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Journal articles on the topic 'Flaring gas'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 2 February 2022

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1

Obi, Nkemdilim, Phillip Bwititi, and Ezekiel Nwose. "Study proposal of the impact of gas flaring on health of communities in Delta state Nigeria." International Journal of Scientific Reports 7, no. 9 (August 21, 2021): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20213262.

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<p class="abstract">Gas flaring is the continuous discharge of gaseous fuel into the atmosphere during oil and gas operations. Over the past years, there has been an increased concern of the impact of gas flaring on the environment and recently on human health. The impact of gas flaring in Niger Delta, Nigeria is of local and global environmental concern. The uncontrolled and wasteful flaring of gas has caused negative impacts on the flora, fauna and human health and livelihood in the region. Reports indicate that gas flaring in Nigeria contributed more greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons to the atmosphere than the combined contribution of gas flaring on GHGs in the Sub-Saharan African countries. The GHGs emitted during gas flaring contribute significantly to global warming which may result in sea level rise and hasten the effects of climate change. Gas flaring, commonly carried out by oil exploration companies in Nigeria poses a hazard to the health of populations and environment by pollution, warming and release of GHGs. This study seeked to identify the risks associated with gas flaring in relation to human health in Delta region of Nigeria.</p>
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Obi, Nkem, Alero Akuirene, Phillip Bwititi, Josiah Adjene, and Ezekiel Nwose. "Impact of gas flaring on communities in Delta region of Nigeria, narrative review part 1: environmental health perspective." International Journal of Scientific Reports 7, no. 3 (February 20, 2021): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20210548.

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<p class="abstract">Gas flaring is the combustion of associated gas from crude-oil exploitation and exploration operations and occurs in refineries, oil wells, oil rigs by fiery of the gas. Nigeria is one of the main producers of gas in the world and oil exploration activities have occasioned high rate of gas flaring because of poor enforcement of anti-gas flaring laws by the regulatory authorities. Gas flaring comes with serious environmental concern because it is a major source of air pollution with adverse public health consequences particularly in the gas flaring communities. The objective of this narrative review is to identify the risks associated with gas flaring in relation to the environment. Literatures from diverse databases including peer reviewed journals as well as governmental and organizational papers were searched to develop the narrative. Over the years, several laws have been enacted in Nigeria with stipulated dates to end gas flaring, but the targets have not been met. The Federal government of Nigeria updated the legal framework titled flare gas (prevention of waste and pollution) regulations, 2018 to facilitate financial profits through utilization and commercialization of associated gas, with a view to reduce or exterminate flaring. This effort appears ineffective due to weak enforcement and poor monitoring mechanism. The statutory government institution entrusted to enforce anti-gas law may benefit from some sort of motivation to ensure oil operators comply to combat environmental health risks from gas flaring.</p>
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Zhizhin, Mikhail, Alexey Matveev, Tilottama Ghosh, Feng-Chi Hsu, Martyn Howells, and Christopher Elvidge. "Measuring Gas Flaring in Russia with Multispectral VIIRS Nightfire." Remote Sensing 13, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 3078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13163078.

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According to the data reported by the international and governmental agencies, the Russian Federation remains one of the world’s major associated petroleum gas (APG) flaring nations. In the past decade, numerous studies have shown the applicability of satellite-based methods to estimate gas flaring. New satellite-based observations might offer an insight in region-, company-, and site-specific gas flaring patterns, as the reported data are often incomplete. We provide a detailed catalog of the upstream and downstream gas flares and an in-depth analysis at the country, region, company and site level of the satellite monitoring results of flaring in Russia from 2012 to 2020. Our analysis is based on the VIIRS Nightfire data and validated against high-resolution daytime satellite images and geographical and geological metadata published by the oil and gas companies and the Russian government. Gas flaring volumes in Russia are estimated to average at 23 billion cubic meters (BCM) annually (15% of global flaring), with 19 BCM (82% on national scale) corresponding to the oil upstream flaring, which has been subject to heavy government regulations since 2013. Despite initially dropping, observed flaring volumes have been on the climb since 2018. We are able to monitor seasonal variations, accidents in gas processing and to track the activities to reduce gas flaring. An effect of gas composition on the flare temperature is reported for oil and gas fields in Russia.
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4

Osuoha, Christopher A., and Michael A. Fakutiju. "Gas Flaring in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Cost, Ecological and Human Health Implications." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 6, no. 2 (September 18, 2017): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v6i2.11662.

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The study examines the relationship between total gas produced, utilized and flared, also the social cost, economic cost and the public health consequences resulting from gas flaring in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The environmental and economic impacts caused by gas flaring activities in this part of the world between 1999 and 2015 were analyzed to establish the relationship gas flaring has with lost economic opportunities, ecological damage and human health challenges. The study examined and discussed the gas flaring cost, the volume of gas produced, public health cost, the cost of pollution abatement technology, social cost-benefit, the regulatory policies, and the reason why oil companies still flare gases. There is no single empirical approach, estimation technique or emission index to quantify the exact impact of gas flaring. The impact of gas flaring on the Niger Delta region is not an assumption but a reality that is supported by verifiable evidence. We find that gas flaring has a devastating impact on human health and the natural ecology. Available cost-effective technological solutions can be deployed by the oil companies to abate the flaring, expand revenue and improve the environmental quality in the Niger Delta area.
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5

Akinola, Adeoye O. "Resource Misgovernance and the Contradictions of Gas Flaring in Nigeria: A Theoretical Conversation." Journal of Asian and African Studies 53, no. 5 (July 28, 2017): 749–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909617722374.

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Nigeria remains Africa’s largest energy producer and at the same time possesses one of the highest gas flaring rates in the continent. Gas flaring in the Niger Delta region, estimated at 75% of the entire gas produced in Nigeria, highlights the environmental abuse posed by resource extraction, and exposes the failure of successive governments to eliminate the threat it portends to human survival in the oil region. The federal government formally declared gas flaring illegal since 1984, but multinational oil companies continue to treat compliance as a matter of convenience and not of necessity. Despite persistent protests against environmental degradation by the oil-producing communities, the refusal of the oil companies to end gas flaring and complicity of the government remained sources of concern. In the light of these, the study examines the crux of the gas flaring imbroglio, assesses the cost–benefits of gas flaring, and explores how gas emissions to the atmosphere have threatened human existence and ecological sustainability in the Niger Delta oil region. The study reiterates the urgency to enforce a zero-gas-flaring policy in Nigerian oil communities.
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6

Obi, Nkem, Alero Akuirene, Phillip Bwititi, Josiah Adjene, and Ezekiel Nwose. "Community health perspective of gas flaring on communities in Delta region of Nigeria: narrative review." International Journal of Scientific Reports 7, no. 3 (February 20, 2021): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20210547.

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<p>The Nigerian gas flares emit as many imaginable pollutants that cause several health concerns. However, there is no comprehensive study done on the health impact of gas flaring on humans in Delta state. Hence, this paper seeks to identify the risks associated with gas flaring in relation to human health and the knowledge of gas flaring in the communities of Delta region of Nigeria. Following a non-systematic approach to develop this narrative, <strong>s</strong>tudies that link various diseases such as hypertension, cancers, birth defects, diabetes, respiratory problems, cardiovascular and kidney disease to gas flaring in the region, the risk perception and the policies and regulations were examined. Findings from most of the papers reviewed show an association between gas flaring and the diseases identified and prevalence of most of the diseases in oil and gas communities compared to areas where gas flaring is not practiced. In conclusion, insufficient data on the prevalence and association of diseases such as hypertension, cancers, birth defects, diabetes, respiratory problems, cardiovascular and kidney disease with gas flaring were some of the gaps identified. These results necessitate the need for epidemiological studies on the health effects of gas flaring on humans.</p>
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7

Akuirene, Omatseye Alero, Josiah O. Adjene, Nkemdilim I. Obi, and Ezekiel Uba Nwose. "Impact of gas flaring in Ubeji metropolis of Delta State Nigeria: a comparative survey of environment health effects." International Journal of Scientific Reports 5, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20194249.

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The impact of gas flaring in Ubeji metropolis, relative to other communities of Delta is of interest. This study assessed the environmental impact of gas flaring in Ubeji metropolis of Delta State. The objective of this study is to study the comparative assessment of the environmental impacts of gas flaring on five communities of unequal distance from gas flaring site.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Questionnaire survey was used to evaluate three research questions that included the level of knowledge in the survey communities regarding health impact of gas flaring; prevalence level of assessed health conditions in Ubeji metropolis relative to communities farther from or nearer to Warri gas flaring site; and perceived impact of gas flaring on air quality indicated by health and environmental toxicity indices. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Descriptive evaluation of data shows Ubeji appears to have the highest proportion of persons suffering respiratory problems, but the figure for family members is less than some other communities. The respondents nearer flaring site show more awareness compared to those farther away. Critical evaluation showed no directional change in prevalence of disease linked to gas flaring. There is linear relationship between ‘distance to gas flare site’ and ‘toxic impact on air quality’.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This report submits further data to the discourse that, on the basis of nearness to gas flaring site, there is significant difference between communities experience of environmental and health impact.</p><p> </p>
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8

Ismail, O. S., and G. E. Umukoro. "Global Impact of Gas Flaring." Energy and Power Engineering 04, no. 04 (2012): 290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/epe.2012.44039.

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9

Aregbe, Azeez G. "Natural Gas Flaring—Alternative Solutions." World Journal of Engineering and Technology 05, no. 01 (2017): 139–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2017.51012.

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10

Mohammed, Sani Damamisau. "Clean development mechanism and carbon emissions in Nigeria." Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal 11, no. 3 (November 3, 2019): 523–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sampj-05-2017-0041.

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Purpose Carbon emissions from gas flaring in the Nigerian oil and gas industry are both a national and international problem. Nigerian government policies to eliminate the problem 1960-2016 yielded little or no results. The Kyoto Protocol (KP) provides Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as an international market-based mechanism to reducing global carbon emissions. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analytically highlight the potentials of CDM in eliminating carbon emissions in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviewed the historical background of Kyoto protocol, Nigerian Government policies to eliminating gas flaring in its oil and gas industry 1960-2016 and CDM projects in the industry. The effectiveness of the policies and CDM projects towards ending this problem were descriptively analysed. Findings Government policies towards eliminating gas flaring with its attendant carbon emissions appeared not to be yielding the desired results. However, projects registered under CDM in the industry looks effective in ending the problem. Research limitations/implications Therefore, the success recorded by CDM projects has the policy implication of encouraging Nigeria to engage on establishing more CDM projects that ostensibly proved effective in reducing CO2 emissions through gas flaring reductions in its oil and gas industry. Apparent effectiveness of studied CDM should provide a way forward for the country in eliminating gas flaring in its oil and gas industry which is also a global menace. Nigeria could achieve this by providing all needed facilitation to realising more CDM investments. Practical implications CDM as a policy has proved effective in eliminating gas flaring in the Nigerian oil and gas industry. The government should adopt this international policy to achieve more gas flaring reductions. Social implications Social problems of respiratory diseases, water pollution and food shortage among others due to gas flaring are persisting in oil and gas producing areas as government policies failed to end the problem. CDM projects in the industry have proved effective in eliminating the problem, thus improving the social welfare of the people and ensuring sustainable development. Originality/value The paper analysed the effectiveness of Nigerian Government policies and an international market-based mechanism towards ending gas flaring in its oil and gas industry.
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11

Kwame Sekyi, A. "The Impact of Gas Flaring On Man and His Environment and the Way Out." International Journal of Engineering and Management Sciences 2, no. 3 (September 10, 2017): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21791/ijems.2017.3.8.

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The nature of flaring processes has created a severe impact on man and the environment. Massive environmental degradation as a result of flaring activities has led to fluctuations in climate as well as depletion of the vegetation cover through acid rain. Findings have been made on some harmful gases released into the atmosphere that have effects on the environment and also on man. In order to control these effects by ensuring a clean atmosphere and environment, a new flaring model (DanMat flaring model) has been suggested. The model uses smoldering mechanism to reduce the amount of heat released into the atmosphere during conventional flaring by 60%. It also uses scavengers to oxidize harmful gas produced during flaring activities into less harmful ones. With this model one can flare gas without polluting the environment since it reduces the emissions of harmful gases during flaring.
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12

Amaechi, Chika Floyd, and Ekene Biose. "Gas flaring: Carbon dioxide contribution to global warming." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 20, no. 2 (July 25, 2016): 309–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i2.11.

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Within 1950 - 2004 the earth recorded a considerable increase in its average ambient temperature. This was however due to increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions resulting from high consumption of fossil fuels. Flaring been a source of anthropogenic carbon dioxide, is a concern to skeptics and local oil producing communities as a significant contributor to global warming, environmental degradation, health risk and economic loss. The purpose of the study was to ascertain the impacts of gas flaring on global warming and the local oil producing communities. The study adopted the quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis. The quantitative method involved using results complied by researchers of the Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center showing the total anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions (1950 -2004) from various sources to determine the impact carbon dioxide from flaring has had on global warming. The determination was done using a computer software (excel). The qualitative method on the other hand involved the use of case study literatures to examine and review the impacts gas flaring has on the local oil producing communities. The quantitative method of analysis showed that carbon dioxide from gas flaring constitute 1% of the total anthropogenic carbon dioxide which was considered insignificant, whilst the case study review of the qualitative method showed that gas flaring cause environmental degradation, health risks and constitute financial loss to the local oil producing communities. The research went ahead to refute the argument that gas flaring causes global warming, however acknowledging that it causes environmental degradation, health risks and economic loss to the local oil producing communities.
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13

Faruolo, Mariapia, Teodosio Lacava, Nicola Pergola, and Valerio Tramutoli. "On the Potential of the RST-FLARE Algorithm for Gas Flaring Characterization from Space." Sensors 18, no. 8 (July 30, 2018): 2466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18082466.

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An effective characterization of gas flaring is hampered by the lack of systematic, complete and reliable data on its magnitude and spatial distribution. In the last years, a few satellite methods have been developed to provide independent information on gas flaring activity at global, national and local scale. Among these, a MODIS-based method, aimed at the computation of gas flared volumes by an Italian plant, was proposed. In this work, a more general version of this approach, named RST-FLARE, has been developed to provide reliable information on flaring sites localization and gas emitted volumes over a long time period for the Niger Delta region, one of the top five gas flaring areas in the world. Achieved results showed a good level of accuracy, in terms of flaring sites localization (95% of spatial match) and volume estimates (mean bias between in 16% and 20%, at annual scale and 2–9% in the long period) when compared to independent data, provided both by other satellite techniques and national/international organizations. Outcomes of this work seem to indicate that RST-FLARE can be used to provide, at different geographic scales, quite accurate data on gas flaring, suitable for monitoring purposes for governments and local authorities.
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Faruolo, M., I. Coviello, C. Filizzola, T. Lacava, N. Pergola, and V. Tramutoli. "A satellite-based analysis of the Val d'Agri Oil Center (southern Italy) gas flaring emissions." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 10 (October 17, 2014): 2783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-2783-2014.

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Abstract. In this paper, the robust satellite techniques (RST), a multi-temporal scheme of satellite data analysis, was implemented to analyze the flaring activity of the Val d'Agri Oil Center (COVA), the largest Italian gas and oil pre-treatment plant, owned by Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI). For this site, located in an anthropized area characterized by a large environmental complexity, flaring emissions are mainly related to emergency conditions (i.e., waste flaring), as industrial processes are regulated by strict regional laws. While regarding the peculiar characteristics of COVA flaring, the main aim of this work was to assess the performances of RST in terms of sensitivity and reliability in providing independent estimations of gas flaring volumes in such conditions. In detail, RST was implemented for 13 years of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) medium and thermal infrared data in order to identify the highly radiant records associated with the COVA flare emergency discharges. Then, using data provided by ENI about gas flaring volumes in the period 2003–2009, a MODIS-based regression model was developed and tested. The results achieved indicate that the such a model is able to estimate, with a good level of accuracy (R2 of 0.83), emitted gas flaring volumes at COVA.
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Faruolo, M., I. Coviello, C. Filizzola, T. Lacava, N. Pergola, and V. Tramutoli. "A satellite-based analysis of the Val d'Agri (South of Italy) Oil Center gas flaring emissions." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences Discussions 2, no. 6 (June 6, 2014): 4101–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-2-4101-2014.

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Abstract. In this paper the Robust Satellite Techniques (RST), a multi-temporal scheme of satellite data analysis, was implemented to analyze the flaring activity of the largest Italian gas and oil pre-treatment plant (i.e. the Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi – ENI – Val d'Agri Oil Center – COVA). For this site, located in an anthropized area characterized by a~large environmental complexity, flaring emissions are mainly related to emergency conditions (i.e. waste flaring), being the industrial process regulated by strict regional laws. With reference to the peculiar characteristics of COVA flaring, the main aim of this work was to assess the performances of RST in terms of sensitivity and reliability in providing independent estimations of gas flaring volumes in such conditions. In detail, RST was implemented on thirteen years of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) medium and thermal infrared data in order to identify the highly radiant records associated to the COVA flare emergency discharges. Then, exploiting data provided by ENI about gas flaring volumes in the period 2003–2009, a MODIS-based regression model was developed and tested. Achieved results indicate that such a model is able to estimate, with a good level of accuracy (R2 of 0.83), emitted gas flaring volumes at COVA.
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Solov’yanov, A. A. "Associated petroleum gas flaring: Environmental issues." Russian Journal of General Chemistry 81, no. 12 (December 2011): 2531–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070363211120218.

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17

Umukoro, G. Ezaina, and O. Saheed Ismail. "Modelling emissions from natural gas flaring." Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 29, no. 2 (April 2017): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2015.08.001.

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18

Asadov, I. H., R. N. Mammadov, and F. G. Agayev. "Questions on Technological Optimization of Centralized Flaring of Associated Hydrocarbon Gas from Sources with Different Methane Concentration." Oil and Gas Technologies 135, no. 4 (2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2021-135-4-16-19.

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The method of technological optimization of associated hydrocarbon gas centralized flaring from sources with different methane concentration is suggested. The technological scheme of centralized flaring is composed. The relevant optimization task is formulated and solved solution of which make it possible to obtain the optimum type interrelation between methane concentration in associated gas and wind speed. As a result of carried out optimization the optimum order for functioning of composed technological scheme of centralized flaring of associated gas is recommended.
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19

Facchinelli, Francesco, Salvatore Eugenio Pappalardo, Daniele Codato, Alberto Diantini, Giuseppe Della Fera, Edoardo Crescini, and Massimo De Marchi. "Unburnable and Unleakable Carbon in Western Amazon: Using VIIRS Nightfire Data to Map Gas Flaring and Policy Compliance in the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010058.

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In the Amazon Rainforest, a unique post-carbon plan to mitigate global warming and to protect the exceptional bio-cultural diversity was experimented in 2007–2013 by the Ecuadorian government. To preserve the rainforest ecosystems within the Yasuní-ITT oil block, the release of 410 million metric tons of CO2 would have been avoided. The neologism “yasunization” emerged as an Amazonian narrative on “unburnable carbon” to be replicated worldwide. Considering the unburnable carbon, petroleum-associated gas flaring represents the unleakable part. Flaring is an irrational practice that consists of burning waste gases, representing not only a leak of energy but also a pollution source. The general aim of the paper is to monitor gas flaring as a tool, revealing, at the same time, the implementation of environmental technologies in the oil sector and the compliance of sustainable policies in the Amazon region and the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve. Specific objectives are: (i) identifying and estimating gas flaring over seven years (2012–2018); (ii) mapping new flaring sites; iii) estimating potentially affected areas among ecosystems and local communities. We processed National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Nightfire annual dataset, based on the elaboration of imagery from the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) and developed a GIS-based novel simple method to identify new flaring sites from daily detections. We found that 23.5% of gas flaring sites and 18.4% of volumes of all oil industries operating in Ecuador are located within the Yasuní Biosphere Reserve (YBR). Moreover, we detected 34 additional flaring sites not included in the NOAA dataset—12 in the YBR and one in Tiputini field, a key area for biological and cultural diversity conservation. We also found that at least 10 indigenous communities, 18 populated centers and 10 schools are located in the potentially affected area. Gas flaring can be used as a policy indicator to monitor the implementation of sustainable development practices in complex territories.
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Osiki, O. M. "Gas flaring and environmental issues in the Niger Delta, 1956-2007." Journal of Energy and Natural Resource Management 1, no. 2 (February 21, 2018): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26796/jenrm.v1i0.28.

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Gas flaring, which has assumed a worrisome dimension globally, is one of the environmental problems affecting the NigerDelta region of Nigeria. It has caused untold socio-economic, environmental and psychological effects on the people andtheir communities. Combating the problem has proved Herculean, especially owing to the lackadaisical attitudes of both thefederal government of Nigeria and the various oil companies whose activities have constituted the menace of oil flaring. Thiswork, therefore, assesses the origin, impact and various responses to the problem of gas flaring in the Niger Delta regionfrom historical and chronological perspectives. The work also examines how gas flaring has contributed to the depletion ofthe Ozone layer as well as its greenhouse effect and maintains that adequate measures must be put in place to addressthe problem vis- ` a-vis other crude oil-related environmental degradation in the region. It suggests possible remedies to theproblem placing emphasis on multifaceted approaches.
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Irikefe, Ovuakporaye, Igweh John, and Aloamaka Peter. "Impact of Gas Flaring on Cardiopulmonary Parameters of Residents in Gas Flaring Communities in Niger Delta Nigeria." British Journal of Medicine and Medical Research 15, no. 6 (January 10, 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjmmr/2016/25326.

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22

Lu, Rong, Jennifer L. Miskimins, and Mikhail Zhizhin. "Learning from Nighttime Observations of Gas Flaring in North Dakota for Better Decision and Policy Making." Remote Sensing 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 941. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13050941.

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In today’s oil industry, companies frequently flare the produced natural gas from oil wells. The flaring activities are extensive in some regions including North Dakota. Besides company-reported data, which are compiled by the North Dakota Industrial Commission, flaring statistics such as count and volume can be estimated via Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite nighttime observations. Following data gathering and preprocessing, Bayesian machine learning implemented with Markov chain Monte Carlo methods is performed to tackle two tasks: flaring time series analysis and distribution approximation. They help further understanding of the flaring profiles and reporting qualities, which are important for decision/policy making. First, although fraught with measurement and estimation errors, the time series provide insights into flaring approaches and characteristics. Gaussian processes are successful in inferring the latent flaring trends. Second, distribution approximation is achieved by unsupervised learning. The negative binomial and Gaussian mixture models are utilized to describe the distributions of field flare count and volume, respectively. Finally, a nearest-neighbor-based approach for company level flared volume allocation is developed. Potential discrepancies are spotted between the company reported and the remotely sensed flaring profiles.
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23

Asadov, I. H. "Development of Methodics for Calculation of Share of Destroyed Hydrocarbons upon Flaring of Associated Gas at Sea Platforms." Oil and Gas Technologies 134, no. 3 (2021): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-221-134-3-23-25.

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In the article the possibility to develop the new methodic for calculation of share of destroyed hydrocarbons upon flaring of associated gas is considered. It is shown that problem of flaring of associated hydrocarbon gas is that non-complete firing causing emission to atmosphere such products as СО2, aerosol (black carbon] and also CH4. Uncertainty in estimate of carbon fraction in total mass and also of ratio of concentrations of CH4 and СО2 over different oil producing sea platforms make it possible to form variation optimization task solution of which allows to evaluate the minimum guaranteed share of destroyed hydrocarbon gas upon its flaring.
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24

Cutler, Jane, Bjorn Hamso, and Francisco Sucre. "‘Zero Routine Flaring by 2030': a new global industry standard." APPEA Journal 58, no. 2 (2018): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17132.

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The World Bank-introduced ‘Zero Routine Flaring by 2030’ (ZRF) Initiative is well on its way to establishing a new global industry standard; one that is very important if governments and industry are to make significant strides to help mitigate climate change. Launched in 2015 by the UN Secretary-General and World Bank President, ZRF commits governments and oil companies to (a) not routinely flare associated gas in new oil field developments, and (b) to end routine flaring at existing (legacy) fields by 2030. (Routine flaring is defined as flaring during normal oil production operations in the absence of sufficient facilities or amenable geology to re-inject the produced gas, utilise it on-site, or dispatch it to a market. The ZRF Initiative clearly states that venting is also not an acceptable substitute for flaring.) A review of the governments and companies that have already endorsed ZRF reveals that many of the major producers recognise the value of making a public commitment and working to end a 150-year-old industry practice. There are now over 70 endorsers, but more governments and companies must join the global effort if there is to be real progress and establishment of a de facto industry standard. Those that have endorsed the ZRF Initiative say it has other tangible benefits. For example, the many international oil companies that already have a no-flaring policy for new oil field developments consider the Initiative a positive contribution because it will level the playing field – other companies would adopt the same good practice and governments would require it. So, the Initiative also reduces regulatory uncertainty and risk. To achieve ZRF on a global scale, collaborative action such as through the Global Gas Flaring Reduction Partnership (GGFR) – a public-private initiative comprising international and national oil companies, national and regional governments, and international institutions – will be required. GGFR is focused on increasing the use of natural gas associated with oil production by helping remove technical and regulatory barriers to flaring reduction, conducting research, disseminating best practices, and developing country-specific gas flaring reduction programs. GGFR is also focused on helping develop financing tools for flare-out projects, such as a new program with the Global Infrastructure Facility (GIF) to fund feasibility studies of solutions to monetize flared or vented gas from onshore and offshore oil production facilities.
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Matveev, A. M., M. N. Zhizhin, and A. A. Poyda. "Variations in gas flaring in Russia observed using multispectral nighttime remote sensing." Sovremennye problemy distantsionnogo zondirovaniya Zemli iz kosmosa 17, no. 6 (2020): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21046/2070-7401-2020-17-6-37-44.

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Zhang, Xiaodong, Beau Scheving, Bahareh Shoghli, Chris Zygarlicke, and Chad Wocken. "Quantifying Gas Flaring CH4 Consumption Using VIIRS." Remote Sensing 7, no. 8 (July 27, 2015): 9529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs70809529.

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Bienen, Leslie. "Nigerian Communities Demand End to Gas Flaring." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 3, no. 6 (August 2005): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868556.

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Denney, Dennis. "Effects of Gas Flaring on Soil Fertility." Journal of Petroleum Technology 57, no. 12 (December 1, 2005): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1205-0039-jpt.

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Golombok, Michael, and Wendy Teunissen. "A Chemical Alternative to Natural Gas Flaring." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 42, no. 20 (October 2003): 5003–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie0303808.

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Omotayo Adewale, Omoniyi. "The Impact of Gas Flaring in Nigeria." International Journal of Science, Technology and Society 3, no. 2 (2015): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijsts.20150302.12.

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31

Ejiogu, Amanze R. "Gas Flaring in Nigeria: Costs and Policy." Energy & Environment 24, no. 6 (September 2013): 983–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958-305x.24.6.983.

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Lu, Wanyun, Yongxue Liu, Jizhou Wang, Wenxuan Xu, Wei Wu, Yongchao Liu, Bingxue Zhao, Huiting Li, and Pei Li. "Global proliferation of offshore gas flaring areas." Journal of Maps 16, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2020.1762773.

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33

SA, Wemedo. "Impact Assessment of Gas Flaring on Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Physicochemical Property in Nigeria." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000165.

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Gas flaring is the wasteful emission of hydrocarbon gases into the atmosphere; it is routinely used to dispose flammable gas that either is assumed unusable or uneconomical to recover. The burning of the wasteful gas has been shown to have significant environmental consequences. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the impact of gas flaring on soil bacterial spectrum and its physicochemical property. Soil microbiological quality was investigated using culture techniques while physicochemical property of the soil was analyzed using standard analytical procedures. Results obtained showed that pH and Av. phosphorus decreased from 5.80 and 8.86mg/kg in control soil to 5.40 and 6.50mg/kg in flared soil respectively. Electrical conductivity and total organic carbon increased from 100μS/cm and 0.20% in control soil to 160μS/cm and 0.63% in flared soil respectively. Total nitrogen slightly increased from 0.01% in control soil to 0.02% in flared soil. Soil textural class was sandy-clay-loam for both control and flared soils. Mean counts of bacteria increased from 4x10 3 cfu/g in SD50m to 2.0x10 4 cfu/g in SD100m, 3.1x10 4 cfu/g in SD200m, 4.5x10 4 in SD300m to 4.8x10 5 cfu/g in control soil. All the bacterial species were isolated from control and SD300m soils except Acinetobacter and Microbacteriun species which did not occur in SD300m soil. Six (6) organisms: Bacillus, Corynebacterium , Pseudomonas , Paenibacillus, Pusillimonas and Salinicoccus species were isolated from SD50m soil. The number of bacterial genera isolated increased to eleven (11) in SD100m soil with Cronobacter , Enterobacter , Escherichia coli , Kluyvera , and Microbacterium species added to those of SD50m soil. Fifteen (15) organisms occurred in SD200m soil as Acinetobacter , Arthrobacter , Brevibacterium , Klebsiella , Rathayibacter and Staphylococcus species were added. This study revealed that gas flaring decreased bacterial population in soil in close proximity to the flare point; the effect being reduced as the sampling distance from the flare point increased. Some physicochemical parameters decreased in flared soils and others increased when compared with control soils. Gas flaring selectively inhibited soil bacteria with more species occurring in soils farther away from the flare and soil closest to the flare point having less numbers of bacteria. In conclusion, gas flaring had negative impact on soil bacteria and varied effect on physicochemical properties of the soil; in this way soil fertility could have been hampered. Oil and gas companies as well as government agency need to adopt measures that would curb unnecessary gas flaring in Nigeria by putting the flared gas into economic use.
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Brown, James, Chiew Yen Law, Katherine Fielden, Ceri-Sian Dee, and Neil Pollock. "Small-scale technology solutions to eliminate flaring." APPEA Journal 56, no. 2 (2016): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj15118.

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Five percent of the world’s gas supply is wasted by being flared or vented into the atmosphere, leading to a huge loss of potential revenue, not to mention a significant impact on the environment. This is equivalent to 150 billion cubic metres of natural gas per year and the release of 400 million metric tons of CO2 equivalent. The industry does this for a variety of valid reasons, including well testing, emergencies, commissioning, maintenance, or simply because an economic solution for capturing and using the gas has not been discovered. Capture of flared gas, therefore, presents an economic and environmentally beneficial opportunity to create new value chains that can benefit not only the industry but also people’s quality of life. This extended abstract draws on a recent DNV GL project to assess existing and future technologies and concepts for capturing small volumes of associated gas that are normally flared from oil fields, both onshore and offshore. The following four technology options that can be used to capture associated gas, convert it, and either utilise the product onsite or transport it to market for consumption are considered. Using more cost-effective ways of transporting natural gas where there is no existing pipeline. Converting gas into products with a higher economic value through chemical processes. Novel concepts—bringing the solution closer to the source of gas flaring. Other solutions. The extended abstract then focuses on cost-effective ways of transporting gas, in particular the use of micro-LNG solutions
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Deetz, Konrad, and Bernhard Vogel. "Development of a new gas-flaring emission dataset for southern West Africa." Geoscientific Model Development 10, no. 4 (April 18, 2017): 1607–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-1607-2017.

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Abstract. A new gas-flaring emission parameterization has been developed, which combines remote sensing observations using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) nighttime data with combustion equations. The parameterization has been applied to southern West Africa, including the Niger Delta as a region that is highly exposed to gas flaring. Two 2-month datasets for June–July 2014 and 2015 were created. The parameterization delivers emissions of CO, CO2, NO, NO2 and SO2. A flaring climatology for both time periods has been derived. The uncertainties owing to cloud cover, parameter selection, natural gas composition and the interannual differences are assessed. The largest uncertainties in the emission estimation are linked to the parameter selection. It can be shown that the flaring emissions in Nigeria have significantly decreased by 25 % from 2014 to 2015. Existing emission inventories were used for validation. CO2 emissions with the estimated uncertainty in parentheses of 2.7 (3. 6∕0. 5) Tg yr−1 for 2014 and 2.0 (2. 7∕0. 4) Tg yr−1 for 2015 were derived. Regarding the uncertainty range, the emission estimate is in the same order of magnitude compared to existing emission inventories with a tendency for underestimation. The deviations might be attributed to a shortage in information about the combustion efficiency within southern West Africa, the decreasing trend in gas flaring or inconsistent emission sector definitions. The parameterization source code is available as a package of R scripts.
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Olujobi, Olusola Joshua. "Analysis of the Legal Framework Governing Gas Flaring in Nigeria’s Upstream Petroleum Sector and the Need for Overhauling." Social Sciences 9, no. 8 (July 27, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9080132.

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Nigeria is rated the number one producer of crude oil in Africa. Still, oil exploration activities have resulted in a high rate of gas flaring due to weak enforcement of the anti-gas flaring laws by the regulatory authorities. Associated natural gas is generated from oil production, and it is burnt in large volumes, thereby leading to the emission of greenhouse gases and waste of natural resources which could have generated billions of dollars for the Federal Government of Nigeria. There are concerns that if nothing is done to curtail this menace, humans and the environment will be imperiled due to its negative consequences. There is therefore a need to decrease gas flaring by replicating the strategies applied in the selected case study countries to combat the menace. It is relevant to carry out this analysis to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the oil industry for the sustainability of the energy sector and to generate more revenues for the government. This study provides guidelines for legislatures on suitable approaches to adopt for formulating an anti-flaring legal framework. The study is a comparative analysis of national legal regimes on gas flaring in Nigeria, Canada, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and Norway. The study adopts a doctrinal legal research method, a point-by-point comparative approach with a library-based legal research method. The study finds that weak enforcement of laws is a critical factor responsible for the menace. It recommends the use of more advanced technologies, a sophisticated mixture of regulations and non-regulatory incentives such as fiscal policies and gas market restructuring, and proffers further suggestions based on the lessons learnt from the selected case study countries.
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Faruolo, Mariapia, Teodosio Lacava, Nicola Pergola, and Valerio Tramutoli. "The VIIRS-Based RST-FLARE Configuration: The Val d’Agri Oil Center Gas Flaring Investigation in Between 2015–2019." Remote Sensing 12, no. 5 (March 3, 2020): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12050819.

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The RST (Robust Satellite Techniques)-FLARE algorithm is a satellite-based method using a multitemporal statistical analysis of nighttime infrared signals strictly related to industrial hotspots, such as gas flares. The algorithm was designed for both identifying and characterizing gas flares in terms of radiant/emissive power. The Val d’Agri Oil Center (COVA) is a gas and oil pre-treatment plant operating for about two decades within an anthropized area of Basilicata region (southern Italy) where it represents a significant potential source of social and environmental impacts. RST-FLARE, developed to study and monitor the gas flaring activity of this site by means of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data, has exported VIIRS (Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite) records by exploiting the improved spatial and spectral properties offered by this sensor. In this paper, the VIIRS-based configuration of RST-FLARE is presented and its application on the recent (2015-2019) gas flaring activity at COVA is analyzed and discussed. Its performance in gas flaring characterization is in good agreement with VIIRS Nightfire outputs to which RST-FLARE seems to provide some add-ons. The great consistency of radiant heat estimates computed with both RST-FLARE developed configurations allows proposing a multi-sensor RST-FLARE strategy for a more accurate multi-year analysis of gas flaring.
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38

Makarova, Irina A. "The Role of Payments for Emissions of Pollutants From Associated Petroleum Gas Flaring as a Tool for Regulating the Rational Use of Natural Resources in the Oil-Producing Regions of the Russian Federation." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 52 (2020): 198–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988648/52/12.

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For a long time, Russia was the leader in associated petroleum gas (APG) flaring. This led to the destruction of useful raw materials and environmental pollution. Due to the tightening of the state policy in the field of the APG rational use and the introduction of fees for APG flaring in 2012, oil producing companies had an incentive to use APG efficiently. In addition, the level of air pollution began to decline. The budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the oil-producing regions began to receive significant revenues. Some experts expected that the APG efficiency target would be achieved in 2014 or 2016. Unfortunately, some oil producers were unable to achieve the target. Moreover, at present, there is a reduction in payments for APG flaring in many regions. This causes concern for certain market participants. The object of this research is the impact of APG flaring fees on the level of rational APG use and on incomes of the oil-producing regions. The aim of the work is to study the role of these payments as a tool for regulating the rational use of APG. The analysis shows that the introduction of fees for emissions of pollutants generated by APG flaring plays an important role in ensuring the sustainable development of the regions. Firstly, this fee helps to improve the environmental situation in the region because the volume of gas flared has decreased significantly. Secondly, the application of fees for APG flaring contributes to an increase in the level of energy efficiency, the development and implementation of innovative technologies. Thirdly, the increase in APG deep processing makes it possible to obtain products required in the domestic industry. This improves the efficiency of the oil sector and accelerates import substitution. Fourthly, payments for emissions of pollutants generated during APG flaring form additional funds that can be spent on the development of the region. Fifthly, all oil-producing regions can be divided into two groups. The first group is a group that has practically reached or is very close to reaching the established limits for APG flaring. The second group of regions is a group for which reaching this target is still a difficult task. Experts point out the following reasons that prevent some oil-producing companies from achieving targets for APG flaring: (1) commissioning of new fields, which are characterized by an insufficient level of infrastructure development required for APG utilization; (2) closure of gas processing plants for repair work, which forces some companies to temporarily flare APG; (3) establishment of new benefits and exemptions; (4) geographic fragmentation of fields and limited reserves, which does not allow making the project for the rational use of APG profitable; (5) remoteness of some gas pipelines from the main oil-producing regions, difficult access to the gas transportation system.
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39

Stohl, A., Z. Klimont, S. Eckhardt, K. Kupiainen, V. P. Shevchenko, V. M. Kopeikin, and A. N. Novigatsky. "Black carbon in the Arctic: the underestimated role of gas flaring and residential combustion emissions." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 13, no. 17 (September 5, 2013): 8833–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-8833-2013.

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Abstract. Arctic haze is a seasonal phenomenon with high concentrations of accumulation-mode aerosols occurring in the Arctic in winter and early spring. Chemistry transport models and climate chemistry models struggle to reproduce this phenomenon, and this has recently prompted changes in aerosol removal schemes to remedy the modeling problems. In this paper, we show that shortcomings in current emission data sets are at least as important. We perform a 3 yr model simulation of black carbon (BC) with the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART. The model is driven with a new emission data set ("ECLIPSE emissions") which includes emissions from gas flaring. While gas flaring is estimated to contribute less than 3% of global BC emissions in this data set, flaring dominates the estimated BC emissions in the Arctic (north of 66° N). Putting these emissions into our model, we find that flaring contributes 42% to the annual mean BC surface concentrations in the Arctic. In March, flaring even accounts for 52% of all Arctic BC near the surface. Most of the flaring BC remains close to the surface in the Arctic, so that the flaring contribution to BC in the middle and upper troposphere is small. Another important factor determining simulated BC concentrations is the seasonal variation of BC emissions from residential combustion (often also called domestic combustion, which is used synonymously in this paper). We have calculated daily residential combustion emissions using the heating degree day (HDD) concept based on ambient air temperature and compare results from model simulations using emissions with daily, monthly and annual time resolution. In January, the Arctic-mean surface concentrations of BC due to residential combustion emissions are 150% higher when using daily emissions than when using annually constant emissions. While there are concentration reductions in summer, they are smaller than the winter increases, leading to a systematic increase of annual mean Arctic BC surface concentrations due to residential combustion by 68% when using daily emissions. A large part (93%) of this systematic increase can be captured also when using monthly emissions; the increase is compensated by a decreased BC burden at lower latitudes. In a comparison with BC measurements at six Arctic stations, we find that using daily-varying residential combustion emissions and introducing gas flaring emissions leads to large improvements of the simulated Arctic BC, both in terms of mean concentration levels and simulated seasonality. Case studies based on BC and carbon monoxide (CO) measurements from the Zeppelin observatory appear to confirm flaring as an important BC source that can produce pollution plumes in the Arctic with a high BC / CO enhancement ratio, as expected for this source type. BC measurements taken during a research ship cruise in the White, Barents and Kara seas north of the region with strong flaring emissions reveal very high concentrations of the order of 200–400 ng m−3. The model underestimates these concentrations substantially, which indicates that the flaring emissions (and probably also other emissions in northern Siberia) are rather under- than overestimated in our emission data set. Our results suggest that it may not be "vertical transport that is too strong or scavenging rates that are too low" and "opposite biases in these processes" in the Arctic and elsewhere in current aerosol models, as suggested in a recent review article (Bond et al., Bounding the role of black carbon in the climate system: a scientific assessment, J. Geophys. Res., 2013), but missing emission sources and lacking time resolution of the emission data that are causing opposite model biases in simulated BC concentrations in the Arctic and in the mid-latitudes.
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40

Abdullayev, R., Q. Birrel, and R. Huseynzade. "SOCAR - BP Partnership: ACG gas flaring reduction project." SOCAR Proceedings, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5510/ogp20200200427.

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41

Roehner, Richard, Palash Panja, and Milind Deo. "Reducing Gas Flaring in Oil Production from Shales." Energy & Fuels 30, no. 9 (August 15, 2016): 7524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01126.

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42

Christen, Kris. "Environmental impacts of gas flaring, venting add up." Environmental Science & Technology 38, no. 24 (December 2004): 480A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es0406886.

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43

Johnson, M. R., L. W. Kostiuk, and J. L. Spangelo. "A Characterization of Solution Gas Flaring in Alberta." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 51, no. 8 (August 2001): 1167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2001.10464348.

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44

Weyant, Cheryl L., Paul B. Shepson, R. Subramanian, Maria O. L. Cambaliza, Alexie Heimburger, David McCabe, Ellen Baum, Brian H. Stirm, and Tami C. Bond. "Black Carbon Emissions from Associated Natural Gas Flaring." Environmental Science & Technology 50, no. 4 (January 27, 2016): 2075–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04712.

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45

Jagannath, Anoop, M. M. Faruque Hasan, Fahad M. Al-Fadhli, I. A. Karimi, and David T. Allen. "Minimize Flaring through Integration with Fuel Gas Networks." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 51, no. 39 (March 29, 2012): 12630–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie300308g.

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46

Showstack, Randy. "In Brief: Satellite study of natural gas flaring." Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 88, no. 37 (September 11, 2007): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2007eo370003.

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47

Maduka, Omosivie, and Benson Ephraim-Emmanuel. "The quality of public sources of drinking water in oil-bearing communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria." AAS Open Research 2 (July 10, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.12964.1.

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Background: Studies carried out in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria have demonstrated a link between oil exploration and poor-quality drinking water. However, many of these studies have been limited by small coverage and focus on few parameters. This study thus aimed at a comprehensive assessment of the quality of public sources of drinking water in three gas flaring and three non-gas flaring communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. Methods: A total of 13 samples were collected from the major sources of drinking water in six communities in Rivers, Bayelsa and Delta States, Nigeria. These were stored and transported in line with International standards to a certified environmental laboratory where physical, chemical, bacteriological and petro-chemical assessments were conducted for 27 parameters. Results: Some samples had a pH below the normal range for drinking water, with median pH value of 4.63. All chemical parameters assessed fell below the normal acceptable range with exception of magnesium which exceeded the acceptable range. There were11 samples (91.7%) with microbial contamination; total and faecal coliform demonstrated at values ranging between 15 and 90 most probably number (MPN)/100 ml for total coliform and 9 to 23 MPN/100 ml for faecal coliforms. Oil, grease and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were identified in water samples from all communities. Values for oil and grease ranged between <0.001 and 0.015 mg/l, while TPH values were between <0.001 and 0.046 mg/l. There was no significant difference between median values in gas flaring and non-gas flaring communities. Conclusion: Distortion of physico-chemical properties, and hydrocarbon and faecal contamination of drinking water are a major challenge in oil-bearing communities in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria irrespective of gas flaring status. This calls for urgent interventions to improve the quality of drinking water for the people of the Niger Delta.
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Giwa, Solomon O., Abayomi T. Layeni, Collins N. Nwaokocha, and Musedik A. Sulaiman. "Greenhouse gas inventory: A case of gas flaring operations in Nigeria." African Journal of Science, Technology, Innovation and Development 9, no. 3 (May 4, 2017): 241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20421338.2017.1312778.

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Kareem, Salami Dada. "Gas Production, Gas Flaring And Economic Growth Nexus: The Nigerian Experience." IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 8, no. 2 (2013): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0837-0824144.

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50

Amaechi, C. F., and M. J. Emejulu. "Cost–Benefit Analysis of Associated Gas Flaring in the Niger – Delta Area of Nigeria (a case study of 1958 – 2004." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 25, no. 3 (April 27, 2021): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v25i3.9.

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CT: Associated gas flaring has been revealed as a significant contributor to the warming of the local climateof the communities where these flare stacks are located. Associated gas flaring has also been revealed as a major casualfactor to the degradation of the environment, air pollution and consequent health effects of the inhabitants of these hostcommunities. This study goes a step further to assess the economic benefit of total utilization of associated gas as an antedote to these problems as it is been argued that flaring this gas is cheaper than total utilization. The research uses as its casestudy the Niger – Delta region of Nigeria a West African country with 1958- 2004 been the years under review. The studyadopted the Cost – Benefit approach/ Method of analysis as well as relied on secondary face to face interview. Results fromthe study revealed that the economic benefit of total utilization of associated gas far outweighs the cost of flaring associatedgas. Results from the study also reveal that if Nigeria had utilized the associated gas from crude oil exploitation from 1958-2004; the country would be $32 billion richer. This is without the estimation of the multiplier effect of reinvesting thesemonies. The research further reveals that the country requires another Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant 1.4 times thecapacity of the Bonny LNG plant to totally processthese associated gases for onward utilization. In the light of theserevelations the study recommends a strategic legal framework for the formulation of an act for the operation and governance of the Nigerian Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) be put in place by the government as this is a major bottleneck to the development of the sector. Also in the development of strategic plans and policy guidelines for the enactment of the act, the host communities should be in full participation. This is to ensure transparency and equity which will further result in total cooperation and compliance by all stakeholders. Furthermore, the study recommends a time frame be set for routine review of the plans and policy guidelines so as to update lapses for further and future development. Keywords: Cost – Benefit Analysis, Gas flaring, Total Utilization, Non Utilization, Utilization Economic Cost
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