Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flammability Limit

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Flammability Limit'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Flammability Limit"

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Hamidi, Nurkholis, and Nasrul Ilminnafik. "Inert Effects on Flammability Limits and Flame Propagation of LPG by CO2." Applied Mechanics and Materials 664 (October 2014): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.664.226.

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In this study, the inert effects of CO2 on the flammability limit and flame propagation of LPG has been investigated experimentally. The observation was done using cubic combustion bomb with the dimension of 500 mm x 200 mm x 10 mm. The results showed that the lower flammability limit (LFL) of LPG-Air mixtures is found to be 2.7% (by volume) and upper flammability limit (UFL) is 8.6% (by volume) with upward propagation of flame. The CO2 dilution effects on the flammability limits have been explored, the limits of flammability was narrowed by adding CO2 and propagation flame was reduced accordingly. The results indicated that to formulate an inflammable refrigerant mixture, using CO2, with substantial hydrocarbon content is not possible.
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JU, YIGUANG, HONGSHENG GUO, KAORU MARUTA, and FENGSHAN LIU. "On the extinction limit and flammability limit of non-adiabatic stretched methane–air premixed flames." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 342 (July 10, 1997): 315–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097005636.

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Extinction limits and the lean flammability limit of non-adiabatic stretched premixed methane–air flames are investigated numerically with detailed chemistry and two different Planck mean absorption coefficient models. Attention is paid to the combined effect of radiative heat loss and stretch at low stretch rate. It is found that for a mixture at an equivalence ratio lower than the standard lean flammability limit, a moderate stretch can strengthen the combustion and allow burning. The flame is extinguished at a high stretch rate due to stretch and is quenched at a low stretch rate due to radiation loss. A O-shaped curve of flame temperature versus stretch rate with two distinct extinction limits, a radiation extinction limit and a stretch extinction limit respectively on the left- and right-hand sides, is obtained. A C-shaped curve showing the flammability limit of the stretched methane–air flame is obtained by plotting these two extinction limits in the mixture strength coordinate. A good agreement is shown on comparing the predicted results with the experimental data. For equivalence ratio larger than a critical value, it is found that the O-shaped temperature curve opens up in the middle of the stable branch, so that the stable branch divides into two stable flame branches; a weak flame branch and a normal flame branch. The weak flame can survive between the radiation extinction limit and the opening point (jump limit) while the normal flame branch can survive from its stretch extinction limit to zero stretch rate. Finally, a G-shaped curve showing both extinction limits and jump limits of stretched methane–air flames is presented. It is found that the critical equivalence ratio for opening up corresponds to the standard flammability limit measured in microgravity. Furthermore, the results show that the flammability limit (inferior limit) of the stretched methane–air flame is lower than the standard flammability limit because flames are strengthened by a moderate stretch at Lewis number less than unity.
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Zamashchikov, V. V. "On the Flammability Limit." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 54, no. 4 (July 2018): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0010508218040020.

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Grosshandler, W. L., M. K. Donnelly, and C. Womeldorf. "Flammability Measurements of Difluoromethane." Journal of Heat Transfer 122, no. 1 (August 11, 1999): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.521440.

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Difluoromethane (CH2F2, or R-32) is a candidate to replace ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbon refrigerants. Because CH2F2 is flammable, it is necessary to assess the hazard posed by a leak in a refrigeration machine. The currently accepted method for determining flammability, ASTM E 681 has difficulty discerning the flammability boundary for weak fuels such as CH2F2. This article describes an alternative approach to identify the limits of flammability, using a twin, premixed counterflow flame. By using the extinction of an already established flame, the point dividing flammable from nonflammable becomes unambiguous. The limiting extinction mixture changes with stretch rate, so it is convenient to report the flammability limit as the value extrapolated to a zero stretch condition. In the burner, contoured nozzles with outlet diameters of 12 mm are aligned counter to each other and spaced 12 mm apart. The lean flammability limit of CH2F2 in dry air at room temperature was previously reported by the authors to be a mole fraction of 0.14, using the twin counterflow flame method. In the current study, relative humidity was not found to affect the lean limit. Increasing the temperature of the premixed fuel and air to 100°C is shown to extend the flammability limit in the lean direction to 0.13. The rich limit of CH2F2 found using the counterflow method is around 0.27. The uncertainties of the measurements are presented and the results compared to data in the literature. [S0022-1481(00)02501-9]
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Bade Shrestha, S. O., I. Wierzba, and G. A. Karim. "A Thermodynamic Analysis of the Rich Flammability Limits of Fuel-Diluent Mixtures in Air." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 117, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2835347.

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A simple approach is described for the calculation of the rich flammability limits of fuel-diluent mixtures in air for a wide range of initial temperatures based only on the knowledge of the flammability limit of the pure fuel in air at atmospheric temperature and pressure conditions. Various fuel-diluent mixtures that include the fuels methane, ethylene, ethane, propane, butane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen, and the diluents nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, and argon have been considered. Good agreement is shown to exist between predicted values of the rich flammability limits and the corresponding available experimental values for the fuel-diluent mixtures.
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Bui-Pham, Mary N., and James A. Miller. "Rich methane/air flames: Burning velocities, extinction limits, and flammability limit." Symposium (International) on Combustion 25, no. 1 (January 1994): 1309–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(06)80772-1.

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Luangdilok, W., and R. B. Bennett. "Fog Inerting Effects on Hydrogen Combustion in a PWR Ice Condenser Containment." Journal of Heat Transfer 117, no. 2 (May 1, 1995): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2822550.

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A mechanistic fog inerting model has been developed to account for the effects of fog on the upward lean flammability limits of a combustible mixture based on the thermal theory of flame propagation. Benchmarking of this model with test data shows reasonably good agreement between the theory and the experiment. Applications of the model and available fog data to determine the upward lean flammability limits of the H2–air–steam mixture in the ice condenser upper plenum region of a pressurized water reactor (PWR) ice condenser containment during postulated large loss of coolant accident (LOCA) conditions indicate that combustion may be suppressed beyond the downward flammability limit (8 percent H2 by volume).
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Adiwidodo, Satworo, I. N. G. Wardana, Lilis Yuliati, and Mega Nur Sasongko. "Flame Stability Measurement on Rectangular Slot Meso-Scale Combustor." Applied Mechanics and Materials 836 (June 2016): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.836.271.

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The biggest problem of combustion in the micro-scale or meso-scale combustor is heat loss. Heat loss led to a difficult of stable flame. This research aims to elucidate the flame stabilization and flammability limit of LPG-oxygen premixed flame, temperature distribution and flame visualization. Flame stabilization and flammability limit map are shows in φ - U plane. The result shows that there are six regions in the map that is stable without noise, stable with noise, transition zone, dead zone, pseudo stable, and blow off. Measurement parameters are LPG-oxygen flow velocity at various equivalent ratio and temperature. The flame stabilization and flammability limit map within measurement parameters are discussed.
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Chen, Z. H., and S. H. Sohrab. "Flammability limit and limit-temperature of counterflow lean methane-air flames." Combustion and Flame 102, no. 1-2 (July 1995): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(95)00028-5.

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Sung, C. J., and C. K. Law. "Extinction mechanisms of near-limit premixed flames and extended limits of flammability." Symposium (International) on Combustion 26, no. 1 (January 1996): 865–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0082-0784(96)80296-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flammability Limit"

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Wong, Wun K. "Measurement of flammability in a closed cylindrical vessel with thermal criteria." Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4965.

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Accurate flammability limit information is necessary for safe handling of gas and liquid mixtures, and safe operation of processes using such mixtures. The flammability limit is the maximum or minimum fuel concentration at which a gas mixture is flammable in a given atmosphere. Because combustion occurs in the vapor phase, even in the case of liquids the flammability limits are applicable after calculating the vapor compositions. The body of flammability data available in the literature is often inadequate for use with the variety of conditions encountered in industrial applications. This is due to the scarcity of flammability data for fuel mixtures in non-standard atmospheric conditions, and inconsistencies in flammability values provided by different experimental methods. This work reports on the design, construction and utilization of an apparatus capable of measuring flammability limits for a range of conditions including fuel mixtures, varying oxygen concentrations, and extended pressure and temperature ranges. The flammability apparatus is a closed cylindrical reaction vessel with visual, pressure and thermal sensors. A thermal criterion was developed for use with the apparatus based on observations of combustion behavior within the reaction vessel. This criterion provides more detailed information about the combustion than is provided by the pressure criterion methods. Measured flammability limits of several hydrocarbon mixtures in air compare well with limits obtained by open glass cylinder experiments, but not with the results of counterflow apparatus experiments. The current results show that Le Chatelier’s rule describes the mixture results adequately. Minimum oxygen concentrations also were determined for methane, butane, and methane-butane mixtures and compared with values reported in the literature. Lower flammability limits were determined for an equimolar methane-butane mixture at varying oxygen concentrations. Results show that the flammability data determined with thermal criteria has an acceptable level of accuracy. Recommendations for improving apparatus are made, based upon observations made while operating the flammability apparatus.
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Muchai, Jesse G. "Design and operational characteristics of a gasification-combustion process : flammability model /." Thesis, This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03042009-040746/.

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Rowley, Jeffrey R. "Flammability Limits, Flash Points, and Their Consanguinity: Critical Analysis, Experimental Exploration, and Prediction." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2233.

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Accurate flash point and flammability limit data are needed to design safe chemical processes. Unfortunately, improper data storage and reporting policies that disregard the temperature dependence of the flammability limit and the fundamental relationship between the flash point and the lower flammability limit have resulted in compilations filled with erroneous values. To establish a database of consistent flammability data, critical analysis of reported data, experimental investigation of the temperature dependence of the lower flammability limit, and theoretical and empirical exploration of the relationship between flash points and temperature limits are undertaken. Lower flammability limit measurements in a 12-L ASHRAE style apparatus were performed at temperatures between 300 K and 500 K. Analysis of these measurements showed that the adiabatic flame temperature at the lower flammability limit is not constant as previously thought, rather decreases with increasing temperature. Consequently the well-known modified Burgess-Wheeler law underestimates the effect of initial temperature on the lower flammability limit. Flash point and lower temperature limit measurements indicate that the flash point is greater than the lower temperature limit, the difference increasing with increasing lower temperature limit. Flash point values determined in a Pensky-Martens apparatus typically exceed values determined using a small-scale apparatus above 350 K. Data stored in the DIPPR® 801 database and more than 3600 points found in the literature were critically reviewed and the most probable value recommended, creating a database of consistent flammability data. This dataset was then used to develop a method of estimating the lower flammability limit, including dependence on initial temperature, and the upper flammability limit. Three methods of estimating the flash point, with one based entirely on structural contributions, were also developed. The proposed lower flammability limit and flash point methods appear to predict close to, if not within, experimental error.
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緒方, 佳典, Yoshinori OGATA, 和弘 山本, Kazuhiro YAMAMOTO, 博史 山下, and Hiroshi YAMASHITA. "密度変化を考慮したモデルによる部分予混合雰囲気中の火炎の燃え拡がり解析." 日本機械学会, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9383.

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山本, 和弘, Kazuhiro YAMAMOTO, 悟. 石塚, Satoru ISHIZUKA, 敏右 平野, and Toshisuke HIRANO. "軸対称流れ場に形成される管状火炎に及ぼす回転強さの影響." 日本機械学会, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9312.

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Tseng, Ya-Ting. "Three-Dimensional Model of Solid Ignition and Ignition Limit by a Non-Uniformly Distributed Radiant Heat Source." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1307551796.

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Makris, Aristidis. "Lean flammability limits of dust-air mixtures." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64086.

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Zhao, Fuman. "Experimental measurements and modeling prediction of flammability limits of binary hydrocarbon mixtures." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2688.

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Ale, Bhakta Bahadur. "Flammability limits of gaseous fuels and their mixtures in air at elevated temperatures." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0002/NQ34652.pdf.

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Kilchyk, Viktor. "Flammability limits of carbon monoxide and carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixtures in air at elevated temperatures." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/MQ64999.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Flammability Limit"

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K, Donnelly Michelle, Womeldorf Carole, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. Lean flammability limit as a fundamental refrigerant property. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998.

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A, Strehlow Roger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions. Urbana, Ill: Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, 1986.

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The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions. Urbana, Ill: Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, 1986.

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A, Strehlow Roger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions. Urbana, Ill: Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, 1986.

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A, Strehlow Roger, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, eds. The behavior of fuel-lean premixed flames in a standard flammability limit tube under controlled gravity conditions. Urbana, Ill: Aeronautical and Astronautical Engineering Dept., University of Illinois, 1986.

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D, Reinwardt, Franke A, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Oxygen index: An approximate value for the evaluation of combustion characteristics. Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flammability Limit"

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Zhang, Yang. "Lower Flammability Limit of H2/CO Mixtures." In Propagation and Extinction Studies of Laminar Lean Premixed Syngas/Air Flames, 105–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4615-5_6.

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Beyler, Craig. "Flammability Limits of Premixed and Diffusion Flames." In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 529–53. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_17.

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Wierzba, I., and B. B. Ale. "Effects of Temperature and Time of Exposure on the Flammability Limits of Hydrogen-Air Mixtures." In Hydrogen Power: Theoretical and Engineering Solutions, 69–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9054-9_9.

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"3. Flammability Limit." In Combustible Organic Materials, 74–84. De Gruyter, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110572223-003.

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"Dynamics of Flames near the Rich-Flammability Limit of Hydrogen-Air Mixtures." In Dynamics of Gaseous Combustion, 247–62. Washington DC: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/5.9781600866241.0247.0262.

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"Flammability and Flammability Limits." In Rules of Thumb for Petroleum Engineers, 271–72. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119403647.ch127.

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Jarosinski, Jozef, Michikata Kono, and Mitsuhiro Tsue. "Flammability Limits." In Combustion Phenomena. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780849384097.ch3.

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Frutiger, Jérôme, Jens Abildskov, and Gürkan Sin. "Outlier treatment for improving parameter estimation of group contribution based models for upper flammability limit." In 12th International Symposium on Process Systems Engineering and 25th European Symposium on Computer Aided Process Engineering, 503–8. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-63578-5.50079-7.

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Kara, Ozan, and Arif Karabeyoglu. "Hybrid Propulsion System: Novel Propellant Design for Mars Ascent Vehicles." In Propulsion - New Perspectives and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96686.

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This chapter briefly introduces hybrid rocket propulsion for general audience. Advantageous of hybrid rockets over solids and liquids are presented. This chapter also explains how to design a test setup for hybrid motor firings. Hybrid propulsion provides sustainable, safe and low cost systems for space missions. Therefore, this chapter proposes hybrid propulsion system for Mars Ascent Vehicles. Paraffin wax is the fuel of the rocket. Propulsion system uses CO2/N2O mixture as the oxidizer. The goal is to understand the ignition capability of the CO2 as an in-situ oxidizer on Mars. CO2 is known as major combustion product in the nature. However, it can only burn with metallic powders. Thus, metallic additives are added in the fuel grain. Results show that CO2 increase slows down the chemical kinetics thus reduces the adiabatic flame temperature. Maximum flammability limit is achieved at 75% CO2 by mass in the oxidizer mixture. Flame temperature is 1700 K at 75% CO2. Ignition quenches below the 1700 K.
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"Limits of Flammability." In Combustion, Flames and Explosions of Gases, 705–16. Elsevier, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-446751-4.50023-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flammability Limit"

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PATNAIK, G., and K. KAILASANATH. "Lean flammability limit of downward propagating hydrogen-air flames." In 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-336.

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Ale, B. B., and I. Wierzba. "The Flammability Limits of Hydrogen and Methane in Air at Moderately Elevated Temperatures." In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-072.

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The flammability limits of hydrogen and methane in air were determined experimentally at elevated initial mixture temperatures up to 350°C at atmospheric pressure for upward flame propagation in a conventional steel test tube apparatus. Additionally the extent to which a prolonged exposure (i.e., residence time) of the mixture to elevated temperatures before spark ignition and, consequently, the existence of pre-ignition reactions that may influence the value of the lean and rich flammability limits was also investigated. It was shown that the flammability limits for methane widened approximately linearly with an increase in the initial mixture temperature over the whole range of temperatures tested. These limits were not affected by the length of the residence time before spark ignition. Different behaviour was observed for flammability limits of hydrogen. They were also widened with an increase in the initial temperature but only up to 200°C. In this initial temperature range the limits were not affected by the length of the residence time. However, at initial temperature exceeding 200°C the flammability limits, especially, the rich limits narrowed with an increase in the temperature and were significantly affected by the residence time before spark ignition. The results of detailed chemical kinetic simulation showed that the gas phase reactions of hydrogen oxidation could not be responsible for the substantial drop in the value of the rich limit. It was therefore, suggested that this drop in the value of the rich limit with the increase in the residence time was caused by the relatively low temperature catalytic reactions on the stainless steel surface of the flame tube. Simple method for calculating the hydrogen conversion to water was proposed. The results of calculations are in fair agreement with the experimental evidence.
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Wicksall, Donald M., and Ajay K. Agrawal. "Effects of Fuel Composition on Flammability Limit of a Lean Premixed Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0007.

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Fuel flexibility is desired in advanced power generating gas turbines operating in the lean premixed combustion mode. In this study, experiments were performed in a lean premixed, swirl-stabilized combustor operated at atmospheric pressure to quantify how adding liquid petroleum gas (LPG), hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide to natural gas (NG) affected the flame stability. The flame extinction characteristics were obtained for NG fuel mixtures with up to 40% by volume of the indicated gases. The combustion air was supplied at room temperature and the fuel-air mixture was fully premixed before reaching the combustor. The total fuel-air flow rate was varied by a factor of two to achieve a range of aerodynamic conditions. Results demonstrate that additions of hydrogen and oxygen to NG extended the stable operating range of the combustor. Addition of LPG to NG had a slightly adverse effect while the non-reactive species in the NG did not affect the lean flammability limit.
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LEE, TAE-HO, and DAVID NETZER. "A study of the flammability limit of the backward facing step flow combustion." In 28th Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1992-3846.

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Hermann, Fredrik, Thomas Ruck, Jens Klingmann, and Fabian Mauss. "Flammability Limits of Low BTU Gases: Computations in a Perfectly Stirred Reactor and Experiments." In ASME Turbo Expo 2001: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2001-gt-0004.

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The demand for gas turbines suitable for Low Btu gases is increasing worldwide. This paper presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of the flammability limits of Low Btu gases for gas turbine applications. Most modern gas turbines utilize premixed combustion, making it important to know at which fuel-air ratio the flame extinguishes. The flammability limit for a gaseous fuel is a property, which is coupled to both thermodynamic quantities and the shape of the combustion chamber. Consequently, this property is characteristic for each combustor and for each fuel. The experiments were made in an atmospheric pressure premixed combustor at Alstom Power Technology Ltd. Switzerland, adapted for Low Btu gaseous fuels. Five different residual gases from chemical factories were investigated. The gases consisted of methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and nitrogen, with lower heating values about 2-3.5 MJ/kg for all examined gases (Table 1). A steady state Perfectly Stirred Reactor (PSR) was used as a model for the primary combustion zone. The reactions were modeled by a detailed mechanism for methane with 61 species and 667 reactions, developed by Warnatz [1]. The PSR calculations were done by decreasing the residence time until the combustion in the PSR extinguished. These calculations were repeated for different equivalence ratios to obtain the relation between the residence time and the limit of flammability. The calculations showed a relationship between the residence time in the PSR and the extinction point. It was found that the computed values of the flammability limits, or more correctly called stability limits, qualitatively follow the experimental results. However, since the computational results are strongly dependent on the residence time, a comparison with the experiments must include the residence time of the real burner, which is difficult to define.
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Kribs, James D., Tamir S. Hasan, and Kevin M. Lyons. "Nitrogen Diluted Jet Flames in the Presence of Coflowing Air." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62735.

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The purpose of this study is to observe methane jet flames under varying levels of nitrogen dilution and coflowing air. The jet flames were examined in order to determine the conditions for which liftoff and blowout occur under conditions that strain the flame. Methane flow rates were varied, corresponding to intermediate lifted positions to blowout. A sequence of images were taken at each level of dilution and coflow, and were used to determine the lowest radial and axial position of the flammability limit. These flammability regions were compared to the lean flammability limit. It was observed that flame shape and liftoff were considerably more influenced by the effects of the coflowing air compared to the presence of the diluents, and that flames under coflow lost the trailing diffusion flame earlier, which has been shown to be a marker for flame blowout.
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Speth, Raymond L., H. Murat Altay, and Ahmed F. Ghoniem. "Dynamics and Stability Limits of Syngas Combustion in a Backward-Facing Step Combustor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28130.

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The stability bands and combustion dynamics of syngas under different operating conditions and fuel compositions are investigated. Pressure measurements and high-speed video data are used to distinguish three operating modes. A stable region near the lean flammability limit is characterized by the shedding of small-scale vortices in the shear-layer. A quasistable region is present at intermediate equivalence ratios. At high equivalence ratios, we observe an unstable operating mode characterized by the periodic interaction between a large vortex and the flame. As the amount of hydrogen in the fuel is increased, the lean flammability limit is extended and transitions between operating regimes moves to lower equivalence ratios. Numerical simulations performed using a vortex method correspond to the experimental measurements and confirm the observed instability mechanism.
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Ju, Yiguang, Kenichi Takita, Masuya Goro, Fengshan Liu, and Hongsheng Guo. "ANALYSES OF EXTINCTION AND FLAMMABILITY LIMIT OF STRETCHED PREMIXED FLAMES USING THE STATISTICAL NARROW-BAND MODEL." In International Heat Transfer Conference 11. Connecticut: Begellhouse, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc11.4280.

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Kay, Peter J., Andrew P. Crayford, Philip J. Bowen, and James Luxford. "Flammability of High Flash Point Liquid Fuels." In ASME Turbo Expo 2012: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2012-69536.

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Current European Health and Safety Legislation was implemented to limit the chance of a serious explosion occurring in the workplace by highlighting potentially explosive atmospheres and ensuring that ignition sources are not present in these areas. Though hazardous area classification for gaseous and dust explosion hazards are well established, the same cannot be said for mists especially for high flash point liquids. However, a recent literature review of a range of (some fatal) incidents has shown that mist explosions are more common and the consequences more severe than previously anticipated. This work is, for example, applicable to the safe use of fuels and lubricants utilised in the gas turbine power generation and propulsion industries. Previous studies of jet breakup regimes and idealised flammability studies have indicated that low pressure releases (<10 bar) of low volatility fuels may still give rise to combustion hazards. Impingement of accidental releases onto surfaces has been shown to exacerbate the potential hazard, or broaden the range of hazardous release conditions. However, although a theoretical case can be made for generating flammable environments under moderate release conditions, very little evidence has been provided to bridge the gap between ‘idealised’ studies and full-scale incidents. The aim of this first programme of work is to start the process of bridging this gap, leading to well founded safety guidance. The test programme was conducted in a custom built spray chamber located in the Gas Turbine Research Centre (GTRC) of Cardiff University. The fuel was released at a predefined range of pressures of industrial relevance at atmospheric temperature. Igniters were positioned at three downstream locations and the continuous electrical discharge had an energy no greater than 4 mJ. Tests were conducted for ‘free sprays’ where the spray was directed along the length of the chamber, and for impinging sprays where the spray was aligned to impinge normal to a flat un-heated surface. Gas oil (flash point > 61 °C) ignited as a free jet at a working pressure consistent with previous hypotheses. However, when the jet impinged on a solid surface then the resulting spray could be ignited at considerably lower delivery pressures. Although the impingement process is complex, the data will be discussed in light of contemporary models that predict initial jet/spray characteristics along with post-impingement characteristics. This paper presents a first step towards consolidating previous studies and improving future safety guidelines concerned with the risk posed by the flammability of accidental releases of pressurised high flashpoint fuels.
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Morovatiyan, Mohammadrasool, Martia Shahsavan, Mengyan Shen, and J. Hunter Mack. "Investigation of the Effect of Electrode Surface Roughness on Spark Ignition." In ASME 2018 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2018-9691.

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Lean-burn engines are important due to their ability to reduce emissions, increase fuel efficiency, and mitigate engine knock. In this study, the surface roughness of spark plug electrodes is investigated as a potential avenue to extend the lean flammability limit of natural gas. A nano-/micro-morphology modification is applied on surface of the spark plug electrode to increase its surface roughness. High-speed Z-type Schlieren visualization is used to investigate the effect of the electrode surface roughness on the spark ignition process in a premixed methane-air charge at different lean equivalence ratios. In order to observe the onset of ignition and flame kernel behavior, experiments were conducted in an optically accessible constant volume combustion chamber at ambient pressures and temperatures. The results indicate that the lean flammability limit of spark-ignited methane can be lowered by modulating the surface roughness of the spark plug electrode.
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Reports on the topic "Flammability Limit"

1

Grosshandler, William, Michelle Donnelly, and Carole Womeldorf. Lean flammability limit as a fundamental refrigerant property. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.6229.

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HU TA. THE FLAMMABILITY ANALYSIS AND TIME TO REACH LOWER FLAMMABILITY LIMIT CALCULATIONS ON THE WASTE EVAPORATION AT 242-A EVAPORATOR. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/919543.

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Swingle, R. F. II. Contribution of Ammonia and Defoamers to Lower Flammability Limit in SRS High Level Waste. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10532.

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Grosshandler, W., M. Donnelly, and C. Womeldorf. Lean flammability limit as a fundamental refrigerant property: Phase 3. Final technical report, February 1997--February 1998. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/329530.

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Womeldorf, C., and W. Grosshandler. Lean flammability limit as a fundamental refrigerant property: Phase 2. Interim technical report, 1 April 1995--30 March 1996. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/418452.

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Womeldorf, C., M. King, and W. Grosshandler. Lean flammability limit as a fundamental refrigerant property. Phase 1, Interim technical report, 1 October 1994--31 March 1995. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/105511.

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Trowbridge, L. D. Estimation of Flammability Limits of Selected Fluorocarbons with F(sub 2) and CIF(sub3). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/12455.

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Gardiner, D. P., M. F. Bardon, and W. Clark. Experimental and Modeling Study of the Flammability of Fuel Tank Headspace Vapors from Ethanol/Gasoline Fuels; Phase 3: Effects of Winter Gasoline Volatility and Ethanol Content on Blend Flammability; Flammability Limits of Denatured Ethanol. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1021816.

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