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Journal articles on the topic 'Flash photolysis : Free radicals (Chemistry)'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 February 2022

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1

Bensasson, R. V. "Flash photolysis, pulse radiolysis - Contribution the chemistry of free radicals in biological systems." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 92, no. 6-7 (2010): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19830920606.

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2

Levin, Peter P., Alexei F. Efremkin, and Igor V. Khudyakov. "Kinetics of benzophenone ketyl free radicals recombination in a polymer: reactivity in the polymer cage vs. reactivity in the polymer bulk." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 14, no. 5 (2015): 891–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5pp00024f.

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The decay kinetics of intermediates produced under photolysis of benzophenone (B) dissolved in soft rubber poly(ethylene-co-butylene) films (abbreviated asE) was studied by ns laser flash photolysis in the temperature range of 263–313 K.

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3

McGarry, P. F., and J. C. Scaiano. "The absolute kinetics for radical addition and electronic energy transfer to [1.1.1]propellane." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 76, no. 10 (1998): 1474–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v98-191.

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Free radicals react more readily with [1.1.1]propellane, 1, than with styrene. For example Et3Si· reacts with 1 and styrene with rate constants of 6 × 108 M-1 s-1 and 2 × 108 M-1 s-1, respectively. Fluorenone, phenanthrene, triphenylene, benzophenone, and pyrene transfer electronic energy to 1 with rate constants well below the diffusion-controlled limit. For example, triplet benzophenone is quenched by 1 with a bimolecular rate constant of 9.9 × 106 M-1 s-1. A linear dependence of the log of the quenching rate constants, log kq, upon the excited-state energy of the donors is found.Key words:

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4

Scaiano, J. C., Terrence J. Connolly, Nadereh Mohtat, and Claudette N. Pliva. "Exploratory study of the quenching of photosensitizers by initiators of free radical "living" polymerization." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 1 (1997): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-014.

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Several compounds of the type PhCR1R2-TEMPO (where TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxide) have been prepared and examined as potential photosensitized initiators for "living" free radical polymerizations. For example, these compounds are excellent quenchers of triplet xanthone (rate constants in the range (8.0–13) × 108 M−1 s−1) and result in the formation of benzylic and TEMPO radicals. The importance of excited state energy and nature of the excited triplet state have also been explored. We also tested pyrene as a possible singlet sensitizer. While pyrene fluorescence is efficiently

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5

Timtcheva, I., J. Zechner, N. Getoff, and St Minchev. "Photoreactions of 2,6-Diphenyl-s-Hydrindacene-1,3,5,7-Tetrone and its Derivatives in Polar and Nonpolar Solvents." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 10 (1985): 1040–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-1010.

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Continuous UV-irradiation as well as flash-photolysis of derivatives of 2,6-diphenyl-s-hydrindacene- 1,3,5,7-tetrone (bisindandione - BID), substituted in the p and p' positions of the phenyl rings, was found to result in the formation of stable photoproducts, of which the absorption, emission and excitation maxima coincide with those of the corresponding diarylidene-benzodifurandiones (bis-benzylidenephthalides - BBPh). Studies of light intensity effects gave evidence that this isomerization proceeds via a semi-isomerized intermediate. Additionally, flash-photolysis of BID showed the formatio

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6

Fayed, Tarek A., Gunter Grampp, and Stephan Landgraf. "Fluorescence quenching of aromatic hydrocarbons by nitroxide radicals: a mechanismatic study." International Journal of Photoenergy 1, no. 3 (1999): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s1110662x99000306.

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The fluorescence quenching of phenanthrene (Phen), 9-cyanophenanthrene (CPhen), 9-cyanoanthracene (CA), perylene (Per), 9,10-dicyanoanthracene (DCA), and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) using stable nitroxide radicals as quenchers has been studied by steady state and flash photolysis measurements. Both linearity and deviation from linearity in the Stern-Volmer plots have been observed. The active sphere model was used to discuss the upward curvature of the Stern-Volmer plots in case of Per, DCA, and DPA. The bimolecular quenching rate constant(kq)of Phen, CPhen and CA was found to be diffusion c

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7

Markovic, Dejan. "Photochemistry of aromatic ketones in sodium dodecyl sulphate micelles in the presence of unsaturated fatty acids." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 69, no. 2 (2004): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0402107m.

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Laser-flash photolysis has been employed to characterize the behaviour of the free radicals created in the photochemical reaction of benzophenone (BZP), as well as of its lipoidal derivative, benzophenone-4-heptyl-4?-pentanoic acid (BHPA), with chosen unsaturated fatty acids in sodium dodecyl sulphate micelles. The calculated rate constants were used to study the "cage effect" i.e., the recombination of the created radical-pairs (BZP, BHPA ketyl radical - lipid radical) inside the highly limited space of the SDS micelles. The "cage effect" appears to be the dominant event inside SDS micelles,

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8

Taras-Goslinska, Katarzyna, Fabrizio Vetica, Sebastián Barata-Vallejo, Virginia Triantakostanti, Bronisław Marciniak, and Chryssostomos Chatgilialoglu. "Converging Fate of the Oxidation and Reduction of 8-Thioguanosine." Molecules 24, no. 17 (2019): 3143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24173143.

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Thione-containing nucleobases have attracted the attention of the scientific community for their application in oncology, virology, and transplantology. The detailed understanding of the reactivity of the purine derivative 8-thioguanosine (8-TG) with reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals is crucial for its biological relevance. An extensive investigation on the fate of 8-TG under both reductive and oxidative conditions is here reported, and it was tested by employing steady-state photooxidation, laser flash photolysis, as well as γ-radiolysis in aqueous solutions. The characterizatio

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9

Sumiyoshi, T., W. Weber, and W. Schnabel. "Thiophosphonyl Radicals Photolytic Generation and Reactivity Towards Olefinic Compounds." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 6 (1985): 541–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0601.

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Upon irradiation with UV light (λ = 347 nm), 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine sulfide was found to be fragmented into free radicals by α-scission (F(k) = 0.3 ± 0.1): Flash photolysis studies revealed that the optical absorption spectrum of diphenylthiophosphonyl radicals, S = P(Ph)2. possesses a strong band with λmax = 340 nm and a somewhat weaker band with λmax ≈ 500 nm (e340nm = 1.2 ± 0.2) · 104 1/mol cm). The reactivity towards olefinic compounds, M, is 10 to 30 times lower than in the case of O = P(Ph)2 radicals. Typical bimolecular rate constants (in 1/mol s) of the reaction of S =

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10

Telitel, Sofia, Frédéric Dumur, Thomas Faury та ін. "New core-pyrene π structure organophotocatalysts usable as highly efficient photoinitiators". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 9 (7 травня 2013): 877–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.9.101.

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Eleven di- and trifunctional compounds based on a core-pyrene π structure (Co_Py) were synthesized and investigated for the formation of free radicals. The application of two- and three-component photoinitiating systems (different Co_Pys with the addition of iodonium or sulfonium salts, alkyl halide or amine) was investigated in detail for cationic and radical photopolymerization reactions under near-UV–vis light. The proposed compounds can behave as new photocatalysts. Successful results in terms of rates of polymerization and final conversions were obtained. The strong MO coupling between th

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11

Leigh, William J., and Thomas R. Owens. "The one- and two-photon photochemistry of benzylsilacyclobutanes, acyclic benzylsilanes, and 1,1,2-triphenylsilacyclobutane." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 78, no. 11 (2000): 1459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v99-249.

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The photochemistry of several α-silylbenzyl compounds has been investigated in hexane and in methanol solution. Direct photolysis of 1-benzyl-1-methylsilacyclobutane (1) in methanolic hexane solution produces 1-propyl-1-methyl-2,3-benzosilacyclobutene (6) in quantitative yield, by a sequential two-photon process involving the photoactive isotoluene derivative 1-methylene-6-(1-methylsilacyclobutyl)-2,4-cyclohexadiene (13a), which has been identified on the basis of its 1H NMR and UV absorption spectra. In contrast, direct irradiation of 1-benzyl-1-phenylsilacyclobutane (2) under similar conditi

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12

Scaiano, J. C. "Exploratory laser flash photolysis study of free radical reactions and magnetic field effects in melatonin chemistry." Journal of Pineal Research 19, no. 4 (1995): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079x.1995.tb00188.x.

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13

Levin, Peter P., Alexei F. Efremkin, Natalie B. Sultimova, Valery V. Kasparov, and Igor V. Khudyakov. "Decay Kinetics of Benzophenone Triplets and Corresponding Free Radicals in Soft and Rigid Polymers Studied by Laser Flash Photolysis." Photochemistry and Photobiology 90, no. 2 (2013): 369–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/php.12170.

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14

Windsor, Maurice W. "Flash photolysis and triplet states and free radicals in solutionDedicated to the memory of Nobel Laureate, Lord George Porter FRSC FRS OM." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 2, no. 5 (2003): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b300213f.

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15

Brancaleon, Lorenzo, Darryl Brousmiche, and Linda J. Johnston. "Article." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 77, no. 5-6 (1999): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v99-060.

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The electron transfer photochemistry of 2,3-dicyanonaphthalene has been studied by a combination of fluorescence and transient absorption spectroscopy. The singlet excited state has a lifetime of 26 ns in acetonitrile and reacts with aromatic and alkene donors with oxidation potentials less than ~1.8 V with rate constants that are close to the diffusion-controlled limit. Transient absorption measurements demonstrate that the fluorescence quenching leads to efficient formation of free-radical ions. The radical ion yields have been measured for several donors and are compared to those for the mo

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16

Porter, George. "Chlorine - An Introduction." Pure and Applied Chemistry 68, no. 9 (1996): 1683–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199668091683.

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Chlorine, in the form of its salts, has been known since the earliest days of recorded history, although its recognition as an element did not occur until the beginning of the nineteenth century when its very high reactivity as an oxidant was found remarkable after it was shown not to contain any oxygen. Its absorption by sunlight made it a key substance in the early development of photochemistry. One example of this, with both pure and applied aspects, is described in more detail. The free radical chloric oxide played an important role in the development of the technique of flash photolysis a

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17

Wei, Nana, Bo Fang, Weixiong Zhao, et al. "Time-Resolved Laser-Flash Photolysis Faraday Rotation Spectrometer: A New Tool for Total OH Reactivity Measurement and Free Radical Kinetics Research." Analytical Chemistry 92, no. 6 (2020): 4334–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05117.

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18

Beaumont, Paul C., David G. Johnson, and Barry J. Parsons. "Excited state and free radical properties of rhodamine dyes in aqueous solution: A laser flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis study." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 107, no. 1-3 (1997): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1010-6030(96)04591-1.

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19

Thrush, Brian A. "Flash photolysis and the study of free radicals in the infrared." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2 82, no. 12 (1986): 2125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/f29868202125.

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20

Alam, Maksudul M., Osamu Ito, Yoshinori Koga, and Akihiko Ouchi. "Laser-flash photolysis of naphthyl diselenides; reactivities of naphthylseleno radicals." International Journal of Chemical Kinetics 30, no. 3 (1998): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4601(1998)30:3<193::aid-kin4>3.0.co;2-n.

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21

Ito, O. "Flash photolysis study on reversible addition reactions of thiyl radicals." Research on Chemical Intermediates 21, no. 1 (1995): 69–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856795x00080.

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22

Mochida, Kunio, Kohichi Kimijima, Hiromi Chiba, Masanobu Wakasa, and Hisaharu Hayashi. "Laser flash photolysis of polygermanes. Generation of germylenes and polygermyl radicals." Organometallics 13, no. 2 (1994): 404–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om00014a002.

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23

Harrington, Cameron R., William J. Leigh, Bryan K. Chan, Peter P. Gaspar, and Dong Zhou. "Time-resolved spectroscopic studies of the photochemistry of some diphenylgermylene (Ph2Ge:) precursors." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, no. 9 (2005): 1324–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-148.

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The photochemistry of diphenylbis(trimethylsilyl)germane (2a) and 1,4-dihydro-5-methyl-1,2,3,4,9,9-hexaphenyl-1,4-germanonaphthalene (11) has been studied in solution by steady-state and laser flash photolysis methods with a view to detecting the transient germylene derivative diphenylgermylene (Ph2Ge), which has previously been shown to be the major product of photolysis of 2a and a closely related derivative of 11. Steady-state trapping experiments confirm the formation of Ph2Ge as the major germanium containing primary product in both cases; with 2a, the results indicate that other transien

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24

Guerin, B., and L. J. Johnston. "Laser flash photolysis studies of 2,4,6-trialkylphenyl ketones." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 3 (1989): 473–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v89-074.

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2,4,6-Triisopropylbenzophenone (3), 2,4,6–trimethylbenzophenone (4), and 2,4,6-trimethylacetophenone (5) have been examined by laser flash photolysis. Relatively long-lived triplets compared to similar mono-alkyl substituted ketones have been observed for each (280 ns, >2 μs and 220 ns in acetronitrile for 3, 4 and 5, respectively). Photoenol intermediates with λmax 360 nm and 380 nm were also observed from ketones 3 and 5, respectively. Ketone 3 yielded a mixture of approximately equal amounts of Z and E enols in hexane. The Z enol had a lifetime of ~4 μs while the E enol did not decay app

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25

Majima, T., and W. Schnabel. "On the reactivity of phosphinoyl and thiophosphinoyl radicals: Flash photolysis studies." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology A: Chemistry 50, no. 1 (1989): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1010-6030(89)80018-8.

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26

Kelly, Graeme, C. J. Willsher, F. Wilkinson, et al. "Intrazeolite photochemistry. VI. Diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis and product studies of diphenylmethyl radicals on solid supports." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 6 (1990): 812–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-129.

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Diphenylmethyl radicals have been generated by 266 nm laser excitation of 1,1,3,3-tetraphenylacetone adsorbed on silica gel and included in NaX and Silicalite zeolites and have been studied using diffuse reflectance laser flash photolysis techniques. The spectrum for the radical shows λmax at ~335 nm in all three supports and is similar to that in solution. The radicals decay over time scales that vary from hundreds of nanoseconds to minutes and there are indications that some radicals may be decaying on shorter time scales than we can monitor. The efficiency of oxygen quenching increases in g

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27

Shukla, D., N. P. Schepp, N. Mathivanan, and L. J. Johnston. "Generation and spectroscopic and kinetic characterization of methoxy-substituted phenoxyl radicals in solution and on paper." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 75, no. 12 (1997): 1820–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v97-615.

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A number of methoxy-substituted phenoxyl radicals have been generated and characterized by laser flash photolysis techniques in solution and on paper. The radicals have been produced by three routes in solution: hydrogen abstraction from phenols by tert-butoxyl radical, photolysis of α-aryloxyacetophenones, and direct excitation of phenols. Most of the phenoxyl radicals studied have a characteristic absorption near 400 nm; the ortho-substituted radicals have an additional broad absorption in the visible in non-hydroxylic solvents (e.g., 650 nm for 2-methoxyphenoxyl radical). The relative inten

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28

Anklam, Elke. "Formation and characterization of 1-substituted 1,2-dithiolanyl radicals by laser flash photolysis." Research on Chemical Intermediates 11, no. 3 (1989): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856789x00348.

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29

Kuz'min, B. A., P. P. Levin, and E. V. Rudkovskii. "A flash photolysis study of the spectral-kinetic characteristics of diphenylamine inhibitor radicals." Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR Division of Chemical Science 36, no. 3 (1987): 612–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00955854.

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30

Jovanovic, S. V., J. Renaud, A. B. Berinstain, and J. C. Scaiano. "Kinetic study of the reactions of methoxy-substituted phenacyl radicals." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 73, no. 2 (1995): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v95-031.

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The photochemistry of various mono- and dimethoxy-substituted α-bromoacetophenones has been investigated by laser flash photolysis in organic solvents. The short-lived excited singlet states cleave to yield bromine atoms and the corresponding methoxyphenacyl radicals with quantum yields ranging from 0.13 to 0.35. With the exception of 4-methoxy-α-bromoacetophenone (6), all other substrates yield readily detectable triplet states; these have π,π* character and are very poor hydrogen abstractors. Triplet decay does not contribute to methoxyphenacyl radical formation. While methoxyphenacyl radica

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31

Cundall, R. "Excited States and Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Contributions from Flash Photolysis and Pulse Radiolysis." International Journal of Radiation Biology 66, no. 1 (1994): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09553009414551001.

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32

O??Neil, Peter. "Excited States and Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine: contributions from flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis." Melanoma Research 4, no. 1 (1994): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008390-199402000-00011.

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33

Wardman, P. "Excited States and Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Contributions from Flash Photolysis and Pulse Radiolysis." British Journal of Cancer 69, no. 4 (1994): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1994.155.

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34

Oliveros, Ester, and André M. Braun. "Excited states and free radicals in biology and medicine. Contributions from flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 26, no. 1 (1994): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1011-1344(94)85041-0.

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35

DeVoe, R. J., M. R. V. Sahyun, Einhard Schmidt, N. Serpone, and D. K. Sharma. "Electron transfer sensitized photolysis of 'onium salts." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 66, no. 2 (1988): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v88-055.

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We have studied the anthracene-sensitized photolyses of both diphenyliodonium and triphenylsulphonium salts in solution using both steady-state and laser flash photolysis techniques. Photoproducts, namely, phenylated anthracenes along with iodobenzene or diphenylsulphide, respectively, are obtained from both salts with quantum efficiencies of ca. 0.1 at 375 nm. We infer the intermediacy of diphenyliodo and triphenylsulphur radicals formed by single electron transfer from the singlet-excited anthracene. We have developed a quantitative model of this chemistry, and identify the principal sources

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36

Schepp, N. P., and Y. Rodríguez-Evora. "Generation and reactivity of the radical cations of coniferyl alcohol and isoeugenol in solution." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 81, no. 6 (2003): 799–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v03-075.

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Nanosecond laser flash photolysis of coniferyl alcohol and isoeugenol in acetonitrile leads to the formation of transient species that are identified as the corresponding radical cations. These radical cations decay with rate constants of ca. 1 × 106 s1 in dry acetonitrile. Both radical cations react rapidly with hydroxylic solvents like water and alcohols to give 4-vinylphenoxyl radicals, indicating that these reagents behave as bases rather than nucleophiles. In addition, anionic reagents (acetate, cyanide, and chloride) react rapidly with the radical cations with second-order rate constant

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37

Truscott, T. G. "The generation of excited states and free radicals and their study by flash photolysis and pulse radiolysis." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 9, no. 3-4 (1991): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1011-1344(91)80174-g.

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38

Scott, Susannah L., James H. Espenson, and Zuolin Zhu. "Reactivity of 17-electron organometallic tungsten and molybdenum radicals: a laser flash photolysis study." Journal of the American Chemical Society 115, no. 5 (1993): 1789–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00058a025.

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39

Nagarajan, V., and Richard W. Fessenden. "Flash photolysis of transient radicals. 1. X2- with X = Cl, Br, I, and SCN." Journal of Physical Chemistry 89, no. 11 (1985): 2330–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100257a037.

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40

Vidóczy, Tamás, Nikolai N. Blinov, György Irinyi, and Dezső Gál. "Studies on the reactivity of ˙OH radicals in non-aqueous solvents using laser flash photolysis." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases 84, no. 4 (1988): 1075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/f19888401075.

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41

Bietti, Massimo, and Michela Salamone. "Solvent Effects on theO-Neophyl Rearrangement of 1,1-Diarylalkoxyl Radicals. A Laser Flash Photolysis Study." Journal of Organic Chemistry 70, no. 25 (2005): 10603–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo0518755.

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42

Kaise, Masahiro, and Kazuo Someno. "Simultaneous Observation of Spin Polarized Anion and Cation Radicals in Solution by Flash Photolysis ESR." Chemistry Letters 16, no. 7 (1987): 1295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/cl.1987.1295.

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43

Shea, Suzanne, Norman P. Schepp, Amy E. Keirstead, and Frances L. Cozens. "Dynamics of the transient species generated upon photolysis of diarylmethanes within zeolites Deprotonation and oxidation reactions." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 83, no. 9 (2005): 1637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v05-208.

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The oxidation of diarylmethanes is a multistep process involving initial formation of a radical cation, deprotonation of the radical cation to the radical, and oxidation of the radical to the carbocation. The dynamics and efficiency of the last two steps in this process, namely deprotonation and oxidation, in acidic zeolites and non-acid zeolites are examined in the present work as a function of the acidity of the diarylmethane radical cations and the oxidation potential of the diarylmethyl radicals. Our results indicate that rate constants for deprotonation strongly depend on the acidity of t

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44

Banks, J. T., and J. C. Scaiano. "The Neophyl-like Rearrangement of Alkoxyl Radicals Revisited: Laser Flash and Laser Drop Photolysis Studies of 1,1-Diphenylethoxyl Radicals." Journal of Physical Chemistry 99, no. 11 (1995): 3527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100011a020.

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45

Murrells, Timothy P., Michael E. Jenkin, Stephen J. Shalliker, and Garry D. Hayman. "Lasser flash photolysis study of the UV spectrum and kinetics of reactions of HOCH2CH2O2 radicals." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 87, no. 15 (1991): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/ft9918702351.

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46

Koizumi, Hitoshi, Takehito Yamaguchi та Hiroshi Yoshida. "ESR Study on Free Radicals Produced from Hexane by Vacuum-Ultraviolet Photolysis, Sensitized Photolysis, and γ-Radiolysis". Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 64, № 3 (1991): 1008–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.64.1008.

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47

Tumanskii, B. L., N. N. Bubnov, S. P. Solodovnikov, et al. "ESR study of the free radicals formed in the photolysis of ?-ketofluorosulfates." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences Division of Chemical Science 41, no. 3 (1992): 594–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00863096.

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48

Suzuki, Yusuke, and Toshiyuki Katagi. "Novel Fluorescence Detection of Free Radicals Generated in Photolysis of Fenvalerate." Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 56, no. 22 (2008): 10811–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf802879q.

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Versace, Davy Louis, Mohamad Ali Tehfe, Jacques Lalevée, et al. "Silyloxyamines as sources of silyl radicals: ESR spin-trapping, laser flash photolysis investigation, and photopolymerization ability." Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 24, no. 4 (2010): 342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/poc.1762.

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McLauchlan, K. A., and A. J. D. Ritchie. "A flash-photolysis electron spin resonance study of radicals formed from carboxylic acids; exchange effects in spin-polarized radicals." Molecular Physics 56, no. 1 (1985): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00268978500102231.

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