Academic literature on the topic 'Flashovers'

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Journal articles on the topic "Flashovers"

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Thanasaksiri, Thanaphong. "Lightning Flashover Rates of Overhead Distribution Lines Applying EMTP and IEEE Std.1410." ECTI Transactions on Electrical Engineering, Electronics, and Communications 10, no. 1 (2011): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.37936/ecti-eec.2012101.170484.

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This paper calculates the lightning flashover rates of 22 kV overhead distribution line. In order to calculate the backflashover rate (BFOR), the performance of line which related to the insulator backflashover has been modeled and analyzed using Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). The flashover models, volt time curve (VT), disruptive effect model (DE) and leader progression model (LPM) have been compared. The shielding failure flashover rate (SFFOR) and induced voltage flashover rate (IVFOR) have been calculated follow equations given in IEEE std 1410-2010. Finally the total numbers of
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S. Sadovic and T. Sadovic. "Line Surge Arresters Applications On The Multi Circuit Overhead Lines." Journal of Energy - Energija 60, no. 1-4 (2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2011601-4265.

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This paper presents application of line surge arresters (LSA) on the different voltage level multi circuit overhead lines. Double circuit shielded compact line with and without distribution circuit on the same tower is analyzed. Distribution circuit has lower insulation level, meaning that almost all flashovers will happen on that circuit. Flashovers on the distribution circuit help to improve lightning performance of the transmission circuits. Flashovers on the distribution circuit diverts fraction of the lightning current along its phase conductors, improving at the same time coupling betwee
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An, Guan, Zhu, and Zhang. "Research on Windage Yaw Flashovers of Transmission Lines under Wind and Rain Conditions." Energies 12, no. 19 (2019): 3728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193728.

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Windage yaw flashovers under strong wind and rain conditions leave a negative impact on the safe operation of transmission lines. However, the mechanism behind this is not well known yet. Therefore, this paper proposes a systematic method, including three basic parts described as simulation of wind and rain loads, calculation of windage yaw, and flashover analysis, to analyze windage yaw flashovers of transmission lines. The YanMeng-particle swarm optimization (YanMeng-PSO) algorithm is proposed to enhance the simulation accuracy. Unlike the conventional approach, the windage yaw status of con
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Mestriner, Daniele, and Massimo Brignone. "Corona Effect Influence on the Lightning Performance of Overhead Distribution Lines." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (2020): 4902. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144902.

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Overhead distribution lines can be seriously damaged from lightning events because both direct and indirect events can cause flashovers along the line. The lightning performance of such power lines is usually computed neglecting the effect of corona discharge along the conductors: in particular, the corona discharge determined by the indirect lightning event is taken into account only by few researchers because it can have meaningful impacts only in few cases. However, when we deal with overhead distribution lines with high Critical Flashover value (CFO) and small diameters, the corona dischar
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Ainah, P. K., and B. L. Bolou-Sobai. "Environmental Pollution and Influence on Insulator Flashover: A Review." European Journal of Engineering and Environmental Sciences 8, no. 1 (2024): 11–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11196491.

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This review delves into various pollutants and their impact on outdoor insulators, exploring strategies to prevent pollution-related flashovers. It delves into protective coatings, suitable insulator choices, and predictive maintenance to mitigate pollution-induced flashovers. These measures are crucial due to the detrimental effects of pollution flashovers on insulators and system reliability. The review also addresses biological pollutants, industrial emissions, and coastal salt pollution's effects on insulation performance, stressing the need for mitigation. Given pollution's direct influen
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Khoirudin, Sukarman Sukarman, Dodi Mulyadi, et al. "Analysis of Transformer Oil Post-Flashover: DGA Testing and Diagnostic Approached." Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore 4, no. 2 (2024): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/jtmmx.v4i2.6093.

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Transformer oil (TO) serves as a cooling fluid and insulation medium in transformers. One cause of the decline in the quality of TO is flashover, leading to overheating of the oil inside the transformer. Flashovers, which are sudden electrical discharges in transformers, can lead to the generation of gases within the insulating oil. Understanding the changes in gas content is crucial for assessing the health and condition of the transformer. Gas analysis was conducted using the Total Dissolved Combustible Gas (TDCG), Doernenburg and Roger’s ratio method, focusing on gases extracted from both t
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M. Kizilcay and C. Neumann. "Mitigation of common mode failures at multi-circuit line configurations by application of line arresters against back-flashovers." Journal of Energy - Energija 59, no. 1-4 (2022): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.37798/2010591-4278.

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Due to the limited number of corridors multi circuit line configurations are often applied. These overhead lines frequently consist of high towers that are subject to lightning strokes. In case of higher current amplitudes and higher footing resistances due to bad earthing conditions back-flashovers are caused leading to common mode failures and to severe outages. The paper describes investigations performed by means of computer simulations to identify the towers of a multi-circuit line consisting of voltage levels 380 kV, 220 kV and 110 kV that are endangered by back-flashovers of the 110-kV
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Desta, Berhanu Zelalem, Mengesha M. Wogari, and Stanislaw M. Gubanski. "Investigation on Pollution-Induced Flashovers of In-Service Insulators in Ethiopian Power Transmission Lines." Energies 17, no. 9 (2024): 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17092007.

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Power transmission lines in Ethiopia are experiencing an alarmingly high frequency of unexplained outages triggered by environmental factors, which significantly undermine the reliability of the country’s power system. This paper presents investigations aiming to identify those among the unexplained fault records that have been caused by pollution induced flashovers. An identification method is developed, which associates the contextual fault features, such as information about the characteristics of the fault, fault location, and time of day, as well as month of its occurrence with local mete
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Ruwah Joto, Dhimas Dhesah Kharisma, Tresna Umar Syamsuri, and Aly Imron. "Pengaruh Efek Kontaminasi Isolator KeramikTerhadap Rugi DayaSaluran Udara Tegangan Tinggi." Elposys: Jurnal Sistem Kelistrikan 10, no. 3 (2023): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/elposys.v10i3.4222.

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In meeting consumers' needs for electric power continuously, the reliability of electric power distribution is something that needs to be considered. One of the reliability parameters is the network's ability to distribute power from generators continuously, with the allowable voltage and frequency quality. For this reason, the presence of an insulator in the power distribution system is very important considering its function is to separate live conductors from their supports. If the isolation properties do not function, a voltage failure will occur so that power distribution will stop, resul
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Warmi, Yusreni, Sitti Amalia, Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini, et al. "Modeling and simulation for flashover location determination on 150 kV insulator string." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 4 (2024): 3716. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i4.pp3716-3728.

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The 150 kV Payakumbuh-Koto Panjang transmission line in West Sumatra is located in an area with high lightning activity. Based on Meteorological, Climatological, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG) data (2017-2023), the average number of lightning days per year (IKL: isokeraunic level) reaches 165-173 days/year, and 79% of the transmission towers are located in hilly and rocky areas. This causes contamination of the insulator, which can reduce its performance and cause flashovers in the insulator circuit. However, in the field, finding flash points in insulators is still a challenge. Therefore, simu
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flashovers"

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Jamaladdeen, Rawaa. "Investigation on Wildfire Flashovers in the Mediterranean Climate Regions with Emphasis on VOCs Contributions." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ESMA0015.

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Cette thèse apporte des réponses aux demandes de la communauté des pompiers d'étudier les facteurs probables responsables de l'intensification des régimes de feux de forêt jusqu'aux flashovers en utilisant des approches expérimentales numériques et thermochimiques. Le modèle numérique est un modèle de dispersion de gaz validant les données expérimentales des essais en soufflerie pour résoudre la controverse quant à savoir si les accumulations de composés organiques volatils (COV) dans des topographies confinées finissent par induire des incendies de forêt. Il comprend un front de feu se propag
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Gerini, Francesco. "Locating lightning strikes and flashovers along overhead power transmission lines using electromagnetic time reversal based similarity characteristics." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.

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Questo lavoro di tesi si pone l’obiettivo di analizzare, verificare e implementare un nuovo metodo per la localizzazione di guasti in rete e fulminazioni basato sulla teoria ”Electromagnetic Time Reversal”. L’applicabilità della teoria è inizialmente discussa, successivamente utilizzando le classiche equazioni delle linee e le basi della teoria EMTR viene proposta una soluzione analitica per la localizzazione del guasto e/o della fulminazione. La accuratezza del metodo utilizzato viene discussa in relazione al numero di misure necessarie alla localizzazione mettendo in evidenza pro e contro ri
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Feasey, R. "Post-Flashover Design Fires." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8266.

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This report reviews the modelling of post-flashover fires and compares the various methods of predicting temperature versus time in post-flashover compartment fires, including the historical development of theoretical approaches. The report specifically addresses the use of the COMPF2 model as implemented in the COMPF2PC computer programme, as a prediction tool for post-flashover fire temperatures. Aspects of the computer code are compared with theory and experimental data. The results of many COMPF2PC simulations are compared with test fire data, in order to determine how best to characteri
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Chen, Aiping. "Empirical and experimental studies of flashover in compartment fire." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410489.

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Benwell, Andrew L. "Flashover prevention on polystyrene high voltage insulators in a vacuum." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5018.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 18, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
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Kamel, Sherif I. (Sherif Ibrahim). "Mathematical modeling of wet flashover mechanism of HVDC wall bushings." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28792.

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HVDC wall bushings constitute a basic component of converter stations and their adequate performance is vital to insure a highly reliable level of operation. Service records show that the number of flashovers in converter stations has increased substantially during recent years and that the majority of flashovers occurred on HVDC wall bushings. This work presents the first mathematical model to provide the necessary and sufficient conditions for flashover of HVDC wall bushings under nonuniform wetting. The model suggests that the onset of streamers bridging the dry zone and initiated by the no
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Martini, Pietro. "Live-line working and evaluation of risk on 400kV transmission line." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/liveline-working-and-evaluation-of-risk-on-400kv-transmission-line(b19247d6-22cc-4815-b865-d80a957dfd7b).html.

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Power industries in transmission and distribution level are obligated to maintain and replace their electrical equipment. Maintaining the quality and continuity of supply is their priority to avoid customers' complaints and financial penalisation. Live-line working as one of the most important methods of maintenance has been used since the 1900s where the new methods in 1960s made the live-line workers enabled to work on the higher voltage levels up to 800kV. Various industries adopt different techniques to calculate the minimum approach distance (MAD) during the live-line work. A suitable met
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Okubo, Hitoshi, Kenji Tsuchiya, Hiroki Kojima, and Tsugunari Ishida. "Development mechanism of impulse surface flashover on alumina dielectrics in vacuum." IEEE, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/14535.

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Patni, Prem K. "Review of models which predict the flashover voltage of polluted insulators." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/mq23449.pdf.

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Nielsen, Christian. "An Analysis of Pre-Flashover Fire Experiments with Field Modelling Comparisons." University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8284.

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Firstly, this report investigates the behaviour of pre-flashover fires conducted in a two-compartment structure. Secondly, it looks at preliminary field modelling results of the pre-flashover fires using the SMARTFIRE program. A two-compartment structure was built so that pre-flashover fire experiments could be conducted. Each room in the compartment measured 2.4 m wide, 3.6 m long, and 2.4 m high. A doorway, with dimensions 2.0 m high and 0.8 m wide separated the rooms. All fires were placed in one room (the fire room) where seven fire experiments were conducted consisting of four differen
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Books on the topic "Flashovers"

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Ribton, C. N. Inverter developments with improved response to flashovers during electron beam welding. TWI, 1996.

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Chazin, Suzanne. Flashover. G.P. Putnam's Sons, 2002.

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Mentink, Dana. Flashover. Steeple Hill, 2009.

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Mentink, Dana. Flashover. Steeple Hill Books, 2009.

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Kushner, Mark J. Modeling of surface flashover on spacecraft. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1991.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. A study of pulse surface flashover in a vacuum. Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Old Dominion University, 1987.

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Ioannou, G. S. Flashover tests methods on cable sealing ends and modeldistribution insulators. UMIST, 1994.

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McMahon, John Gerald. An exploration of the concept of flashover in a single compartment building fire. The Author], 1990.

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Fielding, Trevor Joseph. An investigation of the field electron emission processes responsible for the flashover of high voltage vacuum devices. Aston University. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 1986.

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Flashover. North Star Press of Saint Cloud Inc, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flashovers"

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Gooch, Jan W. "Flashover." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_5037.

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Martin, J. C. "Fast Pulse Vacuum Flashover." In J. C. Martin on Pulsed Power. Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1561-0_24.

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Farish, Owen, and Ibrahim Al-Bawy. "Impulse Surface Charging and Flashover." In Gaseous Dielectrics VI. Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-3706-9_38.

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Yizhuo, Wang, Li Zhonlian, Li Long, Li Runhua, Cui Xinglei, and Fang Zhi. "Prediction and Evaluation Method of Modification Effect of Large-Scale DBD Insulation Materials Based on Distributed Current Measurement and Neural Network Model." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4856-6_8.

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Abstract Wide dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) has broad application prospects in the modification of insulating materials, but the aging of the electrode directly affects the modification effect in the application process. As the size of the DBD device increases, the real-time evaluation of its modification effect becomes more complicated. Therefore, this paper proposes a real-time prediction and evaluation method for the modification effect of wide DBD insulation materials based on distributed current measurement and neural network model. The operating condition parameters such as DBD exci
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Um, Chang-Gun, Chang-Gi Jung, Byung-Gil Han, Young-Chul Song, and Doo-Hyun Choi. "A Fuzzy Framework for Flashover Monitoring." In Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11540007_125.

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Wickström, Ulf. "Post-Flashover Compartment Fires: One-Zone Models." In Temperature Calculation in Fire Safety Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30172-3_10.

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Wickström, Ulf. "Pre-flashover Compartment Fires: Two-Zone Models." In Temperature Calculation in Fire Safety Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30172-3_11.

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Wang, Chunxiao. "Physical Model for Surface Charge Supported Flashover." In Gaseous Dielectrics VII. Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1295-4_99.

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Liao, Minchuan, Zicai Zhao, Qianyong Lv, et al. "Analysis of Flashover Characteristics and Flashover Channel of 500 kV Single Insulator Under High Altitude Lightning Impact." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-8824-8_80.

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Ushakov, Vasily Y. "Flashover Voltage at the Interface between Two Dielectric Media." In Insulation of High-Voltage Equipment. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07918-8_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Flashovers"

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Chatterjee, Anirban, and Udaya Kumar. "Estimation of flashovers in the EHV/UHV lines on east coast due to lightning produced by Bay of Bengal cyclones." In 2024 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/isgtasia61245.2024.10876228.

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Luo, L., M. Li, J. Li, X. Xu, J. Ren, and M. Zhu. "Improving flashover strength by constructing microporous structure." In 2024 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icops58192.2024.10626131.

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Steinbach, Albert E., Frank A. Scalzo, and Matthew T. Preston. "Generator Collector Brush Holder Testing and Design Improvements." In ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59147.

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Electric generators and synchronous motors with static excitation use rotating slip rings (also known as collector rings) and stationary carbon brushes to transfer the field current from the stationary exciter to the rotating generator field. The carbon brushes experience wear from both mechanical friction and electrical contact with the rings. Therefore, the brushes need to be periodically inspected and replaced. This is often the most frequent maintenance activity for an electric generator. It is generally recognized that if brushes are not changed when worn down, this can result in a damagi
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Jamaladdeen, Rawaa, Bruno Coudour, Hui-Ying Wang, and Jean-Pierre Garo. "VOCs and Wildfire Flashovers." In The Third International Conference on Fire Behavior and Risk. MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environsciproc2022017094.

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Wen-Bin Zhao, Guan-Jun Zhang, Gui-Bo Qin, Kui Ma, and Zhang Yan. "Surface microcosmic phenomena induced by pulsed flashovers." In Proceedings of 2005 International Symposium on Electrical Insulating Materials, 2005. (ISEIM 2005). IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iseim.2005.193553.

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De Conti, Alberto, Arthur F. M. Campos, Fernando H. Silveira, Jose Luis Cerqueira Lima, and Sergio Edmundo Costa. "Calculation of lightning flashovers on distribution lines." In 2011 International Symposium on Lightning Protection (XI SIPDA). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sipda.2011.6088446.

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McDermid, W., and T. Black. "Experience with Preventing External Flashovers in HVDC Converter Stations." In 2008 IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elinsl.2008.4570283.

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Sarajcev, Petar. "Bagging Ensemble Classifier for Predicting Lightning Flashovers on Distribution Lines." In 2022 7th International Conference on Smart and Sustainable Technologies (SpliTech). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/splitech55088.2022.9854317.

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Jin, F. B., J. Q. Shi, and X. Y. Zhou. "Flashovers of Aged Oil-paper Insulation during DC Voltage Preloading." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Applications (ICHVE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ichve53725.2022.9961449.

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Rawi, Iryani Mohamed, M. Z. A. Ab Kadir, and Norhafiz Azis. "Continuous monitoring on 132kV line in reducing flashovers due to lightning." In 2014 International Conference on Lightning Protection (ICLP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iclp.2014.6973311.

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Reports on the topic "Flashovers"

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Hopkins, Matthew, William Brooks, Raimi Clark, et al. Vacuum Insulator Flashover Physics LDRD Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2430215.

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Madrzykowski, aniel, Craig Weinschenk, and Joseph Willi. Exposing Fire Service Hose in a Flashover Chamber. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/tkog7594.

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At the request of the Fire Department City of New York (FDNY), UL’s Fire Safety Research Institute (FSRI) instrumented and documented a series of 12 thermal exposure hose experiments that were conducted in the burn compartment of an FDNY flashover simulator. The main objective of the experiments was to observe the performance of fire hoses exposed to the heat flux from flaming hot gas layer conditions above the hose. FDNY collected a variety of hose types that represented a cross section of commercially available materials and construction methods. The thermal exposures generated in the burn c
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Dow, Nick, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 2. UL's Fire Safety Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/nuzj8120.

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of a residential flashover prevention system with reduced water flow requirements relative to a residential sprinkler system designed to meet NFPA 13D requirements. The flashover prevention system would be designed for retrofit applications where water supplies are limited. In addition to examining the water spray’s impact on fire growth, this study utilized thermal tenability criteria as defined in UL 199, Standard for Automatic Sprinklers for Fire-Protection Service. The strategy investigated was to use full cone spray nozzles that
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Madrzykowski, Daniel, and Nicholas Dow. Residential Flashover Prevention with Reduced Water Flow: Phase 1. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/jegf7178.

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This study was designed to be an initial step to investigate the potential of low flow nozzles as part of a retrofit flashover prevention system in residential homes with limited water supplies. Not all homes have water supplies that can meet the needs of a residential sprinkler system. Current alter- natives, such as including a supplemental tank and pump, increase the cost of the system. These homes could benefit from an effective fire safety system with lower water supply requirements. The experiments in this study were conducted in a steel test structure which consisted of a fire room atta
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Hodge, Keith Conquest, Larry Kevin Warne, Roy Eberhardt Jorgenson, Zachariah Red Wallace, and Jane Marie Lehr. Surface interactions involved in flashover with high density electronegative gases. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/973670.

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Stroup, David W., and David D. Evans. Suppression of post-flashover compartment fires using manually applied water sprays. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4625.

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McKinnon, Mark, Craig Weinschenk, and Daniel Madrzykowski. Modeling Gas Burner Fires in Ranch and Colonial Style Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/mwje4818.

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The test scenarios ranged from fires in the structures with no exterior ventilation to room fires with flow paths that connected the fires with remote intake and exhaust vents. In the ranch, two replicate fires were conducted for each room of origin and each ventilation condition. Rooms of fire origin included the living room, bedroom, and kitchen. In the colonial, the focus was on varying the flow paths to examine the change in fire behavior and the resulting damage. No replicates were conducted in the colonial. After each fire scene was documented, the interior finish and furnishings were re
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Stroup, David W., and Daniel Madrzykowski. Conditions in corridors and adjoining areas exposed to post-flashover room fires. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.4678.

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Weinschenk, Craig, Daniel Madrzykowski, and Paul Courtney. Impact of Flashover Fire Conditions on Exposed Energized Electrical Cords and Cables. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/hdmn5904.

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Abstract:
A set of experiments was conducted to expose different types of energized electrical cords for lamps, office equipment, and appliances to a developing room fire exposure. All of the cords were positioned on the floor and arranged in a manner to receive a similar thermal exposure. Six types of cords commonly used as power supply cords, extension cords, and as part of residential electrical wiring systems were chosen for the experiments. The non-metallic sheathed cables (NMB) typically found in residential electrical branch wiring were included to provide a link to previous research. The basic t
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Kerber, Steve. Fire Service Summary: Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Vertical Ventilation and Suppression Tactics in Single Family Homes. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/roua2913.

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Abstract:
There is a continued tragic loss of firefighter and civilian lives, as shown by fire statistics. One significant contributing factor is the lack of understanding of fire behavior in residential structures resulting from the use of ventilation as a firefighter practice on the fire ground. The changing dynamics of residential fires as a result of the changes in home construction materials, contents, size and geometry over the past 30 years compounds our lack of understanding of the effects of ventilation on fire behavior (Kerber S. , 2012). If used properly, ventilation improves visibility and r
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