Relevant bibliographies by topics / Flat policy

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Flat policy'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Flat policy"

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Malakoff, D. "SCIENCE POLICY: 2005 Budget Makes Flat a Virtue." Science 303, no. 5659 (February 6, 2004): 748–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.303.5659.748.

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Gołębiowska, Anna, and Dariusz Prokopowicz. "NATIONAL HOUSING PROGRAM OF THE MAIN STRATEGIC AND PROGRAM DOCUMENT FOR THE CURRENT STATE RESIDENTIAL POLICY OF THE STATE." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7644.

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Launched in April 2016, the Family 500 Plus program significantly reduces the scale of poverty in large families, contributes to the growth of consumption and perhaps also to the increase in fertility in Poland. The second key program of social family policy in Poland launched in December 2016 is the Flat Plus program. This program, through the improvement of the housing situation, should fulfill important functions of housing policy in the scope of reducing the social stratification of families in Poland. The main objective of the Flat Plus program is to significantly increase the availability of flats, especially low-cost rental apartments, with the option of purchasing property after 20-30 years of use. The consequence of developing this program on a larger scale in the coming years will be offering such housing primarily for families who have not been able to rent and buy flats on the open market due to low incomes and lack of creditworthiness. If the plan adopted by the government to develop the Flat Plus program in the coming years will be implemented by 2030, the level of housing availability for citizens in Poland will reach a level close to the average in the European Union.
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Milstein, Arnold, and Mark Smith. "Will The Surgical World Become Flat?" Health Affairs 26, no. 1 (January 2007): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.26.1.137.

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Cox, Eva. "Policy contest: Immigrant women on a flat playing field." Australian Feminist Studies 8, no. 18 (December 1993): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08164649.1993.9994694.

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Keenan, Claudine, Gurprit Chhatwal, and Jinchang Wang. "A Study of the Effects and Policy Implications of Flat Rate Tuition." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN EDUCATION METHODOLOGY 6, no. 2 (August 30, 2015): 837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijrem.v6i2.3879.

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In the current era of decreasingpublic funding and increasing pressure to improve student performance, many schools are considering or have implementedflat rate tuitionplans that allow students to take a higher course load for a fixed “flat” tuition. This study investigates the effects of flat rate tuition over the past eight years on course loads attempted by students, rate of withdrawal from classes,and four-year graduation rates ata four-year public college. This study shows that students are responsive to flat rate tuition,and flat rate tuition has had an overallpositive effect on students’ academic progress.
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Vale, Luke, Adrian Grant, Kirsty McCormack, and Neil W. Scott. "Cost-effectiveness of alternative methods of surgical repair of inguinal hernia." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 20, no. 2 (April 2004): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462304000972.

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Objectives:To assess the relative cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic methods of inguinal hernia repair compared with open flat mesh and open non-mesh repair.Methods:Data on the effectiveness of these alternatives came from three systematic reviews comparing: (i) laparoscopic methods with open flat mesh or non-mesh methods; (ii) open flat mesh with open non-mesh repair; and (iii) methods that used synthetic mesh to repair the hernia defect with those that did not. Data on costs were obtained from the authors of economic evaluations previously conducted alongside trials included in the reviews. A Markov model was used to model cost-effectiveness for a five-year period after the initial operation. The outcomes of the model were presented using a balance sheet approach and as cost per hernia recurrence avoided and cost per extra day at usual activities.Results:Open flat mesh was the most cost-effective method of preventing recurrences. Laparoscopic repair provided a shorter period of convalescence and less long-term pain compared with open flat mesh but was more costly. The mean incremental cost per additional day back at usual activities compared with open flat mesh was €38 and €80 for totally extraperitoneal and transabdominal preperitoneal repair, respectively.Conclusions:Laparoscopic repair is not cost-effective compared with open flat mesh repair in terms of cost per recurrence avoided. Decisions about the use of laparoscopic repair depend on whether the benefits (reduced pain and earlier return to usual activities) outweigh the extra costs and intraoperative risks. On the evidence presented here, these extra costs are unlikely to be offset by the short-term benefits of laparoscopic repair.
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Béland, Daniel, and Alex Waddan. "Policy change in flat pensions: Comparing Canada and the UK." Canadian Public Administration 57, no. 3 (September 2014): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/capa.12076.

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Erjavec, Emil, Frédéric Chantreuil, Kevin Hanrahan, Trevor Donnellan, Guna Salputra, Maja Kožar, and Myrna van Leeuwen. "Policy assessment of an EU wide flat area CAP payments system." Economic Modelling 28, no. 4 (July 2011): 1550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.02.007.

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Tian, Yi, Junhai Ma, Zongxian Wang, and Lei Xie. "Complexity and Control of Multichannel Supply Chain Under Carbon Tax Policy." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 31, no. 06 (May 2021): 2150092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127421500929.

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Considering the trends of the carbon tax and online retail market, a comparative study on the order quantity strategy of supply chain under two carbon tax policies are conducted. A multichannel supply chain model is constructed in this work under the flat carbon tax policy and progressive carbon tax policy. The complexity of the supply chain under the channel heterogeneity expectations is studied. The impacts of consumers’ dual preferences and the free-riding of each channel on the system complexity, profits, carbon emissions and social welfare are explored. This study indicates that the supply chain order quantity system under the two types of carbon tax policies will enter into an unstable state with changes in consumers’ preferences and free-riding parameters. In order to positively impact on the profits of all parties, government revenue, consumer surplus, and the environment, the system should be kept in stable region. Consumers’ preferences and free-riding have more obvious influence on the social welfare under the progressive emission carbon tax policy than the flat carbon tax policy. In contrast to the flat carbon tax policy, the progressive carbon tax policy can delay or even prevent the order quantity system from entering into the bifurcation and chaos area, and the chaos control effect under the progressive carbon tax policy is better. The present work expands the practical application scenarios of complex system theory and thereby has an important theoretical and practical value.
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Condie, Scott S., Richard W. Evans, and Kerk L. Phillips. "Natural Limits of Wealth Inequality and the Effectiveness of Tax Policy." Public Finance Review 47, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 32–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142117707970.

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This article examines Thomas Piketty’s thesis that there are no natural limits on the accumulation of wealth. We undertake our examination in the context of a simple general equilibrium model with infinitely lived dynasties. We show that extreme wealth accumulation does not happen in general equilibrium unless capital and labor are substitutes, an assumption which also leads to unbalanced growth. We also show that even with unbalanced growth, differences in rates of return and effective labor are not sufficient to cause unbounded inequality. Only permanent savings rate differences can lead to extreme wealth concentration. Finally, we show that while a flat wealth tax will not eliminate extreme wealth concentration, both a graduated wealth tax and a flat income tax will.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Flat policy"

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Ellis, Joseph Michael. "Flat Tax Revolution?: Policy Change and Policy Diffusion in Eastern Europe." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/94739.

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Political Science
Ph.D.
Why have Eastern European states adopted flat tax policies? That is what this dissertation answers. This is a curious development given that flat tax policies were noticeably absent from the landscape of most of the world, including Eastern Europe. Fives cases of adoption are examined, including Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. I argue that two simultaneous processes occur in Eastern Europe that makes adoption viable. First, at the domestic level, the idea of the flat tax is held in esteem by a number of actors, specifically: elite carriers, tax and financial ministers, think tanks and right-wing political parties. They champion this idea to its adoption, or at the least, introduce the flat tax into the policy-making apparatus. Second, at the international level, policy diffusion of the flat tax is taking place. In other words, the experience of previous adopters impacts the decisions of future adopters. Examining both cognitive heuristics theory and rational learning I argue that there are "varieties of diffusion" during the diffusion of the flat tax. Additionally, though this dissertation concerns itself primarily with adoption, I also investigate two cases of non-adoption in Poland and Hungary. What is argued is "diffusion without adoption" occurs. The idea of the flat tax diffused, but the adoption was not politically, ideologically, and economically feasible.
Temple University--Theses
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Bulavová, Dáša. "Nájemné bytů v Ostravě a faktory, které je ovlivňují." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-241246.

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This thesis describes and analyses market with rental housing in chosen city districts of Ostrava and examines factors that influence rental rates. The database of flats is breaked down by housing sizes 1+kk and 1+1, 2+kk and 2+1, 3+kk and 3+1, 4+kk and 4+1. This data is processed in tables and graphs and factors, that influence rental rates, are described. Flats are then marked in map and broken down by rental rates. The result of this thesis is evaluation of factors that influence rental rates in specific locality.
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Cupalová, Žaneta. "Nájemné bytů v Hodoníně a faktory, které je ovlivňují." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232889.

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This master´s thesis concerns in contemporary trade situation of flat and house rental in the city of Hodonín. It is focused on those factors that influence the amount of demanded rent and how the price gets changed due to their influence. It describes the historical development of housing in our area. Also, it considers flat and house rental in general and pays attention mainly to the mentioned area. It compares the amount of a usual flat rent of flats from the data collected in a market research and judges changes of its amount of flats type 1+1 and 1+kk, 2+1 and 2+kk, 3+1 and 3+kk, 4+1 and 4+kk. By data processing, overviews of rented flats and their summarization into charts and graphical as well as textual evaluation are set up. Maps marked with areas with the same rents are created for particular flat cathegories.
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Štencl, František. "Porovnání výše obvyklého nájemného z bytů ve vybrané lokalitě." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232549.

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This master’s thesis is a summary describing the situation of current rents of flats in area of Olomouc town. It deal with comparison of rents of flats in town districts and factors which influences them. The figures are divided for flat of diferent dispozitions. Market analyse is done both text and graphics.
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張季平 and Kwai-ping Amy Cheung. "Private ownership of public housing flats: towards a rational pricing policy." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31979804.

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Cheung, Kwai-ping Amy. "Private ownership of public housing flats : towards a rational pricing policy /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25796628.

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Chan, Shuk-wah Annie, and 陳淑華. "Sale of flats to sitting tenants scheme 1997." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1997. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42128432.

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Schenk, Christoph. "Cooperation between competitors subcontracting and the influence of information, production and capacity on market structure and competition /." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963607537.

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Kwong, Fu-sam, and 鄺福生. "A study of policy on the sale of flats to sitting tenants." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964060.

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Kwong, Fu-sam. "A study of policy on the sale of flats to sitting tenants." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13236349.

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Books on the topic "Flat policy"

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Friedman, Thomas L. [Hot, flat, and crowded]. Bayrūt: Akādīmiyā Intarnāshyunāl, 2009.

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National Academy of Sciences (U.S.), National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine (U.S.), and National Academies Press (U.S.), eds. Is America falling off the flat earth? Washington, D.C: National Academies Press, 2007.

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That should still be us: How Thomas Friedman's flat world myths are keeping us flat on our backs. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2012.

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Runaway debt, flat taxes & voter apathy: A troubling mix. Denver, Colo: Outskirts Press., 2009.

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Quigg, Don. Runaway debt, flat taxes & voter apathy: A troubling mix. Denver, Colo: Outskirts Press., 2009.

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Quigg, Don. Runaway debt, flat taxes & voter apathy: A troubling mix. Denver, Colo: Outskirts Press., 2009.

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Boer, L. vanden. Over wonen-met-zorg van ouderen: Service-flat en rusthuis : (g)een paar apart? Leuven: Garant, 1999.

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Ferguson, John R. Pathway to prosperity: A single tax solution to Canada's productivity and debt problems. [Canada?]: J.R. Ferguson, 1995.

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The flat tax: The potential for economic growth : hearing before the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, May 17, 1995. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.

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Heckman, James J. Tax policy and human capital formation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Flat policy"

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Thorndike, Joseph J. "The Flat Tax: Fiscal Revolution or Policy Diffusion?" In Global Debates about Taxation, 201–18. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230625518_11.

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Nishiyama, Toshiki, Seijiro Noda, and Manabu Ishikawa. "A Study of a Realistic Dissemination Policy on the Electric Full-Flat Buses in Japan." In Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society, 1032–37. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-3010-6_218.

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Kamenska, Anhelita, and Jekaterina Tumule. "Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Latvia." In IMISCOE Research Series, 257–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51241-5_17.

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Abstract This chapter discusses the link between migration and welfare in Latvia. In general, the Latvian social security system may be described as a mixture of elements taken from the basic security (where eligibility is based on contributions or residency, and flat-rate benefits are provided) and corporatist (with eligibility based on labour force participation and earnings-related benefits) models. The country has experienced significant social policy and migration-related changed during the past decades. This chapter focuses on the current Latvian legislation, by closely examining the differential access to social protection benefits of resident nationals, foreigners living in Latvia and Latvian citizens residing abroad across five core policy areas: unemployment, health care, pensions, family benefits and social assistance. Our results show that the Latvian social security benefits are generally based on the principle of employment, social insurance contributions, and permanent residence. Most of the social benefits and services are available to socially insured permanent residents. At the same time, the state offers minimum protection to non-insured permanent residents. Foreigners with temporary residence permits who are not socially insured are the least socially protected group.
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Donnison, David, Valerie Chapman, Michael Meacher, Angela Sears, and Kenneth Urwin. "High Flats in Finsbury 1." In Social Policy and Administration Revisited, 133–67. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003196006-7.

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Renique, A. J. E. G. "NAP as a Basis for a Coherent FLT Policy." In Perspectives on Foreign Language Policy, 35. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/z.81.04ren.

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Kerr, Nathan M., Iqbal Ike K. Ahmed, Leonard Pinchuk, Omar Sadruddin, and Paul F. Palmberg. "PRESERFLO MicroShunt." In Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery, 91–103. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5632-6_7.

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Abstract The PRESERFLO® MicroShunt (Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan), formerly called the InnFocus MicroShunt®, is a trans-scleral device that shunts aqueous humour from the anterior chamber to a filtering bleb under the conjunctiva and Tenon’s capsule. Manufactured from an inert biocompatible material called poly(styrene-block-isobutylene-block-styrene), or ‘SIBS’, the device elicits minimal foreign body reaction and inflammation; potentially reducing the risk of bleb-related fibrosis and failure. The MicroShunt is 8.5 mm long with a 70 μm lumen and is designed to minimize hypotony based on the Hagen–Poiseuille equation. Inserted via an ab-externo approach, the MicroShunt eliminates the need for creation of a scleral flap, sclerostomy, iridectomy, scleral flap suturing and postoperative suture lysis. Clinical trials show promising results with the MicroShunt achieving intraocular pressure reduction approaching that of trabeculectomy, the current gold standard for treating refractory glaucoma.
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Gekara, Victor Oyaro. "Can the UK Tonnage Tax Minimum Training Obligation Address Declining Cadet Recruitment and Training in the UK?" In The World of the Seafarer, 37–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49825-2_4.

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AbstractThis chapter presents a critical analysis of the capacity of the nation-state to develop and implement effective policy interventions on behalf of national labour interests in highly globalized industries. This follows the consistent observation that, under neoliberal capitalism, governments have lacked the power and/or will to implement pro-labour legislation in the same way as they have done for capital (Fourcades-Gourinchas and Babb 2002; Peck 2004; Kotz 2015). This discussion is developed with reference to the Tonnage Tax policy, introduced by the UK government in 2000, as the key policy strategy to revitalize the ailing shipping industry (Department for Transport 1998). In the broadest terms, the strategy is a tax concession designed to attract British ship owners to re-flag their ships to the UK national register, retain the majority of their ship management in the UK and train British seafarer cadets (Selkou and Roe 2002; Brownrigg et al. 2001; Gekara 2010). The core of the strategy, i.e. the tax element, represents an alternative system of calculating corporation tax for shipping companies based on fixed rates and with reference to a shipping company’s total operating tonnage per year rather than its total income, which represents a highly reduced rate of taxation. To specifically address the decline in the British national seafarer labour market and the supply of British officers, a Minimum Training Obligation (MTO) was included for all British-registered ships, which simultaneously incentivized and compelled shipping companies to increase their cadet recruitment and training activities (Selkou and Roe 2002).
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Feld, Alan L. "Living with the flat tax." In Tax Policy in the Real World, 95–110. Cambridge University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511625909.007.

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Guidi, Riccardo. "Social workers’ collective policy practice in times of austerity: Italy and Spain compared1." In Social Work and the Making of Social Policy, 105–20. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447349150.003.0007.

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Although political responsibility lays at the core of social professions, until recently it has only been weakly exerted. Effectively acting for social justice in a context shaped by neomanagerialism, economic crisis and (permanent) austerity has become crucial for the profession, the users and democracy but is particularly difficult. Based on a critical policy theoretical framework, this chapter illustrates and interprets the features of social workers’ policy practice in Italy and Spain in the austerity age. Against deactivation hypotheses, social workers’ potential in affecting welfare politics is enriched in both countries through the action of collective bodies from within the profession. Beyond flat visions of social workers’ policy practice, the analysis also shows that different mobilisation paths exist. The peculiar interactions between the political opportunities’ structure and the characteristics of professional bodies (political culture, resources, skills) in the medium term can account for the divergence. These interactions seem to be pushing social workers’ policy practice towards particularistic/professional or universal/political achievements.
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Chin, Jacqueline. "Family Caregiving as a Problematic Category." In What About the Family?, 109–17. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190624880.003.0009.

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This is a composite case description developed with health and social care workers grappling with Singapore’s growing chronic disease burden. The case focuses on (a) a typical household with a typical housing arrangement in Singapore, the HDB flat; (b) a care plan consistent with healthcare staffing policies for an aging population, which relies heavily on foreign domestic workers to support frail older people with dependency for activities of daily living at home when family caregivers have left home or are in the workforce; (c) a common age-related chronic condition and its particular care requirements; and (d) care at home that typifies “aging in place” in accordance with healthcare planning policy.
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Conference papers on the topic "Flat policy"

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Simão, Thiago D., and Matthijs T. J. Spaan. "Structure Learning for Safe Policy Improvement." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/479.

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We investigate how Safe Policy Improvement (SPI) algorithms can exploit the structure of factored Markov decision processes when such structure is unknown a priori. To facilitate the application of reinforcement learning in the real world, SPI provides probabilistic guarantees that policy changes in a running process will improve the performance of this process. However, current SPI algorithms have requirements that might be impractical, such as: (i) availability of a large amount of historical data, or (ii) prior knowledge of the underlying structure. To overcome these limitations we enhance a Factored SPI (FSPI) algorithm with different structure learning methods. The resulting algorithms need fewer samples to improve the policy and require weaker prior knowledge assumptions. In well-factorized domains, the proposed algorithms improve performance significantly compared to a flat SPI algorithm, demonstrating a sample complexity closer to an FSPI algorithm that knows the structure. This indicates that the combination of FSPI and structure learning algorithms is a promising solution to real-world problems involving many variables.
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Chatzigeorgiou, Dimitris M. "Trajectory Optimization for Nonholonomic Vehicles on Non-Flat Terrains Using Shooting and Collocation Methods." In ASME 2013 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2013-4051.

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In this paper we focus on the trajectory optimization problem for a specific family of robots; nonholonomic mobile robots. We study the particular case where such robots operate on smooth, non-flat terrains, i.e. terrains with large differences in elevation. Initially we present the governing equations of such robots and then study the trajectory optimization problem in order to solve for the optimal control policy. We test two different approaches for this problem, namely a shooting and a collocation method, for evaluating and optimizing a performance index.
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Doneva, Yana. "REVIEW OF THE POSSIBILITY TO IMPLEMENT A TAX POLICY WITH A SPECIFIC FOCUS ON TOURISM." In TOURISM AND CONNECTIVITY 2020. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/tc2020.239.

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The fiscal policy is one of the instruments of the state, with the help of which it fulfills its main obligations to form and control the directions and rates of growth in tourism. The tourism industry is characterized by significant instability and is particularly sensitive to changes in economic conditions and taxation. The purpose of the report is not only to examine the innovations in the tax system in recent years, affecting the sector, but also to assess the feasibility of implementing a tax policy with a specific focus. The current survey is based on an analysis of the present situation in the country. The types of fiscal policy, the flat system of taxation and tax preferences are considered.
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Zhang, Peng, Jianye Hao, Weixun Wang, Hongyao Tang, Yi Ma, Yihai Duan, and Yan Zheng. "KoGuN: Accelerating Deep Reinforcement Learning via Integrating Human Suboptimal Knowledge." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/317.

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Reinforcement learning agents usually learn from scratch, which requires a large number of interactions with the environment. This is quite different from the learning process of human. When faced with a new task, human naturally have the common sense and use the prior knowledge to derive an initial policy and guide the learning process afterwards. Although the prior knowledge may be not fully applicable to the new task, the learning process is significantly sped up since the initial policy ensures a quick-start of learning and intermediate guidance allows to avoid unnecessary exploration. Taking this inspiration, we propose knowledge guided policy network (KoGuN), a novel framework that combines human prior suboptimal knowledge with reinforcement learning. Our framework consists of a fuzzy rule controller to represent human knowledge and a refine module to finetune suboptimal prior knowledge. The proposed framework is end-to-end and can be combined with existing policy-based reinforcement learning algorithm. We conduct experiments on several control tasks. The empirical results show that our approach, which combines suboptimal human knowledge and RL, achieves significant improvement on learning efficiency of flat RL algorithms, even with very low-performance human prior knowledge.
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Ohmura, Tetsuo, Yoichi Arai, Takeo Kondo, and Yasushi Hosokawa. "Utilization of Adaptive Management Technique for Restoration of Large-Scale Tidal Flat in Tokyo Bay." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20177.

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This paper proposes that the pilot field be created to apply the Adaptive Management Technique in order to promote the policy of large-scale restoration of the tidal flat/shallow sea. It will be a case study in Tokyo Bay, a major enclosed urban sea in Japan. The motif and background of the study are stated in the beginning. Creation of the symbiotic structure with marine life, of which the artificial tidal flat is a representative example, is more and more in need as a new direction of port environmental policymaking. This paper discusses that the creation of large-scale tidal flat will be especially effective in Tokyo Bay, a highly reclaimed and enclosed sea and that an innovative technical approach is necessary in view of the long-term efforts. First, an artificial tidal flat built in the past, Itsukaichi Area Artificial Tidal Flat in Hiroshima Prefecture, was analyzed to identify its technical problems. Based on what occurred in this case, the need for a new technical approach to practice the Adaptive Management Technique is discussed. Secondly, Tokyo Bay is taken up as a case study. With the ultimate goal of restoring the tidal flat/shallow sea on a large-scale, it is proposed that small pilot fields be created in the Bay and that the Adaptive Management Technique be applied. Technical and social problems will be addressed step by step in the pilot field, which will be gradually expanded. They are open experimental fields, where systematic observation will be conducted. Technically appropriate structure of the tidal flat will be assessed. The pilot field will also be a forum where consent and support of those concerned including citizens and non-specialists is sought. Furthermore, “Shiosai no Nagisa,” an artificial tidal flat with a reinforced seawall in Port of Yokohama is examined from the viewpoint of the Adaptive Management Technique. It was built by Kanto Regional Bureau of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport & Tourism in 2008.
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Soemarwi, Vera W. S. "Land Policy Proportion in Singapore, Malaysia and Indonesia through the case of Subsidized Flat for Low-Medium-Income in Kebon Kacang, Jakarta, Indonesia." In The 2nd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201209.175.

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Wook Shin, Sanghoon Kwak, Shinsaku Kiyomoto, K. Fukushima, and Toshiaki Tanaka. "A Small But Non-negligible Flaw in the Android Permission Scheme." In 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks (POLICY 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/policy.2010.11.

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Chow, Desmond M., D. C. Tee, S. R. Sandoghchi, and F. R. Mahamd Adikan. "Direct UV Written Waveguide’s Dispersion in Flexible Silica Flat Fibre Chip." In Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgpp.2012.sm2e.4.

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Slavík, R., Y. Park, and J. Azaña. "Energetically-efficient sub-picosecond flat-top waveform generation using long-period fiber grating." In Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgpp.2007.jwa38.

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Tuan, Tong Hoang, Edmund Samuel, Tonglei Cheng, Zhongchao Duan, Koji Asano, Takenobu Suzuki, and Yasutake Ohishi. "Ultra-flat and broadband optical parametric amplification in highly nonlinear tellurite hybrid microstructured optical fibers." In Bragg Gratings, Photosensitivity, and Poling in Glass Waveguides. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/bgpp.2014.jm5a.22.

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Reports on the topic "Flat policy"

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Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Kingdon. Class Size and Learning: Has India Spent Too Much on Reducing Class Size? Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/059.

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This paper examines the efficacy of class-size reductions as a strategy to improve pupils’ learning outcomes in India. It uses a credible identification strategy to address the endogeneity of class-size, by relating the difference in a student’s achievement score across subjects to the difference in his/her class size across subjects. Pupil fixed effects estimation shows a relationship between class size and student achievement which is roughly flat or non-decreasing for a large range of class sizes from 27 to 51, with a negative effect on learning outcomes occurring only after class size increases beyond 51 pupils. The class-size effect varies by gender and by subject-stream. The fact that up to a class-size of roughly 40 in science subjects and roughly 50 in non-science subjects, there is no reduction in pupil learning as class size increases, implies that there is no learning gain from reducing class size below 40 in science and below 50 in non-science. This has important policy implications for pupil teacher ratios (PTRs) and thus for teacher appointments in India, based on considerations of cost-effectiveness. When generalised, our findings suggest that India experienced a value-subtraction from spending on reducing class-sizes, and that the US$3.6 billion it spent in 2017-18 on the salaries of 0.4 million new teachers appointed between 2010 and 2017 was wasteful spending rather than an investment in improving learning. We show that India could save US$ 19.4 billion (Rupees 1,45,000 crore in Indian currency) per annum by increasing PTR from its current 22.8 to 40, without any reduction in pupil learning.
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