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Journal articles on the topic 'Flat flame burner'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 February 2022

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1

de GOEY, L. P. H., A. van MAAREN, and R. M. QUAX. "Stabilization of Adiabatic Premixed Laminar Flames on a Flat Flame Burner." Combustion Science and Technology 92, no. 1-3 (July 1993): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102209308907668.

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2

Furutani, M., Y. Ohta, and M. Nose. "Nitric Oxide Circumstances in Nitrogen-Oxide Seeded Low-Temperature Powling-Burner Flames." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 3, no. 3 (July 5, 2017): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj569.

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<p>Flat low-temperature two-stage flames were established on a Powling burner using rich diethyl-ether/ air or n-heptane/air mixtures, and nitrogen monoxide NO was added into the fuel-air mixtures with a concentration of 240 ppm. The temperature development and chemical-species histories, especially of NO, nitrogen dioxide NO<sub>2</sub> and hydrogen cyanide HCN were examined associated with an emission-spectrum measurement from the low-temperature flames. Nitrogen monoxide was consumed in the cool-flame region, where NO was converted to the NO<sub>2</sub>. The NO<sub>2</sub> generated, however, fell suddenly in the cool-flame degenerate region, in which the HCN superseded. In the blue-flame region the NO came out again and developed accompanied with remained HCN in the post blue-flame region. The NO seeding into the mixture intensified the blue-flame luminescence probably due to the cyanide increase.</p>

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3

Konnov, A. A., R. Riemeijer, V. N. Kornilov, and L. P. H. de Goey. "2D effects in laminar premixed flames stabilized on a flat flame burner." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 47 (May 2013): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2013.02.002.

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4

ARAKI, Masashi, Kazunari NAKAYA, and Masaaki OKUYAMA. "501 Development of flat flame burner of bean roast." Proceedings of Autumn Conference of Tohoku Branch 2005.41 (2005): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetohoku.2005.41.177.

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5

NOSE, Masakazu, Masahiro FURUTANI, and Yasuhiko OHTA. "Emission Spectra and Oxidation Products of Low-Temperature Flames in Flat-Flame Burner." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 64, no. 627 (1998): 3867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.64.3867.

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6

Badiger, Shankar, Vadiraj V. Katti, and Anil R. Tumkur. "Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Coaxial Inverse Diffusion Flame Jet Impingement with an Induced Swirl." International Journal of Heat and Technology 38, no. 4 (December 31, 2020): 887–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijht.380415.

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Flame jet has a wide range of applications in the industries and also in domestics field. The efforts have been put to enhance the heat transfer and to reduce the emissions from the premixed and inverse diffusion flame burners. Especially, the IDF burner suffers from lack of proper air and fuel mixing, the swirl generated motion from twisted tape would improve the combustion efficiency. Therefore, an aim of experiment is to study the heat transfer characteristics of an inverse diffusion flame (IDF) jet impinging on a flat surface in a coaxial tube burner with swirl. The twisted tape of 15mm pitch creates the swirl in the flame jet (Corresponding to the twist ratio of 3 and swirl number of 0.52). An effect of swirl at air jet Reynolds number of 1000 to 2500 and surface of the burner-to-impingement plate distance (H/da) varying from 2 to 20 is studied at fixed equivalence ratio (ϕ) of 1.1. An average heat flux and peak heat flux are studied for the region of 0<r/da<3 on an impingement plate. From an investigation, it is found that the swirling in the flame jet enhances the average heat flux by up to 179.2%. The maximum average heat flux is found at the optimal burner-to-target plate distance of 8.

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7

Pickett, Brent M., Carl Isackson, Rebecca Wunder, Thomas H. Fletcher, Bret W. Butler, and David R. Weise. "Flame interactions and burning characteristics of two live leaf samples." International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, no. 7 (2009): 865. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08143.

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Combustion experiments were performed over a flat-flame burner that provided the heat source for multiple leaf samples. Interactions of the combustion behavior between two leaf samples were studied. Two leaves were placed in the path of the flat-flame burner, with the top leaf 2.5 cm above the bottom leaf. Local gas and particle temperatures, as well as local oxygen concentrations, were measured along with burning characteristics of both leaves. Results showed that the time to ignition of the upper leaf was not significantly affected by the presence of the lower leaf. The major difference observed was that the time of flame duration of the upper leaf was significantly affected by the presence of the lower leaf. Causes for the prolonged flame were found to be the consumption of oxygen by the burning lower leaf and the obstruction provided by the lower leaf, causing a wake effect, thus altering the combustion behavior of the upper leaf.

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8

Hossain, M. M., J. Myung, R. Lan, M. Cassidy, I. Burns, S. Tao, and J. T. S. Irvine. "Study on Direct Flame Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Using Flat Burner and Ethylene Flame." ECS Transactions 68, no. 1 (July 17, 2015): 1989–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/06801.1989ecst.

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9

Hartung, G., J. Hult, and C. F. Kaminski. "A flat flame burner for the calibration of laser thermometry techniques." Measurement Science and Technology 17, no. 9 (August 17, 2006): 2485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/17/9/016.

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10

Gregor, Mark Aurel, and Andreas Dreizler. "A quasi-adiabatic laminar flat flame burner for high temperature calibration." Measurement Science and Technology 20, no. 6 (May 1, 2009): 065402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/20/6/065402.

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11

Sahlberg, Anna-Lena, Dina Hot, Rasmus Lyngbye-Pedersen, Jianfeng Zhou, Marcus Aldén, and Zhongshan Li. "Mid-Infrared Polarization Spectroscopy Measurements of Species Concentrations and Temperature in a Low-Pressure Flame." Applied Spectroscopy 73, no. 6 (March 27, 2019): 653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702818823239.

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We demonstrate quantitative measurements of methane (CH4) mole fractions in a low-pressure fuel-rich premixed dimethyl ether/oxygen/argon flat flame (Φ = 1.87, 37 mbar) using mid-infrared (IR) polarization spectroscopy (IRPS). Non-intrusive in situ detection of CH4, acetylene (C2H2), and ethane (C2H6) in the flame was realized by probing the fundamental asymmetric C–H stretching vibration bands in the respective molecules in the spectral range 2970–3340 cm−1. The flame was stabilized on a McKenna-type porous plug burner hosted in a low-pressure chamber. The temperature at different heights above the burner (HAB) was measured from the line ratio of temperature-sensitive H2O spectral lines recorded using IRPS. Quantitative measurements of CH4 mole fractions at different HAB in the flame were realized by a calibration measurement in a low-pressure gas flow of N2 with a small admixture of known amount of CH4. A comprehensive study of the collision effects on the IRPS signal was performed in order to quantify the flame measurement. The concentration and temperature measurements were found to agree reasonably well with simulations using Chemkin. These measurements prove the potential of IRPS as a sensitive, non-intrusive, in situ technique in low pressure flames.

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12

Yavuzkurt, S., M. Y. Ha, G. Reethof, G. Koopmann, and A. W. Scaroni. "Effect of an Acoustic Field on the Combustion of Coal Particles in a Flat Flame Burner." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 113, no. 4 (December 1, 1991): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2905913.

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The effects of an acoustic field on the enhancement of coal combustion are investigated. A flat flame burner using methane-air mixtures as the fuel is used for the experiments. Micronized coal particles 20–70 μm in diameter are injected into the burning gas stream at the same velocity as the gas. The light intensity emitted from the flame, temperature and pictures of the flame with and without an acoustic field are recorded. The nominal values of the intensity of the acoustic field are between 140–160 dB and the frequency is between 500–3500 Hz. A definite increase in the rate of combustion of the coal particles is observed with the application of an acoustic field. The enhancement can be seen from the increased light intensity of the flame and the flame width. This paper presents the data and a discussion of light intensity emitted by the flame as a function of acoustic parameters.

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13

Bykov, V., V. V. Gubernov, and U. Maas. "Mechanisms performance and pressure dependence of hydrogen/air burner-stabilized flames." Mathematical Modelling of Natural Phenomena 13, no. 6 (2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mmnp/2018046.

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The kinetic mechanism of hydrogen combustion is the most investigated combustion system. This is due to extreme importance of the mechanism for combustion processes, i.e. it is present as a sub-mechanism in all mechanisms for hydrocarbon combustion systems. Therefore, detailed aspects of hydrogen flames are still under active investigations, e.g. under elevated pressure, under conditions of different heat losses intensities and local equivalence ratios etc. For this purpose, the burner stabilized flame configuration is an efficient tool to study different aspects of chemical kinetics by varying the stand-off distance, pressure, temperature of the burner and mixture compositions. In the present work, a flat porous plug burner flame configuration is revisited. A hydrogen/air combustion system is considered with detailed molecular transport including thermo-diffusion and with 8 different chemical reaction mechanisms. Detailed numerical investigations are performed to single out the role of chemical kinetics on the loss of stability and on the dynamics of the flame oscillations. As a main outcome, it was found/demonstrated that the results of critical values, e.g. critical mass flow rate, weighted frequency of oscillations and blow-off velocity, with increasing the pressure scatter almost randomly. Thus, these parameters can be considered as independent and can be used to improve and to validate the mechanisms of chemical kinetics for the unsteady dynamics.

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14

Kim, Hun-Ju, Bong-Seok Yun, Su-Bin Heo, Jae-Min Park, and Do-Hyung Lee. "The Flow analysis and the Flame structure of Turbulent Premixed Flat Burner." Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Engineering 35, no. 4 (May 31, 2011): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.5916/jkosme.2011.35.4.397.

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15

Shurtz, Randy C., and Thomas H. Fletcher. "Coal Char-CO2Gasification Measurements and Modeling in a Pressurized Flat-Flame Burner." Energy & Fuels 27, no. 6 (June 10, 2013): 3022–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef400253c.

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16

MIGLIORINI, F., S. DEIULIIS, F. CIGNOLI, and G. ZIZAK. "How “flat” is the rich premixed flame produced by your McKenna burner?" Combustion and Flame 153, no. 3 (May 2008): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2008.01.007.

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17

Li, S. C., N. Ilincic, and F. A. Williams. "Reduction of NOx Formation by Water Sprays in Strained Two-Stage Flames." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 119, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 836–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2817062.

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Staged combustion can be employed to reduce the formation of CO and NOx, stabilize the flame, decrease the flame temperature, and create better working conditions in gas turbine combustors. To help understand influences of partial premixing and addition of water on NOx formation, we study two-stage flames in a counterflow spray burner. This paper reports experimental and theoretical results concerning two-stage combustion in which one feed stream is composed of a fuel-rich mixture of methane and air and the other is air. Water sprays are added to the air stream. This two-phase laminar counterflow configuration exhibits a green premixed flame, a blue diffusion flame, and a vaporization plane. All three are flat and parallel. The separation distances between them decrease with increasing equivalence ratio and strain rate. Flow visualization is provided through illumination by an argon ion laser sheet, velocity fields and spray structure are measured by a phase-doppler particle analyzer, concentration fields of major stable species are measured by gas chromatography of samples withdrawn from the flame, and temperature fields are measured by a thermocouple. Numerical integrations that employ a recent chemical-kinetic data base are performed to model the flame structure and NOx formation. Comparisons of experimental results with numerical predictions are made to test agreement. This work provides information on hydrocarbon combustion in both premixed flames and diffusion flames, indicates how NOx is formed in fuel-rich flames, and suggests how the pollutants can be reduced.

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18

Liu, Chang, Lijun Xu, Fangyan Li, Zhang Cao, Stylianos A. Tsekenis, and Hugh McCann. "Resolution-doubled one-dimensional wavelength modulation spectroscopy tomography for flame flatness validation of a flat-flame burner." Applied Physics B 120, no. 3 (June 11, 2015): 407–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00340-015-6150-9.

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19

Cole, Wesley J., McKaye H. Dennis, Thomas H. Fletcher, and David R. Weise. "The effects of wind on the flame characteristics of individual leaves." International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, no. 5 (2011): 657. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10019.

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Individual cuttings from five shrub species were burned over a flat-flame burner under wind conditions of 0.75–2.80 m s–1. Both live and dead cuttings were used. These included single leaves from broadleaf species as well as 3 to 5 cm-long branches from coniferous and small broadleaf species. Flame angles and flame lengths were determined by semi-automated measurements of video images. Additional data, such as times and temperatures corresponding to ignition, maximum flame height and burnout were determined using video and infrared images. Flame angles correlated linearly with wind velocity. They also correlated with the Froude number when either the flame length or flame height was used. Flame angles in individual leaf experiments were generally 50 to 70% less than flame angles derived from Froude number correlations reported in the literature for fuel-bed experiments. Although flame angles increased with fuel mass and moisture content, they were unaffected by fuel species. Flame lengths and flame heights decreased with moisture contents and wind speed but increased with mass. In most cases, samples burned with wind conditions ignited less quickly and at lower temperatures than samples burned without wind. Most samples contained moisture at the time of ignition. Results of this small-scale approach (e.g. using individual cuttings) apply to ignition of shrubs and to flame propagation in shrubs of low bulk density. This research is one of the few attempts to characterise single-leaf and small-branch combustion behaviour in wind and is crucial to the continued development of a semi-empirical shrub combustion model.

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20

Kitagawa, K., N. Konishi, N. Arai, and A. K. Gupta. "Temporally Resolved Two-Dimensional Spectroscopic Study on the Effect of Highly Preheated and Low Oxygen Concentration Air on Combustion." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 125, no. 1 (December 27, 2002): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1520155.

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Spontaneous emission spectroscopy has been applied to measure the time-resolved temperature profiles of gaseous fuel flames using high temperature and low oxygen concentration combustion air. Two emission peaks of C2 radical species have been observed at visible wavelengths from propane-air flames. The ratio of these two peaks depends on the flame temperature. The relationship between the ratios of these peaks was correlated with the thermocouple output using a premixed flat flame burner and a multichannel CCD spectrometer. Using this relationship, the flame temperature was determined from the ratio of the C2 peaks. Time-resolved emission intensity profiles of the two C2 bands (two-wavelength image) were observed simultaneously with a high sensitivity video camera fitted with an optical system. The time-resolved temperature profiles were constructed from these intensity profiles by utilizing the previously determined relationship at each pixel. To evaluate fluctuations of flame temperatures, the standard deviation profiles for the temperature profiles have been constructed. This spectroscopic diagnostic technique has been used to measure the profiles of mean flame temperature and temperature fluctuation produced from a concentric diffusion flame using propane as the fuel and high temperature and low oxygen concentration combustion air. In this study, the effect of air-preheat and low oxygen concentration in the combustion air on the subsequent flame temperature and temperature fluctuations has been determined by analyzing the spectra of spontaneous emission from the C2 radicals.

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21

Yu, J. F., R. Yu, X. Q. Fan, M. Christensen, A. A. Konnov, and X. S. Bai. "Onset of cellular flame instability in adiabatic CH4/O2/CO2 and CH4/air laminar premixed flames stabilized on a flat-flame burner." Combustion and Flame 160, no. 7 (July 2013): 1276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2013.02.011.

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22

Francisco, Roberto Wolf, and Amir Antônio Martins Oliveira. "Simultaneous measurement of the adiabatic flame velocity and overall activation energy using a flat flame burner and a flame asymptotic model." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 90 (January 2018): 174–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2017.09.011.

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23

Hancock, Robert D., Kenneth E. Bertagnolli, and Robert P. Lucht. "Nitrogen and hydrogen CARS temperature measurements in a hydrogen/air flame using a near-adiabatic flat-flame burner." Combustion and Flame 109, no. 3 (May 1997): 323–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(96)00191-5.

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24

Pickett, Brent M., Carl Isackson, Rebecca Wunder, Thomas H. Fletcher, Bret W. Butler, and David R. Weise. "Experimental measurements during combustion of moist individual foliage samples." International Journal of Wildland Fire 19, no. 2 (2010): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf07121.

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Individual samples of high moisture fuels from the western and southern United States and humidified aspen excelsior were burned over a flat-flame burner at 987° ± 12°C and 10 ± 0.5 mol% O2. Time-dependent mass and temperature profiles of these samples were obtained and analysed. It was observed that significant amounts of moisture remained in the individual samples after ignition occurred. Temperature histories showed a plateau at 200°–300°C at the leaf perimeter rather than at 100°C, with a plateau of 140°C for the leaf interior. Implications are that classical combustion models should be altered to reflect the behaviour of moisture in high moisture (live) samples. Mass release rates were determined at ignition and maximum flame height; these appeared to vary due to surface area and perimeter, but no significant correlation was found for all species.

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25

Abu Talib, Abd Rahim, Andrew J. Neely, Peter T. Ireland, and Andrew J. Mullender. "Detailed Investigation of Heat Flux Measurements Made in a Standard Propane-Air Fire-Certification Burner Compared to Levels Derived From a Low-Temperature Analog Burner." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 127, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 249–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1806454.

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This paper presents detailed heat flux measurements on a flat plate subjected to the ISO2685 [The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1992, “Aircraft—Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment—Resistance to Fire in Designated Fire Zones,” ISO2685:1992(E)] standard, propane fueled burner used throughout the industry in aero-engine fire-certification. The authors have developed a custom-built heat transfer gauge to measure the heat flux from the burner under isothermal wall conditions. The heat flux from the standard burner is normally calibrated using either a water-cooled copper tube or a Gardon gauge, each sited at a single position in the flame. There are no reports in the literature of a detailed survey of heat flux distribution for the burner and the results are of considerable interest to engineers involved in fire-certification. The reported measurements constitute the first, detailed distribution of heat flux from the actual burner flame during a fire test. These measurements provided benchmark data which allowed the heat flux distribution from the ISO burner to be compared to levels derived from the low-temperature analog burner developed by the authors. The analog burner uses liquid crystals to measure heat transfer coefficient and adiabatic wall temperature on scale models of engine components and provides key data to facilitate the successful design of components used in fire zones. The objective of this paper is to further validate the low-temperature analog burner technique developed by the authors which simulates the standard large propane-air burner for fire-certification in aero engine.

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26

Jeong, Yong-Gi, Gyeong-Cheon Kim, Chung-Hwan Jeon, and Yeong-Jun Jang. "The Effect of Swirl Intensity on Flow and Combustion Characteristics of Flat Flame Burner." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B 26, no. 2 (February 1, 2002): 336–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-b.2002.26.2.336.

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27

Lewis, Aaron D., and Thomas H. Fletcher. "Prediction of Sawdust Pyrolysis Yields from a Flat-Flame Burner Using the CPD Model." Energy & Fuels 27, no. 2 (January 31, 2013): 942–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef3018783.

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28

Haber, L. C., and U. Vandsburger. "A global reaction model for oh* chemiluminescence applied to a laminar flat-flame burner." Combustion Science and Technology 175, no. 10 (October 2003): 1859–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713713115.

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29

Beck, M., S. Wirtz, and V. Scherer. "Experimental and Numerical Studies of Fe2O3 Particle Formation Processes in a Flat Flame Burner." Chemical Engineering & Technology 30, no. 6 (June 2007): 790–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200600393.

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30

CHIBA, Masayuki, Masaki ESHIMA, Masahiro FURUTANI, Hiroshoshi SONO, and Saburo CHUBU. "319 Effect of toluene addition on aldehydes formation in flat-burner low-temperature flame." Proceedings of Conference of Tokai Branch 2013.62 (2013): 187–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmetokai.2013.62.187.

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31

Tomeczek, J., J. Ochman, and J. Góral. "Low NO_X flat flame natural gas burner for high temperature furnaces." Journal of the Energy Institute 81, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/014426008x370933.

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32

MclNTOSH, A. C. "Combustion-Acoustic Interaction of a Flat Flame Burner System Enclosed Within an Open Tube." Combustion Science and Technology 54, no. 1-6 (August 1987): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00102208708947054.

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33

Fuyuto, Takayuki, Helmut Kronemayer, Burkhard Lewerich, Jan Brübach, Taketoshi Fujikawa, Kazuhiro Akihama, Thomas Dreier, and Christof Schulz. "Temperature and species measurement in a quenching boundary layer on a flat-flame burner." Experiments in Fluids 49, no. 4 (June 30, 2010): 783–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00348-010-0917-x.

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34

Pino, T., A. T. Cao, Y. Carpentier, E. Dartois, L. d'Hendecourt, and Ph Bréchignac. "Laboratory analogues of hydrocarbonated interstellar nanograins." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S251 (February 2008): 393–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308022023.

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AbstractCarbonaceous extraterrestrial matter is observed in a wide variety of astrophysical environments. The spectroscopic signatures revealed a large variety of chemical structure illustrating the rich carbon chemistry that occurs in space. In order to produce laboratory analogues of carbonaceous cosmic dust, a new chemical reactor has been built in the Laboratoire de Photophysique Moléculaire. It is a low pressure flat burner providing flames of premixed hydrocarbon / oxygen gas mixtures, closely following the model system used by the combustion community. In such a device the flame is a one-dimensional chemical reactor that offers a broad range of combustion conditions and sampling which allows production of many and various by-products. In the present work, we have studied: i) the infrared transmission spectra of thin film deposit samples whose nature ranges from strongly aromatic to strongly aliphatic materials; ii) the resonant two-photon photoionisation spectra of gas phase PAHs formed in the flame.

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35

NAKATSURU, Satoshi, Amornrat KAEWPRADAP, Ryosuke NOGI, Toshiyuki KATSUMI, Daisuke SATO, and Satoshi KADOWAKI. "The shape and fluctuation of hydrogen-propane-butane-air lean premixed flames formed on a flat flame burner." Journal of Thermal Science and Technology 16, no. 3 (2021): JTST0038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jtst.2021jtst0038.

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36

Prucker, S., W. Meier, and W. Stricker. "A flat flame burner as calibration source for combustion research: Temperatures and species concentrations of premixed H2/air flames." Review of Scientific Instruments 65, no. 9 (September 1994): 2908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144637.

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37

Yu, J. F., R. Yu, and X. S. Bai. "Onset of cellular instability in adiabatic H2/O2/N2 premixed flames anchored to a flat-flame heat-flux burner." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 38, no. 34 (November 2013): 14866–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.09.075.

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38

Lewis, Aaron D., Emmett G. Fletcher, and Thomas H. Fletcher. "CO2 Gasification Rates of Petroleum Coke in a Pressurized Flat-Flame Burner Entrained-Flow Reactor." Energy & Fuels 28, no. 7 (June 16, 2014): 4447–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef500690j.

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39

Senser, Dwight W., John S. Morse, and Vic A. Cundy. "Construction and novel application of a flat flame burner facility to study hazardous waste combustion." Review of Scientific Instruments 56, no. 6 (June 1985): 1279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1137992.

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40

Chander, Subhash, and Anjan Ray. "Influence of Burner Geometry on Heat Transfer Characteristics of Methane/Air Flame Impinging on Flat Surface." Experimental Heat Transfer 19, no. 1 (January 2006): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08916150500317655.

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41

Kuznetsov, E. A., A. Yu Snegirev, and E. S. Markus. "Radiative Extinction of Laminar Diffusion Flame above the Flat Porous Burner in Microgravity: A Computational Study." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 56, no. 4 (August 2020): 394–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0010508220040036.

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42

Khatri, Dishant, Akshay Gopan, Zhiwei Yang, Adewale Adeosun, and Richard L. Axelbaum. "Characterizing early stage sub-micron particle formation during pulverized coal combustion in a flat flame burner." Fuel 258 (December 2019): 115995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.115995.

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43

Kuske, R., and B. J. Matkowsky. "On roll, square and hexagonal cellular flames." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 5, no. 1 (March 1994): 65–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792500001303.

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We consider the behaviour of a premixed flame anchored on a flat burner. For Lewis numbers L < L* < 1, stationary spatially periodic solutions corresponding to stationary cellular flames bifurcate from the basic solution which corresponds to a steady planar flame. We study the existence and stability of two-dimensional patterns which correspond to certain imposed symmetries by considering the evolution of N pairs of wave vectors, each of which is separated from the next by angle π/N. In the neighbourhood of the critical Lewis number L*, we derive evolution equations for the amplitudes corresponding to N = 2, which corresponds to square patterns, and N = 3, which corresponds to triangular or hexagonal patterns. We determine existence and stability results in terms of m∈(0, 1), the flow rate of the fuel, and K > 2/e, the scaled heat loss to the burner. Square patterns exist for L < L* and are stable for values of m and K above a stability boundary in the m−K plane, which has a maximum at K = K* ∼ 4.77, so that for K > K* square patterns are stable for all m. The stability of the square patterns does not vary with L. Hexagonal patterns exist for L < LH, where 1 > LH > L*. The size of the stability region increases with decreasing L < L*. For a range of values of L there is bistability, that is, for given parameter values rolls and hexagons are simultaneously stable, each with its own domain of attraction.

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44

Shmakov, A. G., O. P. Korobeinichev, D. A. Knyazkov, A. A. Paletsky, R. A. Maksutov, I. E. Gerasimov, T. A. Bolshova, V. G. Kiselev, and N. P. Gritsan. "Combustion chemistry of Ti(OC3H7)4 in premixed flat burner-stabilized H2/O2/Ar flame at 1atm." Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 34, no. 1 (January 2013): 1143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2012.05.081.

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45

Xu, Yang, Shuiqing Li, Ye Yuan, and Qiang Yao. "Measurement on the Surface Temperature of Dispersed Chars in a Flat-Flame Burner Using Modified RGB Pyrometry." Energy & Fuels 31, no. 3 (December 15, 2016): 2228–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b02203.

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46

Brunetto, R., T. Pino, E. Dartois, A. T. Cao, L. d'Hendecourt, G. Strazzulla, and Ph Bréchignac. "Ion irradiation effects on sooting flames by-products." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 4, S251 (February 2008): 435–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921308022096.

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AbstractCarbonaceous extraterrestrial matter is observed in a wide variety of astrophysical environments. Spectroscopic signatures reveal a large variety of chemical structure illustrating the rich carbon chemistry that occurs in space. In order to produce laboratory analogues of the carbonaceous cosmic dust, a new chemical reactor has been built in the Laboratoire de Photophysique Moléculaire. It is a low pressure flat burner providing flames of premixed hydrocarbon/oxygen gas mixtures, closely following the model system used by the combustion community. In such a device the flame is a one-dimensional chemical reactor offering a broad range of combustion conditions and sampling which allows production of many and various by-products. In the present work, we have studied the effect of ion irradiation (200-400 keV), at the Laboratorio di Astrofisica Sperimentale in Catania, on several samples, ranging from strongly aromatic to strongly aliphatic materials. Infrared and Raman spectra were monitored to follow the evolution of the films under study, and characterize the irradiation process-induced modifications.

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47

Vogler, Marcel, Michio Horiuchi, and Wolfgang G. Bessler. "Modeling, simulation and optimization of a no-chamber solid oxide fuel cell operated with a flat-flame burner." Journal of Power Sources 195, no. 20 (October 15, 2010): 7067–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.04.030.

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48

Rabenstein, Friedrich, and Alfred Leipertz. "Two-dimensional temperature determination in the exhaust region of a laminar flat-flame burner with linear Raman scattering." Applied Optics 36, no. 27 (September 20, 1997): 6989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.36.006989.

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49

Xiao, Zhenghang, Tiankun Shang, Jiankun Zhuo, and Qiang Yao. "Study on the mechanisms of ultrafine particle formation during high-sodium coal combustion in a flat-flame burner." Fuel 181 (October 2016): 1257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.01.033.

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50

Saberi Moghaddam, Mohammad Hossein, Mojtaba Saei Moghaddam, and Mohammad Khorramdel. "Numerical study of geometric parameters effecting temperature and thermal efficiency in a premix multi-hole flat flame burner." Energy 125 (April 2017): 654–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.116.

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