Academic literature on the topic 'Flat apartment house'

The levels of emissions of gaseous pollutants from indoor fires within the conventional apartment types in Benin City have been studied. In Nigeria indoor smokes from domestic activities and mosquito coils occur in a significant number of houses. This study was conducted using carbon monoxide as a tracer gas within smoke in households over Benin City. Measurements were conducted using the most common residential building-type (flats) in the region. Sampling was done at 0.1m AGL, 1.0m AGL, 2.0m AGL and ceiling height to ascertain vertical distribution. The study indicated that huge levels of CO ranging between 25 and 40 ppm were observed in the self-contained or bachelor’s flat with windows closed during the night for guard against mosquitoes and crawling insects, while similar apartments with windows opened during the night equipped with protective mosquito nets showed CO concentrations with levels of between 28 and 42 ppm. The results of both house-types were significant when compared with values of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Federal ministry of environment (FMENV) acceptable limits for indoor CO concentrations.

The property market in Novosibirsk is quite diverse. The city, as one of the largest cities of the country and the capital of Siberia, rapidly develops residential building market, the annual volume of which reaches up to 1 mln sq.metres. Basically it concerns high-rise apartment houses, most of which are located in outer-lying residential districts. There is hardly any free space for building in the central districts, although the high-density building development process is still going on. And property buyers face the problem of choice: where to buy and how much to spend for a new flat – whether it will be a new one in the suburb or an old one in the centre. It is important to note that in choosing the residence the buyer considers the material of his future house. The most part of residences is acquired by the co-investment agreement as such a deal is 20–30 % cheaper than the total cost of property. However, there are some risks to take care of. During the last years mortgage lending became really popular, as it helps most families acquire their own flats. In 2017 the mortgage rate lowering caused a growth in demand for property, which, in its turn, produced a growth in supply on the market, increased the number of constructional projects and stabilized flat prices.

This paper is on the design and implementation of a power failure lighting system using light emitting diodes (LED) arrays. The aim of this work is to design and implement a lighting system that can provide low power at home when there is power failure. The lighting system was achieved by the design of the: Power Supply Unit, Charging Unit, Change Over Switch, Battery Level Indicator, LED arrays.The power failure home lighting system was designed and implemented in a three bedroom flat apartment in Benin City when there was power failure. The total lighting points in the house consume a total power of 160 watts which was very low compared to energy saving (i.e. CFL) lamp (312 watts) and incandescent bulbs (480 to 740 watts). The designed power failure home lighting system performed satisfactorily.

In postwar development of modernist architecture, ambiguity of reinforced concrete in the role of a causer of a qualitative leap of the architectural thought is particularly reflected by controversial application directions and scales of the present material: from industrialised mass construction of prefabricated reinforced concrete large-panel houses seen as pure pragmatism to individual examples of monolithic reinforced concrete architecture with exclusive plasticity seen as idea disseminators. This is the relation between the ideological content and pragmatism of the monolithic reinforced concrete technology the present article deals with discussing the issue in the contexts of Vilnius housing construction. Multi-dwelling units of monolithic reinforced concrete constructed in compliance with an innovative and experimental technology of that time have been chosen due to relatively low realisation scale thereof and due to the fact that the experiment under investigation hardly took a couple of the last decades of the Soviet era, the end whereof also denotes breakup of the phenomenon. The paper aims at answering what are the pragmatic and ideological impulses having determined development of the technology, what architectural and urban ideas are displayed by the buildings constructed; why the monolithic experiment with the significant role to be played in the unrealised perspective plans of urban development has finished together with the Soviet period and what are today's manifestations with respect to assessment and architectural interpretations of the phenomenon. Conclusions of the article maintain that the best display of the relation between the ideological content and pragmatism of the monolithic reinforced concrete technology in Vilnius is exposed in the contexts of housing construction. Demand for the rapid and inexpensive housing construction technology and new reinforced concrete technologies were combined in the field of construction industrialisation and projects of multiple apartment houses. Necessity for original non-standard architectural vertical accents in the monotonous environment characteristic of the quarters of standard apartment houses encouraged to search for an appropriate innovative technology. Monolithic reinforced concrete (as an alternative to prefabricated reinforced concrete large-panel or brickwork construction being unfavourable to the present typology) was chosen due to a range of pragmatic reasons such as comparatively short design and realisation time, lower labour expenditures and less metal input required. Having joined together ideological and pragmatic needs, the monolithic reinforced concrete technology was applied for some ninety apartment houses in Vilnius from 1974 to 1990. Initially employed for the ultimate challenges, i.e. tower-blocks, later the monolithic experiment was used in construction of barrier blocks and terraced houses of composite structures, whereas at the end of the Soviet era it was utilised for construction of single-family houses. Greater technological potential of the experiment having lasted just for eighteen years enabled more freedom in interpretation of the plan structure of an apartment house, therefore, innovations in living spaces are an integral part of the monolithic experiment. Sculpturesqueness of monolithic towers, form iconicity, demonstration of functional building segments in the plan and volume point to ideological changes in modernist architecture. Switchover from one form to structural combination of a few ones, display of the present structurality in the volume also suggest reflections of structural ideas of "spatial blocks" in design of apartment houses, wherein a flat or a group of flats turn into a segment or block of the plan and spatial structure. Being able to open a range of opportunities for exposition of monolithic reinforced concrete and texture thereof, thereby ensuring development of the "techno-functional" structuralism trend, the monolithic reinforced concrete technology failed to gain the expected scope in the real life due to limited technological possibilities. Contextual ideas, born in the sixties of the 20th c. and declaring the necessity to reinterpret the principles of historic architecture and the old city forms as well as to adapt them to the newly developed urban areas, are also found in the changes of Lithuanian architectural and urban thought. The notion of architectural mounds of Vilnius generated during this period was both elaborated in the central part of the city and rephrased in residential districts. Monolithic tower-blocks were clustered next to the major (micro)raion centres, thereby forming mounds, or were used as peaks of the mounds shaped of standard apartment houses, often turning into the functional concentration points of microraions themselves. At that time, the idea of a barrier block acting as a protection wall that safeguards the microraion against highway noise was developed, however, it was worked out just on the basis of the monolithic technology. Demand for the morphotype with respect to switchover from free building-up to perimeter one and possibilities thereof are marked by construction of perimeter blocks of apartment complexes, the ideas of "privacy" reborn wherein were eventually transformed in projects of monolithic terraced and individual houses as well as in very few realisations. Monolithic reinforced concrete apartment houses represent the technological heritage of the uncompleted and discontinued monolithic experiment having gone out together with the Soviet era. Non-relevant scopes of apartment house construction with the scale of that time as well as the doubts having arisen at the end of the Soviet period with respect to justification of the monolithic technology in construction of apartment houses testify to the end of the monolithic experiment under discussion. Application field of monolithic reinforced concrete moves to interior building structures "dressing" the exterior with modern materials, therefore, monolithic facades just remain a part of the experiment of the past Soviet era, the reverberations whereof are found in individual buildings of today's architecture solely. Santrauka Gelžbetonio kaip kokybinio architektūrinės minties šuolio kaltininko dviprasmiškumas pokarinėje modernistinės architektūros raidoje ypač matomas iš kontraversiškų šios medžiagos naudojimo krypčių ir mastų: nuo industrializuotos masinės surenkamų gelžbetoninių stambiaplokščių namų statybos kaip grynojo pragmatiškumo iki pavienių išskirtinės plastikos monolitinio gelžbetonio architektūros pavyzdžių kaip idėjos skleidėjų. Būtent monolitinio gelžbetonio technologijos idėjiškumo ir pragmatiškumo santykis straipsnyje ir nagrinėjamas, šį klausimą perkėlus į Vilniaus gyvenamosios statybos kontekstus. Monolitinio gelžbetonio gyvenamieji namai, pastatyti naudojant savo laiku inovatyvią ir eksperimentinę technologiją, pasirinkti dėl palyginti nedidelio jų įgyvendinimo masto ir dėl to, kad šis eksperimentas tetruko ne visus porą paskutinių sovietinės eros, kurios pabaiga žymi ir šio fenomeno nutrūkimą, dešimtmečių. Tekste siekiama atsakyti, kokie pragmatiniai ir idėjiniai postūmiai lėmė šios technologijos plėtojimą, kokios architektūrinės ir urbanistinės idėjos skleidžiasi šiuose objektuose; kodėl monolitinis eksperimentas, kuriam nemenkas vaidmuo numatytas neįvykusiuose miesto plėtros ateities planuose, pasibaigė kartu su sovietmečiu ir kaip reiškiasi šiandieniniai šio reiškinio vertinimai bei architektūrinės interpretacijos.

In the 1930s New Zealand was yet to invest in inner-city living via large scale apartment buildings. Few examples of flats existed. A. Sinclair O'Connor's Courtville (1914-19) at the corner Waterloo Quadrant and Parliament Street, Auckland, and Francis Petre's Manor Place Flats in Dunedin were exceptions to conventional living. In the 1930s greater interest was shown in the design of inner-city apartments – most famously by the Department of Housing Construction's Berhampore Flats, Adelaide Rd (Wellington, Gordon Wilson, 1938-40), and Symonds Street Flats, Symonds Street (Auckland, Friedrich Neumann, 1939-47), anticipating their 1940s work: the Dixon Street Flats, Dixon Street (Wellington, 1940-44), the Maclean Flats, The Terrace (Wellington, 1943-44), the Hanson Street Flats, Newtown (1943-44), and the Greys Avenue Flats, Greys Avenue (Auckland, 1945-47). [NEW PARAGRAPH] In Wellington, Edmund Anscombe dominated the design of privately funded inner city flats, designing six art-deco/modernistic apartments during this time: Belvedere, Hamilton Flats, Olympus, Linfield, Alberts Flats and Franconia. This paper examines these apartments in the context of Anscombe's comments on house design, and housing, and his 1936 proposal to replan the area of Adelaide Road as a residential area to accommodate superblocks of high rise apartments.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the house prices in Finland share financial characteristics with assets such as stocks. The studied regions are 15 main regions in Finland over the period of 1988:Q1-2018:Q4. These regions are divided geographically into 45 cities and sub-areas according to their postcode numbers. The studied type of dwellings is apartments (block of flats) divided into one-room, two rooms and more than three rooms apartment types. Design/methodology/approach Both Ljung–Box and Lagrange multiplier tests are used to test for clustering effects (autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity effects). For cities and sub-areas with significant clustering effects, the generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (GARCH)-in-mean model is used to determine the potential impact that the conditional variance may have on returns. Moreover, the exponential GARCH model is used to examine the possibility of asymmetric effects of shocks on house price volatility. For each apartment type, individual models are estimated; enabling different house price dynamics, and variation of signs and magnitude of different effects across cities and sub-areas. Findings Results reveal that clustering effects exist in over half of the cities and sub-areas in all studied types of apartments. Moreover, mixed results on the sign of the significant risk-return relationship are observed across cities and sub-areas in all three apartment types. Furthermore, the evidence of the asymmetric impact of shocks on housing volatility is noted in almost all the cities and sub-areas housing markets. These studied volatility properties are further found to differ across cities and sub-areas, and by apartment types. Research limitations/implications The existence of these volatility patterns has essential implications, such as investment decision-making and portfolio management. The study outcomes will be used in a forecasting procedure of the volatility dynamics of the studied types of dwellings. The quality of the data limits the analysis and the results of the study. Originality/value To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first study that evaluates the volatility of the Finnish housing market in general, and by using data on both municipal and geographical level, particularly.

A new compact and cost effective heating and ventilation concept for decentral renovation of small flats in multifamily houses was developed and investigated in the framework of the Austrian project “SaLüH!” through a dynamic building and HVAC simulation study based on results of laboratory measurements of functional models. The system consists of a façade integrated supply air/exhaust air heat pump equipped with a desuperheater allowing to increase the heating power and to add more freedom to control the system. The simulation results show that such a system is able to improve the thermal comfort of the flat (compared to the standard heating concept without desuperheater) with good indoor air quality and satisfying energy performance. The proposed system - because of its versatility and compactness - represents an ideal solution for decentral renovation of flats in multi-family houses, especially in case of limited space inside the flat and if central solutions are not possible for technical, economic or social reasons.

The article deals with the use of flat layered structure with the structure-based panels for building of houses, making extensions to family houses or apartment with a flat roof. There are summarized the advantages and disadvantages of this structural system in comparison with other technologies of construction family houses and residential houses. The article is focused primarily on the suitability of the construction of self-help and the speed of construction.

The intense urbanization process Romania has known during the industrialization period of the 1960-70s led to an exponential shortage in urban housing. Similar to other countries, but more specifically to the former Eastern block, Romanian state-financed collective dwellings were erected starting from standardized projects of Reinforced Concrete Large Prefabricated Panels (RCLPP) blocks of flats, generating nowadays a particular built stock of identical buildings and several apartment types, widespread throughout the entire country. These buildings currently house 60% of the urban population of Romania that own 96% of the apartments, as opposed to the European trends regarding the number of owner-occupied barely reaching 60%. Even though at not even half of their intended lifespan, the collective dwellings do not satisfy basic comfort conditions such as cooling and ventilation, being in an urge of retrofitting and upgrading. Individually applicable cooling systems undertaken by the owners have proved to be acceptable, but did not, however, contribute to a decrease in the overall energy consumption of the buildings. The present paper analyses the individual cooling systems being currently applied in Romanian apartments as opposed to a global-holistic system on block level, in terms of energy consumption and efficiency, flexibility of owner controlled indoor microclimate. The results show the potential of introducing renewable energy sources as viable alternatives for the existing systems.

Renovation of apartment houses in the academic literature is identified as one of the most important housing policy areas. This is a complex phenomenon in rapidly aging Lithuanian housing stock conditions. In the scientific literature, the need for modernization of apartment houses is emphasized, but in Lithuania, there is the lack of interdisciplinary studies of this phenomenon. Often, this phenomenon is analyzed in engineering and from an economic point of view, but from a sociological point of view, practically there have been no analyzes. The aim of the article is to reveal the apartment houses renovation policy developments in Lithuania and to highlight the most important problems of renovation.<br />Quantitative research data showed that only a small part of the houses is renovated under the Renovation program. Partial renovation of apartment houses is going on by themselves according to a population initiative. A large proportion of respondents are satisfied with the results, but they listed problems in updating blocks of flats. Without passivity of the population and financial problems, there are other very significant barriers to mass renovation: corruption in government, good construction companies and builders deficiency. Qualitative research results helped to highlight the most important home renovation problems, identify renovation incentives and barriers.

Object of presented dissertation is proposition of apartment building. Apartment building is based on wood technology with two stages without cellar and with flat roof. Block of flats is designed with 8 flats. Some of them with big terrace. Object is situated in Olomouc, Czech Republic.

The aim of this thesis is to determine and compare the price of the apartment building as a whole provided a combination of cost and the valuation of yield and price of the apartment building, found the sum of individual apartments in the same house after the owner of the distribution statement. In both cases it is the valuation according to valuation regulations. But because today is often valued property for purposes of credit control, I will always be the direct comparison of the valuation according to the rules of valuation estimate just for the purposes of credit control. Furthermore, they address the issue of interpreting the concept of a block of flats (lot of flats together in one house), which is frequently used, but is nowhere defined. I found that the total price of flats according to the valuation rules, is higher by 32% compared house as a whole and the award for credit management, the total price of apartments increased by 31.4%. As can be seen from the preceding sentences, the price of the apartment building can be changed only by changing the way property, no construction-technical changes, as well as 32%.

hesis deal with a question, how can change the price of the apartment building on the basis of legal act such as a statement of the owner of the building, without any changes in the building construction or technical conditions. Apartment building valuation was done by two methods which used the legislation for real estate valuation. The first method was the valuation of the apartment building as a unit and this method used the combination of expenses and revenues. The second method was the valuation of the individual flats by comparison and sum them up. Results showed, how big can be the difference between this two methods in the valuation the same thing.

In intention of investor is to build on land number 2194/1 single apartment house for 13 families in location Slatina, city Brno. Apartment house is designed as a four-storey building, without basement. Ground plan has the shape of letter T. The maximum dimensions of 16,82 x 30,32 m. The roof is planned single-layer flat roof.The apartment building is designed as a walled insulated. The apartment building created thirteen apartment units.

Diploma thesis work solves design of the apartment house in city Nový Bor. It is a four-storey detached building without basement. The shape of house is rectangle with maximum dimensions 38,27x14,17 m. The apartment house is designed of clay block Porotherm 300 mm, is founded on foundation strips and the roof is flat in two levels. There is designed a 14 flats.

The subjekt of my thesis is a project of a new apartment house. The building with 16 residential units and a garage for four cars has three aboveground floors and a flat roof. The walls will be made from clay blocks HELUZ. The project of the building is in accordance with the development plan of Příbram. Further emphasis is on layout, architectural, fire and thermal aspects of the individual structures. The thesis "Apartment House" has been prepared in the form of project documentation containing all terms required by regulations.

Four-storey, basementless apartment house with single skin flat roof. Permanent shuttering system VELOX is used for vertical and horizontal bearing constructions. The apartment house contains twelve apartments.

Thesis elaborates project documentation for modern four-storey, slab apartment building with a flat roof. The apartment building is located 11 residential units. The building is located on a gently sloping land in Havlickuv Brod.

The project contains structural design of new polyfunctional apartment house in Humpolec. The building has four floors and a basement. In the first floor is designed to store food. There are apartmens in the second to fourth floors. The basement serves as the technical background and storage space for users apartments. The structural system consists of the skeletal system with a combination of brick. The building is covered with three flat roof decks at different height levels where on eis growing, on is walkable and one is not walkable.

The master's thesis containing four-storey project, basementless apartment house with single skin flat roof. Walling system HELUZ is used for walls. System SPIROLL is used for ceiling construction. Part of the disposition of residential units is formed by mobile sliding partitions Liko-S for easy and quick adjustment of the layout. The apartment house contains nine apartments.

In Poland, the housing system is currently based on cooperative apartments and the ownership of premises. This is due to historical conditions, because in the post-war period it was decided to foster cooperative housing; while the development of private property was impeded. After 1989, there were rapid economic and social changes, which also affected the real estate sector. It became possible to buy cooperative flats for ownership. The construction of new apartments was rapidly started and a development market was established. The owners of tenement houses made efforts to return the taken property, many of them regained the buildings, although their technical condition was very bad. There is a shortage of apartments in Poland, both available for purchase and for rent. In this chapter, I intend to present the current ownership status of apartments in Poland and the process of changes that took place, but did not solve the problems.

A census is an official count. It can be contrasted with sampling in which information is only obtained from a subset of a population. As such, it is a ethod used for accumulating statistical data, and it is also vital to democracy (voting). Census data is also commonly used for research, business marketing, and planning purposes. In New Zealand a census is held every five years. It is a snapshot on the chosen day when the number of people and dwellings (houses, flats, apartments) counted. Everyone in the country on that day is asked to complete census forms. There are two census forms. The blue individual form must be completed by everyone in your household on census day. The brown dwelling form must be completed by one person in our household. For the 2006 census an option was introduced to complete the forms on the Internet. Other initiatives included sending text messages about this process, amongst other things to the enumerators (collectors) whose job it is to collate the information in the field.