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1
Trujillo, Natalia, Diana Gómez, Sandra Trujillo, José David López, Agustín Ibáñez, and Mario A. Parra. "Attentional bias during emotional processing: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence from an Emotional Flanker Task." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 2, 2021): e0249407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249407.
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Threatening stimuli seem to capture attention more swiftly than neutral stimuli. This attention bias has been observed under different experimental conditions and with different types of stimuli. It remains unclear whether this adaptive behaviour reflects the function of automatic or controlled attention mechanisms. Additionally, the spatiotemporal dynamics of its neural correlates are largely unknown. The present study investigates these issues using an Emotional Flanker Task synchronized with EEG recordings. A group of 32 healthy participants saw response-relevant images (emotional scenes from IAPS or line drawings of objects) flanked by response-irrelevant distracters (i.e., emotional scenes flanked by line drawings or vice versa). We assessed behavioural and ERP responses drawn from four task conditions (Threat-Central, Neutral-Central, Threat-Peripheral, and Neutral-Peripheral) and subjected these responses to repeated-measures ANOVA models. When presented as response-relevant targets, threatening images attracted faster and more accurate responses. They did not affect response accuracy to targets when presented as response-irrelevant flankers. However, response times were significantly slower when threatening images flanked objects than when neutral images were shown as flankers. This result replicated the well-known Emotional Flanker Effect. Behavioural responses to response-relevant threatening targets were accompanied by significant modulations of ERP activity across all time-windows and regions of interest and displayed some meaningful correlations. The Emotional Flanker Effect was accompanied by a modulation over parietal and central-parietal regions within a time-window between 550-690ms. Such a modulation suggests that the attentional disruption to targets caused by response-irrelevant threatening flankers appears to reflect less neural resources available, which are seemingly drawn away by distracting threatening flankers. The observed spatiotemporal dynamics seem to concur with understanding of the important adaptive role attributed to threat-related attention bias.
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Gjengedal, Ragnar, Ørjan Fyllingen, and Henrik Sture. "Integrity Evaluation of Steel Flanges Joined with Metallic Gaskets." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 2187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.2187.
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System integrity of a flanged connection requires that no leakages occur. Metallic flanges and their joining is of great importance when it comes to avoiding leakages from hydrocarbon lines. The American standard ASTM A182 demands that flanges must be forged to shape, thereby excluding other manufacturing methods. Mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel bars have been examined by doing tensile and charpy tests. A finite element model of a typical ASME-flange assembly was made and was used to calculate stress levels in the flange. The measured mechanical properties of the bar, showed that it is suitable for flange use.
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Whatham, J. F. "Pipe Bend Analysis by Thin Shell Theory." Journal of Applied Mechanics 53, no. 1 (March 1, 1986): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3171707.
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Thin shell theory is applied to pipe bends terminated by flanges or flange-ended tangent pipes and subjected to any end loading, either in-plane or out-of-plane. Graphs of flexibility factor versus pipe bend characteristic are presented for in-plane bending of a wide range of pipe elbows terminated by flanges or short flange-ended tangents. Experimental results verify the thin shell solutions for in-plane and out-of-plane bending of a flanged pipe elbow. The capabilities of a computer program BENDPAC are also described.
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Sinke, J. "Spring Back of Curved Flanges of Rubber Formed Aluminum Parts." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 1851–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.1851.
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Rubber forming is a common process for the fabrication of flanged metallic parts in the aerospace industry. The process enables cheap tooling, which is important since the product series are limited. In the process a rigid and a soft tool are combined to form a metal blank into the required shape. Most components made in this way are “flanged parts”, i.e. parts with a rather flat web plate and curved flanges at the periphery of the web plate. For flanged parts the determination of spring back of the flanges, straight or curved, is important, since the forming dies compensated with the spring back, will result in accurate products. Like all metal forming processes elastic and plastic deformations are combined in the same process cycle. The elastic deformations result in spring back and residual stresses, the ratio between these two depends on the shape of the product and the distribution of the plastic and elastic deformations. In this research aluminum alloys were used. The low Young’s modulus of these alloys results in rather high elastic responses upon deformation. Other aspects that have been evaluated are the effect of processing parameters like friction and distribution of strains. For stretch flanges the strain is distributed evenly along the flange, but not for shrink flanges, where buckling plays a role. Experimental research shows that the spring back of the flanges depend on a number of variables like the thickness, flange geometry, and material parameters. The spring back of a flange is also a mixture of different contributions: spring back due to the bending over the bend line, spring back due to the curvature of the flange, and spring back due to in-plane deformations. The research performed focused on the different components of the spring back and their interaction. Analysis of the data resulted in a new parameter by which a number of variables could be captured. This improves the understanding of the spring back phenomena and is a generalization of the results.
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Bacigalupo, Felix, and Steven J. Luck. "The Allocation of Attention and Working Memory in Visual Crowding." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 27, no. 6 (June 2015): 1180–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00771.
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When the distance between a visual target and nearby flankers falls below a critical distance, target discrimination declines precipitously. This is called “crowding.” Many researchers have proposed that selective attention plays a role in crowding. However, although some research has examined the effects of directing attention toward versus away from the targets, no previous research has assessed how attentional allocation varies as a function of target–flanker distance in crowding. Here, we used ERPs to assess the operation of attention during crowding, focusing on the attention-related N2pc component. We used a typical crowding task in which participants were asked to report the category (vowel/consonant) of a lateralized target letter flanked by distractor letters at different distances. We tested the hypothesis that attention fails when the target–flanker distance becomes too small for attention to operate effectively. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that N2pc amplitude was maximal at intermediate target–flanker distances and decreased substantially when crowding became severe. In addition, we examined the sustained posterior contralateral negativity (SPCN), which reflects the amount of information being maintained in working memory. Unlike the N2pc component, the SPCN increased in amplitude at small target–flanker distances, suggesting that observers stored information about the target and flankers in working memory when attention failed to select the target. Together, the N2pc and SPCN results suggest that attention and working memory play distinctive roles in crowding: Attention operates to minimize interference from the flankers at intermediate target–flanker distances, whereas working memory may be recruited when attention fails to select the target at small target–flanker distances.
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Cauchi, Christophe, Bernard Lété, and Jonathan Grainger. "Orthographic and phonological contributions to flanker effects." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 7 (June 3, 2020): 3571–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02023-0.
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Abstract Does phonology contribute to effects of orthographically related flankers in the flankers task? In order to answer this question, we implemented the flanker equivalent of a pseudohomophone priming manipulation that has been widely used to demonstrate automatic phonological processing during visual word recognition. In Experiment 1, central target words were flanked on each side by either a pseudohomophone of the target (e.g., roze rose roze), an orthographic control pseudoword (rone rose rone), or an unrelated pseudoword (mirt rose mirt). Both the pseudohomophone and the orthographic control conditions produced faster and more accurate responses to central targets, but performance in these two conditions did not differ significantly. Experiment 2 tested the same stimuli in a masked priming paradigm and replicated the standard finding in French that pseudohomophone primes produce significantly faster responses to target words than orthographic control primes. Therefore, contrary to its impact on masked priming, phonology does not contribute to effects of flanker relatedness, which would appear to be driven primarily by orthographic overlap.
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Bondarenko, Oleg, and Anatoliy Dziuba. "Sealing of Pipelines Flange Connections in Conditions of Fasteners Tightening Torque Reducing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 630 (September 2014): 283–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.630.283.
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Flanged connections are widely used in pipelines of various technical systems. Task of reducing the consumption of materials pipelines , ensuring their long-term tightness is highly relevant for shipbuilding , aviation and space technology and other mashinebuilding. In this paper, the task of deliberately reducing torque fasteners flange connection at build pipelines to ensure the initial tightness of the connection , reducing the weight of the pipeline , the alignment of the stress- strain state of the compound and determining the residual torque fasteners, providing connections for leaks. With decreasing torque fasteners ( intentional or natural ) will be sealed flanged if the remaining torque is sufficient to compensate for the pressure in the pipeline and prevent shear movement of the flange and gasket relative to each other . Found that the flange connection remains sealed with natural and deliberate reduction torque fasteners to 75-80 % compared to the initial .Sealing flange connections using technology and standard fastenings to reduce their weight by 10-50 %, and the replacement of flanges and pipe material - a whole lot of pipelines at 30-65 %.
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Alghamdi, Abdulmalik A., and Muhsen S. Al-Sannaa. "Two-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis for Large Diameter Steel Flanges." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 126, no. 3 (August 1, 2004): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1767174.
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This paper presents numerical results obtained using Finite Element Analysis (FEA) in studying large diameter welded neck steel flanges under different loading conditions. Obtained FEA results show the effect of the clamping pressure, internal pressure, axial end load, temperature effect, gasket elasticity modulus on the contact pressure between the gasket and the steel flange. As expected clamping pressure is a determinate factor for the sealing condition. Gasket material is another primary factor in designing flanged joints.
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Powell, N. N., and C. Andrew. "Incremental Forming of Flanged Sheet Metal Components Without Dedicated Dies." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 206, no. 1 (February 1992): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1992_206_054_02.
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This paper describes research that has investigated a process for forming flanged sheet metal parts without dedicated tooling by repeated localized deformation—an incremental process. The complete formation of a shrink flange over a former by a grooved roller, moving around the flange in a series of passes, is analysed by the finite element method and reasonable agreement with experimental results shown. Some evidence is presented that the use of a grooved roller can extend the forming limits of a conventional single die pressing operation. The predicted reaction distribution at the fixed edge of a variety of flanges during their incremental formation by different rollers is then examined. It is shown that the most significant reactions are limited to the vicinity of the current position of the roller. This result leads to a proposal that the form tool might be replaced by non-dedicated tooling, to support the component web only in the region near to the roller. This proposal is tested experimentally and the principle of a dieless flange-forming process is successfully demonstrated. Such a process may be of benefit to any industry that produces a variety of flanged parts in small batches, for example airframe manufacture. Further research is proposed to develop a prototype machine based on the principle outlined here.
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Bouzid, Abdel-Hakim, and Akli Nechache. "An Analytical Solution for Evaluating Gasket Stress Change in Bolted Flange Connections Subjected to High Temperature Loading." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 127, no. 4 (May 29, 2005): 414–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2042480.
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The tightness of bolted flanged joints subjected to elevated temperature is not properly addressed by flange design codes. The development of an analytical method based on the flexibility of the different joint components and their elastic interaction could serve as a powerful tool for elevated temperature flange designs. This paper addresses the effect of the internal fluid operating temperature on the variation of the bolt load and consequently on the gasket stress in bolted joints. The theoretical analysis used to predict the gasket load variation as a result of unequal radial and axial thermal expansion of the joint elements is outlined. It details the analytical basis of the elastic interaction model and the thermally induced deflections that are used to evaluate the load changes. Two flange joint type configurations are treated: a joint with identical pair of flanges and a joint with a cover plate. The analytical models are validated and verified by comparison to finite element results.
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Hairol, Mohd Izzuddin, Qazi Mohamad Omair, and Sharanjeet Kaur. "Effects of flanker type and position on foveal letter recognition." F1000Research 5 (May 27, 2016): 1013. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8572.1.
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Our ability to identify a foveally viewed letter at resolution threshold reduces when flankers are placed at a certain distance from it, compared to when it is presented on its own. In this study, we investigated how type and position of flankers influences foveal letter recognition. We measured participants’ performance to identify unflanked Sheridan-Gardiner letters (A, H, O, U, T, V or X), using a seven-alternative-forced-choice paradigm with the method of constant stimuli to obtain 80-90% correct response. Performance was measured again to identify a target letter in the presence of different flanker types. Flankers were bars and letters (placed either to the left and right of the target, above and below the target or on four sides of the target), and a surrounding box. Separation between the target letter and flankers varied between zero (abutting) and ten stroke widths (two letter sizes). For all flanker types, separation between the target ad the flankers significantly influenced performance (all p < 0.0001). Flankers abutting the target and at separation of one stroke width caused the largest reduction in performance, regardless of flanker type. For bar flankers, the largest drop in performance (up to 50 percent) occurred with bars placed on all four sides of the target. For letter flankers, flankers placed above and below the target reduced performance as much as four surrounding flankers. At separation of one stroke width, flanking letters and bars caused a further 10% reduction in performance than a surrounding box. Our results would have significant implications on the design of crowded visual acuity charts, especially those that are available on the market, which have different crowding features between them.
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Wendt, Mike, Andrea Kiesel, Franziska Geringswald, Sascha Purmann, and Rico Fischer. "Attentional Adjustment to Conflict Strength." Experimental Psychology 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000227.
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Current models of cognitive control assume gradual adjustment of processing selectivity to the strength of conflict evoked by distractor stimuli. Using a flanker task, we varied conflict strength by manipulating target and distractor onset. Replicating previous findings, flanker interference effects were larger on trials associated with advance presentation of the flankers compared to simultaneous presentation. Controlling for stimulus and response sequence effects by excluding trials with feature repetitions from stimulus administration (Experiment 1) or from the statistical analyses (Experiment 2), we found a reduction of the flanker interference effect after high-conflict predecessor trials (i.e., trials associated with advance presentation of the flankers) but not after low-conflict predecessor trials (i.e., trials associated with simultaneous presentation of target and flankers). This result supports the assumption of conflict-strength-dependent adjustment of visual attention. The selective adaptation effect after high-conflict trials was associated with an increase in prestimulus pupil diameter, possibly reflecting increased cognitive effort of focusing attention.
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Hyde, T. H., L. V. Lewis, and H. Fessler. "Bolting and loss of contact between cylindrical flat-flanged joints without gaskets." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 23, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v231001.
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Four bolts of a lightweight, steel, flanged joint were strain-gauged to measure bolt tension and bending. Three-dimensional, finite element analysis was used to determine bolt strains and gaps between the flanges due to axial tension and internal pressure for three different contact conditions. Two joints were tested. The front faces of the first joint were nominally flat while the second had a small negative cone angle (⋍ 0 degrees 15 minutes) so that flanges initially touched at the outside only. The non-linearity of experimental bolt strain with external load shows that the contact area around the bolts decreases with increasing axial tension. Comparison with the finite element predictions shows the rate at which the contact area diminishes. The finite element results also demonstrate that flange deflection is underestimated when contact area loss is ignored, and the consequences for leakage prediction are explained.
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Morimoto, Hiroki M., Satoshi Hirose, Junichi Chikazoe, Koji Jimura, Tomoki Asari, Ken-ichiro Yamashita, Yasushi Miyashita, and Seiki Konishi. "On Verbal/Nonverbal Modality Dependence of Left and Right Inferior Prefrontal Activation during Performance of Flanker Interference Task." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 11 (November 2008): 2006–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20138.
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One of the most prevailing views on the functional localization of human cognition is the hemispheric specialization, wherein the left and right hemispheres are implicated primarily in verbal and nonverbal functions, respectively. Cognitive control is known to involve the lateral prefrontal cortex. However, it remains unclear whether the hemispheric specialization in the lateral prefrontal cortex can be observed in cognitive control per se, independent of sensory aspects of stimulus materials. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study, we tested whether the verbal/nonverbal hemispheric specialization applies to the lateral prefrontal activation by investigating interference suppression, the ability to filter out irrelevant information in the environment. The flanker task was employed using a compound stimulus that contained a target and a flanker. The flanked stimulus was either a color word flanked by a colored patch or a colored patch flanked by a color word, which allowed us to manipulate the modality of the presented flanker stimulus from which interference originates, keeping the total stimulus modality balanced. The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) showed prominent Modality-by-Hemisphere interaction in interference suppression, the left IFG being activated when a word flanker (plus a patch target) was presented and the right IFG being activated when a patch flanker (plus a word target) was presented. These results suggest that the verbal/nonverbal hemispheric specialization in the IFG can be explained by cognitive control processes per se, independent of sensory aspects of presented materials.
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Sinke, J. "Forming Limits for Shrink Flanges of Rubber Formed Parts." Key Engineering Materials 504-506 (February 2012): 1255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.504-506.1255.
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Rubber forming is an ideal process for the manufacture of a wide variety of flanged parts in small products series, and is attractive for industries like the aircraft industry. The flanges of a formed part are straight, stretch or shrink flanges, each type having its own limits. The forming limits for the straight and stretch flanges are dominated by the formability of the material and the applied strains, which are related to the (local) geometry of the flange. The prediction of the limits for the shrink flanges is much more complicated, since both plastic flow and instability play a role. In recent years, a number of authors developed methods for the prediction of wrinkle formation in metal sheets in different applications. This paper focuses on an alternative approach for the prediction of failure limits of shrink flanges. Shrink flanges wrinkle right from the start of forming process. At first the deformations are elastic, but for the creation of flanges the material has to become plastic. The geometry of the cross-section of the wrinkles can be approximated by sinusoidal shapes having a length and amplitude. During processing the values of both parameters decrease, although the ratio of the two is even more important and should decrease in order to obtain a wrinkle-free part. In the paper the topic is addressed using experimental data, showing the influence of the most important variables like materials properties, strain values, and variables like thickness. Subsequently the parameters are used to provide relations between the different variables, which are used for numerical simulations.
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Imrhan, Sheik N., and Maria Jose Munoz-Vasa. "Finger Pinch Loosening and Tightening Torques on Small Cylindrical Handles Among Industrial Workers." Industrial and Systems Engineering Review 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2013): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.37266/iser.2013v1i2.pp144-152.
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An experiment was conducted with 23 assembly line workers in a manufacturing plant to study to the variation in finger torque strengths on small handles. Subjects exerted MVC torques on small cylindrical handles with different finger contact surface finishes (smooth and knurled) and different diameters (3.3, 5.0, 6.4, 9.5, and 19.0 mm). Three similar handles with flanged finger contact were also tested to simulate torqueing on a specific medical device. The flange widths were 6.4, 9.5, and 19.0 cm. Both loosening and tightening peak torques were measured. Ten males and 13 females between the ages of 22 and 55 years were tested. Each performed 26 different torque exertions while standing (20 on cylinders and 6 on flanges). The results indicated that finger torque strength decreased steadily as diameter of the cylindrical handle, or length of the flange, decreased. It was also stronger for tightening compared to loosening, and for knurled cylinders compared with smooth cylinders. Of greater interest was the 2-factor interaction effects on torque – surface*direction, surface*diameter and diameter*direction for the cylinders; and direction*width for the flanges. These interactions indicate that the change in torque over one torqueing factor is not independent of other factors. These results have implications for the design of small device parts, as in some types of medical products.
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Zhang, Huazhong. "Role of Practice and Stimulus-Onset-Asynchrony in Modulating Effects of Stimulus Repetition, Category Relation, and Response Compatibility in the Eriksen Flanker Task." Perceptual and Motor Skills 84, no. 3 (June 1997): 1087–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1997.84.3.1087.
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In the Eriksen flanker task, irrelevant information influences reaction time based on three types of relationships between target and flanker, Stimulus Repetition, Category Relation, and Response Compatibility. The effects of Stimulus Repetition and Category Relation refer to the finding that reaction time is faster when the target and flankers are the same or belong to the same category, respectively. The effect of Response Compatibility refers to the finding that reaction time is faster when the target and flankers are assigned to the same response than to different responses. Two experiments were designed to examine whether these effects vary with practice and stimulus-onset-asynchrony. It was shown that the effects of Stimulus Repetition and Category Relation occurred only when the flankers preceded the target by 200 msec. The effect of Response Compatibility, however, occurred regardless of stimulus-onset-asynchrony. Furthermore, limited practice seems necessary for the occurrence of response facilitation.
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Steau, Edward, Poologanathan Keerthan, and Mahen Mahendran. "Web crippling study of rivet fastened rectangular hollow flange channel beams with flanges fastened to supports." Advances in Structural Engineering 20, no. 7 (October 20, 2016): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433216670172.
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Thin-walled steel hollow flange channel beams are commonly used as joists and bearers in various flooring systems in buildings. A new rivet fastened rectangular hollow flange channel beam was proposed using an intermittently rivet fastening process as an alternative to welded beams. This flexible fastening process allows rectangular hollow flange channel beams to have greater section optimisation, by configuring web and flange widths and thicknesses. In the industrial applications of rectangular hollow flange channel beams as flooring, roofing or modular building systems, their flanges will be fastened to supports, which will provide increased capacities. However, no research has been conducted to investigate the web crippling capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams with flanges fastened to supports under two-flange load cases. Therefore, an experimental study was conducted to investigate the web crippling behaviour and capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams based on the new American Iron and Steel Institute S909 standard test method. The web crippling capacities were compared with the predictions from the design equations in Australia/New Zealand Standard 4600 and American Iron and Steel Institute S100 to determine their accuracy in predicting the web crippling capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams. Test results showed that these design equations are considerably conservative for the end two-flange load case while being unconservative for the interior two-flange load case. New equations are proposed to determine the web crippling capacities of rectangular hollow flange channel beams with flanges fastened to supports. Test results showed that web crippling capacities increased by 78% and 65% on average for the end two-flange and interior two-flange load cases when flanges were fastened to supports. This article presents the details of this web crippling experimental study of rectangular hollow flange channel beam sections and the results.
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Wang, He Hui, Ya Juan Feng, Wen Min Zhu, and Zhi Ming Zhang. "Finite Element Analysis of Bolted Flanged Joints Subjected to External Loads." Applied Mechanics and Materials 750 (April 2015): 324–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.750.324.
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Since external loads affect the sealing performance of bolted flanged joints, this paper calculated external loads of bolted flanged joints by using CAESAR II software and evaluated the effects of external loads on the sealing performance from the viewpoint of changes in contact gasket stress and flange rotation by using ANSYS software. The FE results showed that the contact gasket stress decreases a lot at the tension side and increases a little at the compression side. The paper also evaluated the stress distribution in bolted flanged joints subjected to external loads. The results suggested that the flange rotation and the overall stress increased compared with that of flange without external loads. External loads can induce unexpected leakage and strength failure of the bolted flanged joints during operation.
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Ellison, Kevin, Spencer G. Sealy, and Hope R. McGaha. "Color Variation Among Nestling Brown-Headed Cowbirds (Molothrus Ater) Does Not Reflect Differential Success With Hosts in Texas." Auk 124, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 526–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/auk/124.2.526.
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Abstract As brood parasites, nestling Brown-headed Cowbirds (Molothrus ater) may exhibit characters that improve their fledging success when reared alongside host young. The coloration of mouthparts of nestlings can influence adult care and, thus, the polymorphism of yellow or white rictal flanges among nestling Brown-headed Cowbirds may reflect differential success with different hosts on the basis of flange color. Moreover, because Brown-headed Cowbirds in the southern United States co-occur with Bronzed Cowbirds (M. aeneus), whose young have white flanges, cowbird nestlings' flange colors may reflect a means for reducing interspecific competition through partitioning of host species on the basis of nestling flange color. To determine whether flange color influences cowbird fledging success with hosts of either color, we recorded the flange colors of cowbirds and their hosts at a site in Texas. We also tested whether flange color was influenced by nestling sex. Most hosts of Brown-headed Cowbirds had young with yellow flanges (81%, n = 16 spp.), yet Brown-headed Cowbirds with white flanges were more common (61%, n = 107). Bronzed Cowbirds parasitized primarily species whose young had white flanges (86%, n = 348 eggs). Despite the differential use of hosts with regard to flange color, the frequencies of each were similar among nestling and juvenile Brown-headed Cowbirds. Likewise, the frequencies of each color did not differ significantly between the sexes. Therefore, we suggest that a flange color matching that of nestmates is not strongly selected for by hosts. La Variación del Color entre Polluelos de Molothrus ater no Refleja Éxito Diferencial al Ser Criados por Especies Hospederas en Texas
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Mattler, Uwe. "Flanker effects on motor output and the late-level response activation hypothesis." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A 58, no. 4 (May 2005): 577–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724980443000089.
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When participants must respond to a relevant central target and ignore irrelevant flanking stimuli, the flankers produce a flanker compatibility effect on behavioural measures. Current accounts of the flanker compatibility effect assume that both target and flanker stimuli affect response activation. This idea is supported by electrophysiological studies, which show that irrelevant flanker stimuli can affect the motor system. The present experiments examined the characteristics of flanker effects on the motor system by analysing the details of the motor output with response force measures. A total of 60 participants responded in the flanker task to arrows (Experiment 1) or letters (Experiment 2). Reaction time as well as response force increased on incompatible trials. Analyses of the distribution of incorrect activation revealed that both response times and correct motor output increased with the amount of incorrect activity. However, the flanker compatibility effect was only marginally modulated by incorrect activity. Results suggest that the largest part of the flanker compatibility effect cannot be attributed to response activation and competition at late levels of the response system.
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Rieger, Tobias, and Jeff Miller. "Disentangling stimulus and response compatibility as potential sources of backward crosstalk." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 82, no. 7 (June 11, 2020): 3415–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-020-02039-6.
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Abstract In two experiments (N= 60 each), we investigated the locus of backward crosstalk effects in dual tasking. Specifically, we embedded the typical flanker task within a dual-task paradigm by assigning stimulus-response (S-R) rules to the flankers. In Experiment 1, participants were instructed to first respond to the center letter and only respond to the flanker if the center was a no-go stimulus (i.e., prioritized processing paradigm). Mapping condition was varied between-subjects to be either matched (i.e., same S-R rule for flankers as for center letters), reversed (i.e., opposite S-R rule for flankers), or neutral (i.e., different letters for flankers with separate S-R rules). The results indicated that the backward crosstalk effect was mainly driven by a stimulus-based compatibility, as indicated by a significant S2−R1 compatibility effect in the matched and reversed conditions, with little change in this effect between the matched and reversed conditions. Experiment 2 replicated and extended these findings to a psychological refractory period paradigm. The present findings suggest that in the matched and reversed conditions, there was only one S-R rule active at a time.
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YÜCEL, M., C. VOLKER, A. COLLIE, P. MARUFF, J. DANCKERT, D. VELAKOULIS, and C. PANTELIS. "Impairments of response conflict monitoring and resolution in schizophrenia." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 7 (October 2002): 1251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006128.
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Background. It has been argued recently that the attentional dysfunction in schizophrenia occurs as a result of an inability to inhibit automatic attentional shifts to compelling external stimuli. However, this hypothesis is based on performance on paradigms that require overt or covert shifts of spatial attention.Method. We investigated responses to foveally presented stimuli in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls as they performed unidimensional and bidimensional versions of the flanker task. In both tasks, centrally presented target stimuli were flanked by peripheral stimuli that were either congruent or incongruent with the behavioural goal of the subject. In the bidimensional task, the flanking stimuli could be congruent and incongruent on multiple stimulus characteristics.Results. On the unidimensional flanker task, the behavioural goal modulated the responses of the schizophrenia group such that response times (RTs) to target stimuli that were flanked by congruent stimuli were faster than RTs to target stimuli flanked by incongruent stimuli. However, on the bidimensional flanker task, the responses of schizophrenia patients were no longer constrained by the behavioural goal and RTs to both congruent and incongruent stimuli were equivalent.Conclusions. It appears that the attentional dysfunction in schizophrenia may reflect difficulty in resolving multiple and simultaneous response conflicts. These findings suggest a possible role for the anterior cingulate cortex in the attentional impairments associated with schizophrenia.
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Noda, Nao-Aki, Masato Nagawa, Fumitaka Shiraishi, and Akifumi Inoue. "Sealing Performance of New Gasketless Flange." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 124, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1464876.
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This paper deals with a new seal system between two flanges without using gaskets. The system includes a groove and an annular lip that is held by one of the flange with its highest point in contact with the other flange to form a seal line when the flanges are assembled. The condition whether the system leaks or not depends on the shape and dimension of the annular lip and its deformation during the contact. In this study, several gasketless flanges are prepared with different lip dimensions to investigate the contact and sealing condition through an experimental and FEM analyses. The analyses indicate that the conditions can be expressed in terms of the maximum contact stress and the plastic zone size when the flanges are assembled. The helium leak testing reveals that the gasketless flange has better sealing performance compared to conventional gaskets.
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Yao, Na Na, Wen Fang Zhang, and Jian Wei Wei. "The Flange Effect of Brick Masonry Wall Subjected to Seismic Effect." Applied Mechanics and Materials 193-194 (August 2012): 1444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.193-194.1444.
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This paper researces the effect of flange width on anti-seismic performance of flanged brick masonry walls. Four T-shaped cross section unreinforced brick masonry walls with different flange width and one rectangular shaped cross section brick masonry wall are studied and analyzed by ABAQUS finite element method.Analyze and compare the force-displacement curves of flanged brick masonry wall under the composed of vertical and lateral load.The results indicate that the flange width has a significant effect on the shear bearing capacity and ductility. The shear bearing capacity and ductility factor of T-shaped cross section brick masonry walls with 1.6m flange width are respectively 20% and 50% higher than the no flange wall .The flange effect is obvious when the flange width is not more than 1.6m, the value of shear bearing capacity and ductility are higher when the flange width become longer.
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He, Chang, Qiang Xie, and Yong Zhou. "Influence of Flange on Seismic Performance of 1,100-kV Ultra-High Voltage Transformer Bushing." Earthquake Spectra 35, no. 1 (February 2019): 447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/122517eqs266m.
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Failures of the metal flange were observed in transformer bushings in previous earthquakes. In order to evaluate the influence of the flange on the seismic responses of 1,100-kV ultra-high voltage (UHV) bushing, two types of flanges were selected, which used different materials and layouts. The finite element (FE) and theoretical analyses were first carried out. The results indicate that there is an out-of-plane rocking effect at the flange bottom plate, and the flange will be damaged if the stiffeners are improperly designed. Then two identical bushings using different flanges were tested on the shaking table. The bottom plate of the cast aluminum flange cracked along the stiffeners accompanied by oil leakage. However, the UHV bushing with stainless steel flange survived in the test. It is concluded that the properly designed flange could improve seismic performance of UHV transformer bushings.
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Awad, Deema, Colin W. G. Clifford, David White, and Isabelle Mareschal. "Asymmetric contextual effects in age perception." Royal Society Open Science 7, no. 12 (December 2020): 200936. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.200936.
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Perception is context dependent. For example, the perceived orientation of a bar changes depending on the presence of oriented bars around it. Contextual effects have also been demonstrated for more complex judgements, such as facial attractiveness or expression, although it remains unclear how these contextual facial effects depend on the types of faces surrounding the target face. To examine this, we measured the perceived age (a quantifiable measure) of a target face in the presence of differently aged faces in the surround. Using a unique database of standardized passport photos, participants were asked to estimate the age of a target face which was viewed either on its own or surrounded by two different identity flanker faces. The flanker faces were either both younger or both older than the target face, with different age offsets between flankers and targets of ±5, ±10, ±15, ±20 years. We find that when a target face is surrounded by younger faces, it systematically appears younger than when viewed on its own, and when it is surrounded by older faces, it systematically appears older than when viewed on its own. Surprisingly, we find that the magnitude of the flanker effects on perceived age of the target is asymmetric with younger flankers having a greater influence than older flankers, a result that may reflect the participants' own-age bias, since all participants were young. This result holds irrespective of gender or race of the faces and is consistent with averaging.
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Sun, Zhen Guo, Bo Qin Gu, and Xing Lu Huang. "Fuzzy Reliability Optimization Design Method of Flange Based on the Tightness of Bolted Flanged Connections." Applied Mechanics and Materials 37-38 (November 2010): 501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.37-38.501.
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Based on the time-correlated leakage model and fuzzy random probability theory, a formula for calculating fuzzy random reliability of sealing performance of bolted flanged connections was derived. The optimization variables were defined according to the sensitivity analysis of design parameters on fuzzy reliability of sealing performance. A fuzzy reliability optimization design method of flange was investigated, in which both the tightness of bolted flanged connections and the strength of flange were taken into consideration. As an example, an integral welding necked pipe flange was designed according to the optimization design method proposed in this paper. The designed flange not only satisfies the requirements of flange strength and sealing reliability of connections, but also its weight is reduced by 16% compared with that prescribed in the standard.
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Zhang, Rong. "Finite Element Analysis of Top Flanged Joint System of High Power Level Wind Turbine." Advanced Materials Research 591-593 (November 2012): 728–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.591-593.728.
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This paper uses non-linear finite element method to structurally analyze top flanged joint system of a MW wind turbine, sets up a finite element model of top flanged joint system by applying finite element analysis software MSC.Marc/Mentat, makes an analysis on the stress distribution of key components of top flanged joint system under ultimate operating mode based on applying appropriate boundary condition and loads, and carries out security examination on top flange and joint bolt. Result shows that key components of the top flanged joint system can satisfy design requirements, and it has a guiding role for rational design and performance improvement of large scale wind turbine flange, which can be used in structural analysis of other flanged joint systems, and has certain practical value in the aspect of engineering.
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Maier, Martin, Marco Steinhauser, and Ronald Hübner. "Is the Error-related Negativity Amplitude Related to Error Detectability? Evidence from Effects of Different Error Types." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 12 (December 2008): 2263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20159.
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The present study tested error detection theories of the error-related negativity (ERN) by investigating the relation between ERN amplitude and error detectability. To this end, ERN amplitudes were compared with a behavioral measure of error detectability across two different error types in a four-choice flanker task. If an erroneous response was associated with the flankers, it was considered a flanker error, otherwise it was considered a nonflanker error. Two experiments revealed that, whereas detectability was better for nonflanker errors than for flanker errors, ERN amplitudes were larger for flanker errors than for nonflanker errors. Moreover, undetected errors led to strongly reduced ERN amplitudes relative to detected errors. These results suggest that, although error detection is necessary for an ERN to occur, the ERN amplitude is not related to error detectability but rather to error significance.
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Sanders, Lianne M. J., Tibor Hortobágyi, Mala Balasingham, Eddy A. Van der Zee, and Marieke J. G. van Heuvelen. "Psychometric Properties of a Flanker Task in a Sample of Patients with Dementia: A Pilot Study." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra 8, no. 3 (October 18, 2018): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000493750.
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Background/Aims: Reliable and valid neuropsychological tests for patients with dementia are scarce. To improve the assessment of attention and inhibitory control in dementia, we determined the feasibility, test-retest reliability, and validity of a Flanker task. Methods: Participants with all-cause diagnosed dementia (n = 22, mean age 84 years; mean Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE] score = 19.4) performed a computerized Flanker task twice within 7 days. The Flanker task required participants to indicate the direction of target arrows flanked by congruent or incongruent arrows. Number of completed trials, accuracy, and reaction times (RTs) were recorded, and interference scores were calculated from basic scores. We examined the psychometric properties of the Flanker task and its relationship with the MMSE and Stroop test. Results: The Flanker task was feasible. Test-retest reliability was good for number of correct answers and RTs, and fair to poor for accuracy and the interference scores. The correlation of the Flanker task with Stroop and MMSE performance was fair to poor. Conclusion: The Flanker task appears to be feasible, and a reliable and valid measure of selective attention. Although the test-retest reliability for the Flanker RT interference measure was fair, future studies need to confirm its validity to measure inhibitory control in patients with dementia.
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Sunley, Sergio, Koichi Kusunoki, Taiki Saito, and Carlos Zavala. "Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Walls." Journal of Disaster Research 8, no. 2 (March 1, 2013): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0296.
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Design codes prescribe equations for the ultimate state design of RC walls with flange walls as boundary elements. These codes consider part of the length of the flange wall as a width that will effectively resist lateral loads. However, wall damage and the accuracy of the effective width used in the calculations have not been sufficiently discussed. Therefore, a loading test is carried out at Yokohama National University on two 1/3 scale specimens in order to evaluate the strength, damage, energy dissipation, and behavior of RC structural walls in flexure. One specimen without flange walls and one with flange walls are tested. The strength and response of each specimen are described, and the prediction accuracy of the design flexural strengths given by design codes ACI, Eurocode, and AIJ are examined. Experimental strain data are used to describe the behavior of the flange wall in order to understand the mechanism and to confirm the accuracy of the effective width prescribed by the design codes in terms of tension and compression. The result of the experimental study reveals that design prescriptions given by ACI, Eurocode, and AIJ guidelines can conservatively estimate the flexural strength for RC walls without flanges, but they underestimate the flexural strength for flanged walls. This underestimation is due to a lack of knowledge of the mechanism that develops at the flange. It is not possible to determine a specific value for flexural effective width. However, according to the results of calculations, a portion larger than the width proposed by the aforementioned design codes serves to resist the stresses imposed by lateral loads. Therefore, it is confirmed that the flange width is underestimated by the design codes, and it increases with the imposed drift level. The stress distribution at the flange in the out-of-plane direction is found not to be uniform, a fact that is at odds with design assumptions.
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Hyde, T. H., and B. J. Marsden. "Stresses in swivel ring flanges due to pressure loading." Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design 21, no. 4 (October 1, 1986): 225–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/03093247v214225.
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Finite element and photoelastic methods of stress analysis have been used to study the effects of pressure loading on the behaviour of swivel ring flanges. The use of recesses on the back faces of flanges, to control the load position, were investigated. The effect of the friction conditions between the flange and ring were also considered. It was found that the inclusion of a recess can significantly reduce the highest stresses, which occur in the flange/hub fillet radius. The friction conditions between the flange and ring were also found to have a significant effect on the stresses.
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Aljuboury, Muhsin, Md Jahir Rizvi, Stephen Grove, and Richard Cullen. "Bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flange joints for pipelines: A review of current practice and future challenges." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 8 (April 4, 2018): 1698–717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420718766563.
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Metallic bolted flanges and pipes have both been increasingly replaced by fibre-reinforced polymer materials in many applications which deal with extreme harsh environments such as oil, chemical, marine, etc. This is not only due to the fibre-reinforced polymer material’s resistance to the chemical reaction but also due to their inherent mechanical properties of high strength to weight ratio. However, very little research has been published regarding bolted flange joints made of fibre-reinforced polymer materials. Also, the availability of standards and relevant design codes are very limited for bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flange joints. Hence, the design guidelines, dimensional considerations and selection of fabrication methods for the bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flange joints have yet to be optimized fully. For instance, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, section X and ASME PCC-1-2013 appendix O or other similar standards do not include specific rules for the design of the bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flange joints. As a result, it is difficult to understand the consequences on the reliability of fibre-reinforced polymer flanges made with parametric variations and dimensional alterations. This has led the authors to carry out research to maximise the performance of the bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flange joints through a series of experimenters and numerical simulations. The present article will focus on the available techniques to manufacture the bolted fibre-reinforced polymer flanges along with the associated issues and possible challenges compared to metallic flanges.
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Dummel, Sebastian, and Ronald Hübner. "Too Tasty to Be Ignored." Experimental Psychology 64, no. 5 (September 2017): 338–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000373.
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Abstract. Recent research has shown that even non-salient stimuli (colored circles) can gain attentional weight, when they have been loaded with some value through previous reward learning. The present study examined such value-based attentional weighting with intrinsically rewarding food stimuli. Different snacks were assumed to have different values for people due to individual food preferences. Participants indicated their preferences toward various snacks and then performed a flanker task with these snacks: they had to categorize a target snack as either sweet or salty; irrelevant flanker snacks were either compatible or incompatible with the target category. Results of a linear mixed-effects model show that the effect of flanker compatibility on participants’ performance (response times) increased with the participants’ preference toward the flanking snacks. This shows, for the first time, that attentional weightings in a flanker task with naturalistic stimuli (snacks) are modulated by participants’ preferences toward the flankers.
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Yang, Xiao Hui, Jian Xin Tai, Rui Dian Lv, and Lai Min San. "A Design of Online Leak Sealing Clamp for the Flange with Defects." Advanced Materials Research 516-517 (May 2012): 836–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.516-517.836.
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The injecting online leak sealing technology is an emergency repair technique widely applied in process industry, which can remove the leakages of the devices, flanges, pipes and valves, with safe, reliable, economic and efficient. In a variety of online leak sealing operations, the work to handle flange leakages accounts for about 90% of the entire workload. This is because most of flanges in actual production have the installing and machining defects, such as uneven clearance, eccentric, reducing, etc. Aimed at those flanges with defects, to ensure the seal effect, the online leak sealing clamp must be machined and installed precisely, which will increase the difficulty of operation. Thus, on the basis of comparing advantages and disadvantages of the existing enhanced seal clamps, a new design has proposed to solve the problem of flange leakage, especially for the flange with defects, which can reduce the difficulties of operation while ensuring the sealing effect.
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Van Herreweghe, Mieke, and Marijke Van Nuffel. "Sign (Language) Interpreting in Flanders, Belgium." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 45, no. 4 (December 31, 1999): 318–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.45.4.05van.
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Abstract In this article the authors give an overview of sign language interpretation in Flanders, Belgium. After a short introduction on Flanders and its linguistic situation, the authors spend some time discussing sign language in Flanders from a historical perspective and discussing its current situation and especially outside influences on Flemish-Belgian Sign Language. The next chapter concentrates on the training of sign language interpreters. There are two training programmes in Flanders, both evening courses at post-secondary/higher education level. Both programmes are relatively new and are thus facing a number of problems still. Both programmes are moving away from teaching Signed Dutch to teaching Flemish-Belgian Sign Language, but do not have any pedagogically or methodologically trained teachers (whether hearing or Deaf), do not have sufficient materials to work with and can only rely on the limited amount of sign language research that has been done in Flanders during the last decade. Another problem concerns the choice of the signs themselves (regional signs or "unified" signs?). Nevertheless, both programmes are attracting more and more students. In the last chapter the authors concentrate on the field of sign language interpreting in Flanders. Attention is paid to the development of the profession of sign language interpreting, the central interpreting agency, the profile of the sign language interpreter in Flanders, the language of the interpreter, the financial situation and their working conditions. Finally, the authors briefly focus on the issue from the deaf consumer's point of view. Résumé Dans cet article les auteurs donnent un aperçu de l'interprétation en langue des signes en Flandre, Belgique. Après une brève introduction sur la Flandre et sa situation linguistique, les auteurs en viennent à la discussion de la langue des signes en Flandre d'un point de vue historique et décrivent sa situation actuelle et plus particulièrement les influences extérieures sur la langue des signes flamande-belge. Le chapitre suivant traite de la formation des interprètes de la langue des signes. Il existe deux programmes de formation en Flandre, enseignés sous forme de cours du soir au niveau post-secondaire/enseignement supérieur. Les deux programmes sont relativement récents et sont donc encore confrontés à quelques problèmes. Les deux programmes remplacent l'apprentissage du néerlandais signé par l'apprentissage de la langue des signes flamande-belge, mais ils ne disposent ni de professeurs (Sourds ou non) qualifiés au niveau pédagogique ou méthodologique, ni du matériel suffisant. Ils peuvent uniquement compter sur un nombre limité de recherches faites sur la langue des signes en Flandre durant la dernière décennie. Un autre problème relève du choix des signes mêmes (signes régionaux ou "uniformisés"?). Néanmoins, les deux programmes attirent de plus en plus d'étudiants. Dans le dernier chapitre, les auteurs se concentrent sur le domaine de l'interprétation de la langue des signes en Flandre. Une attention est prêtée au développement de la profession de l'interprétation de la langue des signes, au service central pour interprètes, au profil de l'interprète de la langue des signes en Flandre, au langage de l'interprète, sa situation financière et ses conditions de travail. Pour terminer, les auteurs examinent brièvement le point de vue du consommateur sourd.
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Zhang, Yan, and He Hui Wang. "Emergency Stop and Drive Analysis of Bolted Flange Joints." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 585–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.585.
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The strength and tightness of flange joints will be weaker due to the temperature fluctuations. There exists no mature calculation procedure that can accounts for the temperature fluctuations’ effect on the performance of flanged joint. Based on the finite element simulation of a flanged joint under emergency stop and drive condition using ANSYS, the strength integrity and sealing performance of it are evaluated according to code JB4732-2005. The results show that stress of every component increases after experiencing an emergency stop and drive, flange deflection is more serious, resulting in integrity and tightness failure and can’t meet the sealing requirements. Repeatedly stop and drive will lead to discontinuity and alternating loads for the flanged joints, which will increase the leakage trend.
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Omtzigt, David, and Angélique W. Hendriks. "Magnocellular facilitation of flanked-letter identification disappears with strong flanker interference." Journal of Cognitive Psychology 23, no. 5 (August 2011): 604–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.575775.
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Romanіuk, Volodymyr, and Volodymyr Suprunіuk. "Influence of rigidity of a flange ridge knot of a double hinged arch on the redistribution of efforts in its elements." Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, no. 106 (May 24, 2021): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2021.106.236-246.
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The theoretical determination of the actual stiffness of the ridge knot of a steel perforated arch was carried out using the initial parameter method, which made it possible to calculate the stress in the upper reference section of the structure belt. The application of the proposed calculation method makes it possible to determine the rigidity of the bolted flange connection, taking into account its actual operation, and to change it by changing the geometrical parameters of the nodal details, that is, the diameter of the bolts or the thickness of the flanges.It is marked that in the calculation of building constructions an important value has exact determination of boundary conditions of connection of nodal elements, that substantially influences on the redistribution of efforts in the separate elements of constructions on their length and rigidity of knots. Especially it touches of flange bolted joints. Current design rules use idealized schemes of nodal joints, which, according to numerical researches, do not fully correspond to the actual operating conditions of nodal joints and constructions on the whole.
For realization of aim of researches, that is, theoretical determination of rigidity of ridge knot of the steel preliminary tense perforated arch, the method of initial parameters is used, which allowed to define theoretical tensions in the supporting cut of fastening upper belt to the ridge knot of arch.
Divergence in the values of actual tensions in the cuts of beam and theoretical, calculated according to the current design rules, is explained by the flexibility of the flanged bolted joints, that due to the actions in the knot of bending moment opens up, although in theoretical calculations this joint is accepted by absolutely rigid. Rigidity depends on the thickness of flanges, diameter of bolts, the distances between them, the values of the previous tension of the bolts and external loading.
The conclusion is set forth, that the application of the offered methodology of calculation allows to define the rigidity of the bolted flanged joint taking into account its actual work, and which, according to experimental researches and theoretical calculations, differs from the idealized calculation schemes. In addition the proposed methodology allows to change the rigidity of the bolted jont, changing the diameter of the bolts or the thickness of the flanges, and also to use the additional resource of material due to some reduction of the maximum tensions in weak cuts of elements.
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Jinescu, Valeriu V., Georgeta Urse, and Angela Chelu. "Evaluation and Completion the Design Methods of Pressure Vessels Flange Joints." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 8 (September 15, 2018): 1954–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.8.6453.
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We have provided a comparative analysis of the current international computing standards (European Standard EN 13445-3; ASME-Code, Section VIII, Division 2; British Standard (PD 5500: 2009)) that take into consideration only the static loading of flanges and bolts, if the temperatures of the flanges, bolts and sealing gasket are equal to each other and lower than creep temperature. The paper has put forth relations for completion the calculation method for flange joints in situations not taken into consideration by standards, namely: � static loading if flange temperature and bolt temperature are different; -thermal transient loading; � creep stress; � fatigue loading in the general case of a sequence of blocks of normal stresses. Furthermore, relationships have been proposed for the calculation of the maximum allowable difference between a flange and a bolt so as to ensure both the tightness and the mechanical strength of the flange joint.
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Qin, Li, Yuan Miao, and Ya Nan Luo. "The Feasibility Study for New-Type Forging Flange of in Steel Tower." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 1625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.1625.
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This paper presents a new-type forging flange used in steel transmission towers, that is to forge a same flange and same bolts in large a forging flange, in order to increase the strength and rigidity. This paper seted up finite element models of inner forging flange and outer forging flange. At the same time the article established finite element models of the new-type forging flange and new-type rigid flange used in engineering.The comparative analysis of the results shows that, the new-type forging flanges greatly improved the strength and rigidity of the joints because of the reasonable stress distribution and constraints of deformation.
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CASTRO, L. O., R. C. S. S. ALVARENGA, R. M. SILVA, and J. C. L. RIBEIRO. "Experimental evaluation of the interaction between strength concrete block walls under vertical loads." Revista IBRACON de Estruturas e Materiais 9, no. 5 (October 2016): 643–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952016000500002.
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Abstract This paper aims to evaluate the interaction between structural masonry walls made of high performance concrete blocks, under vertical loads. Two H-shaped flanged wall series, all full scale and using direct bond, have been analyzed experimentally. In one series, three flanged-walls were built with the central wall (web) supported and, in the other one, three specimens were built without any support at the central web. The load was applied on the central wall and vertical displacements were measured by means of displacement transducers located at eighteen points in the wall-assemblages. The results showed that the estimated load values for the flanges were close to those supported by the walls without central support, where 100% of the load transfer to the flanges occur. The average transfer load rate calculated based on the deformation ratio in the upper and lower section of the flanged-walls, with the central web support, were 37.65% and 77.30%, respectively, showing that there is load transfer from the central wall (web) toward the flanges, particularly in the lower part of the flanged walls. Thus, there is indication that the distribution of vertical loads may be considered for projects of buildings for service load, such as in the method of isolated walls group. For estimation of the failure load, the method that considers the walls acting independently showed better results, due to the fact that failure started at the top of the central wall, where there is no effect of load distribution from the adjacent walls.
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Bouzid, A., A. Chaaban, and A. Bazergui. "The Effect of Gasket Creep-Relaxation on the Leakage Tightness of Bolted Flanged Joints." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 117, no. 1 (February 1, 1995): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842093.
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The loss of tightness of bolted flanged joints is primarily due to the relaxation of the joint; in particular, the clamping load is affected by the amount of relaxation that a gasket exhibits over time. Test methods are available for evaluating the ability of a gasket to maintain a given compressive stress. It is necessary, however, to evaluate the response of the joint members to a small change in gasket thickness produced by the effect of creep-relaxation. This paper presents an analytical evaluation of the effect of gasket creep-relaxation on the remaining gasket stress taking into account the flexibility of all joint members, thus allowing the evaluation of the required tightening load on the gasket. The results obtained by this approach are shown to agree with those determined finite on an experimental rig made up of 4-in. class-600-lb pair of flanges. Axisymmetric finite element models of larger flange assemblies are also used for comparison. The results show that creep-relaxation of gaskets has a major influence on the remaining compression load on the gasket.
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Winiarski, G., and A. Gontarz. "Numerical and Experimental Study of Producing Two-Step Flanges by Extrusion with a Movable Sleeve." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 62, no. 2 (June 1, 2017): 495–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2017-0071.
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Abstract The paper presents a new metal forming process for producing two-step external flanges on hollow parts. With this method, the flange is extruded by a movable sleeve, which moves in the opposite direction to the punch. This reduces the phenomenon of buckling of the tube wall, which allows extruding flanges with relatively large volumes. The new method was applied to produce a two-step flange on the end of a tubular billet made of 6060 aluminum alloy. This cold metal forming process was designed based on numerical simulations and experimental tests. The effect of the basic technological parameters on metal flow was investigated and limitations of the process were identified. The experimental results confirmed the possibility of forming a two-step flange with a diameter that is approximately twice as big as the external diameter of the tubular billet.
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Joo, B. D., M. K. Choi, C. J. Van Tyne, and Y. H. Moon. "Process design and experimental verification of hydroforming for flanged tubular part." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 225, no. 11 (September 12, 2011): 2015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954405411403841.
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Tube hydroforming is a technology that utilizes hydraulic pressure to form a tube into desired shapes inside die cavities. It is widely used in the automotive industry because of its various advantages, such as weight reduction, increased strength, improved quality, and reduced tooling cost. Hydroformed automotive parts used as structural components in the vehicle body frame or the subframe must often be structurally joined at certain locations, and it is useful if these parts can be manufactured with a localized attachment flange. This study proposes a flange hydroforming process, which consists of pre-bulging, flange forming, and conform shaping. The numerical process design by finite element (FE) analysis was performed with Dynaform 5.5. To accomplish a successful flange hydroforming process design, investigations on the proper combination of process parameters such as tool geometry, tube diameter, and internal hydraulic pressure were performed. To fabricate a flange of a specific target length on hydroformed tubular parts, an analytical model that predicts the flange length for a given set of process conditions is proposed. Hydroforming experiments to fabricate a flanged tubular part were performed, and the forming characteristics at various pressure conditions were analysed. The results show that the proposed hydroforming process can successfully produce flanged parts of a specific target length.
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Oh, Sang-Hoon, Young-Ju Kim, and Tae-Sup Moon. "Cyclic performance of existing moment connections in steel retrofitted with a reduced beam section and bottom flange reinforcements." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-125.
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This study investigated the effectiveness of retrofit methods in improving the deformation capacity of existing moment connections in composite beams. Nonlinear finite element analysis was also performed to identify the cause of the connection failure prior to testing. Tests included one conventional specimen and four retrofit specimens. Three retrofit methods were introduced: a reduced beam section (RBS) only, an RBS with bottom flange reinforcement (RBR), and an RBS-shaped bottom flange reinforcement (RSR). A composite beam performs differently than a bare steel shape because the concrete compression flange greatly increases the tensile demands on an unreinforced bottom flange. Therefore, these retrofit methods were applied only to the bottom flanges of the beam. Quasi-static loading tests were performed. The main conclusions were as follows: (i) the deformation capacity of the existing moment connections in composite beams is not sufficiently improved by RBS alone; and (ii) both the RBR and RSR details move the plastic hinge away from the face of the column and reduce stress levels in the vicinity of the beam bottom flanges, sufficiently improving the deformation capacity.Key words: composite construction, seismic performance, reduced beam section (RBS), flange reinforcement, ductility, deformation capacity.
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Rey-Mermet, Alodie, Miriam Gade, and Marco Steinhauser. "Multiplicative priming of the correct response can explain the interaction between Simon and flanker congruency." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 9, 2021): e0248172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248172.
Full textAbstract:
In the Simon task, participants perform a decision on non-spatial features (e.g., stimulus color) by responding with a left or right key-press to a stimulus presented on the left or right side of the screen. In the flanker task, they classify the central character while ignoring the flanking characters. In each task, there is a conflict between the response-relevant features and the response-irrelevant features (i.e., the location on the screen for the Simon task, and the flankers for the flanker task). Thus, in both tasks, resolving conflict requires to inhibit irrelevant features and to focus on relevant features. When both tasks were combined within the same trial (e.g., when the row of characters was presented on the left or right side of the screen), most previous research has shown an interaction. In the present study, we investigated whether this interaction is affected by a multiplicative priming of the correct response occurring when both Simon and flanker irrelevant features co-activate the correct response (Exp. 1), a spatial overlap between Simon and flanker features (Exp. 2), and the learning of stimulus-response pairings (Exp. 3). The results only show an impact of multiplicative priming.
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Liu, Jun Li, An Chao Zhang, and Yan Yan Yan. "The Design and Application of the Localization Sensor Based on the CCD Image." Advanced Materials Research 201-203 (February 2011): 656–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.201-203.656.
Full textAbstract:
When the large equipments and structures are installed, the flange joint type is one quick way. But how to make the two flanges concentric is one difficult problem. In the paper, a localization sensor and an auxiliary equipment is designed to make the two flanges automatic alignment based on the method of detecting the center of a half-baked circle.
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BESONG, Lemopi Isidore, Johannes BUHL, and Markus BAMBACH. "PADDLE SHAPE OPTIMIZATION FOR HOLE-FLANGING BY PADDLE FORMING THROUGH THE USE OF A PREDEFINED STRAIN PATH IN FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS." Journal of Machine Engineering 19, no. 2 (June 9, 2019): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2226.
Full textAbstract:
This research investigates a novel hole-flanging process by paddle forming through the use of finite element (FE) simulations. Paddles of different shapes rotating at high speeds were used to deform clamped sheets with pre-drilled holes at their centers. The results of the simulations show that the paddle shape determines the geometry and principal strains of the formed flanges. A convex-shaped paddle forms flanges with predominant strains in the left quadrant of the forming limit diagram (FLD). However, the convex paddle promotes unwanted bulge formation at the clamped end of the flange. A concave paddle forms flanges with no bulge but the principal strains of elements in the middle section of the flange are in the right quadrant of the FLD which indicates an increased probability for crack occurrence. An optimization of the paddle shape was conducted to prevent bulging at the clamped end while avoiding crack occurrence. The paddle shape was optimized by mapping the deformation of some elements along the flange length to a pre-defined strain path on the FLD while maintaining the bulge height within the desired geometric tolerance. The radii and lengths of the paddle edge were varied to obtain an optimum paddle shape.