthu, Aftab A. Usmani, G. V. Gopi, S. A. Hussain, and Khursid A. Khan. "Photographic record of Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) in Ramganga river, Bareilly, India." Journal of Threatened Taxa 13, no. 8 (2021): 19159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.7375.13.8.19159-19161.

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Photographic record of Lesser Flamingo Phoeniconaias minor in Ramganga river, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. This is the first photographic record and northern most distribution of Lesser Flamingo from India.

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32

COLEDAM, DIOGO HENRIQUE CONSTANTINO, and RODRIGO DIAS CARIA DE OLIVEIRA. "Assessment of physical fitness among non-athlete adolescents: Effect of familiarization sessions." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 12, no. 4 (2020): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.12.4.05.

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Background: ‪The validity and reliability of fitness tests are described in the literature; however, the effects of familiarization sessions on motor performance have not yet been studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of four familiarization sessions on physical fitness performance among adolescents. Material and methods: ‪Twenty adolescents performed sprint, agility, flexibility, explosive strength, muscular endurance, and balance tests on four separate days with an interval of 72h. Results: ‪Considering the first and the fourth sessions, there were significant differences in mean values for push-up, curl-up, and Flamingo tests (p<0.05). Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) varied from 0.65 to 0.97, except for the Flamingo test (0.22). The magnitude based inference revealed a likely beneficial effect of familiarization on agility (87.8%), push-ups (91.2%), curl-ups (94.4%), and a very likely effect on the Flamingo test (97.0%). When comparing the second and the third sessions with the first one, values of ICC were similar or higher, while a likely beneficial effect of familiarization was found in the second session for the Flamingo test (78.8%), and in the third session for curl-ups (91.3%), push-ups (77.1%), and the Flamingo test (94.8%)

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Richter, Nadine A., Godfrey R. Bourne, and Edward N. Diebold. "Gender determination by body weight and linear measurements in American and Chilean flamingos, previously surgically sexed: Within-sex comparison to greater flamingo measurements." Zoo Biology 10, no. 5 (1991): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430100506.

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34

Alan, A., A. Duzler, and I. Orhan. "Ramification of the celiac artery in the greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus)." Veterinární Medicína 61, No. 2 (2016): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8723-vetmed.

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35

Mascitti, Virginia, and Fernando Osvaldo Kravetz. "Bill Morphology of South American Flamingos." Condor 104, no. 1 (2002): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.1.73.

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Abstract We compare the bill morphology of Chilean (Phoenicopterus chilensis), Andean (Phoenicoparrus andinus) and James' (Phoenicoparrus jamesi) Flamingos and give dietary information as evidence of the size-selectivity of their filters. In Chilean Flamingo, the marginal and the outer submarginal lamellae of the upper jaw, together with the outer submarginal lamellae of the lower jaw, may function as a mesh during the outflow and as excluders during the inflow of water. When the beak is closed, the functional mesh has spaces between marginal lamellae with one dimension less than 80 μm in the proximal portion, while spaces are no wider than 959 μm in the curvature and distal portions. In both Phoenicoparrus species, the marginal lamellae of the upper jaw and the outer submarginal lamellae of both jaws probably act as a filter for large prey in the outflow and as excluders during the inflow of water. The inner submarginal lamellae, which have no fringes, lie in series that may form a second sieve for smaller prey. The distance between inner submarginal lamellae of both jaws are no larger than 106 μm in the Andean Flamingo and 56 μm in James' Flamingo. Dietary information on the three species suggests that their filters select different-sized particles. This study extends Jenkin's observations and presents the first complete lamellae description for genus Phoenicoparrus. Morfología del Pico de los Flamencos Sudamericanos Resumen. Describimos y comparamos la morfología del pico de Phoenicopterus chilensis, Phoenicoparrus andinus y Phoenicoparrus jamesi y aportamos información de su dieta como evidencia de la capacidad de selección de tamaños de sus filtros. En Phoenicopterus chilensis, las lamelas marginales y las submarginales externas de la quijada superior, junto con las lamelas submarginales externas de la quijada inferior, funcionarían como filtros en la salida del agua y como exclusores en la entrada. Cuando el pico está cerrado, el tamiz funcional tiene al menos un espacio menor de 80 μm entre las lamelas marginales de la región proximal del pico y espacios no mayores que 959 μm en las regiones de la curvatura y distal. En ambas especies de Phoenicoparrus, las lamelas marginales de la quijada superior y las lamelas submarginales externas de ambas quijadas probablemente actúan como filtros de presas grandes a la salida del agua y como exclusores a la entrada. Las lamelas submarginales internas no presentan ribetes en sus bordes y se disponen en series, que podrían formar un segundo filtro para las presas más pequeñas. La distancia entre lamelas submarginales internas de ambas quijadas no es mayor de 106 μm en Phoenicoparrus andinus, y de 56 μm en Phoenicoparrus jamesi. La información acerca de la dieta de las tres especies sugiere que sus filtros difieren en el tamaño de presa seleccionado. Este trabajo amplía las observaciones de Jenkin y presenta la primera descripción completa de las lamelas del género Phoenicoparrus.

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Sarsenov, Karin, and Sonja Franeta. "Rozovye flamingo: 10 Sibirskikh interv'iu." Slavic and East European Journal 49, no. 3 (2005): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20058331.

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37

Baltensperger, D. D., H. E. Dominguez, W. H. Anderson, R. L. Stanley, L. S. Dunavin, and J. R. Rich. "Registration of ‘Flamingo’ Hairy Indigo." Crop Science 30, no. 6 (1990): 1366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183x003000060062x.

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Barber, Tristan J., and Anton Pozniak. "FLAMINGO: still in the pink?" Lancet HIV 2, no. 4 (2015): e116-e117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-3018(15)00037-5.

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Peh, W. C., and J. A. Clark. "The walk of a flamingo." RadioGraphics 15, no. 2 (1995): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiographics.15.2.7761637.

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40

Jude, Brooke A. "A Flamboyance of (Flamingo) Microbes." Limnology and Oceanography Bulletin 27, no. 4 (2018): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lob.10267.

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41

Johnson, Kevin P., Martyn Kennedy, and Kevin G. McCracken. "Reinterpreting the origins of flamingo lice: cospeciation or host-switching?" Biology Letters 2, no. 2 (2006): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0427.

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The similarity of the louse faunas of flamingos and ducks has been used as evidence that these two groups of birds are closely related. However, the realization that ducks actually are more closely related to Galliformes caused many workers to reinterpret this similarity in parasite faunas as host switching from ducks to flamingos. Recent unexpected phylogenetic results on the relationships of waterbirds and their lice call for a reinterpretation of the origins of the lice of the enigmatic flamingos. Here, we bring together new evidence on the phylogenetic relationships of flamingos and their lice and show that the lice of flamingos and grebes are closely related because their hosts share a common ancestor (cospeciation). We also demonstrate that the similarity of the louse faunas of flamingos and ducks is a result of host switching from flamingos to ducks, rather than from ducks to flamingos.

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42

Djukic, Nevena, та Desimir Knezevic. "Molecular characterization and genetic diversity analysis β-glucan content variability in grain of oat (Avena sativa L.)". Genetika 46, № 2 (2014): 529–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr1402529d.

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In grain of ten genetically divergent oat cultivars (Merkur, Minor Abed, Flaming-Kurz, Nuptiele, Prode, Pellerva, Emperor, Astor, Osmo, Simo) the variability ?-glucan content were investigated. The different value of content of ?-glucan was found. Among analyzed oat cultivars, the highest ?- glucan contents had Pellerva (6.597%), while the least had Simo (2.971%). The contents of ?-glucans were determined by ICC standard Method No 168. The value of ?-glucans varied and indicated the differences and similarities between analysed cultivars. The degree of cultivar similarity was determined by dendrogram on which was discriminated two clusters of similar cultivars toward to contents of ?-glucan . Within cluster 1, a small group of oats, are five cultivars with small distance (Merkur, Minor Abed, Flamings-Kurz, Nuptiele and Prode). The highest similarity in the range of 88 or the least distance in the range of 12. Within cluster 2 was four oat cultivars (Emperor, Astor, Osmo, Pellerva) in which the least differences was between Emperor and Astor with average distance in range 27. Cluster 1 and cluster 2 differed with an average distance of 63. The cultivar Simo expressed the greatest distance to all analysed oat cultivars grouped in two clusters.

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43

Sallis, Robert E., and Joseph Gregorace. "When to Use the Flamingo Test." Physician and Sportsmedicine 28, no. 10 (2000): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/psm.2000.10.1264.

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Storer, Robert W. "The Grebe-Flamingo Connection: A Rebuttal." Auk 123, no. 4 (2006): 1183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25150229.

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Storer, Robert W. "The grebe-flamingo connection: A rebuttal." Auk 123, no. 4 (2006): 1183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1642/0004-8038(2006)123[1183:tgcar]2.0.co;2.

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46

Mascitti, Virginia. "James Flamingo Foraging Behavior in Argentina." Colonial Waterbirds 21, no. 2 (1998): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1521921.

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47

Tönshoff, H. K., Christoph Gey, and Nils Rackow. "Flank milling optimization - the flamingo project." Air & Space Europe 3, no. 3-4 (2001): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1290-0958(01)90058-9.

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48

Greenwood, A. "Laparoscopic salpingectomy in a hybrid flamingo." Veterinary Record 131, no. 15 (1992): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.131.15.349.

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Storer, Robert W. "The grebe-flamingo connection: A rebuttal." Auk 123, no. 4 (2006): 1183–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/123.4.1183.

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50

Hofer, Ursula. "Phage attack on flamingo food chain." Nature Reviews Microbiology 12, no. 3 (2014): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro3222.

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