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Journal articles on the topic 'Flappy Bird'
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Rakshit Tyagi and Prof. Shreya Kapoor. "Comparing 2D game in Lua with game engine of love and in python with pygame." International Journal for Modern Trends in Science and Technology 6, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 370–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.46501/ijmtst061269.
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The game flappy bird is used in the process of research .The game is used in both LUA and python programming language and the main aim of the user in game is to move forward by avoiding any contact with tunnel sprite .Also ,Flappy has to stay in air all the time without touching with ground and collects coins in between to increase the score. The game is 2D. [1]Flappy Bird is an arcade-style game in which the player controls the bird Flappy, which moves persistently to the right. The player is tasked with navigating Flappy through pairs of pipes that have equally sized gaps placed at random heights. Flappy automatically descends and only ascends when the player taps control . [2]Each successful pass through a pair of pipes awards the player one point. Colliding with a pipe or the ground ends the gameplay. During the game over screen, the player is awarded a bronze medal if they reached ten or more points, a silver medal from twenty points, a gold medal from thirty points, and a platinum medal from forty points.
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He, Zhenni, Yi Zhang, and Dingle Zhao. "Flappy Bird Game Based on Reinforcement Learning Q-Learning Algorithm." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 34 (February 28, 2023): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v34i.5475.
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In the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI), game AI is becoming more and more important, and the human-machine training of games is gradually driving the development of the game field. Among them, Flappy Bird is one of game which can controlled by an AI, which deserves more attention. In this work, we used Q-Learning as our main algorithm of the AI. In the flappy bird AI, the algorithm of Q-learning is used for giving the feedback through the environment which corresponding reward according to the actions of the agent. By using this method and after the training of the flappy bird AI, we can get the scores that are much more than human’s record. The highest record of the flappy bird AI is 4, 083. The average score for human is about only 100, but in the flappy bird AI, the score can easily be more than 1, 000. According to all the work we did and all the result we got, we can see that the comparison between the AI and human. In the game area, AI did much better than human in most game. That is the reason that much research is focusing on developing game AI to help us getting deeper in the game field since it is more efficient to use.
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Wei, Shiyao. "Reinforcement Learning for Improving Flappy Bird Game." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 34 (February 28, 2023): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v34i.5479.
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Currently, Artificial Intelligence becomes popularity among the human daily life, like games, Internet and so on. Authors has shown that in the game filed the Artificial Intelligence always have better performance than human beings, so in this article, the author wants to use AI to carry out on an old- fashion fame called Flappy Bird. This study aims to determine the specific method why AI has better performance than human beings. In this context, the author based on the process of experiments: It mainly used reinforcement learning model (Acting based on feedback from the environment, through continuous interaction with the environment, trial, and error, to ultimately accomplish a specific purpose or to maximize the overall benefits of the action) and supervised learning model (the process of making the machine learn a large amount of sample data with labels, training a model and making the model get the corresponding output according to the input) to improve the Flappy Bird and both two method are belonging to the machine learning. In addition, this study alters the layout of the game, including pipe, appearance of agent, and background of the game in order to make a more fashionable game. Furthermore, this study increases the number of agents, which makes it easier for agent to achieve higher score. Last but not the least, author establish a archive point, which means if the player face operation mistake and lead to game over, they bird will relive before passing the last pipe.
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Clark, Thomas J., and Anil Venkatesh. "Flappy Bird in Space: An Impulse Minimization Problem." Mathematics Magazine 94, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0025570x.2021.1886807.
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Li, Beining, Yimeng Lu, Yunhao Mo, and Weiqi Yu. "Playing Flappy Bird with Two Different Value Learning Algorithms." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 39 (April 1, 2023): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v39i.6608.
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In this paper, reinforcement learning will be applied to the game flappy bird with two methods DQN and Q-learning. Then, we compare the performance through the visualization of data. Furthermore, more results from other games are summarized to analysis the corresponding advantages and disadvantages. Finally, we discuss and compare these two reinforcements learning methods.
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Guo, Yanqin. "Enhancing Flappy Bird Performance With Q-Learning and DQN Strategies." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 85 (March 13, 2024): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/qrded191.
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Flappy Bird, a classic single-player game, boasts a deceptively simple premise yet proves to be a formidable challenge in achieving high scores. Various algorithms have been employed to improve its performance, yet a comprehensive assessment of Q-Learning and Deep Q-Network (DQN) in the context of this game remains elusive. This study undertakes the task of training Flappy Bird using both Q-Learning and DQN methodologies, showcasing the potency of reinforcement learning within the realm of gaming. Through meticulous comparisons and analyses, the paper uncovers the inherent strengths and weaknesses embedded within these algorithms. This exploration not only fosters a nuanced grasp of Q-Learning and DQN but does so by leveraging a simplistic gaming environment as the proving ground. Strikingly, the experimental results unveil an initial disadvantage for DQN during training, followed by a rapid surge in performance surpassing Q-Learning in mid-training. Conversely, Q-Learning demonstrates an aptitude for swiftly reaching its performance zenith. Both algorithms tout distinct merits: Q-Learning's adeptness in simpler tasks and DQN's reliability in tackling complex states. In conclusion, this study not only discerns algorithmic prowess but lays a foundational framework for broader application across diverse gaming scenarios. By delving into the nuances of Q-Learning and DQN, the paper establishes a clearer path for harnessing the advantages in shaping the future landscape of game optimization.
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Dong, Xinlu, Xiaole Fan, Chenhao Sun, and Zhengyang Xu. "The Combination of Flappy Bird and Reinforcement Learning Using Q-learning." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 34 (February 28, 2023): 250–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v34i.5480.
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The development of artificial intelligence has expanded application fields gradually. In recent years, the combination of artificial intelligence and games attracted much attention. In this case, reinforcement learning is often chosen as an effective method to let the computer play the game by itself. In this study, the Q-learning algorithm from reinforcement learning was applied to Flappy Bird. There are the important factors of Q-learning, including state (S), action (A), reward (R), policy (π), time (t), Epsilon Greedy policy and Q-table. After that, a python class called “bot” was used, and it is used as an intelligent agent in the project. In order to implement the Q-learning algorithm, the state of each element of the game was adjusted continuously through the “mainGame” function of the Flappy Bird game. Finally, the survival reward was set to 1 and the death reward to -1000 to increase the survival rate. In addition, coins with different reward values were added to increase the difficulty of training. After training, the survival rate of the bird is improved, and it is clear that the reward value of gold coins will affect the agent's choice tendency. To combine artificial intelligence and games means that computers can be trained to deal with the complex and changing situations in games, and the progress will affect the application of artificial intelligence in real life more deeply.
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Gu, Jiarui, Yunhao Guo, Yushan Lam, and Ziyou Benjamin Pu. "Flappy Bird Game Based on the Deep Q Learning Neural Network." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 34 (February 28, 2023): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v34i.5448.
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In the past decades, with the rapid development of technology, people discovered ways for machines to learn. Machines can be trained to recognize things, play games, create sounds, or find the best choices. There are several models and tools to train the machine to make the machine learn through supervised or not supervised, even independent learning. Through neural networks or other methods, the machine can be trained for many episodes. Making awards or punishments can make the machine construct ways to decide the most valuable solution. Among these functions AI can achieve, game is the most direct platform to apply machine learning, since awards and punishments can be applied very easily: through the score. In this study, we choose to use a Deep-Q-Learning Neural Network (DQN) to train our AI to achieve our goal: Using AI to play Flappy Bird through deep learning. Our task is different from other game training, such as navigating an AI to find the best solution in different choices. In this task, the player (i.e. bird) cannot get any award or punishment through a single action, but it can get an award by passing each obstacle. The goal of the AI is to pass as many obstacles as it can, by choosing to fly upward or idle.
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Li, Yueyang. "Deep Reinforcement Learning for 2D Flappy Brid Game." SHS Web of Conferences 144 (2022): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214403007.
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In recent years, the prevailing of application of Deep Reinforcement Learning have granted the traditional game AI training a brand-new perspective. Google’s Alpha Go agent might mark the beginning of the trend. While many 2D games have been researched for effective trained agent to gain extraordinary performance, Flappy Bird is among, perhaps, the most popular one that could demonstrate the effectiveness of trained AI. This research has successfully trained a efficient agent using Deep-Q network that could outperforms its human counterparts. Although previous trainings have also granted successful results, due to the optimization in the memory array to store previous states, the training time has been largely reduced, which is useful for future agent training optimization.
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Dirgová Luptáková, Iveta, Martin Kubovčík, and Jiří Pospíchal. "Playing Flappy Bird Based on Motion Recognition Using a Transformer Model and LIDAR Sensor." Sensors 24, no. 6 (March 16, 2024): 1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24061905.
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A transformer neural network is employed in the present study to predict Q-values in a simulated environment using reinforcement learning techniques. The goal is to teach an agent to navigate and excel in the Flappy Bird game, which became a popular model for control in machine learning approaches. Unlike most top existing approaches that use the game’s rendered image as input, our main contribution lies in using sensory input from LIDAR, which is represented by the ray casting method. Specifically, we focus on understanding the temporal context of measurements from a ray casting perspective and optimizing potentially risky behavior by considering the degree of the approach to objects identified as obstacles. The agent learned to use the measurements from ray casting to avoid collisions with obstacles. Our model substantially outperforms related approaches. Going forward, we aim to apply this approach in real-world scenarios.
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Heilmann, Till A. "“Tap, tap, flap, flap.” Ludic Seriality, Digitality, and the Finger." Eludamos: Journal for Computer Game Culture 8, no. 1 (December 12, 2014): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/23.6154.
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This article tries to answer the question, “What is ‘digital’ about digital media?” Building on the concept of ludic seriality as proposed by Shane Denson and Andreas Jahn-Sudmann and taking as an example the popular mobile Game Flappy Bird, it discusses the serial character of gameplay, in particular the intra-ludic serialization of in-game and operator actions. The article argues that the principle of digitality relates to the fingers of the human hand and the corresponding cultural techniques, from the ancient art of finger-counting which brought forth the abstract number concept to our current every day use of buttons and keys to operate digital devices.
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Yegoshyna, G. A., S. M. Voronoy, and A. A. Ovdieichuk. "LEARNING SYSTEM DESIGN FOR GAME APPLICATIONS." Proceedings of the O.S. Popov ОNAT 1, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 82–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33243/2518-7139-2020-1-2-82-91.
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The presented paper investigates the problem of designing a learning system for agents in intelligent game applications based on Unity Game Engine and reinforcement machine learning algorithms. Modern trends in the game applications development are characterized by the active using of the concept of an intelligent agent as a behavior model of an active element in various situations with applying various strategies for interactions with other active elements and the environment. In recent years, there have been a significant number of advances in this area, such as DeepMind and the Deep Q learning architecture, the winning of the Go Game Champion with AlphaGo, OpenAI and PPO. Unity developers have implemented a support for machine learning and, in particular, for deep reinforcement learning in order to create a deep reinforcement learning the SDK (Software Development Kit) for game and simulation developers. With Unity and ML-Agents toolkits we can create physically, visually, and cognitively rich environments, including ones for evaluating new algorithms and strategies. However, learning system design for agents in Unity ML-Agents is possible only by using the Python API. The possibility of a learning system design for agents in the Flappy Bird game application based on the Unity Game Engine with using its own environment is discussed in this paper. Separately, the paper highlights typical features of the Flappy Bird gaming application environment. The environment can be implemented as a fully observable environment or a partially observable environment. The fully observable environment is suggested to be used due to all environment states in this case are seen in the playfield. Thus, the problem of strategy formation is considered as a Markov decision-making process and the agent directly observes the current state of the environment. Temporal Difference Learning is used as a learning method; it involves the assessment of a reward at each stage. Two separate environments, deterministic and stochastic, have been implemented, that allows to conduct further research and evaluation of strategy formation algorithms.
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Lin, Jhang, Lee, Lin, and Young. "Using a Reinforcement Q-Learning-Based Deep Neural Network for Playing Video Games." Electronics 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2019): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8101128.
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This study proposed a reinforcement Q-learning-based deep neural network (RQDNN) that combined a deep principal component analysis network (DPCANet) and Q-learning to determine a playing strategy for video games. Video game images were used as the inputs. The proposed DPCANet was used to initialize the parameters of the convolution kernel and capture the image features automatically. It performs as a deep neural network and requires less computational complexity than traditional convolution neural networks. A reinforcement Q-learning method was used to implement a strategy for playing the video game. Both Flappy Bird and Atari Breakout games were implemented to verify the proposed method in this study. Experimental results showed that the scores of our proposed RQDNN were better than those of human players and other methods. In addition, the training time of the proposed RQDNN was also far less than other methods.
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Isaksen, Aaron, and Andy Nealen. "Comparing Player Skill, Game Variants, and Learning Rates Using Survival Analysis." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Interactive Digital Entertainment 11, no. 5 (June 24, 2021): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aiide.v11i5.12846.
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Game designers can use computer-aided game design methods to quantitatively compare player skill levels, different game variants, and learning rates, for the purpose of modeling how players will likely experience a game. We use Monte-Carlo simulation, hazard functions, and survival analysis to show how difficulty will quantitatively change throughout a game level as we vary skill, game parameters, and learning rates. We give a mathematical overview of survival analysis, present empirical data analyses of our player models for each game variant, and provide theoretical probability distributions for each game. This analysis shows the quantitative reasons why balancing a game for a wide range of player skill can be difficult; our player modeling provides tools for tuning this game balance. We also analyze the score distribution of over 175 million play sessions of a popular online Flappy Bird variant to demonstrate how learning effects can impact scores, implying that learning is crucial aspect of player modeling.
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Alhasoun, Fahad, and Sarah Alneghiemish. "Probabilistic Programming Bots in Intuitive Physics Game Play." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i1.16159.
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Recent findings suggest that humans deploy cognitive mechanism of physics simulation engines to simulate the physics of objects. We propose a framework for bots to deploy probabilistic programming tools for interacting with intuitive physics environments. The framework employs a physics simulation in a probabilistic way to infer about moves performed by an agent in a setting governed by Newtonian laws of motion. However, methods of probabilistic programs can be slow in such setting due to their need to generate many samples. We complement the model with a model-free approach to aid the sampling procedures in becoming more efficient through learning from experience during game playing. We present an approach where combining model-free approaches (a convolutional neural network in our model) and model-based approaches (probabilistic physics simulation) is able to achieve what neither could alone. This way the model outperforms an all model-free or all model-based approach. We discuss a case study showing empirical results of the performance of the model on the game of Flappy Bird.
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Gu, Chao, Jiangjie Chen, Jiacheng Lin, Shuyuan Lin, Weilong Wu, Qianling Jiang, Chun Yang, and Wei Wei. "The impact of eye-tracking games as a training case on students' learning interest and continuous learning intention in game design courses: Taking Flappy Bird as an example." Learning and Motivation 78 (May 2022): 101808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101808.
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Zekry, Diaa A., Taewoo Nam, Rikin Gupta, Yufei Zhu, and Aimy A. Wissa. "Covert-inspired flaps: an experimental study to understand the interactions between upperwing and underwing covert feathers." Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 18, no. 4 (June 27, 2023): 046021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-3190/acdb1d.
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Abstract Birds are agile flyers that can maintain flight at high angles of attack (AoA). Such maneuverability is partially enabled by the articulation of wing feathers. Coverts are one of the feather systems that has been observed to deploy simultaneously on both the upper and lower wing sides during flight. This study uses a feather-inspired flap system to investigate the effect of upper and lower side coverts on the aerodynamic forces and moments, as well as examine the interactions between both types of flaps. Results from wind tunnel experiments show that the covert-inspired flaps can modulate lift, drag, and pitching moment. Moreover, simultaneously deflecting covert-inspired flaps on the upper and lower sides of the airfoil exhibit larger force and moment modulation ranges compared to a single-sided flap alone. Data-driven models indicate significant interactions between the upper and lower side flaps, especially during the pre-stall regime for the lift and drag response. The findings from this study are also biologically relevant to the observations of covert feathers deployment during bird flight. Thus, the methods and results summarized here can be used to formulate new hypotheses about the coverts role in bird flight and develop a framework to design covert-inspired flow and flight control devices for engineered vehicles.
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F., Beaumont, Bogard F., Murer S., and Polidori G. Matim. "Modeling of Three-dimensional Unsteady Wake Past a Large Migratory Bird during Flapping Flight." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON FLUID MECHANICS 17 (March 1, 2022): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232013.2022.17.2.
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This preliminary study aimed to model the aerodynamic behavior of a large migratory bird during a forward flapping flight. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) was used to model the flow around and in the wake of a Canada Goose flying at an altitude of 1000m and a speed of 13.9m/sec. Flapping of the wings was modeled through dynamic meshing and subroutines implemented in a computational code using the Finite Volumes method. Monitoring of the flow quantities during the unsteady calculation revealed a close relationship between the wing-flapping dynamics and the cyclic variation of the forces acting on the bird. Post-processing of the 3D results revealed a complex flow pattern mainly composed of two contra-rotating vortices developing at the wingtip. In a perpendicular plane to the main flow direction, we demonstrated that the bird's wake can be divided into two distinct zones: the downwash zone and the upwash zone. The latter is used by birds flying in formation to reduce their energy expenditure. We have also shown that when the bird flaps its wings, the trail of upwash left by the wingtips moves up and down in a wave-like motion. Further studies, which will include several birds, will be necessary to understand all the aerodynamic implications related to the flight of migratory birds in formation.
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Yang, Xiao, Yang Zhao, Hairong Qi, and George T. Tabler. "Characterizing Sounds of Different Sources in a Commercial Broiler House." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030916.
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Audio data collected in commercial broiler houses are mixed sounds of different sources that contain useful information regarding bird health condition, bird behavior, and equipment operation. However, characterizations of the sounds of different sources in commercial broiler houses have not been well established. The objective of this study was, therefore, to determine the frequency ranges of six common sounds, including bird vocalization, fan, feed system, heater, wing flapping, and dustbathing, at bird ages of week 1 to 8 in a commercial Ross 708 broiler house. In addition, the frequencies of flapping (in wing flapping events, flaps/s) and scratching (during dustbathing, scratches/s) behaviors were examined through sound analysis. A microphone was installed in the middle of broiler house at the height of 40 cm above the back of birds to record audio data at a sampling frequency of 44,100 Hz. A top-view camera was installed to continuously monitor bird activities. Total of 85 min audio data were manually labeled and fed to MATLAB for analysis. The audio data were decomposed using Maximum Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform (MODWT). Decompositions of the six concerned sound sources were then transformed with the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) method to generate the single-sided amplitude spectrums. By fitting the amplitude spectrum of each sound source into a Gaussian regression model, its frequency range was determined as the span of the three standard deviations (99% CI) away from the mean. The behavioral frequencies were determined by examining the spectrograms of wing flapping and dustbathing sounds. They were calculated by dividing the number of movements by the time duration of complete behavioral events. The frequency ranges of bird vocalization changed from 2481 ± 191–4409 ± 136 Hz to 1058 ± 123–2501 ± 88 Hz as birds grew. For the sound of fan, the frequency range increased from 129 ± 36–1141 ± 50 Hz to 454 ± 86–1449 ± 75 Hz over the flock. The sound frequencies of feed system, heater, wing flapping and dustbathing varied from 0 Hz to over 18,000 Hz. The behavioral frequencies of wing flapping were continuously decreased from week 3 (17 ± 4 flaps/s) to week 8 (10 ± 1 flaps/s). For dustbathing, the behavioral frequencies decreased from 16 ± 2 scratches/s in week 3 to 11 ± 1 scratches/s in week 6. In conclusion, characterizing sounds of different sound sources in commercial broiler houses provides useful information for further advanced acoustic analysis that may assist farm management in continuous monitoring of animal health and behavior. It should be noted that this study was conducted with one flock in a commercial house. The generalization of the results remains to be explored.
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Yang, Lung Jieh, Chung Yu Kao, and Chin Kwang Huang. "Development of Flapping Ornithopters by Precision Injection Molding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 163 (April 2012): 125–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.163.125.
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The authors investigate the component fabrication of a flapping ornithopter with 21.6 cm wing span by using precision injection molding. For making a bio-mimicking flapper like birds, two fold of plastic injection moldings have been done. Firstly the flapping mechanism of a 4-bar linkage gear transmission module has been studied, and the according plastic components for the gear transmission module were designed as light as possible. Thereafter the injection flow analysis in the multi-mold cavity and the fabrication parameters of the molding process has been implemented. The finished polyoxymethylene (POM) components for the transmission module of 1.2 gram in mass finally verify the design and process of the precision injection molding. After the ornithopterGolden Snitchwas assembled and tested with the fore-mentioned plastic 4-bar linkage, a maximum flight record of 480 sec was created in 2010. The second framework of injection molding is to design a bird-like expandable polystyrene (EPS) fuselage with 19.5 cm in length as the mechanical protection. After this ornithopterGolden Snitch-Prowas assembled, it has a successful flight of 230 sec and 100 times of landing capability. In summary, the fabrication of a polymeric bird-like flapper is proved, and the precision injection molding technique shows its feasibility in realization of ornithopters.
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Kan, A. Ch, G. F. Zhelezina, and N. A. Solovieva. "ARAMID ORGANOPLASTICS FOR INCREASING THE BIRD RESISTANCE OF ELEMENTS OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 1 (2021): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-1-77-84.
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The possibility of using protective screens made of aramid organoplastics to ensure the bird resistance of carbon fiber wing flaps is investigated. Aramid organoplastics were selected for the production of a protective screen, taking into account the main requirements for the materials of external contour of the aircraft wing. The result of impact tests simulating the collision of a bird with carbon fiber flaps that are not protected and protected by organoplastics are presented. The optimal ratio of aramid organoplastics as part of the protective screen for carbon fiber wing flaps is presented.
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Holmes, Bob. "Bird evolves less flashy look as the world warms." New Scientist 233, no. 3110 (January 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(17)30155-0.
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Albentosa, MJ, and JJ Cooper. "Effects of cage height and stocking density on the frequency of comfort behaviours performed by laying hens housed in furnished cages." Animal Welfare 13, no. 4 (November 2004): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600028670.
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AbstractSpatial restriction and low cage height can reduce the rate at which comfort activities, such as wing flaps, stretching, body shakes and tail wags, are carried out by laying hens in conventional wire cages. In this study we investigated the performance of these activities in laying hens housed in furnished cages with perches and nest boxes, similar to those required in EU legislation from 2012. We compared the behaviour of groups of eight hens at a stocking density of 762 cm2 per bird with that of pairs of hens housed at a lower stocking density of 3048 cm2 per bird at two minimum cage heights of 38 cm and 45 cm. The rates of wing/leg stretches (0.80 stretches per hen per hour), tail wagging (0.76), body shaking (0.48), wing raising (0.19) and feather raising (0.05) were low, whilst full wing flaps were not observed during the study. Hourly rates of performance of wing/leg stretches (0.45 vs 1.06) and tail wags (0.34 vs 1.25) were significantly lower in eight-bird cages than in two-bird cages. We conclude that reducing the number of hens in furnished cages increases opportunities to perform certain comfort activities, but that, even at low stocking densities, comfort activities are rarely observed.
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Zhu, Chenhao. "Research on the Principle of Aircraft Take-off and the Functions of Its Parts." Theoretical and Natural Science 5, no. 1 (May 25, 2023): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/5/20230534.
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Aeroplane-One of the greatest inventions of the twentieth century. Since ancient times, man has dreamed of flying in the sky like a bird. In modern society, due to the rapid development of science and technology (fluid mechanics, automatic control system, etc.), aircraft has become a basic means of transportation. This paper mainly studies how the aircraft takes off and the role of its individual components. Through the method of literature reading and analysis, the force of aircraft takeoff, as well as the role of wings and flaps (Kruger flaps, slit flaps, fuller flaps) in the take-off process are summarized.According to Bernoulli's principle, the lift of an aircraft is mainly generated by the wings, and parts such as flaps are used to regulate the flight state of the aircraft. At the same time, the aircraft must overcome a variety of drags during flight, including frictional resistance, tip resistance and induced resistance.
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Bello, R. S., M. O. Saliu, E. U. Nebo, and A. A. Ayodele. "Development and Performance Evaluation of a Rubber and Canvas Strip Fingers Defeathering Machine." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 26, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 1529–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v26i9.11.
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Human labour requirement in poultry products processing has continued to increase and more demanding, especially defeathering which is faced with faced challenges such as lacerations and hygiene in handling. To solve these challenges, mechanical defeathering proffered a solution, which further posed a problem of equipment cost and efficiency of operation. This paper investigated a developed a low-cost axial-loading (horizontal) defeathering with dual fingers for small and medium-scale poultry processors. This study reported the development of a defeathering machine which comprises of an axial defeathering drum with strip fingers, which flaps on the carcass to pluck off feathers in motion. The machine is electrically powered with a defeathering power requirement of 0.304 kW and at a power rating of 0.269 kW. The performance evaluation carried out with a broiler, cockerel and layer birds at a soaking temperature of 80 degree Celsius for an average time of 1 minutes showed that the efficiency and the effectiveness of the machine varies with respect to the quality of cleaned carcass produced. It was also observed that it takes the machine about 60 seconds to completely defeather a broiler of 2.4 kg weight, 70 seconds to defeather an old layer breed of bird of about 1.2 kg weight and 105 seconds to defeather a 1.3 kg weight of local chicken. However, test carried out on local birds showed that the machine was less effective defeathering local chicken at low temperature, because of the toughness of the skin. Comparatively, canvass (leather) fingers have the highest defeathering efficiency while rubber strip fingers produced the least defeathering efficiency. Therefore, canvas (leather) strip finger performed better than rubber strip fingers.
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Pilip and Byakova. "SARCOCYSTOSIS OF WATER-FOWL IN THE TERRITORY OF THE KURGAN REGION." THEORY AND PRACTICE OF PARASITIC DISEASE CONTROL, no. 20 (May 14, 2019): 475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31016/978-5-9902340-8-6.2019.20.475-480.
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Wild duck meat is a popular dietary product, complete in amino acid composition, rich in vitamins of group B, macro- and micro-elements, essential fatty acids. When eaten, such meat should be safe for humans. Sarcocystosis is a zooanthroponotic disease. The causative agent in ducks is S. rileyi. The definitive hosts are domestic and wild carnivores, as well as humans. Intermediate hosts are herbivores, reptiles, mammals, rodents, omnivores. The contamination of birds with sarkosporidii can reach up to 70%. The pathogen is characterized by interspecific specificity. The diagnosis of sarcocystosisis is based on the results of dissection and microscopy. In the territory of the Kurgan Region, sarcocystosis was recorded in two drakes of the mallard and of the common shoveler female, by the detection of multiple muscle cysts in skeletal muscles as a result of the opening of the carcass. Extensiveness of invasion with sarcocystosis was 8% in 2016, 2.7% in 2017. Infected carcasses have an unpleasant, sour muscle odor. The muscles in the incision are sticky, flabby in texture, when pressed with a spatula with a slow recovery of the fossa. To eliminate the spread of helminthiasis, it is necessary to develop effective control and prevention measures against it. Meat of a wild bird without fail should pass Veterinary and Sanitary Expertise. In the case of sarcocystosis, it is prohibited to use such meat for human and domestic animals. Disposal of carcasses affected by sarkosporidia should imply that homeless and wild animals cannot access it. Sarcocytosis duck meat must be disposed of by burning or burying it in pits to a depth of at least 2 m.
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Furuhata, Yuichi, and Akira Sasaki. "Monitoring Molecular Properties of a Fluorescence Light-Up Aptamer Using Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042002.
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Fluorescence light-up aptamers (FLAPs) are tools for RNA imaging, wherein the RNA of interest is appended with a FLAP sequence that can bind to a corresponding small-molecule fluorogen and enhance its fluorescence. The fluorescence properties of FLAPs have mostly been analyzed in bulk and described as the average of a large number of RNA–fluorogen complexes. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS)- and fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy (FCCS)-based quantifications of FLAPs in a solution using Broccoli, a common FLAP, and its corresponding fluorogen, DFHBI-1T. We investigated the folding efficiency, photostability, and photophysical properties of the Broccoli–DFHBI-1T complex using their FCS/FCCS characteristics. With FCS, we observed that the fluorescence was affected by the affinity between Broccoli and DFHBI-1T and the folding (maturation) state of Broccoli RNA. Moreover, the FCCS measurement of ATTO647N-labeled Broccoli and its complex with DFHBI-1T revealed the proportion of the mature Broccoli–DFHBI-1T complex. The current FCS/FCCS-based study of Broccoli–DFHBI-1T provides a model for analyzing FLAPs and their fluorogen pairs at the single-molecule level.
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Ding, Changtao, Xiating Yao, and Chengyao Liu. "The Flight Mechanism of a Bird-like Flapping Wing Robot at a Low Reynolds Number." Journal of Robotics 2022 (April 18, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6638104.
Full textAbstract:
The flight mechanism of a bird-like flapping wing robot at a low Reynolds number was studied in this study for improving the robot performances. Both the physical model and the kinematic model were first established. The dynamic model of the robot at a low Reynolds number was built with the RANS (Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes) equations and the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model. The flight experiments were carried out and the results were discussed. Lift and drag coefficient curves show that it generates upward lift and forward thrust in the phase that the wing flaps downwards, the rate of the coefficient curves is the biggest when the flapping direction changes. Pressure contours indicate that small vortexes with high pressure values appear at the wing edges. There are four velocity vortex groups in total at the front and back of the wing in the velocity contours. Some methods for improving the robot flight efficiency and the robot strength as well as the stitching position of the robot skin have been obtained from the above results. The methods provide the important guidance for the stable flights of the flapping wing robot with the high efficiency.
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Joshi, Kuldip V., Chandrakant J. Dave, Harshrajsinh B. Joddha, Bharat B. Bhanderi, Dinesh J. Ghodasara, and Digjay V. Kabariya. "Pathogenicity Assessment and Vaccine Efficacy of Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 4 and 11 Responsible for Inclusion Body Hepatitis Hydropericardium Syndrome in Broilers." Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences & Biotechnology 18, no. 4 (September 15, 2022): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijvsbt.18.4.20.
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Thisstudy aimed to assess the pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy of fowl adenovirus serotypes 4 and 11, causing inclusion body hepatitis hydropericardium syndrome in broilers. The study was carried out on 144-day-old Cobb broiler chicks divided into six experimental groups, each of 24 birds. Group, I birds served as a control without any vaccine or viral challenge, while birds of Group II were vaccinated with commercial vaccine on 6th day. Group III and IV birds were non-vaccinated and challenged with 107 TCID50 of FAdV serotype 4 and 11, respectively, on the 27th day. In contrast, Group V and VI birds were vaccinated on the 6th day and challenged with 107 TCID50 of FAdV serotype 4 and 11 on the 27th day. The challenge of FAdV serotype 4 led to 66.66% mortality, and serotype 11 produced 5.00% mortality in the experimental groups. The challenge of the virus led to the production of clinical signs such as depression, huddling, reduced feed intake, reluctance to move, and terminal gasping before death. Characteristic gross lesions of IBH-HPS were observed in birds that died after the challenge of serotypes 4 and 11 of FAdV. The liver was enlarged with focal areas of necrosis, subcapsular hemorrhages, and mild fatty changes. The heart was flabby, congested, and showed hydropericardium with an accumulation of clear watery to a yellow jelly-like fluid in the pericardial sac. The kidneys were enlarged and hemorrhagic. On microscopic examination, the liver showed multifocal areas of necrosis with infiltration of mononuclear cells, mild fatty changes and large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies. The birds that died after the challenge of the virus were positive for the presence of FAdV upon PCR. The vaccine efficacy study indicated that the vaccine provided satisfactory protection against Fowl Adenovirus challenge in experimental groups V and VI.
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Zhang, G. Q., and S. C. M. Yu. "Aerodynamic Characteristics of the Ventilated Design for Flapping Wing Micro Air Vehicle." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/410749.
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Inspired by superior flight performance of natural flight masters like birds and insects and based on the ventilating flaps that can be opened and closed by the changing air pressure around the wing, a new flapping wing type has been proposed. It is known that the net lift force generated by a solid wing in a flapping cycle is nearly zero. However, for the case of the ventilated wing, results for the net lift force are positive which is due to the effect created by the “ventilation” in reducing negative lift force during the upstroke. The presence of moving flaps can serve as the variable in which, through careful control of the areas, a correlation with the decrease in negative lift can be generated. The corresponding aerodynamic characteristics have been investigated numerically by using different flapping frequencies and forward flight speeds.
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Bartos, Jeremy D., Wensheng Wang, Jason E. Pike, and Robert A. Bambara. "Mechanisms by Which Bloom Protein Can Disrupt Recombination Intermediates of Okazaki Fragment Maturation." Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, no. 43 (August 31, 2006): 32227–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.m606310200.
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Bloom syndrome is a familial genetic disorder associated with sunlight sensitivity and a high predisposition to cancers. The mutated gene, Bloom protein (BLM), encodes a DNA helicase that functions in genome maintenance via roles in recombination repair and resolution of recombination structures. We designed substrates representing illegitimate recombination intermediates formed when a displaced DNA flap generated during maturation of Okazaki fragments escapes cleavage by flap endonuclease-1 and anneals to a complementary ectopic DNA site. Results show that displaced, replication protein A (RPA)-coated flaps could readily bind and ligate at the complementary site to initiate recombination. RPA also displayed a strand-annealing activity that hastens the rate of recombination intermediate formation. BLM helicase activity could directly disrupt annealing at the ectopic site and promote flap endonuclease-1 cleavage. Additionally, BLM has its own strand-annealing and strand-exchange activities. RPA inhibited the BLM strand-annealing activity, thereby promoting helicase activity and complex dissolution. BLM strand exchange could readily dissociate invading flaps, e.g. in a D-loop, if the exchange step did not involve annealing of RPA-coated strands. Use of ATP to activate the helicase function did not aid flap displacement by exchange, suggesting that this is a helicase-independent mechanism of complex dissociation. When RPA could bind, it displayed its own strand-exchange activity. We interpret these results to explain how BLM is well equipped to deal with alternative recombination intermediate structures.
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Lafitte, Alix, Romain Sordello, Marc Legrand, Virginie Nicolas, Gaël Obein, and Yorick Reyjol. "A flashing light may not be that flashy: A systematic review on critical fusion frequencies." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 30, 2022): e0279718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279718.
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Background Light pollution could represent one of the main drivers behind the current biodiversity erosion. While the effects of many light components on biodiversity have already been studied, the influence of flicker remains poorly understood. The determination of the threshold frequency at which a flickering light is perceived as continuous by a species, usually called the Critical Fusion Frequency (CFF), could thus help further identify the impacts of artificial lighting on animals. Objective This review aimed at answering the following questions: what is the distribution of CFF between species? Are there differences in how flicker is perceived between taxonomic classes? Which species are more at risk of being impacted by artificial lighting flicker? Methods Citations were extracted from three literature databases and were then screened successively on their titles, abstracts and full-texts. Included studies were critically appraised to assess their validity. All relevant data were extracted and analysed to determine the distribution of CFF in the animal kingdom and the influence of experimental designs and species traits on CFF. Results At first, 4881 citations were found. Screening and critical appraisal provided 200 CFF values for 156 species. Reported values of CFF varied from a maximum of between 300 Hz and 500 Hz for the beetle Melanophila acuminata D. to a mean of 0.57 (± 0.08) Hz for the snail Lissachatina fulica B. Insects and birds had higher CFF than all other studied taxa. Irrespective of taxon, nocturnal species had lower CFF than diurnal and crepuscular ones. Conclusions We identified nine crepuscular and nocturnal species that could be impacted by the potential adverse effects of anthropogenic light flicker. We emphasize that there remains a huge gap in our knowledge of flicker perception by animals, which could potentially be hampering our understanding of its impacts on biodiversity, especially in key taxa like bats, nocturnal birds and insects.
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Boggs, D., J. Seveyka, D. Kilgore, and K. Dial. "Coordination of respiratory cycles with wingbeat cycles in the black-billed magpie (Pica pica)." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 9 (January 1, 1997): 1413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.9.1413.
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Magpies fly with a variable pattern of wingstroke, including high-amplitude rapid flaps and low-amplitude slower flaps with interspersed brief glides. This allowed us to test the hypothesis that if phasic coordination between respiratory and wingbeat cycles is important mechanically and energetically, then, as a bird changes its wingbeat cycle, its respiratory cycle should change with it. We also tested the strength of the drive to coordinate respiratory to locomotor cycles by stimulating breathing with 5 % CO2 during flight. We found that magpies (N=5) do shorten their breath cycle time when they shorten their wingbeat cycle time and prolong their breath cycle time when they glide. When the coordination ratio of wingbeat cycles to breaths is 3:1, the pattern of phasic coordination ensures two upstrokes per inspiration and two downstrokes per expiration. Upstroke tends to coincide with the transition into inspiration or with early inspiration and late inspiration. Downstroke tends to coincide with the transition into expiration or with early expiration and late expiration. When magpies switch from a 3:1 ratio to a 2:1 ratio of wingbeat cycles to breaths, they shorten inspiratory time to ensure that upstroke occurs through most of inspiration and downstroke corresponds to the transition into expiration. These phasic coordination patterns ensure that the compression of the airsacs during downstroke can provide a net assistance to expiration and that the expansion of the airsacs with upstroke can provide a net assistance to inspiration. The failure of an atmosphere containing 5 % CO2 to disrupt these phasic coordination patterns between respiratory and locomotory cycles suggests that there may be a potent mechanical and energetic benefit to such coordination.
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Nalam, Madhavi N. L., Anik Peeters, Tim H. M. Jonckers, Inge Dierynck, and Celia A. Schiffer. "Crystal Structure of Lysine Sulfonamide Inhibitor Reveals the Displacement of the Conserved Flap Water Molecule in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease." Journal of Virology 81, no. 17 (June 27, 2007): 9512–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00799-07.
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ABSTRACT Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease has been continuously evolving and developing resistance to all of the protease inhibitors. This requires the development of new inhibitors that bind to the protease in a novel fashion. Most of the inhibitors that are on the market are peptidomimetics, where a conserved water molecule mediates hydrogen bonding interactions between the inhibitors and the flaps of the protease. Recently a new class of inhibitors, lysine sulfonamides, was developed to combat the resistant variants of HIV protease. Here we report the crystal structure of a lysine sulfonamide. This inhibitor binds to the active site of HIV-1 protease in a novel manner, displacing the conserved water and making extensive hydrogen bonds with every region of the active site.
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Jordan, Emilio A., and Juan I. Areta. "Bisonic Mechanical Wing Songs and Complex Kinematics in Aerial Displays of the Subtropical Doradito (Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis)." Integrative and Comparative Biology 60, no. 5 (June 4, 2020): 1173–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icaa062.
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Synopsis Loud mechanical sounds with a communication role are called sonations. Male Subtropical Doraditos (Pseudocolopteryx acutipennis) exhibit five conspicuously modified primaries suspected of sonating. Here we (1) describe feather modifications, (2) describe three different territorial/aggressive contexts for these sounds: one-perch aerial displays (1PADs), two-PADs, and Chukrut pursuits, (3) investigate the kinematics of the most common display (1PADs) and the physical mechanisms of sonation using synchronized high-speed video and audio, and (4) assess the roles of modified wing feathers in all contexts by experimental manipulation in four individuals. Primaries p3–p7 were modified in adult males but not in females: p3 was pointed with a reduced distal third to the outer vane; p4 and p5 were slim and falciform with pointed tips curved outwards; p6 was broad, massive, and subtly S-shaped, with a spatulate tip; and p7 was large with the distal third of the outer vane abruptly reduced, and the inner vane with a shallow concave sub-apical emargination. One-PADs consisted of perched short nasal introductory syllables accelerating until the bird performed a super-rapid circular flight of ∽15 cm in diameter from and to the same branch, during which two syringeal syllables and three mechanical syllables were given (chik… chik…. chik-chik frrrottt). The syllables were produced during rapid downstrokes by fluttering feathers and were bisonic, being conformed by two simultaneous main tonal, flat, narrow band sounds: a low-pitched note (f0 ∽1 kHz) and a high-pitched note (f0 ∽3.7 kHz). Primary p7 is the necessary and sufficient sound source of the low-pitched note (removal of p7 caused the sound to disappear) and p3 is the sound source of the high-pitched note, being necessary but perhaps not sufficient (removal of p3 caused the sound to disappear); the other modified feathers seem involved in different roles related to either producing the sonation (p4 and p5 interacting with p3) or allowing it (p6 raising dorsally letting p7 flutter freely; removal of p6 did not affect sound production). The specialized shape of p6 might be compromised to allow sonation of p7 without losing flight functionality. Sonations in Subtropical Doraditos occupy the position of the vocal flourish in the songs of other Pseudocolopteryx suggesting the evolutionary replacement of vocal by mechanical sounds. We propose that wing songs in flying birds may be constrained to occur in temporally broken patterns due to intrinsic features of flapped flight and structurally constrained by the demands of creating an airfoil.
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Bao, Han, Wenqing Yang, Dongfu Ma, Wenping Song, and Bifeng Song. "Numerical simulation of flapping airfoil with alula." International Journal of Micro Air Vehicles 12 (January 2020): 175682932097798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1756829320977989.
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Bionic micro aerial vehicles have become popular because of their high thrust efficiency and deceptive appearances. Leading edge or trailing edge devices (such as slots or flaps) are often used to improve the flight performance. Birds in nature also have leading-edge devices, known as the alula that can improve their flight performance at large angles of attack. In the present study, the aerodynamic performance of a flapping airfoil with alula is numerically simulated to illustrate the effects of different alula geometric parameters. Different alula relative angles of attack β (the angle between the chord line of the alula and that of the main airfoil) and vertical distances h between the alula and the main airfoil are simulated at pre-stall and post-stall conditions. Results show that at pre-stall condition, the lift increases with the relative angle of attack and the vertical distance, but the aerodynamic performance is degraded in the presence of alula compared with no alula, whereas at post-stall condition, the alula greatly enhances the lift. However, there seems to be an optimal relative angle of attack for the maximum lift enhancement at a fixed vertical distance considering the unsteady effect, which may indicate birds can adjust the alula twisting at different spanwise positions to achieve the best flight performance. Different alula geometric parameters may affect the aerodynamic force by modifying the pressure distribution along the airfoil. The results are instructive for design of flapping-wing bionic unmanned air vehicles.
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Rae, Stuart, and Duncan Rae. "Orientation of tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) nests and their position on branches optimises thermoregulation and cryptic concealment." Australian Journal of Zoology 61, no. 6 (2013): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13090.
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Tawny frogmouth (Podargus strigoides) nests were surveyed in grassy woodland, dry sclerophyll forest and suburbia in the Australian Capital Territory. In total, 253 tawny frogmouth nests were recorded in 145 nest sites. Nests were oriented to the north-east, which would expose them to morning sunshine and partially shelter them from the prevailing wind. Most nests were placed in rough or flaky-barked tree species, on open mid-branch sites with no foliage, where the birds’ plumage and posture resemble the colour and form of the branches. Although smooth-barked gum trees were the most abundant types in the dry sclerophyll forest they were seldom used. Nest sites in all habitats were similar; the mean nest height was 9.2 m, and most nests were set on forks in the lowest branches. By placing their nests in these positions tawny frogmouths likely maximise their potential thermoregulation, protection from wind, concealment from predators, and detection of approaching predators.
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Jabłoński, Piotr G. "Searching for Conspicuous Versus Cryptic Prey: Search Rates of Flush-Pursuing Versus Substrate-Gleaning Birds." Condor 104, no. 3 (August 1, 2002): 657–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/condor/104.3.657.
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AbstractModels predict that predators of cryptic prey should have a moderate or low search rate because at high search rates only a small proportion of cryptic prey is detected. Predators of conspicuous prey should have fast search rates because their prey are easily detectable. For a large difference in conspicuousness, this prediction is not affected by differences in prey characteristics. Substrate-gleaning birds rely upon searching for cryptic and largely immobile prey. Painted Redstarts (Myioborus pictus) use flashy pivoting body movements of a spread tail and wings to flush prey into the air, making the prey highly conspicuous. The birds then chase the prey in aerial pursuits (flush-pursue foraging). Using field observations of birds in the Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, and using literature I show that differences in search rates between flush-pursue foragers and insectivorous substrate-gleaning foragers are consistent with the theoretical predictions.Búsqueda de Presas Conspicuas versus Presas Crípticas: Comparación de Tasas de Búsqueda entre Aves que Espantan y Persigen Presas y Aquellas que Exploran Cuidadosamente el SustratoResumen. Modelos teóricos predicen que depredadores especializados en presas crípticas deberían presentar bajas tasas de búsqueda ya que si sus tasas de búsqueda son altas, la proporción de presas que detectarían sería pequeña. Por el contrario, los depredadores de presas conspicuas deberían presentar tasas de búsqueda altas debido a la fácil detección de sus presas. Cuando la diferencia en el grado de conspicuidad entre presas es grande, la prediccion anterior no se ve afectada por diferencias en otras características de las mismas. Las aves que buscan insectos explorando cuidadosamente el sustrato tienden a concentrarse en presas crípticas y mayormente inmóviles. Myioborus pictus utiliza movimientos corporales repentinos con la cola y las alas extendidas para espantar presas potenciales convirtiéndolas así en presas altamente conspicuas. Una vez espantadas las presas, M. pictus las persigue e intenta capturarlas al vuelo (técnica de forrajeo “espantar-perseguir”). En este artículo utilizo observaciones de campo realizadas en las montañas Chiricahua (Arizona) y citas de la literatura para demostrar que las diferencias en las tasas de búsqueda de aves que utilizan la estrategia de espantar-perseguir y las de aquellas que buscan insectos mediante la exploración cuidadosa del sustrato son consistentes con las predicciones teóricas.
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Boller, Christian, Chen Mig Kuo, and Ning Qin. "Biologically Inspired Shape Changing Aerodynamic Profiles and their Effect on Flight Performance of Future Aircraft." Advances in Science and Technology 56 (September 2008): 534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.56.534.
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Flying has been inspired by biology since the very early days of aviation. Although aircraft look to be established with regard to their structural design today, active materials have again triggered as to what degree aerodynamic profiles could become more adaptive with regard to their shape and achieving enhanced flight performance. Demonstrating the shortcomings of wing adaptiveness on manned aircraft size is time consuming and costly. This can however be overcome by performing these demonstrations on aircraft at much smaller scale. Aircraft at this scale are micro aerial vehicles (MAV) which have spans far less than a metre and a weight of no more than a few hundred grams. To enhance manoeuvrability and stability birds and insects use actuation principles along their wings such as changing wing thickness or stiffness, or actuating individual flaps with their feathers. Similar effects will be shown for an MAV’s wing thickness and stiffness change regarding flight stability and manoeuvrability and how this can be realised using active materials. It will be explained how a variable V-tail and a vector thrust propulsion system can be realised on an MAV and the resulting effect on flight performance. Results from real flight tests will be included and conclusions will be based on the consequences regarding larger sized aircraft.
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Funk, G. D., W. K. Milsom, and J. D. Steeves. "Coordination of wingbeat and respiration in the Canada goose. I. Passive wing flapping." Journal of Applied Physiology 73, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 1014–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1992.73.3.1014.
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The effects of passive wing flapping on respiratory pattern were examined in decerebrate Canada geese. The birds were suspended dorsally with two spine clamps while the extended wings were continuously moved up and down with a device designed to reproduce actual wing flapping. Passive wing motion entrained respiration over limited ranges by both increasing and decreasing the respiratory period relative to rest. All ratios of wingbeat frequency to respiratory frequency seen during free flight (Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 15: 391, 1989) were produced during passive wing flapping. In addition, the phase relationship between wingbeat frequency and respiratory frequency, inspiration starting near the peak of wing upstroke, was similar to that seen during free flight and was unaffected by perturbations of the wing-flapping cycle. Removal of all afferent activity from the wings did not affect the ability of continuous passive wing movement to entrain respiration. However, feedback from the wings was required to produce rapid within-breath shifts in the respiratory period in response to single wing flaps. In conclusion, although feedback from the chest wall/lung may be more important in producing entrainment during the stable conditions of passive wing flapping, wing-related feedback may be critically involved in mediating the rapid adjustments in respiratory pattern required to maintain coordination between wing and respiratory movements during free flight.
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Shchebentovska, O. М., and A. K. Kostyniuk. "Histological and ultrastructural changes in turkey liver under intensive rear-ing and influence of xenobiotics." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 99 (October 28, 2020): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9910.
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Liver problems of various etiologies in turkeys have been reported in many countries for the last 20 years. Poultry dies having no clinical manifestations of the disease, and at pathological autopsy, diffuse haemorrhages and marked dystrophic changes of the organ are noted. To date, there are several factors that can cause such changes, these are unbalanced amino-acid feed, insufficient calcium, biotin, selenium, the very high energy content of feed; zootechnical factors – limited mobility of birds due to cage density violations, high temperature; genetic factors – the influence of estrogens; infectious factors – E. coli, Clostridium, and viruses of Picornaviridae family. The article describes the histopathological and ultrastructural changes in the turkey liver under the influence of various factors. The material for the research was obtained from a farm where turkeys of the “Hybrid Converter” cross are grown, same age, fed with a standard diet that changed according to the technological map of cultivation. On the 50th day of life, a pathological autopsy of the dead poultry was performed, pieces of liver were selected for histological and ultrastructural examination. The visual assessment revealed significantly enlarged liver, the colour from dark red to light brown, flabby consistency. In some cases, diffuse fatty infiltrations of hepatocytes were histologically revealed, in other cases, focal necrosis with the growth of the connective tissue and the formation of massive perivascular couplings were registered. Large vacuolar fatty degeneration of hepatocytes with subsequent development of fibrosis indicates chronic intoxication, probably caused by slow breakdown of fatty acids in cells due to insufficient oxidative phosphorylation, as well as reduced levels of lipotropic factors: choline, methionine and the vitamins. At the ultrastructural level, a large number of lipid inclusions of various sizes, dystrophic changes in mitochondria were observed, which indicates a decrease in the synthetic activity of cells.
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Vickers, Michael. "Alcibiades at Sparta: AristophanesBirds." Classical Quarterly 45, no. 2 (December 1995): 339–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0009838800043445.
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Although there is a long tradition, going back at least to the tenth century, that would see Aristophanes'Birds(performed in the spring of 414 B.C.) as somehow related to the exile in Lacedaemon of Alcibiades, and to the fortification of the Attic township of Decelea by his Spartan hosts (Arg. Av. 1 Coulon), current scholarship surroundingBirdsis firmly in the hands of those who are antipathetic to seeing the creation of Cloudcuckooland in terms of a political allegory. ‘The majority of scholars today…flatly reject a political reading’;Birdshas ‘no strong and obvious connection with a topical question of public interest’; ‘attempts to find inBirdsany extensive allegorical comment…are unconvincing’. Not only is it widely believed that ‘Birds… is strangely free of political concerns’. but also that ‘the theme of theBirdsis absurdity itself…it is about meaninglessness’ (ibid. 179). This is a tradition that descends from A. W. von Schlegel, for whomBirdswas ‘merely a “Lustspiel”, full of imagination and the marvellous, with amusing touches at everything, but with no particular object’. This approach was reinforced by the fact that by the second half of the nineteenth century, the allegorists had apparently spun out of control. By 1879, there were no fewer than 79 accounts of theTendenzof theBirds—some political, some ‘escapist fantasy’–on offer. The most influential allegorical interpretation ofBirdswas J. W. Suvern's study of 1826, but which is now generally dismissed, and only mentioned to be held up as a warning to those who might be tempted to take the allegorical route. This paper takes a different point of departure, namely Pierre Brumoy'sLe thétre des grecs(Paris, 1730), an allegorical treatment that is full of good sense, and which was too hastily dismissed by Suvern, and ignored by others.
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Journal, IJSREM. "Flappy Bird Game." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 06, no. 12 (December 13, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem17133.
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We are all accustomed to playing this game. The player's primary goal in this game is to protect the bird from obstacles while racking up as many points as possible. Here, we'll use Python to create our own Flappy Bird game. To make this Flappy Bird game, we used the Python module Pygame. An open-source package called Pygame is made specifically for creating video games. It aids in the development of multimedia and fully functional games in Python. Keywords:- Python, pygame, controls, collision, score
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BasavaRaju, Kachapuram, V. Kakulapati, and Vinay Manikant. "Flappy Bird Automation using TensorFlow." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3769788.
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Yu, Lei, and Yucong Duan. "AI-empowered game architecture and application for resource provision and scheduling in multi-clouds." Journal of Cloud Computing 12, no. 1 (August 30, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13677-023-00505-8.
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AbstractCurrent deep learning technologies used a large number of parameters to achieve a high accuracy rate, and the number of parameters is commonly more than a hundred million for image-related tasks. To improve both training speed and accuracy in multi-clouds, distributed deep learning is also widely applied. Therefore, reducing the network scale or improving the training speed has become an urgent problem to be solved in multi-clouds. Concerning this issue, we proposed a game architecture in multi-clouds, which can be supported by resource provision and service schedule. Furthermore, we trained a deep learning network, which can ensure high accuracy while reducing the number of network parameters. An adapted game, called flappy bird, is used as an experimental environment to test our neural network. Experimental results showed that the decision logic of the flappy bird, including flight planning, avoidance, and sacrifice, is accurate. In addition, we published the parameters of the neural network, so other scholars can reuse our neural network parameters for further research.
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Ardiansyah, Ardiansyah, and Ednawati Rainarli. "Implementasi Q-Learning dan Backpropagation pada Agen yang Memainkan Permainan Flappy Bird." Jurnal Nasional Teknik Elektro dan Teknologi Informasi (JNTETI) 6, no. 1 (February 28, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jnteti.v6i1.287.
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Jain, Shubham, Yash Sharma, and Nishi Sharma. "Digital Employee using Capabilities of Artificial Intelligence to Human Intelligence." International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, March 21, 2020, 208–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.32628/cseit1206251.
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Using the concept of Artificial Intelligence, a virtual assistant named "Gabriel" has been Developed to aid in education, market, business and many other fields.[4] The uniqueness of this bot is that it is programmed in python and is stored in raspberry pi providing the user friendly environment by moving along with user. It uses numerous python Libraries to help perform various functions that enable the Assistant to assist its user in day to Day activities. The Assistant can convert text to speech and vice versa using pyttsx3 and speech Recognition libraries respectively. Also, it can scrape the information from Wikipedia and visit any Website. It can be used to surf YouTube and visit any YouTube channel. The Assistant Comes with games such as flappy bird, tic-tac-toe and snake developed by the programmer. Also, the Assistant has an in-built calculator that too developed by the programmer. This Research is to develop an assistant who is highly compatible with human life. This employee comes with a self-made library called ‘the_gmail_sender’ that sends Gmail taking Voice input from the user
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Murayama, Yuta, Toshiyuki Nakata, and Hao Liu. "Flexible Flaps Inspired by Avian Feathers Can Enhance Aerodynamic Robustness in low Reynolds Number Airfoils." Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9 (May 7, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.612182.
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Unlike rigid rotors of drones, bird wings are composed of flexible feathers that can passively deform while achieving remarkable aerodynamic robustness in response to wind gusts. In this study, we conduct an experimental study on the effects of the flexible flaps inspired by the covert of bird wings on aerodynamic characteristics of fixed-wings in disturbances. Through force measurements and flow visualization in a low-speed wind tunnel, it is found that the flexible flaps can suppress the large-scale vortex shedding and hence reduce the fluctuations of aerodynamic forces in a disturbed flow behind an oscillating plate. Our results demonstrate that the stiffness of the flaps strongly affects the aerodynamic performance, and the force fluctuations are observed to be reduced when the deformation synchronizes with the strong vortex generation. The results point out that the simple attachment of the flexible flaps on the upper surface of the wing is an effective method, providing a novel biomimetic design to improve the aerodynamic robustness of small-scale drones with fixed-wings operating in unpredictable aerial environments.
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Czyżowski, Piotr, Mirosław Karpiński, Sławomir Beeger, and Damian Zieliński. "Analysis of the territorial vocalization ritual of the common pheasant Phasianus colchicus." Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 66, no. 3 (August 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.17109/azh.66.3.299.2020.
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The aim of the study was to analyze the ritual of territorial vocalization of pheasant cocks. The research aim was to determine whether the duration of the ritual of the territorial vocalization of pheasant cocks depends on the season of the year or whether it is an individual feature. The work was performed based on the analysis of film recordings of 7 male pheasants recorded in the Bystrzyca Valley in Lublin (Poland). Several-minute recordings were made from April 19 to June 27, 2018 in the morning (around 6: 00-8: 00). The characteristic for the species ritual vocalization were divided into four phases. The study concluded that the average duration of individual phases of ritual vocalization in individual birds varies and is an individual value. The number flaps of the wings before and after the vocalization varies depending on the cock and is bird-specific, and depends to a small extent on the month of observation.
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Dhamodaran, K., P. Prabhu Shankar, and S. Gowtham. "Conceptual Development of Flapping Wing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: Technical Note." International Journal of Vehicle Structures and Systems 10, no. 1 (April 28, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.4273/ijvss.10.1.10.
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From 1940s to till now the Un-manned aerial vehicles (UAVs) technology has been developed and the birds like UAVs are actively used for spying mission to attack enemies. For example, “Smart Bird” is discovered by FESTO in which the seagull is taken as a concept. The battery consumption is more on these UAVs due to their complicated flapping mechanism. This project deals with an UAV (ornithopter) with morphed wing, in which the wing can be foldable to increase the gliding speed. By using such type of wings, endurance and range can be increased. A laboratory scale ornithopter with flapping wing mechanism is fabricated and tested. The flight speed of almost 45mph can be achieved. This mechanism reduces the battery consumption, for e.g. for 8V input, 4 flaps per second is demonstrated by test. UAV has the ability to attack enemy territory without being identified by the RADAR. Moreover, it can be used to drop bombs from high altitude with precision by using high resolution cameras. To overcome this difficulty, the ornithopter with morphing and flapping mechanism concept is considered in this project.