Journal articles: 'Flat fan'

1

Post, Scott L., and Andrew J. Hewitt. "Flat-Fan Spray Atomization Model." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 4 (2018): 1249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12572.

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Abstract. In pesticide application, the lack of a suitable theoretical atomization model for flat-fan spray nozzles forces a reliance on empirical data and correlations, even for computational simulations. There is considerable difficulty in the theoretical analysis of the liquid sheet emanating from flat-fan nozzles because no simplification to a two-dimensional analysis can be employed, as is done for cylindrical jets. Nonetheless, 50 years ago, Dombrowski and co-workers used linear stability analysis to analyze the breakup of flat-fan spray sheets into ligaments and from ligaments to droplets. Their correlations have not found use because they include parameters that are difficult, if not impossible, to measure. In this work, the Dombrowski model is simplified using dimensional analysis, resulting in a correlation to predict the volume median diameter of flat-fan sprays in terms of common user parameters, i.e., the nozzle size and operating pressure. Keywords: Atomization, Droplet size, Nozzles, Pesticides, Sprayers.

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2

Lee, Hsiao Mun, Kian Meng Lim, and Heow Pueh Lee. "Reduction of Ceiling Fan Noise by Serrated Trailing Edge." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 17, no. 03 (September 2018): 1850026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477518500268.

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Six ceiling fan blade models with different types of trailing edge serrations were created and were simulated using commercial software in the present studies in order to investigate the effectiveness of various trailing edge serrations in reducing fan blade trailing edge noise. They were original, flat tip, serrated, rectangular, half flat tip and half rectangular half flat tip fan blades. The simulation results showed that the half flat tip fan blade had the best acoustical performance where it could obtain an overall noise reduction of 13.9[Formula: see text]dBA followed by rectangular fan blade with 10.9[Formula: see text]dBA, flat tip fan blade with 9.2[Formula: see text]dBA, half rectangular half flat tip fan blade with 5.0[Formula: see text]dBA and serrated fan blade with 4.7[Formula: see text]dBA. The effectiveness of TE serrations in reducing trailing edge noise was also proven through experimental testing in an anechoic chamber in the present studies.

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3

Zandstra, Bernard H., and Thomas F. Wallace. "Postemergence Weed Control in Onions (Allium cepa) with Air-assisted, Flat Fan, and Rotary Nozzles." Weed Technology 3, no. 3 (September 1989): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00032589.

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Field studies were conducted in 1984, 1985, and 1986 to compare standard flat fan nozzles, low-volume flat fan nozzles, rotary controlled droplet applicators, and air-assisted nozzles for postemergence weed control in onions with oxyfluorfen and fluazifop-P. Herbicides applied with flat fan nozzles at 47 or 190 L/ha controlled broadleaf and grass weeds as good or better than with the other nozzles. Oxyfluorfen applied with flat fan nozzles controlled common lambsquarters and ladysthumb best. None of the nozzles improved control of the difficult marsh yellowcress. Carrier volume had minimal effect on weed control. Nozzle and carrier volume did not affect onion yield.

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4

Aliverdi, Akbar, and Masoud Borghei. "Spray Coverage and Biological Efficacy of Single, Twin Symmetrical, and Twin Asymmetrical Flat Fan Nozzles." Acta Technologica Agriculturae 24, no. 2 (May 21, 2021): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2021-0015.

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Abstract Proper selection of nozzle type and spray volume is essential to optimize herbicide dose, reducing its adverse environmental effects. It has not been sufficiently evaluated which nozzle type (twin symmetrical flat fan nozzle or the twin asymmetrical one) is more efficient and whether pinoxaden application is more efficient at a low or high spray volume. The spray coverage of a single, twin symmetrical, and twin asymmetrical flat fan nozzles, each in the sizes of 110015, 11002, 110025, 11003, 11004, and 11005 on the moisture-sensitive papers (MSPs) was investigated. The biological efficacy of treatments using pinoxaden against wild oat was investigated. Unlike other nozzle types, the single flat fan nozzle could not cover MSP placed vertically behind the nozzle trajectory. Except for the latter, each nozzle type could cover the MSPs more efficiently with increase in nozzle size. Generally, the nozzles’ performance was twin symmetrical > single = twin asymmetrical flat fan nozzles. A larger nozzle size improved the coverage of MSPs but increased the effective dose (ED50; dose that gives a 50% reduction in dry weight), indicating a decrease in the efficacy of pinoxaden. Among all treatments, the lowest ED50 value was obtained by the twin symmetrical flat fan nozzle 110015 (5.2 g a.i. ha−1). The smaller, more concentrated droplets are required to achieve optimal pinoxaden efficacy against wild oat, which can be provided by a twin symmetrical flat fan nozzle with a smaller size.

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5

Mueller, Thomas C., and Alvin R. Womac. "Effect of Formulation and Nozzle Type on Droplet Size with Isopropylamine and Trimesium Salts of Glyphosate." Weed Technology 11, no. 4 (December 1997): 639–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00043177.

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When spray mixtures were examined using a laser spray droplet analyzer, the new isopropylamine glyphosate formulation produced more small droplets than a previous isopropylamine salt of glyphosate formulation or glyphosate–trimesium plus nonionic surfactant. The use of a pre-orifice flat-fan nozzle and an impact type flat-fan nozzle reduced the amount of small droplets produced compared to an existing extended range flat-fan nozzle, while maintaining a spray droplet distribution that could still provide good weed control. The new nozzle technologies could provide a useful management tool to manage potential drift situations.

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6

Izen, Steven H. "Sampling in Flat Detector Fan Beam Tomography." SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics 72, no. 1 (January 2012): 61–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/080740659.

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7

Hensley, Joshua L., Xin Feng, and James E. Bryan. "Induction charging nozzle for flat fan sprays." Journal of Electrostatics 66, no. 5-6 (May 2008): 300–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2007.08.012.

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8

Cieniawska, Beata, and Katarzyna Pentos. "Average Degree of Coverage and Coverage Unevenness Coefficient as Parameters for Spraying Quality Assessment." Agriculture 11, no. 2 (February 12, 2021): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11020151.

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The purpose of the research was to determine the influence of selected factors on the average degree of coverage and uniformity of liquid spray coverage using selected single and dual flat fan nozzles. The impact of nozzle type, spray pressure, driving speed, and spray angle on the average degree of coverage and coverage unevenness coefficient were studied. The research was conducted with special spray track machinery designed and constructed to control and change the boom height, spray angle, driving speed, and spray pressure. Based on the research results, it was found that the highest average coverage was obtained for single standard flat fan nozzles and dual anti-drift flat fan nozzles. At the same time, the highest values of unevenness were observed for these nozzles. Inverse relationships were obtained for air-induction nozzles. Maximization of coverage with simultaneous minimization of unevenness can be achieved by using a medium droplet size for single flat fan nozzles (volume median diameter (VMD) = 300 μm) and coarse droplet size for dual flat fan nozzles (VMD = 352 μm), with low driving speed (respectively 1.1 m∙s−1 and 1.6 m∙s−1) and angling of the nozzle by 20° in the opposite direction to the direction of travel.

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9

Ren, Zhong Wei, Ming Song, Ya Fei Liu, Li Ying Luo, and Yang Liu. "Flow Field Simulation of Fan Nozzle Jet Used for Disc Tool Cooling with Fluent." Applied Mechanics and Materials 490-491 (January 2014): 695–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.490-491.695.

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Fan nozzle is the core component of tool cooling system, but the study on spray characteristics of the nozzle is not deep enough. Solid Works model of fan nozzle was established in this paper, the injection characteristics of nozzle are simulated by FLUENT analysis. Influence law of the injection characteristics of fan nozzle was studied by changing some parameters of fan nozzle spray in the process, such as liquid viscosity, nozzle flow, operating pressure and surface tension. The simulation results show that in the case of other parameters are the same, the higher the operating pressure is, the higher the jet velocity of fan nozzle is, the jet diffusion of fan nozzle along a flat direction increases firstly and then decreases; The higher the liquid surface tension is, the smaller the jet diffusion of fan nozzle along a flat direction, but the influence of liquid surface tension to the jet velocity of fan nozzle outlet can be neglected.

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10

Koszel, M. "Influence of fan flat nozzles wear degree on drop tracks size." Research in Agricultural Engineering 55, No. 2 (June 17, 2009): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/25/2008-rae.

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The subject of the analysis was the influence of working parameters (working pressure and working speed) on the drop tracks size and changes in the flow rate level from flat fan nozzles. New nozzles were tested. It was found that the increase in the flow rate depends on the nozzles size and their working time, and that the increase in the drop track size is caused by the nozzles wear. An excessively low working pressure or working speed causes drops merging. This phenomenon is especially dangerous when using nozzles with a considerable degree of wear for agricultural spray since it poses ecological threat to the environment.

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11

Mertz Jr., Karl A., and John F. Hubert. "Cycles of sand-flat sandstone and playa–lacustrine mudstone in theTriassic–Jurassic Blomidon redbeds, Fundy rift basin, Nova Scotia: implications for tectonic and climatic controls." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 27, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 442–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e90-039.

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The redbeds of the 220 m Blomidon Formation comprise more than 100 pairs of (i) sand-flat sandstone (distal alluvial fan) and (ii) playa sandy mudstone and (or) lacustrine claystone. These pairs are tectonic autocycles generated by rift-basin subsidence and sagging along the Glooscap fault zone that shifted loci of active fan sedimentation toward and away from the playa surface as fan lobes migrated into topographically low areas.Intervals of intense and prolonged aridity are recorded in many of the sand-flat sandstones and playa sandy mudstones by evaporite minerals, principally gypsum, precipitated by subsurface evolution of a CaSO4–NaCl brine. Aridity is further demonstrated by intense disruption of sediment fabrics beneath evaporite crusts, deep mudcracks, eolian-sandstone layers and patches, and the presence of authigenic Ca–Mg-rich illite–smectite and analcime. During relatively wetter intervals, claystone beds accumulated in shallow lakes that filled the playa depression, lapping onto the sand flats. The claystones lack evaporite minerals and textures, and many are partially bioturbated.The long-term climate became progressively wetter from latest Triassic to earliest Jurassic time, as evidenced by an increase upsection in the ratio of lacustrine claystone to playa sandy mudstone and by less evaporite mineralization in the sand-flat sandstones.

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12

Zhou, Q., P. C. H. Miller, P. J. Walklate, and N. H. Thomas. "Prediction of Spray Angle from Flat Fan Nozzles." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 64, no. 2 (June 1996): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1996.0055.

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13

Bohacek, Jan, Miroslav Raudensky, and Petr Kotrbacek. "Remote Cooling of Rolls in Hot Rolling; Applicability to Other Processes." Metals 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11071061.

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A novel method of cooling rolls in hot rolling is proposed. This method uses a combination of solid jet nozzles and specially shaped deflecting vanes. The vanes transform the incoming cylindrical water jet into a flat fan. Thereby, the coolant can be directed into hardly accessible locations whilst maintaining the optimal angle of impingement. The vanes allow for effectively cooling the roll surface near the rolling gap, which is otherwise not possible with classical flat fan nozzles. The jet impact is tangential due to the limited room for nozzle mounts or a coolant supply. The developed method was laboratory tested. A similar cooling efficiency was found between the vane and the flat fan nozzle. The latter was however mounted in a position impossible in the plant. The potential of the proposed cooling is, therefore, eminent. Apart from hot rolling, it could be exploited in other technological processes such as high pressure die casting, machining, turning, hot stamping, etc.

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14

Czaczyk, Zbigniew, Greg Kruger, and Andrew Hewitt. "Droplet size classification of air induction flat fan nozzles." Journal of Plant Protection Research 52, no. 4 (December 28, 2012): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10045-012-0068-6.

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Abstract Measurements were made of the droplet size for a series of air induction flat fan nozzles produced by Marian Mikołajczak Agro Technology (MMAT) and Coorstek. The MMAT nozzles, according to International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standard sizes, are typical single jet (long body, 37 mm) with 025, 03, and 04 orifice sizes; (short body, 21 mm) with 02, 025, 03 and 04 orifice sizes; and twin jet (short body, 21 mm) with 03 and 04 orifice sizes. Ceramic air induction flat fan nozzles of the Albuz AVI series (Coorstek, France) with the orifice size 01, 02 and 03 were tested. The sprays were described using the following droplet size parameters: Dv10, Dv50, Dv90, relative span (RS), spray volume (%) in size fractions < 100 μm and 100÷200 μm. The sprays were also classified according to American Society of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) standard S572.1 (ASAE 2009).

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15

Luiten, G. A. "Fan control for a ceiling mount flat TV monitor." IEEE Transactions on Components and Packaging Technologies 28, no. 4 (December 2005): 680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcapt.2005.859744.

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16

Malik Fesal, Siti Natasha, Mas Fawzi, and Zamri Omar. "A numerical analysis of flat fan aerial crop spray." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 243 (September 2017): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/243/1/012044.

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17

Stafford, Jason, Ed Walsh, Vanessa Egan, and Ronan Grimes. "Flat plate heat transfer with impinging axial fan flows." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 53, no. 25-26 (December 2010): 5629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2010.08.020.

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18

Palacios, E., M. Izquierdo, J. D. Marcos, and R. Lizarte. "Evaluation of mass absorption in LiBr flat-fan sheets." Applied Energy 86, no. 12 (December 2009): 2574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2009.04.033.

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19

Kashani, A., H. Parizi, and K. H. Mertins. "Multi-step spray modelling of a flat fan atomizer." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 144 (January 2018): 58–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2017.11.005.

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20

Hatterman-Valenti, Harlene, Micheal D. K. Owen, and Nick E. Christians. "Comparison of Spray Drift During Postemergence Herbicide Applications to Turfgrass." Weed Technology 9, no. 2 (June 1995): 321–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00023411.

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Field tests showed that the lawn spray-gun with a 4 gpm lawn tip reduced the percentage of application volume deposited 90 cm to 210 cm downwind from the spray swath edge when compared with XR8004 flat-fan or RA-6 wide angle hollow cone applications at wind speeds between 4.7 and 14.4 km/h. The percentage of applied volume collected at 210 cm downwind from the XR8004 flat-fan applications was 5 and 16 times greater than the percentage from the RA-6 Raindrop nozzle and lawn spray-gun applications, respectively. Visible injury alone with height increases and fresh weights from tomato plants located downwind from the applications concur with spray-drift data for all nozzle types. Triclopyr injury decreased as the distance from the swath edge increased. All tomato plants located downwind up to 210 cm from the XR8004 flat-fan applications were visibly injured (15 to 40%); whereas, only plants less than 150 cm downwind from the RA-6 Raindrop applications and less than 90 cm downwind from the lawn spray-gun applications were injured (2 to 8%).

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21

Costa, Augusto Guerreiro Fontoura, Cleber Daniel de Goes Maciel, Thiesli Rogoski, Adelardo José Silva Lira, and Enelise Osco Helvig. "Spraying deposits using different nozzles and application volumes for pest management of cotton at reproductive stage." November 2019, no. 13(11):2019 (November 20, 2019): 1770–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.19.13.11.p1549.

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With the growing need for greater operational capacity, information about the effect of application volume and spray nozzles on the quality of pesticide application are essential to obtain greater efficiency in pest management in cotton crops. This study aimed to assess the effect of the spraying volume and nozzles on the deposition of spray solution on cotton crops at the reproductive stage. The treatments of the first experiment correspond to the 55, 67, 140 and 194 L ha-1 volumes obtained by variation of the displacement speed using the XR11004 flat fan nozzle. In the second assay the treatments corresponded to the applications of MGA9004 (hollow cone), XR11004 (flat fan), AIXR11004 (air induction flat fan) and CVIA04 (air induction hollow cone) nozzles with 120 L ha-1. An artificial brilliant blue food dye (FD&C 1) was used as a tracer (2.5 g L-1) to determine the deposited volumes on the leaves of the upper, middle and lower third of cotton plants. The results showed that increase in the application volume contributed to obtain the larger deposits in the upper third of the cotton crop during its reproductive phase, especially up to 140 L ha-1, but did not exhibit a significant increase of the deposition in the middle and lower thirds of the plants. The MGA9004, XR11004 and AIXR11004 nozzles provided the largest deposits in the three plant sectors. The flat fan nozzles resulted in greater uniformity of deposits in the upper and middle thirds of the plants.

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22

Moraes, Eder D. de, Otávio J. G. A. Saab, Marco A. Gandolfo, Rodrigo Y. P. Marubayashi, and Ulisses D. Gandolfo. "Potential risk of drift from inclined fan nozzles." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 23, no. 3 (March 2019): 229–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v23n3p229-233.

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ABSTRACT Pest, disease and weed control in large-scale crops depend on the application of agrochemicals. These applications are subject to several factors that can lead to drift. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of spray nozzles with inclined flat jet, on the drift. The drift was collected in a 10 m wind tunnel, with a spray system inside. The samples were collected in 5 horizontal points, from 2.0 to 6.0 m away from the spray nozzle and 5 points in the vertical, from 0.1 to 0.5 m away from the lower base of the wind tunnel, totaling 25 sample points. The mixture applied was glyphosate (isopropylamine salt, 1080 g a.e. ha-1) with 2,4-D (dimethylamine salt, 1.005 g a.e. ha-1). The nozzles J3D 100 025, JGC 120 02, JAP 110 015 and ADI 110 015 (control), inclined by 37.5º, 20º, 15º and 0º, respectively, were used in two directions of spray: upwind and downwind of the air flow direction. The nozzles J3D, JGC and JAP, when inclined downwind reduced the drift by 16.1, 2.6 and 39.0%, respectively, relative to the control, and when inclined upwind, reduced drift by 53.4, 3.9 and 18.6%, respectively, relative to the control. Spray nozzles with second-generation air-induction inclined flat jet (JAP) and standard inclined flat jet (J3D) reduce the collected drift compared to the nozzle without inclination, regardless of wind flow direction.

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23

Sari, Vira Irma, and Agung Dharma Prasetio. "PERBEDAAN PENGGUNAAN NOZZLE POLIJET DAN FLAT FAN PADA KALIBRASI PENYEMPROTAN KNAPSACK SPRAYER." Jurnal Pertanian Presisi (Journal of Precision Agriculture) 5, no. 1 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35760/jpp.2021.v5i1.3682.

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Kegiatan penyemprotan umumnya menggunakan alat semprot knapsack sprayer yang memiliki nozzle untuk mengubah larutan menjadi butiran semprot. Pemilihan nozzle harus tepat agar butiran semprot yang dihasilkan sesuai dengan target penyemprotan. Nozzle polijet dan flat fan adalah dua nozzle yang umumnya digunakan oleh masyarakat. Kalibrasi kedua nozzle tersebut dibutuhkan agar mengetahui kualitas dan kuantitas volume semprot yang dihasilkan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui perbedaan lebar semprotan, volume semprot dan mendapatkan rekomendasi nozzle yang tepat berdasarkan hasil kalibrasi. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan mulai bulan Januari 2021sampai Maret 2021 di areal percobaan Kabupaten Labuhan Batu Selatan, Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) non faktorial yang terdiri dari dua perlakuan yaitu : P1 (polijet) dan P2 (flat fan). Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak 5 kali, sehingga terdapat 10 kali percobaan. Data dianalisis menggunakan Uji T pada taraf 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nozzle polijet menghasilkan lebar semprot, flowrate, konsentrasi dan kebutuhan bahan per tangki yang lebih kecil dibandingkan flat fan, namun menghasilkan volume semprot yang lebih besar. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan kalibrasi, nozzle polijet lebih direkomendasikan karena membutuhkan bahan (herbisida) yang lebih sedikit sehingga aman bagi lingkungan dan menghemat biaya.

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24

SIKKEMA, PETER H., LYNETTE BROWN, CHRISTY SHROPSHIRE, HELMUT SPIESER, and NADER SOLTANI. "Flat fan and air induction nozzles affect soybean herbicide efficacy." Weed Biology and Management 8, no. 1 (March 2008): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-6664.2007.00271.x.

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25

Minowa, Kenichi. "Energy Saving of the Fan by Flat Belt Drive System." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 64, no. 6 (2010): 664–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.64.664.

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Meisami, M. Hasan, Davood Mostofinejad, and Hikaru Nakamura. "Strengthening of flat slabs with FRP fan for punching shear." Composite Structures 119 (January 2015): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.08.041.

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Zhou, Bang Lun, Jian Ping Yuan, Zhi Xia He, and Feng Hong. "Effect of Different Airfoils on Performance of Axial Fan." Advanced Materials Research 945-949 (June 2014): 928–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.945-949.928.

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Airfoil has great influence on the performance of axial fan. In order to study performance of axial fan. Four kinds of airfoils have been applied to optimize the impeller of axial fan. The 3D internal flows of the axial fan under different operating conditions were simulated based on a steady numerical method in ANSYS CFX 14.5. The results show that the curve of total pressure of the fan with LS airfoil blades is slightly steeper, and that of the fan with CLARK-Y(C=11.7%) (C is the blade thickness ratio) airfoil blades is relatively flat. The total pressure of the axial fan with CLARK-Y(C=11.7%) blades is highest among others. While achieving the highest efficiency in all the operating conditions except the lowest flow rate. Moreover, the blades loading of the CLARK-Y(C=11.7%) airfoil blades fan is entirely more uniform than that in others. The turbulent kinetic energy distribution on the leading edge of blades shows that the axial fan with CLARK-Y(C=11.7%) airfoil blades fan can improve the turbulent kinetic energy effectively.

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Vishwakarma, Deeksha, and Jyoti Kale. "EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SOLAR AIR HEATER USING OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, no. 12 (February 7, 2020): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v4.i12.2017.139.

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In this paper, we are studying about solar air heater. The solar air heater are consisting the several component such as flat glass, collector, D.C. fan, photovoltaic cells and electrical storage system. In this study we are achieving the various type of outlet temperature with the help of D.C. fan and various Mass air flow rate using of simple absorber trays forced convection.

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29

Sun, Youchao, Yuemei Zhang, Yadong Zhou, Haitao Zhang, Haijun Zeng, and Kun Yang. "Evaluating Impact Damage of Flat Composite Plate for Surrogate Bird-Strike Testing of Aeroengine Fan Blade." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5070171.

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Bird-strike failure of fan blades is one of the basic challenges for the safety of aircraft engines. Simplified flat blade-like plates are always used for damage mechanism study of composite laminates. One undesirable issue is the failure at the root of clamped flat plates under high-velocity impact. For this purpose, two different strategies were exploited to obtain desirable impact damage distributions, namely the impact location and the boundary condition. Numerical models of the simplified flat blade-like plate and the bird projectile were constructed by using finite element method (FEM) and smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) approaches. The impact damage distributions were comparatively investigated in detail. The numerical results show that changing the boundary condition is the most effective way to obtain preferable impact damages for further failure analysis of real fan blades. Present results will be useful to the future surrogate experimental design of simplified bird-strike testing.

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30

Pribytkov, I. A., and S. I. Kondrashenko. "AERODYNAMICS OF JETS INTERACTING WITH A FLAT SURFACE." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 62, no. 4 (June 20, 2019): 263–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2019-4-263-269.

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In this paper, the development features of a single free jet of hightemperature nitrogen interacting with a ﬂat surface were studied. Calculation of the heat exchange process during heating by the attacking jets is very difficult to implement analytically due to complexity of the gas-dynamic processes occurring both in a single jet and in a system of jets interacting with the metal. The computational difficulties are aggravated by the fact that when interacting with the surface the jet as such disappears. The ﬂat (fan) ﬂow interacts with the surface: form, aerodynamic properties and thermal state of the ﬂow strongly diﬀer from those of the original jet. The studies were conducted on the basis of numerical simulation in the FloEFD software and computing complex for multiphysical simulation based on solution of the equations of gas dynamics and heat transfer. The solved system of equations consisted of Navier-Stokes equations, equations of energy and continuity and was supplemented by k – ε turbulence model. A three-dimensional model was developed for simulation, the necessary properties, initial and boundary conditions were specified. In the study of aerodynamics of a single high-temperature jet interacting with the surface, the main defining values were: nitrogen ﬂow rate from the nozzle U0 , nitrogen temperature T, internal diameter of the nozzle d0 , distance from the nozzle section to the surface h, distance from the critical point (point of intersection of the jet axis with the surface) along the ﬂow radius r. Data on the gas velocity decrease as the jet develops due to the loss of initial energy to engage the motionless surrounding gas in motion, is presented. The studies have shown that increase in the initial velocity of gas outﬂow brings the area of higher velocities closer to the surface both in the jet itself and in the fan jet. This factor contributes to heat transfer intensification. In addition, high speeds increase the total thickness of the fan ﬂow and reduce the thickness of hydrodynamic boundary layer, which increases with distance from the critical point.

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Lim, Byung Ju, Young Bog Ham, and Chang Dae Park. "Experiment for Attaching Force of a Suction Fan on Various Concrete Wall Surfaces." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.853.

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In order to measure attaching performance of the suction fan against a concrete wall, test apparatus measuring suction force of the fan was developed. Using this test apparatus, four types of concrete wall specimens were tested to measure the attaching force. The test apparatus consisted of a fan motor, a pneumatic cylinder, a load cell, and sensors for vacuum pressure and a rotating speed of the fan. Vertical wall surface of concrete material were manufactured to four different shapes that is flat, step, rib and embossing type. When the fan is rotating in the fan-housing which is fixed by metal frame, the wall specimen is moved near to fan-housing edge by the pneumatic cylinder. And the specimen may be attached to fan-housing edge by suction force of the fan, and the wall specimen is reversely moved away from the fan-housing edge by the pneumatic cylinder. Then suction force of the fan was measured using a load cell. And the suction force was measured depending on specimen types and varying the rotation speed of the fan. Test result shows that the fan speed is proportional to the suction force, and interestingly, suction force is almost independent from the specimen shapes. The maximum suction force was equally measured with 231.9 N on the step and embossing type surface with 1,800 rpm.

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Olivet, Juan J., Juana Villalba, and Jorge Volpi. "Evaluation of spray nozzles for fungicidal control of tan spot in wheat." Crop and Pasture Science 68, no. 7 (2017): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp17171.

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Tan spot, caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Died.) Drechs, is a serious constraint on wheat yields in the Southern Cone region of South America. A 2-year experiment was conducted to evaluate fungicide deposition, disease development and grain yield. Three spray nozzles were evaluated: an air-induction flat fan (AI), a wide-angle flat fan (TT), and an extended-range flat fan (XR). A systemic fungicide containing azoxystrobin and cyproconazole was used in both years. Tan spot severity and the area under non-green leaf area disease progress curve (AUNGLA) were analysed. There were no significant differences in deposition among nozzles, and no significant interactions between nozzles and leaf layers in the first year. In both years, AUNGLAs were similar for the three nozzles types, and the tan spot severity in untreated plots was significantly higher than in fungicide-applied plots. Grain yield was higher in the fungicide-applied plots, and there were no significant differences among nozzles in both years. Droplet size had no effect on the fungicide’s efficacy for tan spot control in Uruguay across three susceptible wheat cultivars. The use of drift-reducing nozzles and a systemic fungicide in these trials led to satisfactory performance for spray deposition, canopy penetration and control of the tan spot disease of wheat in the same way as expected from conventional nozzles.

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Miller, P. C. H., M. C. Butler Ellis, and C. R. Tuck. "ENTRAINED AIR AND DROPLET VELOCITIES PRODUCED BY AGRICULTURAL FLAT-FAN NOZZLES." Atomization and Sprays 6, no. 6 (1996): 693–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.v6.i6.40.

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Ko, Jaeik, Myong Hun Oh, and Minsuk Choi. "Effects of piezoelectric fan on cooling flat plate in quiescent air." European Journal of Mechanics - B/Fluids 88 (July 2021): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euromechflu.2021.03.006.

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35

Wolf, Thomas M., Shu Hua Liu, Brian C. Caldwell, and Andrew I. Hsiao. "Calibration of Greenhouse Spray Chambers—The Importance of Dynamic Nozzle Patternation." Weed Technology 11, no. 3 (September 1997): 428–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00045218.

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In an attempt to refine calibration procedures for greenhouse spray chambers, the effects of an herbicide adjuvant, operating pressure, and travel speed on the static and dynamic spray patterns of single flat-fan hydraulic nozzle tips were studied. The volume output in the central 15 cm of the spray pattern (where target plants would ordinarily be positioned) was used as an indicator of the relative dosages received from both a tapered flat-fan tip (8001 VS) and an even-spray tip (8001 EVS). All tested variables significantly altered the spray pattern. Specifically, dynamic spray patterns differed from static patterns, and speed of travel affected the dynamic pattern for both tapered and even flat-fan sprays. Increasing the travel speed from 0.375 to 0.75 m/s reduced spray deposit in the central 15 cm of the spray pattern by up to 19% for water, and by up to 34% for water containing 0.1% v/v nonionic surfactant. Increasing surfactant concentration to 1% decreased the magnitude of the speed effect. Higher pressure sprays tended to reduce the effect of increased travel speeds. These results show that changes in physicochemical properties of the spray solution as well as air turbulence introduced by nozzle movement can affect the pesticide dosage to which a target plant is exposed in a spray chamber. For proper treatment comparison, delivery systems for greenhouse spray experiments should be calibrated with end-use spray liquids, operating pressures, and nozzle travel speeds.

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Bucholtz, Dennis L., and F. Dan Hess. "An Atomizer for Application of Very Low Volumes of Herbicide Solutions." Weed Science 36, no. 3 (May 1988): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500075093.

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The precise delivery of small quantities of herbicide solutions to leaf surfaces is difficult to achieve, yet most absorption research has this requirement. An atomizer for delivering microliter quantities of herbicide solutions has been designed, constructed, and tested. The function of the atomizer is to quantitatively apply low-volume (1-to 10-μl) solutions of herbicides, especially radioactive herbicides, to plant surfaces. The appearance of droplets from the atomizer and a flat-fan nozzle were similar and both yielded deposits that were much smaller than a 1-μl droplet applied by syringe. There was no splatter loss of herbicide when applied with the atomizer, and the bio-activity of the herbicide was equal to that applied as a single droplet. The atomizer yielded drops similar to those from a flat-fan nozzle and should produce absorption results more representative of those found under field conditions.

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37

Dorogi, Dániel, Betti Bolló, and Szilárd Szabó. "Effects of external disturbances on the performance of an axial cooling fan." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 13, no. 1 (June 25, 2019): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2019.1.48-55.

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In this study flow around an axial flow fan is investigated by the means of CFD computations using the commercial software package, ANSYS Fluent. The rotation speed of the impeller was set to the constant value of n = 2500min-1. The results obtained from the computation are validated against those from measurements; good agreements can be seen. The effects of two different external disturbances are analysed. First, the fan was place into a uniform stream where the free stream velocity is varied between U = 0 and 100 km/h. After that, a computation is carried out for U = 0 km/h where the half of the suction side of the fan was covered by a flat plate. The results showed that the fluid pressure and the aerodynamic force increases with the free stream velocity. Asymmetric pressure and fluid force distribution was identified when suction side of the fan was partially covered.

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38

Bacci, Tommaso, Alessio Picchi, and Bruno Facchini. "Flat Plate and Turbine Vane Film-Cooling Performance with Laid-Back Fan-Shaped Holes." International Journal of Turbomachinery, Propulsion and Power 4, no. 2 (June 5, 2019): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp4020014.

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Shaped holes are considered as an effective solution to enhance gas turbine film-cooling performance, as they allow to increase the coolant mass-flux, while limiting the detrimental lift-off phenomena. A great amount of work has been carried out in past years on basic flat plate configurations while a reduced number of experimental works deals with a quantitative assessment of the influence of curvature and vane pressure gradient. In the present work PSP (Pressure Sensitive Paint) technique is used to detail the adiabatic effectiveness generated by axial shaped holes with high value of Area Ratio close to 7, in three different configurations with the same 1:1 scale: first of all, a flat plate configuration is examined; after that, the film-cooled pressure and suction sides of a turbine vane model are investigated. Tests were performed varying the blowing ratio and imposing a density ratio of 2.5 . The experimental results are finally compared to the predictions of two different correlations, developed for flat plate configurations.

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39

Fan, J. H. "Beaming Effect and Polarization of Blazars." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 214 (2003): 295–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900194616.

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Based on the beaming model, a relation between the observed polarization and Doppler factor was obtained for BL Lacertae objects–BLs by Fan et al. (1997). If flat spectral radio quasars—FSRQs fit a similar polarization-Doppler factor relation as BLs, then we can find that the ratio, f, of the de-beamed jet luminosity to the unbeamed luminosity in the source frame in BLs is greater than that in FSRQs. That difference in f is consistent with the result by Fan (2002a), which perhaps accounts for the emission line difference between BLs and FSRQs.

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Speese III, John. "Foliar Sprays to Control Insects in Wheat, Painter, Va, 1993." Arthropod Management Tests 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/20.1.265.

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Abstract Wheat was planted on 13 Nov 1993 at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA. Each plot was 25 ft long by 5 ft wide and replicated 4 times in a randomized, complete block design. Sprays were applied on 2 May using a 3-nozzle flat fan boom backpack sprayer delivering 20 gal water/acre at 40 psi, when CLB pressure was at or near the treatment threshold of 1 larva/flag leaf in most plots. Numbers of CLB larvae/50 flag leaves and numbers of EGA/50 ears were counted in each plot on the dates indicated in the table. Percent defoliation was rated on 12 May on 25 randomly chosen flag leaves/plot, and the plots were harvested on 7 Jul.

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Hall, Franklin R., and Andrew C. Chapple. "A DESCRIPTION OF THE DROPLET SPECTRA PRODUCED BY A FLAT-FAN NOZZLE." Atomization and Sprays 3, no. 4 (1993): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.v3.i4.70.

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42

Smith, R. W., and P. C. H. Miller. "Drift Predictions in the Near Nozzle Region of a Flat Fan Spray." Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research 59, no. 2 (October 1994): 111–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jaer.1994.1068.

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43

Johnson, Adam K., Fred W. Roeth, Alex R. Martin, and Robert N. Klein. "Glyphosate Spray Drift Management with Drift-Reducing Nozzles and Adjuvants." Weed Technology 20, no. 4 (December 2006): 893–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-162.1.

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Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of five spray-nozzle types and three drift-control adjuvants (DCA) on glyphosate spray drift. The extended-range (XR) flat-fan nozzle at 280 kPa was used as the standard comparison. DCAs were evaluated for drift reduction with the use of the XR and air-induction (AI) nozzles. Wind speed ranged from 1.3 to 9.4 m/s (3 to 21 mph). Lethal drift (DL) and injury drift (DI) were determined by downwind visual observation of grain sorghum response. Drift distances were measured from the spray swath edge. The Turbo FloodJet and AI nozzles reduced DLdistance by 34%. All four drift-reducing (DR) nozzles reduced DIdistance by 22 to 32%. Reducing the pressure of the XR flat-fan nozzle from 280 to 140 kPa did not reduce DLor DIdistance. When applied through AI nozzles, each DCA increased droplet volume diameter, one DCA reduced DIdistance and none reduced DLdistance when applied through XR tips. The DCAs did not affect DLor DIdistance.

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Mayo, Alan L., David G. Tingey, Kevin A. Rey, Tony D. Winkel, John H. McBride, Stephen T. Nelson, Gregory T. Carling, Jiri Bruthans, and Erik C. Petersen. "Shallow groundwater flow and inverted fresh/saline-water interface in a hypersaline endorheic basin (Great Basin, USA)." Hydrogeology Journal 28, no. 8 (August 12, 2020): 2877–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10040-020-02209-8.

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AbstractPilot Valley is an 828-km2 arid-region endorheic basin in western USA. Bounding mountain ranges rise as much as 1,900 m above the nearly flat 379-km2 playa floor. Up to 3.8 m of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville mud and thin oolitic sand layers form the surface layer of the basin floor. Groundwater conditions were evaluated using data from shallow monitoring wells and borings, springs, infiltrometer measurements, slug and dilution tests, geophysical transects, and precision elevation surveys. Alluvial fan groundwater discharges at fan/playa interface springs and underflows to the shallow basin sediments along the western side of the basin; the groundwater only underflows along the eastern side. Precision surveying established a Lake Bonneville shore-line break in slope as the cause of the spring discharges. Tectonic tilting causes groundwater to flow from east to west and to the topographic low. Monthly measured and pressure transducer data established seasonal pressure responses and upward groundwater gradients. All basin groundwater is lost to evapotranspiration at the topographic low, where a thin salt pan has developed. Groundwater evolves from fresh to hypersaline near the alluvial fan/playa interface where there is an inverted salinity gradient and a groundwater pressure ridge. The pressure ridge and inverted salinity interface are due to: (1) osmotic pressure established between the oolitic sand of high hydraulic conductivity and the overlying low-hydraulic-conductivity lake mud at the fan/playa interface, and (2) the collision between fresh groundwater flow driven by a steep hydraulic head and hypersaline groundwater flow driven by a nearly flat hydraulic head.

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45

Seo, Hyun Duk, Sung Su Ahn, Joong Cheol Yoon, and Yun Jung Lee. "KisBot III: New Spherical Robot with Wind-Driven Driving Mechanism." Applied Mechanics and Materials 281 (January 2013): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.281.33.

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This paper introduces a novel spherical robot, KisBot III, with a newly designed wind-driven driving mechanism. The ducted fan for wind propulsion of the robot is installed at the center of the sphere, and according to the direction of the fan, the robot is able to move forwards or backwards. The outer shell is an open framework of spring carbon rods, and also includes two arms that can be folded-out to make the robot stop and partially deform its shape. Plus, for turning and balance control, a pendulum is located under the ducted-fan frame. By adopting wind as the driving mechanism, the robot has enough propulsion to drive over flat and uneven terrain, and negotiate a raised curb and slope. Experiments verify the driving motions and efficiency of the proposed spherical robot.

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46

Miller, L. R., and W. J. Stuart. "SEISMIC STRATIGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF A NEOCOMIAN SUBMARINE FAN SYSTEM, BROWSE BASIN, NORTH WEST SHELF." APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91014.

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A possible submarine fan system of Valanginian age occurs in the south of the western half of Permit WA-212-P in the Browse Basin. Seismic mapping and interpretation have allowed the recognition of five seismic facies which are considered representative of this fan system.The five seismic facies are the upper-middle fan braided channel facies, the upper-middle fan braided interchannel facies, the lower fan channel facies, the lower fan sheet facies, and the lower fan lobe fringe facies. The reflections of the upper-middle braided channel fan facies are discontinuous, disrupted, convex up, low amplitude and high frequency. The interchannel facies has reflections that are concave up, continuous, low frequency and moderate to high amplitude. The lower fan channel facies are recognised by convex up, discontinuous, high frequency and low amplitude reflections. The lower fan sheet facies is noted by mounded configurations with continuous, moderate to high amplitude, moderate frequency reflections. The lower fan lobe fringe facies reflections are flat, often shingled reflections with moderate discontinuity, moderate to high amplitude and low to moderate frequency.Since no wells penetrate the submarine fan, the interpretation is based on seismic reflection configurations which are considered typical of submarine fan segments. The interpreted ancient submarine fan occurs on the basin floor adjacent to a probable ramp type margin, and manifests shape and setting consistent with known submarine fans, such as the Eocene Frigg Fan of the North Sea, and the Lower Cretaceous Barrow Group turbidites in the Carnarvon Basin.Seismic facies mapping, in conjunction with sequence stratigraphy concepts, is particularly useful in areas such as the Browse Basin where considerable marine shale sections exist with little structure, and sequences with reservoir potential continue to be a problem to locate. For instance, in Caswell-1, a well drilled in 1977 immediately north of the permit area, 200 barrels of oil flowed from thin sands within a shale sequence of Albian age. Results of this study indicate that local seismic reflection signatures may be indicative of potential sandstone reservoirs in the vicinity of the study area.

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47

Li, Shougen, Yaxiong Wang, Chongchong Chen, Feng Kang, and Wenbin Li. "ATOMIZATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FLAT FAN NOZZLES FOR PRECISION PESTICIDE APPLICATION AT LOW PRESSURES." INMATEH Vol.61 61, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.35633/inmateh-61-32.

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At present, the theory of precision pesticide application in agriculture and forestry has some shortcomings. Therefore, the Phase Doppler Interferometer (PDI) was used to establish the atomization model of three common brands (Lechler, Teejet and Feizhuo) flat fan nozzles in near fog field (0.3-0.5m) at low pressure (0.20-0.30mPa). The results show that the average absolute errors of droplet velocity of three brands of nozzles are 0.629, 0.521 and 0.684 m/s respectively, and the relative errors are 9.22, 9.60 and 11.89%, respectively. The average absolute errors of theoretical data of droplet size are 17.821, 13.801 and 22.140 μ m, and the relative errors are 8.40, 5.82 and 11.67%, respectively. The experimental theoretical model has high reliability. In addition, the results show that the droplet velocity and particle size increase with the increase of the equivalent diameter of the nozzle outlet. With the increase of spray angle, droplet velocity and particle size decrease gradually, and the rate of velocity decrease gradually. The research results are of great significance to further analyse the atomization characteristics of flat fan nozzle and guide the precise application of pesticide.

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48

Banks, Van E., Lawrence R. Oliver, and Marilyn McClelland. "Influence of Soybean Oil Carrier and Method of Application on Weed Control in Soybeans (Glycine max)." Weed Science 36, no. 4 (July 1988): 504–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500075275.

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Acifluorfen {5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid} and bentazon [3-(1-methylethyl-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] plus acifluorfen were applied through hydraulic flat-fan nozzles or controlled-droplet applicators (CDA) in water plus surfactant, soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] oil and water emulsions, and soybean oil alone. Except for inadequate weed control with CDA applications at 7 L/ha, method of application did not affect weed control of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumariumL. #3XANST) or smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL. # AMACH) at high rates of bentazon plus acifluorfen (560 plus 280 g ai/ha or above). With low rates (280 plus 140 g/ha or less), hydraulic flat-fan nozzles were more effective than CDA applications. Early CDA applications of acifluorfen in an oil carrier at a volume of 9 L/ha were as effective as hydraulic nozzle applications at a carrier volume of 47 L/ha. Later applications resulted in inadequate weed control. Increasing soybean oil concentration from 2.5 to 40% (v/v) in acifluorfen spray mixtures did not significantly increase the phytotoxicity of acifluorfen.

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Subr, Alaa Kamel, Józef Sawa, and Stanisław Parafiniuk. "The Change in Spectrum of Drops in the Exploitation Process of Agricultural Nozzles." Agricultural Engineering 20, no. 2 (July 1, 2016): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agriceng-2016-0031.

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AbstractAgricultural nozzles usually produce a different drops size depending on the pressure and the physical condition (work life) of the nozzle besides producing a wide range of the drops spectrum in the spray cloud. In this paper the standard flat fan nozzles were investigated regarding the effect of the working pressure and the nozzle physical condition (new and worn nozzles). The size of drops and the spectrum of drops across the long axis of the spray pattern were examined by using Sympatec GmbH Laser Diffraction. Reducing the working pressure from 3 to 2 and then to 1 caused production of larger drops, also using worn nozzles (especially with lower pressure) changed the drops size which is expected to be produced from the new nozzles. The standard flat fan nozzles produced a wide range of the drops spectrum inside the spray cloud, generally small drops (less than 150 µm) concentrated in the middle of the spray pattern while the big drops (250-350µm) were situated on the edge positions (70 cm from the centerline) of the spray pattern.

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Zhou, Q., P. C. H. Miller, P. J. Walklate, and N. H. Thomas. "SPRAY FORMATION OF A HYDRAULIC FLAT FAN NOZZLE WITH AN INTERNALLY DISTURBED FLOW." Atomization and Sprays 8, no. 6 (1998): 653–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atomizspr.v8.i6.30.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flat fan'

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