Journal articles: 'Flat plate'

1

Hager, N. E. "Flat‐plate radiometer." Review of Scientific Instruments 58, no. 1 (January 1987): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139520.

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2

KAWAKAMI, Hirohide, and Naoyuki WATANABE. "In-Plane Vibration Characteristic of Flat Plate." Journal of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences 45, no. 519 (1997): 238–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2322/jjsass1969.45.238.

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3

Marr, Charles W. "A Planting Template for Plug Flats." HortTechnology 1, no. 1 (October 1991): 120–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.1.1.120.

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Seedlings are established in small growing containers to reduce cost of greenhouse space, while improving crop uniformity. These seedlings often are referred to as plugs. Vacuum seeders are used by larger growers to seed many flats per season (Bakos, 1983); however, individual growers, producing plants for their own use, may not be able to justify expensive seeding equipment. Several moderately priced vacuum seeders are available (Bartok, 1988). They consist of a metal tray with small drilled holes to hold the seed in place when a vacuum is applied to the tray from an external source. However, several problems with them exist. Seeds must be free of extraneous materials that might clog the small holes. A slight jarring of the plate, especially when the plate is turned upside down over the seed flat, may cause seeds to dislodge, resulting in unplanted cells in each flat. Also, different sizes of seeds and flats require completely different seeding plates and plate holders. A small grower may choose to seed flats by hand by placing seeds individually in each cell. This is feasible only for large-sized seeds or with pelleted seed. A simple, inexpensive, non-vacuum alternative design is presented and evaluated.

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4

Yamagishi, Masaki, and Hiroki Shida. "Study on fluttering characteristics of articulated flat plate flag." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 920 (September 19, 2020): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/920/1/012020.

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5

Amrutkar, Sunil K. "Solar Flat Plate Collector Analysis." IOSR Journal of Engineering 02, no. 02 (February 2012): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/3021-0202207213.

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6

Beckwith, R. M. H., and H. Babinsky. "Impulsively Started Flat Plate Flow." Journal of Aircraft 46, no. 6 (November 2009): 2186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.46382.

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7

Pitt Ford, Charles W., and Holger Babinsky. "Impulsively Started Flat Plate Circulation." AIAA Journal 52, no. 8 (August 2014): 1800–1802. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.j052959.

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8

Mayer, Hans C., and Rouslan Krechetnikov. "Flat plate impact on water." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 850 (July 12, 2018): 1066–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2018.461.

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While the classical problem of a flat plate impact on a water surface at zero dead-rise angle has been studied for a long time both theoretically and experimentally, it still presents a number of challenges and unsolved questions. Hitherto, the details of the flow field – especially at early times and close to the plate edge, where the classical inviscid theory predicts a singularity in the velocity field and thus in the free surface deflection, so-called ejecta – have not been studied experimentally, which led to mutually contradicting suppositions in the literature. On one hand, it motivated Yakimov’s self-similar scaling near the plate edge. On the other hand, a removal of the singularity was previously suggested with the help of the Kutta–Joukowsky condition at the plate edge, i.e. enforcing the free surface to depart tangentially to the plate. In the present experimental study we were able to overcome challenges with optical access and investigate, for moderate Reynolds ($0.5<Re<25\,000$) and Weber ($1<We<800$) numbers, both the flow fields and the free surface dynamics at the early stage of the water impact, when the penetration depth is small compared to the plate size, thus allowing us to compare to the classical water impact theory valid in the short time limit. This, in particular, enabled us to uncover the effects of viscosity and surface tension on the velocity field and ejecta evolution usually neglected in theoretical studies. While we were able to confirm the far-field inviscid and the near-edge Stokes theoretical scalings of the free surface profiles, Yakimov’s scaling of the velocity field proved to be inapplicable and the Kutta–Joukowsky condition not satisfied universally in the studied range of Reynolds and Weber numbers. Since the local near-edge phenomena cannot be considered independently of the complete water impact event, the experiments were also set up to study the entirety of the water impact phenomena under realistic conditions – presence of air phase and finite depth of penetration. This allowed us to obtain insights also into other key aspects of the water impact phenomena such as air entrapment and pocketing at the later stage when the impactor bottoms out. In our experiments the volume of trapped air proved not to decrease necessarily with the impact speed, an effect that has not been reported before. The observed fast initial retraction of the trapped air film along the plate bottom turned out to be a consequence of a negative pressure impulse generated upon the abrupt deceleration of the plate. This abrupt deceleration is also the cause of the subsequent air pocketing. Quantitative measurements are complemented with basic scaling models explaining the nature of both retraction of the trapped air and air pocket formation.

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Orton, Sarah L., David Barrett, Alaa El-Din Elsisi, Andrew Pelikan, and Hani Salim. "Finger-Plate and Flat-Plate Expansion Device Design Evaluation." Journal of Bridge Engineering 22, no. 12 (December 2017): 04017106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)be.1943-5592.0001156.

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10

Rahtika, I. Putu Gede Sopan, I. Made Suarta, I. Komang Rusmariadi, and Putu Wijaya Sunu. "Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Angles of Attack to the Flutter Speed of a Flat Plate in Axial Flow." Logic : Jurnal Rancang Bangun dan Teknologi 21, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.31940/logic.v21i2.2630.

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The application of flat plates to the field of wind harvesting requires a lot of research toward the understanding of the flutter behavior of the plates. There are shortages of articles that discuss the effect of varying the angles of attack to the flutter speed of a flat plate. This research aims to conduct a basic experimental research on the effect of relative position of a thin-flat plates to the direction of the air flow to its flutter speed. In this study, a thin-flat plate was placed in a subsonic wind tunnel to test its flutter speed. The position of the plate was varied in various angles of attack. The effect of the angles of attack to the flutter speed was observed.

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11

Sharma, Chandrakant, and Dr Virendra Sangtani. "Analyses of a Flat Plate Photovoltaic and Thermal Solar Collectors." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-3 (April 30, 2019): 239–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd21707.

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12

Contractor, D. N. "An Inviscid Analysis in Polar Coordinates of Flow Between Two Flat Plates." Journal of Applied Mechanics 60, no. 1 (March 1, 1993): 65–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2900780.

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An inviscid analysis is conducted of two-dimensional flow between a flat plate pivoting about an external point and falling onto another plate at rest. The motion of the fluid between the two plates is analyzed by the simultaneous solution of the unsteady Bernoulli equation, the equation of continuity, and the equation of motion for the plate. Numerical solution of the equations resulted in velocities and pressures along the plate as a function of time. The pressures were integrated to yield forces and moments on the falling plate. The results are compared with the motion of a horizontal flat plate falling vertically onto a rigid stationary flat plate. The two results are similar to one another.

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13

Chislett, M., and Glenn Morris. "Lateral load analysis of three-dimensional flat plate structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 12, no. 2 (June 1, 1985): 351–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l85-038.

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A procedure is described for performing a linear structural analysis of laterally loaded three-dimensional flat plate structures, with or without shear walls. The structure is assumed to be comprised of column, shear wall, and floor plate elements. To minimize storage requirements for the computer program that performs the analysis, the flat plate floors are assumed to act as rigid in-plane diaphragms. The shear walls are modeled as columns for in-plane bending and as wide beams for out-of-plane bending.Dimensionless stiffness matrices for floor plate elements with four different column width – span ratios have been evaluated using a finite element analysis and incorporated into the structural analysis computer program. Lagrange interpolation is used to evaluate the stiffness matrices for floor plate elements with any specified column width – span ratio. In assembling the structure stiffness matrix, the floor plate nodes along the boundaries between floor panels are condensed off.Examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and economy of the analysis procedure and to illustrate the influence of column width – span ratio and plate width on the behavior of the structure.The procedure is the first phase in the development of an iterative analysis procedure that will model the nonlinear behavior of the flat plate structures due to cracking at the column–plate boundary. Key words: flat plate, structural analysis, slab, lateral load analysis.

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14

Solheim, Asbjørn. "In-Plane Diffusion in Flat-Plate Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." ECS Proceedings Volumes 1993-4, no. 1 (January 1993): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/199304.0841pv.

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15

Ibearugbulem, O. M., U. G. Eziefula, and D. O. Onwuka. "Inelastic Stability Analysis Of Uniaxially Compressed Flat Rectangular Isotropic CCSS Plate." International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering 20, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 637–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijame-2015-0042.

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Abstract This study investigates the inelastic stability of a thin flat rectangular isotropic plate subjected to uniform uniaxial compressive loads using Taylor-Maclaurin series formulated deflection function. The plate has clamped and simply supported edges in both characteristic directions (CCSS boundary conditions). The governing equation is derived using a deformation plasticity theory and a work principle. Values of the plate buckling coefficient are calculated for aspect ratios from 0.1 to 2.0 at intervals of 0.1. The results compared favourably with the elastic stability values and the percentage differences ranged from −0.353% to −7.427%. Therefore, the theoretical approach proposed in this study is recommended for the inelastic stability analysis of thin flat rectangular isotropic plates under uniform in-plane compression.

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16

Tang, Qian Yu, Hua Wang, Hui Tao Wang, and Shan Qing. "Serpentine Flat Plate Collector Thermal Performance Testing." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 648–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.648.

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Due to the conventional flat plate solar collector has low efficient, it is necessary to make some improvements in the structure of conventional flat solar collector. This research improved the structure of conventional flat solar collector and conducted thermal performance testing for the improved structure which is serpentine heat pipe flat plate solar collector. The test results indicate that serpentine heat pipe flat plate solar collector has higher efficient than conventional solar collector. Thus, serpentine has better economic and environmental benefit than conventional solar collector.

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17

Shin, Woo-Seung, and Jinkoo Kim. "Seismic Retrofit of Flat Plate Structures." Civil Engineering and Architecture 1, no. 1 (June 2013): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/cea.2013.010102.

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18

Patel, V. C., and H. C. Chen. "Turbulent wake of a flat plate." AIAA Journal 25, no. 8 (August 1987): 1078–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.9746.

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19

Kang, Thomas H. K., John W. Wallace, and Kenneth J. Elwood. "Nonlinear Modeling of Flat-Plate Systems." Journal of Structural Engineering 135, no. 2 (February 2009): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(2009)135:2(147).

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20

Nejtek, Vlastimil, Jiří Fryč, and Josef Los. "Measurements of Flat-Plate Milk Coolers." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 62, no. 5 (2014): 1057–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201462051057.

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Measuring in laboratory conditions was performed with the aim to collect a sufficient quantity of measured data for the qualified application of flat-plate coolers in measuring under real operating conditions. The cooling water tank was filled with tap water; the second tank was filled with water at a temperature equivalent to freshly milked milk. At the same time, pumps were activated that delivered the liquids into the flat-plate cooler where heat energy was exchanged between the two media. Two containers for receiving the run-out liquid were placed on the outputs from the cooler; here, temperature was measured with electronic thermometer and volume was measured with calibrated graduated cylinder. Flow rate was regulated both on the side of the cooling fluid and on the side of the cooled liquid by means of a throttle valve. The measurements of regulated flow-rates were repeated several times and the final values were calculated using arithmetic average. To calculate the temperature coefficient and the amount of brought-in and let-out heat, the volume measured in litres was converted to weight unit. The measured values show that the volume of exchanged heat per weight unit increases with the decreasing flow-rate. With the increasing flow-rate on the throttled side, the flow-rate increases on the side without the throttle valve. This phenomenon is caused by pressure increase during throttling and by the consequent increase of the diameter of channels in the cooler at the expense of the opposite channels of the non-throttled part of the circuit. If the pressure is reduced, there is a pressure decrease on the external walls of opposite channels and the flow-rate increases again. This feature could be utilised in practice: a pressure regulator on one side could regulate the flow-rate on the other side. The operating measurement was carried out on the basis of the results of laboratory measurements. The objective was to determine to what extent the use of flat-plate coolers under specific conditions results in cost reduction and improved milk cooling process. The measurement was performed in several cycles. The first measurement took place in the existing system without the use of the flat-plate cooler. The volume of drawn milk was monitored throughout the milking process along with its temperature, temperature in the tank and electricity consumption of the cooling system. At the second stage, the flat-plate cooler was introduced into the cooling process, which was followed by monitoring the milk and cooling water volume, their temperature, temperature in the tank and electricity consumption of the cooling system. The measured data indicate considerable power cost reduction if upstream flat-plate coolers are applied.

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21

Price, H. W., S. A. Klein, and W. A. Beckman. "Analysis of Boiling Flat-Plate Collectors." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 108, no. 2 (May 1, 1986): 150–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268083.

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A detailed model for use with TRNSYS, capable of modelling a wide range of boiling collector types, was used to analyze boiling flat-plate collector systems. This model can account for a subcooled liquid entering the collector, heat losses in the vapor and the liquid return line, pressure drops due to friction in the collector and piping, and pressure drops due to the hydrostatic head of the fluid. The model has been used to determine the yearly performance of boiling flat-plate solar collector systems. A simplified approach was also developed which can be used with the f-Chart method to predict yearly performance of boiling flat-plate collector systems.

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22

Lee, Shih‐Tuen, and Chau‐Chih Chen. "Transient ignition on a flat plate." Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers 9, no. 4 (June 1986): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02533839.1986.9676904.

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23

Cruz-Peragon, F., J. M. Palomar, P. J. Casanova, M. P. Dorado, and F. Manzano-Agugliaro. "Characterization of solar flat plate collectors." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 16, no. 3 (April 2012): 1709–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.11.025.

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24

Takama, Y., K. Suzuki, and E. Rathakrishnan. "Twin vortices behind a flat plate." Journal of Visualization 10, no. 3 (September 2007): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03181686.

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25

Hazel, R. D., and L. P. Langevine. "Flat plate collector utilizability for Guyana." Renewable Energy 4, no. 4 (June 1994): 437–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1481(94)90051-5.

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26

Park, H., and E. H. Kim. "RC Flat Plate under Combined In-Plane and Out-of-Plane Loads." Journal of Structural Engineering 125, no. 10 (October 1999): 1136–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1999)125:10(1136).

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27

Agriss, A., M. Agouzoul, and A. Ettaouil. "Reducing drag on a flat plate subjected to incompressible laminar flow." MATEC Web of Conferences 286 (2019): 07006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928607006.

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The idea behind this work comes from the question: What is the impact of plate corrugations on drag? In this context, a numerical study of laminar incompressible flow over a flat plate and over corrugated plates is carried out. Numerical analysis is performed for low Reynolds numbers (Re= 10, Re = 50, Re = 100, Re = 500, Re =1000) using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ANSYS FLUENT. Simulations results are compared to each others and with those of the reference plate (flat plate (figure 4a)). Comparisons are made via drag coefficient Cd. This work is the beginning of a study that evaluates the impact of corrugations on drag reduction on a flat plate.

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28

Z. Al-Sarraf, Sabih, Jamal S. Abd Al-Amier, and Jawad K. Al-Bayati. "Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Flat Plate with Embedded Bearing Plate." Engineering and Technology Journal 33, no. 4 (May 28, 2015): 985–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.33.4a.19.

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29

Cunningham, Sean M., David A. Tanner, Seamus Clifford, Daniela Butan, and Mark Southern. "Effect of Perforations on Resonant Modes of Flat Circular Plates." Key Engineering Materials 865 (September 2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.865.31.

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The vibration of perforated plates is central to certain engineering applications, such asdroplet-on-demand, inject printing and aerosol generation. To the author’s knowledge, there is limitedpublished literature outlining the effect of perforations on the natural frequency of a flat circular plate.This paper aims to further the understanding in this field research, by determining analytically theeffect of perforations on the natural frequency of boundary clamped flat circular plate. The methodology of this paper outlines the development of a dynamic finite element (FE) model which accurately embodies the effect of perforations on the natural frequency of a boundary clamped flat circular plate using modal analysis. This dynamic FE model aids in optimising the vibrational mechanics of perforated plates for specific engineering applications. The finding from this analysis demonstrates that the published literature is less conservative when compared to the FE method in predicting the effect of perforations on the natural frequency of a boundary clamped flat circular plate. Published literature uses a numerical analysis which underestimates the effect of perforations on the natural frequency of a boundary clamped flat circular plate when compared to the FE analysis reported in this study.

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Asmawi, Asmawi, MUHD Ridzuan Bin Mansor, Noreffendy Tamaldin, Viktor Vekky Ronald Repi, and Ajat Sudrajat. "Pengaruh Penggunaan Pelat Elektroda Tekstur terhadap laju Produksi gas pada Generator HHO." Jurnal Ilmiah Giga 25, no. 2 (November 30, 2022): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47313/jig.v25i2.1974.

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SS316L iron plate is a material that is often used in construction on machinery. In this study, 6 sheets of SS316L plates as electrode plates measuring 100 mm × 100 mm were assembled into a spacer shape arranged parallel to the distance of 2 mm. The SS316L electrode plate consists of two types, namely the original electrode plate or flat plate and the electrode plate through a treatment process where the surface is made of lines (texture). Both flat and textured electrode plate is formed into a spacer which then inserted to the HHO generator as the main component in the water electrolysis process. Measurements and calibrations are performed on each HHO generator with flat electrode plates and textured electrode plates with KOH catalyst 10 grams, 20 grams and 30 grams. The results of the calibration of the two types of HHO generators show that the HHO generator with texture plates is better than the flat plate with an average value of 1.03 L/minute.

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31

Ali, M. Y., and Jwo Pan. "Elastic-Plastic Indentation and Flat Plate Rolling under Plane Strain Conditions." SAE International Journal of Materials and Manufacturing 4, no. 1 (April 12, 2011): 125–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-01-0035.

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32

Kim, Min Sook, Seung Yeon Hwang, Heecheul Kim, and Young Hak Lee. "Comparison of Shear Strength Equation for Flat Plates with GFRP Plate." Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea 27, no. 4 (August 30, 2014): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.7734/coseik.2014.27.4.247.

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33

Jensen, P., and W. R. Marcum. "Predicting critical flow velocity leading to laminate plate collapse—flat plates." Nuclear Engineering and Design 267 (February 2014): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nucengdes.2013.11.071.

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34

CAUCHISAVONA, S., and P. HOGG. "Investigation of plate geometry on the crushing of flat composite plates." Composites Science and Technology 66, no. 11-12 (September 2006): 1639–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2005.11.011.

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35

Kim, Dae Hyeon, Kyung Il Cha, Seok Ho Rhi, and Kye Bock Lee. "Study on Improvement of Surface Temperature Uniformity by Bubble Stabilization in Flat-Plate Heat Pipe Hot Chuck." Advanced Materials Research 711 (June 2013): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.711.251.

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In the precision hot plate for wafer processing, the temperature uniformity of upper plate surface is one of the key factors affecting the quality of wafers. Precision hot plates require temperature variations less than ±1.5% during heating to 120°C. In this study, we have manufactured the flat plate heat pipe hot chuck of circle type (300mm) and investigated the operating characteristics of flat plate heat pipe hot chuck experimentally. Various screen mesh (40, 80, 120) were used as the structure and chamber was changed.

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36

Chen, Ming Dong, and Xue Bing Liu. "The Heat Transfer Model of V Shaped Solar Flat-Plate Air Collector." Advanced Materials Research 594-597 (November 2012): 2171–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.594-597.2171.

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The V-shaped solar flat-plate air collector was put forward according to the existing problems of solar flat-plate air collector. V-shaped grid plate is used in the solar flat-plate air collector which can improve the efficiency of a flat-plate solar air collector via increase of solar energy absorption efficiency and heat transfer area. Energy balance model of the V-shaped solar flat-plate air collector is established according to the characteristics of internal structure and air flow way, and vent opening position is optimized using the CFD, the results showed that the temperature distribution is uniform when air inlet locates in the central axis of collector, it will provide a theoretical basis for the design of the V-shaped solar flat-plate collector.

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ZHANG, JIE, NAN-SHENG LIU, and XI-YUN LU. "Locomotion of a passively flapping flat plate." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 659 (June 28, 2010): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112010002387.

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Locomotion of a passively flapping flat plate has been studied numerically by means of a multiblock lattice Boltzmann method. A flexible plate is modelled by a rigid plate with a torsion spring acting about the pivot at the leading edge of the plate. A dynamic model of this kind is called a lumped-torsional-flexibility model. When the leading edge is forced to heave sinusoidally, the plate pitches passively and propels itself in the horizontal direction as a result of the fluid–plate interaction. We have investigated various aspects of the mechanics behind the behaviour of the flapping plate, including the periodic- and non-periodic-flow states, the spontaneous motion of the plate, vortical structure and how they compare to similar propulsion systems in animals. In the periodic-flow regime, two dynamical responses of the passively pitching plate (forward and backward movements) are observed. Which movement will occur depends only on the frequency ratio F of the natural frequency of the system and the heaving frequency associated with the lumped torsional flexibility. It is found that the plate will select the forward movement when F > 1 and the backward movement when F ≤ 1. In the forward-movement regime, analysis of the dynamical behaviours and propulsive properties of the passively pitching plate indicates that the torsional flexibility can remarkably improve the propulsive performance. In addition, four kinds of vortex structures in the near wake are identified, which mainly depend on the forward speed of the plate. Finally the forward movement is compared to the flapping-based locomotion of swimming and flying animals. The results obtained in this study are consistent with the observations and measurements of swimming and flying animals; thus, they may provide physical insights into understanding of the propulsive mechanisms of the flapping wings and fins of animals.

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38

Muhammad Amin Harun, Zafri Azran Abdul Majid, Zairul Azrul Zakaria, Ahmad Faris Ismail, Sany Izan Ihsan, Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Ahmad Fadzil Sharol, and Amir Abdul Razak. "Study on Selection of a Suitable Material and The Parameters for Designing a Portable Flat Plate Base-Thermal Cell Absorber (FPBTCA)." Journal of Advanced Research in Fluid Mechanics and Thermal Sciences 85, no. 1 (July 29, 2021): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/arfmts.85.1.7192.

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Several types of flat plate solar collectors have been designed and developed with various technical parameters involved in the design. The inappropriate flat plate solar collector parameter design and material chosen will affect its performance. Investigation on the effect of flat plate absorber collector material, glass thickness, air gap distance, thermal cell absorber thickness, and flat plate absorber base collector thickness on the performance of solar thermal collectors was conducted in this work. The experiment was performed using the solar simulator with solar radiation of 450 and 750 W/m2. The flat plate absorber collector materials used in this experiment were stainless steel 304 and aluminum. The glass thickness used in this experiment was 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, and 10.0 mm. The air gap between the flat plate absorber and glass used in this experiment was 0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, and 30.0 mm. The stainless steel thermal cell absorber thickness applied in this experiment was 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mm. Meanwhile, the aluminum flat plate base absorber base collector thickness was 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 mm. The results showed that the 2.0 mm glass thickness has the maximum flat plate absorber temperature (88.1 oC at t = 600 s), high heat gain rate (0.097 oC/s), and the highest total heat gain (1207.33 J). The results also revealed that the air gap distance of 10 mm achieved the maximum flat plate absorber temperature (64.6 oC at t = 600 s), the highest heat gain rate (0.058 oC/s), and the highest total heat gain (4750.92 J). The stainless steel thermal cell absorber thickness of 1.0 mm has the thermal cell absorber temperature of 76.2 oC at t = 600 s and a high heat gain rate at 0.08 oC/s. The aluminum flat plate base absorber achieved the highest flat plate absorber temperature (67.2 oC at t = 600 s) and the highest heat gain rate (0.062 oC/s). By using double glass as glass cover increase the flat plate absorber temperature (76.3 oC at t = 600 s) and the highest heat gain rate (0.077 oC/s). This research aims to produce a flat plate absorber with better energy storage, i.e., the performance of the stainless steel plate absorber is better than aluminum with the same thickness. Although the stainless steel flat plate absorber collector showed a lower temperature than aluminum, it has a higher temperature drop than the latter.

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39

Aboutaleb, Hamdy. "Role of the urethral plate characters in the success of tubularized incised plate urethroplasty." Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery 47, no. 02 (May 2014): 221–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-0358.138956.

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ABSTRACT Background: Today, tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty is the most commonly performed operation for distal and mid-penile hypospadias. Reports from different centers worldwide confirm its nearly universal applicability and low complications rate. Aim: Evaluation of the urethral plate characters and its effect on the outcome of TIP urethroplasty. Materials and Methods: Between 2010 and 2013, 100 children with primary distal penile hypospadias underwent TIP urethroplasty. Urethral plates were categorized as flat, cleft, and deeply grooved. Postoperatively, patients were followed-up for evaluation of meatal stenosis, fistula formation, and glandular dehiscence at 1 st , 3 rd and 6 th months. Patients were followed-up for urethral calibration by urethral sound 8 Fr at 3 rd and 6 months follow-up. Data were statistically analysed using Epi info program to correlate between the width, plate shape, and complications. Results: Mean age at surgery was 4.3 years. Patients were followed-up for an average period of 6.4 months. Pre-operative location of the meatus was reported as coronal in 46, subcoronal in 50 and anterior penile in 4 cases. Urethral plate characters were flat in 26 cases, cleft in 52, and deeply grooved in 22. Urethral plate width was >8 mm in 74 cases and <8 mm in 26. Patients with urethral plate <8 mm had a statistically significant higher fistula rate (P = 0.004) and failed 8 Fr calibrations in 26.9% (P = 0.01) compared with the patients with urethral plate >8 mm. In addition, we also founds higher fistula rate and failed 8 Fr calibrations in flat urethral plate. Conclusions: An adequate urethral plate width (>8 mm) is essential for successful TIP repair. Lower success rates with flat plates may need buccal mucosal augmentation to improve the results.

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Morris, Glenn, and Husam Omar. "Analysis of laterally loaded flat-plate structures." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l91-013.

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Flat-plate reinforced concrete structures tend to behave nonlinearly, even at service load levels, when subjected to lateral loading. This is due mainly to the deformations that occur at the column-to-plate boundaries. Currently available structural analysis computer programs assume linearly elastic behaviour and thus underestimate lateral displacements. This paper describes an efficient, easy-to-use structural analysis procedure and computer program for predicting the nonlinear response of flat-plate structures subjected to lateral loading. The structure is assumed to be a three-dimensional frame comprised of linearly elastic columns, flat-plate floor panels and shear walls, and nonlinear "connections" between the columns and the flat-plate floors. Utilizing all available experimental data, standardized functions have been derived to predict the nonlinear moment–rotation behaviour of these plate-to-column connections. The functions have been incorporated into the structural analysis computer program. Examples are presented to illustrate the capabilities of the program, to compare results computed by it with published results, and to illustrate the effects of several geometric and material parameters on the behaviour of the structure. Key words: reinforced concrete, flat plate, structural analysis, nonlinear analysis, lateral load analysis.

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Schellart, W. P., and V. Strak. "Geodynamic models of short-lived, long-lived and periodic flat slab subduction." Geophysical Journal International 226, no. 3 (April 1, 2021): 1517–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab126.

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SUMMARY Flat slab subduction has been ascribed to a variety of causes, including subduction of buoyant ridges/plateaus and forced trench retreat. The former, however, has irregular spatial correlations with flat slabs, while the latter has required external forcing in geodynamic subduction models, which might be insufficient or absent in nature. In this paper, we present buoyancy-driven numerical geodynamic models and aim to investigate flat slab subduction in the absence of external forcing as well as test the influence of overriding plate strength, subducting plate thickness, inclusion/exclusion of an oceanic plateau and lower mantle viscosity on flat slab formation and its evolution. Flat slab subduction is reproduced during normal oceanic subduction in the absence of ridge/plateau subduction and without externally forced plate motion. Subduction of a plateau-like feature, in this buoyancy-driven setting, enhances slab steepening. In models that produce flat slab subduction, it only commences after a prolonged period of slab dip angle reduction during lower mantle slab penetration. The flat slab is supported by mantle wedge suction, vertical compressive stresses at the base of the slab and upper mantle slab buckling stresses. Our models demonstrate three modes of flat slab subduction, namely short-lived (transient) flat slab subduction, long-lived flat slab subduction and periodic flat slab subduction, which occur for different model parameter combinations. Most models demonstrate slab folding at the 660 km discontinuity, which produces periodic changes in the upper mantle slab dip angle. With relatively high overriding plate strength or large subducting plate thickness, such folding results in periodic changes in the dip angle of the flat slab segment, which can lead to periodic flat slab subduction, providing a potential explanation for periodic arc migration. Flat slab subduction ends due to the local overriding plate shortening and thickening it produces, which forces mantle wedge opening and a reduction in mantle wedge suction. As overriding plate strength controls the shortening rate, it has a strong control on the duration of flat slab subduction, which increases with increasing strength. For the weakest overriding plate, flat slab subduction is short-lived and lasts only 6 Myr, while for the strongest overriding plate flat slab subduction is long-lived and exceeds 75 Myr. Progressive overriding plate shortening during flat slab subduction might explain why flat slab subduction terminated in the Eocene in western North America and in the Jurassic in South China.

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Rai, Man Mohan. "Changes in flat plate wake characteristics obtained with decreasing plate thickness." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 68 (December 2017): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2017.09.003.

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Quinn, S., and Janice M. Dulieu-Barton. "Stress Analysis of Holes in Thick Plates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 1-2 (September 2004): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.1-2.153.

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A review of the Stress Concentration Factors (SCFs) obtained from normal and oblique holes in thick flat plates loaded in uniaxial tension has been conducted. The review focuses on values from the plate surface and discusses the ramifications of making a plane stress assumption.

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Aydogdu, Metin. "Conditions for functionally graded plates to remain flat under in-plane loads by classical plate theory." Composite Structures 82, no. 1 (January 2008): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.10.004.

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Liu, Xiaowen, Claire A. Currie, and Lara S. Wagner. "Cooling of the continental plate during flat-slab subduction." Geosphere 18, no. 1 (December 22, 2021): 49–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02402.1.

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Abstract Most flat-slab subduction regions are marked by an absence of arc volcanism, which is consistent with closure of the hot mantle wedge as the subducting plate flattens below the continent. Farther inland, low surface heat flow is observed, which is generally attributed to cooling of the continent by the underlying flat slab. However, modern flat slabs have only been in place for <20 Ma, and it is unclear whether there has been sufficient time for cooling to occur. We use numerical models to assess temporal variations in continental thermal structure during flat-slab subduction. Our models show that the flat slab leads to continental cooling on timescales of tens of millions of years. Cool slab temperatures must diffuse through the continental lithosphere, resulting in a delay between slab emplacement and surface cooling. Therefore, the timescales primarily depend on the flat-slab depth with shallower slabs resulting in shorter timescales. The magnitude of cooling increases for a shallow or long-lived flat slab, old subducting plate, and fast convergence rates. For regions with flat slabs at 45–70 km depth (e.g., Mexico and Peru), shallow continental cooling initiates 5–10 Ma after slab emplacement, and low surface heat flow in these regions is largely explained by the presence of the flat slab. However, for the Pampean region in Chile, with an ~100-km-deep slab, our models predict that conductive cooling has not yet affected the surface heat flow. The low heat flow observed requires additional processes such as advective cooling from the infiltration of fluids released through dehydration of the flat slab.

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Jebaraj, S., and Ali Mubarak Al Qahtani. "A review on solar flat plate collectors." International Journal of Global Energy Issues 43, no. 2/3 (2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2021.10037732.

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Jebaraj, S., and Ali Mubarak Al Qahtani. "A review on solar flat plate collectors." International Journal of Global Energy Issues 43, no. 2/3 (2021): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijgei.2021.115140.

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El-Sebaee, I. "Develop of Local Flat Plate Solar Heater." Journal of Soil Sciences and Agricultural Engineering 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 385–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/jssae.2021.179014.

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Hrouda, Štěpán, Jan Syblík, Miroslav Gleitz, and Michal Cihlář. "CFD benchmark of flat plate fuel assembly." MATEC Web of Conferences 367 (2022): 00011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236700011.

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Diversification of the nuclear fuel suppliers is an inseparable component of nuclear safety of power and research nuclear reactors. So far, the Czech research reactor LVR-15 has been operated with the Russian fuel IRT-4M, because there was no alternative to this fuel. Recently, the French company CERCA has developed an alternative to this fuel Flat Plate Fuel Assembly (FPFA). Hence, the influence of the different fuel characteristics (especially neutronic, thermomechanic and hydraulic) on nuclear safety has to be provided. This work involves a comparison of the flow characteristic of these two types of fuel assemblies using the ANSYS Fluent 2021 R1 and STAR CCM+ 2022 CFD programs. Moreover, these computational models of FPFA fuel are validated in an experimental facility.

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Khalil, A., and D. Sukhanov. "Flat UWB antenna with optimized ground plate." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2140, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2140/1/012022.

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Abstract The design of a broadband antenna based on a combination of electric and magnetic emitters is proposed. Antenna size ratios are proposed that provide a wide operating frequency band. The results of numerical modeling of the standing wave ratio and radiation patterns for a particular case with a matching range from 13 GHz to 27 GHz are presented.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flat plate'

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