Journal articles: 'Flat policy'

1

Malakoff, D. "SCIENCE POLICY: 2005 Budget Makes Flat a Virtue." Science 303, no. 5659 (February 6, 2004): 748–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.303.5659.748.

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Gołębiowska, Anna, and Dariusz Prokopowicz. "NATIONAL HOUSING PROGRAM OF THE MAIN STRATEGIC AND PROGRAM DOCUMENT FOR THE CURRENT STATE RESIDENTIAL POLICY OF THE STATE." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7644.

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Launched in April 2016, the Family 500 Plus program significantly reduces the scale of poverty in large families, contributes to the growth of consumption and perhaps also to the increase in fertility in Poland. The second key program of social family policy in Poland launched in December 2016 is the Flat Plus program. This program, through the improvement of the housing situation, should fulfill important functions of housing policy in the scope of reducing the social stratification of families in Poland. The main objective of the Flat Plus program is to significantly increase the availability of flats, especially low-cost rental apartments, with the option of purchasing property after 20-30 years of use. The consequence of developing this program on a larger scale in the coming years will be offering such housing primarily for families who have not been able to rent and buy flats on the open market due to low incomes and lack of creditworthiness. If the plan adopted by the government to develop the Flat Plus program in the coming years will be implemented by 2030, the level of housing availability for citizens in Poland will reach a level close to the average in the European Union.

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3

Milstein, Arnold, and Mark Smith. "Will The Surgical World Become Flat?" Health Affairs 26, no. 1 (January 2007): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.26.1.137.

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Cox, Eva. "Policy contest: Immigrant women on a flat playing field." Australian Feminist Studies 8, no. 18 (December 1993): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08164649.1993.9994694.

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Keenan, Claudine, Gurprit Chhatwal, and Jinchang Wang. "A Study of the Effects and Policy Implications of Flat Rate Tuition." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN EDUCATION METHODOLOGY 6, no. 2 (August 30, 2015): 837–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijrem.v6i2.3879.

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In the current era of decreasingpublic funding and increasing pressure to improve student performance, many schools are considering or have implementedflat rate tuitionplans that allow students to take a higher course load for a fixed â€œflatâ€ tuition. This study investigates the effects of flat rate tuition over the past eight years on course loads attempted by students, rate of withdrawal from classes,and four-year graduation rates ata four-year public college. This study shows that students are responsive to flat rate tuition,and flat rate tuition has had an overallpositive effect on studentsâ€™ academic progress.

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Vale, Luke, Adrian Grant, Kirsty McCormack, and Neil W. Scott. "Cost-effectiveness of alternative methods of surgical repair of inguinal hernia." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 20, no. 2 (April 2004): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462304000972.

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Objectives:To assess the relative cost-effectiveness of laparoscopic methods of inguinal hernia repair compared with open flat mesh and open non-mesh repair.Methods:Data on the effectiveness of these alternatives came from three systematic reviews comparing: (i) laparoscopic methods with open flat mesh or non-mesh methods; (ii) open flat mesh with open non-mesh repair; and (iii) methods that used synthetic mesh to repair the hernia defect with those that did not. Data on costs were obtained from the authors of economic evaluations previously conducted alongside trials included in the reviews. A Markov model was used to model cost-effectiveness for a five-year period after the initial operation. The outcomes of the model were presented using a balance sheet approach and as cost per hernia recurrence avoided and cost per extra day at usual activities.Results:Open flat mesh was the most cost-effective method of preventing recurrences. Laparoscopic repair provided a shorter period of convalescence and less long-term pain compared with open flat mesh but was more costly. The mean incremental cost per additional day back at usual activities compared with open flat mesh was €38 and €80 for totally extraperitoneal and transabdominal preperitoneal repair, respectively.Conclusions:Laparoscopic repair is not cost-effective compared with open flat mesh repair in terms of cost per recurrence avoided. Decisions about the use of laparoscopic repair depend on whether the benefits (reduced pain and earlier return to usual activities) outweigh the extra costs and intraoperative risks. On the evidence presented here, these extra costs are unlikely to be offset by the short-term benefits of laparoscopic repair.

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Béland, Daniel, and Alex Waddan. "Policy change in flat pensions: Comparing Canada and the UK." Canadian Public Administration 57, no. 3 (September 2014): 383–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/capa.12076.

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Erjavec, Emil, Frédéric Chantreuil, Kevin Hanrahan, Trevor Donnellan, Guna Salputra, Maja Kožar, and Myrna van Leeuwen. "Policy assessment of an EU wide flat area CAP payments system." Economic Modelling 28, no. 4 (July 2011): 1550–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2011.02.007.

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Tian, Yi, Junhai Ma, Zongxian Wang, and Lei Xie. "Complexity and Control of Multichannel Supply Chain Under Carbon Tax Policy." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 31, no. 06 (May 2021): 2150092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127421500929.

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Considering the trends of the carbon tax and online retail market, a comparative study on the order quantity strategy of supply chain under two carbon tax policies are conducted. A multichannel supply chain model is constructed in this work under the flat carbon tax policy and progressive carbon tax policy. The complexity of the supply chain under the channel heterogeneity expectations is studied. The impacts of consumers’ dual preferences and the free-riding of each channel on the system complexity, profits, carbon emissions and social welfare are explored. This study indicates that the supply chain order quantity system under the two types of carbon tax policies will enter into an unstable state with changes in consumers’ preferences and free-riding parameters. In order to positively impact on the profits of all parties, government revenue, consumer surplus, and the environment, the system should be kept in stable region. Consumers’ preferences and free-riding have more obvious influence on the social welfare under the progressive emission carbon tax policy than the flat carbon tax policy. In contrast to the flat carbon tax policy, the progressive carbon tax policy can delay or even prevent the order quantity system from entering into the bifurcation and chaos area, and the chaos control effect under the progressive carbon tax policy is better. The present work expands the practical application scenarios of complex system theory and thereby has an important theoretical and practical value.

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Condie, Scott S., Richard W. Evans, and Kerk L. Phillips. "Natural Limits of Wealth Inequality and the Effectiveness of Tax Policy." Public Finance Review 47, no. 1 (June 20, 2017): 32–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1091142117707970.

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This article examines Thomas Piketty’s thesis that there are no natural limits on the accumulation of wealth. We undertake our examination in the context of a simple general equilibrium model with infinitely lived dynasties. We show that extreme wealth accumulation does not happen in general equilibrium unless capital and labor are substitutes, an assumption which also leads to unbalanced growth. We also show that even with unbalanced growth, differences in rates of return and effective labor are not sufficient to cause unbounded inequality. Only permanent savings rate differences can lead to extreme wealth concentration. Finally, we show that while a flat wealth tax will not eliminate extreme wealth concentration, both a graduated wealth tax and a flat income tax will.

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Subaktiawan, Eko, and Luluk Fauziah. "Implementasi Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2011 Tentang Rumah Susun (Studi Pada Rumah Susun Sederhana Sewa Di Kecamatan Sidoarjo Kabupaten Sidoarjo)." JKMP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Manajemen Publik) 5, no. 1 (January 29, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.21070/jkmp.v5i1.815.

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This research aims to describe the implementation, the role of actor, and the proponent factors and resistor factors of Law Policy 2011 No. 20 about Flat in Rental Simple Flat of Sidoarjo Subdistrict and Sidoarjo Regency. This research uses qualitative descriptive method. Data accumulation technique is made by abservation, interview and documentation. While the analysing technique started from data accumulation, data reduction, data presentation, and getting the conclusion. The result shows that the implementation of flat development policy hasn’t been running well, socialiszation to the society hasn’t been overall, and the resources to manage flat haven’t been quite enough, but the employees are discipline enough and responsible to do their duties, the bureaucracy structure has been good, the authority distribution has been fair and definite. The actor who has a role is the government as a main implementator, private party as a construction service provider and society as the user. The proponent factors are discipline employees on doing disposition and bureaucracy structure is affirming the duties distribution. While, the resistor factors are the less socialiszation to the society and the minimizing of flat operational resources.

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12

Ivanova, A., M. Keen, and A. Klemm. "The Russian 'flat tax' reform." Economic Policy 20, no. 43 (July 1, 2005): 398–444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0327.2005.00143.x.

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13

Schuster, Ervin G., and Michael J. Niccolucci. "Analysis of Stumpage Rate Adjustment Policy on Western National Forests." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 2 (April 1, 1995): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/10.2.53.

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Abstract This study analyzed the effect of USDA Forest Service stumpage rate adjustment (SRA) on timber revenues and initial stumpage bids. SRAs adjust harvest prices up or down from initial bid prices, based on subsequent product market indices. Revenue generation was addressed by simulating harvest revenues from 600 timber sales from the western United States during the 1980s and early 1990s. The current 50/100 policy (50% of price index increases and 100% of price index decreases) performed poorly, and the 100/50 option performed best. The effect of SRA policy on initial bid prices was analyzed with statistical models constructed from 1813 timber sales. In Region 6, stumpage prices received from flat rate sales exceeded those from SRA sales by about 3%, but in the aggregate of other western Regions (Regions 1-5), stumpage prices for SRA sales exceeded those of flat rate sales by about 12%. West. J. Appl. For. 10(2):53-58

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Carr, Susan M., and Monique Lhussier. "Sharing practice innovation experiences: The ‘flat-pack’ approach." Practice Development in Health Care 7, no. 4 (December 2008): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pdh.267.

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15

Streimikiene, Dalia, and Tomas Balezentis. "Innovative Policy Schemes to Promote Renovation of Multi-Flat Residential Buildings and Address the Problems of Energy Poverty of Aging Societies in Former Socialist Countries." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (April 4, 2019): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11072015.

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In former socialist countries, urban districts having the lowest building and insulation quality and the highest district heat consumption overlap with low-income and older households, creating a problem of energy poverty and a significant barrier to renovation of multi-flat buildings. Thus, the main challenge centers on fuel poverty in an aging society. This paper analyzes the main barriers to renovation of multi-flat buildings and assesses policies and measures to promote renovation of multi-flat buildings in terms of overcoming these barriers in former socialist countries which are currently EU Member States. Furthermore, it presents a new conceptual framework for developing innovative policies and schemes to promote renovation of multi-flat buildings in the face of the renovation barriers outlined above. The Energy Company Obligation (ECO) model or on-bill financing models can be modified and applied to renovation of multi-flat buildings, based on the UK example. Higher payments for utility bills can be shared among households living in multi-flat buildings that require renovation. As in the case of subsidies for communal services, life-line tariffs can be applied to pay for Energy Company Obligation services. This enables sharing the costs of renovation among apartment owners having different incomes and addresses the principle of social justice.

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Stich, Bethany, and Chad R. Miller. "Economic Development Perspectives and the Policy Process." Administration & Society 44, no. 4 (July 24, 2011): 438–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399711413872.

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State and local governance operates in the context of multiple competing economic development perspectives. This article highlights three perspectives: Thomas Friedman’s flat world metaphor, Richard Florida’s spiky creative class world, and Michael Shuman’s localism, and reviews their resulting implications for a specific case in Mississippi. The examination of whether to revitalize the Columbus and Greenville Railroad in Mississippi or turn it into a recreational trail illustrates that the assumptions derived from these perspectives affects policy process and implementation. The implications are that public administration needs to operate with an agency perspective in the sense expressed in the “Blacksburg Manifesto.”

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17

Landis, Nancy Tarleton. "NCQA report shows health plan performance flat on most measures." American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 56, no. 18 (September 15, 1999): 1805–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/56.18.1805.

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18

Mizala, Alejandra, and Florencia Torche. "Means-Tested School Vouchers and Educational Achievement: Evidence from Chile’s Universal Voucher System." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 674, no. 1 (October 25, 2017): 163–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716217732033.

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Chile features a universal school choice system, in which a government voucher provides families an opportunity to send students to public or private schools of their choosing. Since its implementation in 1981, the amount of the voucher was flat without adjustments for family income, creating incentives for schools to enroll students from economically advantaged families. In 2008, a policy change adjusted voucher values by the poverty level of students and the proportion of poor students attending each school. We evaluate the effect of this policy on primary school students’ standardized test scores, using time-distributed fixed effects models. We find a positive and significant effect of the means-tested voucher policy on Math and Language achievement. The effect is much larger among private-voucher schools serving poor children, and it increased over the years after the policy change, suggesting that schools require some time to realize the benefits of the policy. Our findings show that moving from a flat to a means-tested voucher improves achievement and equality.

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Uhrinčaťová, E. "Effects of the Common Agricultural Policy potential scenarios after 2013 in the Slovak Republic." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 57, No. 1 (January 27, 2011): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/144/2010-agricecon.

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The contribution presents the modelling solution of the potential scenarios impact of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union after 2013 in the selected sectors of the Slovak Republic national economy. The solution is accomplished using the Computable General Equilibrium model with the emphasis on the productive and less favourable agricultural areas and the theoretical rents for agricultural land. If we take into consideration both pillars of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union, according to the modelling calculations in Slovak conditions the most favoured is the Conservative scenario, the Reference and the Flat Rate scenario are neutral and the least favourable is the Liberalisation scenario.

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20

Congdon, BC, and CP Catterall. "Factors influencing the eastern curlew's distribution and choice of foraging sites among tidal flats of Moreton Bay, South eastern Queensland." Wildlife Research 21, no. 5 (1994): 507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9940507.

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The use of feeding habitat by eastern curlews in Moreton Bay was examined by means of quantitative density assessment at 26 sites from 13 locations. The sites were chosen to encompass variation in width (area) of tidal flat, seagrass density, and substratum type. Each site was visited four times: during each of a neap and a spring low tide, in January and February 1992. The total curlew count per site was strongly positively correlated with the width of the tidal flat, and had little or no relationship with seagrass density, substratum type or tidal phase. Wide flats also showed more variation than narrow flats in total curlew numbers. Curlew density, measured by the number of birds within 100 m of each side of the water's edge, was also greater on wide tidal flats, showed little relationship to seagrass density or substratum type, but was higher during neap low tides than spring lows. The data suggest that curlews choose soft-sediment intertidal feeding sites on the basis of potential foraging area, and may be particularly sensitive to the lower and infra-littoral areas. A better understanding of foraging site selection by the eastern curlew requires information on site fidelity, feeding success in relation to tidal zonation, diet and the influence of social interactions.

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Fuchs, Victor R. "More Variation In Use Of Care, More Flat-Of-The-Curve Medicine." Health Affairs 23, Suppl2 (January 2004): VAR—104—VAR—107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.var.104.

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Debortoli, Davide, Ricardo Nunes, and Pierre Yared. "Optimal Time-Consistent Government Debt Maturity*." Quarterly Journal of Economics 132, no. 1 (October 13, 2016): 55–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjw038.

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Abstract This article develops a model of optimal government debt maturity in which the government cannot issue state-contingent bonds and cannot commit to fiscal policy. If the government can perfectly commit, it fully insulates the economy against government spending shocks by purchasing short-term assets and issuing long-term debt. These positions are quantitatively very large relative to GDP and do not need to be actively managed by the government. Our main result is that these conclusions are not robust to the introduction of lack of commitment. Under lack of commitment, large and tilted debt positions are very expensive to finance ex ante since they exacerbate the problem of lack of commitment ex post. In contrast, a flat maturity structure minimizes the cost of lack of commitment, though it also limits insurance and increases the volatility of fiscal policy distortions. We show that the optimal time-consistent maturity structure is nearly flat because reducing average borrowing costs is quantitatively more important for welfare than reducing fiscal policy volatility. Thus, under lack of commitment, the government actively manages its debt positions and can approximate optimal policy by confining its debt instruments to consols.

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Popescu, Madalina Ecaterina, Eva Militaru, Larisa Stanila, Maria Denisa Vasilescu, and Amalia Cristescu. "Flat-Rate versus Progressive Taxation? An Impact Evaluation Study for the Case of Romania." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 6405. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226405.

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Taking into consideration the recent debates on adopting a progressive tax system over the flat-rate taxation, our paper aims to investigate the impact of a change in the current Romanian personal income tax policy system from the 10% flat-rate tax system to some alternative progressive taxation scenarios. The methodological approach consisted in using the European Union Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) database to micro-simulate the impact upon poverty and income inequality. Through our ex-ante tax policy analysis we bring empirical evidence of a modest, but positive effect upon poverty rate and income inequalities in favor of a progressive taxation system. However, when looking at the government financial implications through the personal income tax budget revenues, we discuss upon the possible trade-off between the benefits on poverty and income inequalities and the possible budgetary drawbacks. Despite the data limitations, this study has the benefit of being among the first attempts to evaluate the impact of a personal income tax policy reform for the case of Romania.

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24

Gősi, János. "A II. Orbán-kormány gazdaságpolitikájának néhány jellemzője 2010 nyara és 2012 tavasza között." Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 8, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2013): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2013.1-2.20-25.

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The economic policy of the II. Orbán-governmcnt in the net of politics. Taxes crisis: banking, commerce, etc. The flat-rate personal income tax Compulsory membership of private pension funds nationalization of assets The fixed rate of repayment of foreign currency loans recorded a large loss for the banks. The aim of Fidesz-KDNP: economic policy without restriction for the 2014 election to win. Independence against the requirements of the EU and the IMF. II. Orbán government's economic policy for international confidence decreased.

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Ganchev, Gancho, and Stoyan Tanchev. "Why post-communist countries choose the flat tax: A comparative welfare approach." Acta Oeconomica 69, no. 1 (March 2019): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/032.2019.69.1.3.

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Our aim is to explain why the post-communist countries were inclined to implement proportional income taxation schemes, given the broad variety of personal tax regimes and rates applied in the rest of the world. To resolve this problem a new type of social welfare function, allowing for variable (including negative) marginal utility of income, is introduced. This new approach improves our ability to comprehend the communist and post-communist social policy attitudes from a comparative standpoint. To verify our assertions, a probit regression model is applied. The empirical investigation is based on panel data including 42 countries from Europe and Central Asia for the period of 2000–2015. The primary inference is that the decisions to implement flat tax can be explained by the law of diminishing marginal utility of income and some additional policy-related factors. As it concerns the future, a successful catching-up strategy by the post-communist countries creates conditions for gradual abandonment of the flat tax practices.

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26

Hopkins, C. A. "AN UNLUCKY ESCAPE." Cambridge Law Journal 61, no. 2 (June 24, 2002): 239–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197302271603.

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Carlo Vellino, who had numerous convictions for burglary, theft and other offences, received frequent visits in his second-floor flat from the police. To their knowledge, he often sought to evade arrest by leaving through a window, normally lowering himself to the ground from a balcony. In September 1994 three police officers arrested him in the flat for failure to appear in court. In circumstances of which there was conflicting evidence, the two officers who were holding Vellino let go of him, and he leaped out of the window, fracturing his skull when he hit the ground. He claimed damages for the resulting brain damage and tetraplegia, alleging that the Chief Constable was vicariously liable for the officers’ negligence. The Court of Appeal (Schiemann L.J. and Sir Murray Stuart-Smith, Sedley L.J. dissenting) upheld Elias J.’s decision to dismiss the claim, on the grounds that: (i) the police owed an arrested person no duty to take care that he was not injured in a foreseeable attempt to escape from lawful custody; (ii) the claimant was the author of his own misfortune; and (iii) as a matter of policy he should not be allowed to base a claim on his own criminal act of escaping from lawful custody (ex turpi causa non oritur actio): Vellino v. Chief Constable of the Greater Manchester Police [2001] EWCA Civ 1249, [2002] 1 W.L.R. 218.

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27

Hughes, Bill. "Social Policy and the Ethic of Care." Canadian Journal of Political Science 39, no. 2 (June 2006): 460–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423906419983.

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Social Policy and the Ethic of Care, Olena Hankivsky, Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004, pp. 178.In this tightly argued text, Olena Hankivsky examines “the potential of an ethic of care to transform the assumptions, content, concepts and meaning of social justice” (30). This is a big task for a small book but the author not only makes a persuasive theoretical case for an ethic of care but also manages to demonstrate the practical efficacy of her argument by showing how an ethic of care can inspire a reformation of social policy. The liberal case for social justice, the author contends, falls flat and remains abstract unless it is fundamentally transformed by the normative assumptions that arise from a moral landscape fully informed by the ubiquity of human interdependence. The liberal conception of social justice is shackled by its emphasis on the autonomous citizen and an abstract conception of humanity. It fails to recognize that rights arise from needs.

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Bils, Mark, Peter J. Klenow, and Benjamin A. Malin. "Reset Price Inflation and the Impact of Monetary Policy Shocks." American Economic Review 102, no. 6 (October 1, 2012): 2798–825. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.6.2798.

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Many business cycle models use a flat short-run Phillips curve, due to time-dependent pricing and strategic complementarities, to explain fluctuations in real output. But, in doing so, these models predict unrealistically high persistence and stability of US inflation in recent decades. We calculate “reset price inflation”—based on new prices chosen by the subsample of price changers—to dissect this discrepancy. We find that the models generate too much persistence and stability both in reset price inflation and in the way reset price inflation is converted into actual inflation. Our findings present a challenge to existing explanations for business cycles. (JEL E31, E52)

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Jönsson, B. "Flat or monotonic pricing of pharmaceuticals: practice and consequences." European Journal of Health Economics (HEPAC) 2, no. 3 (September 2001): 104–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00012222.

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30

Duan, Huabo, Jiayuan Wang, Lili Liu, Qifei Huang, and Jinhui Li. "Rethinking China's strategic mineral policy on indium: implication for the flat screens and photovoltaic industries." Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications 24, no. 1 (July 24, 2015): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.2654.

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31

Gwoździewicz, Sylwia, and Dariusz Prokopowicz. "FAMILY 500 PLUS PROGRAMS AND FLAT PLUS WITH KEY INSTRUMENTS FOR PRIVATE SOCIAL POLICY IN POLAND." International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 6, no. 2 (December 22, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7640.

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In Poland, for many years, relatively large incomes have reached large families. Similar relationships are shaped in the area of housing and household equipment in durable goods. The purpose of the Family 500 Plus program launched in April 2016 is to significantly reduce the scale of this socially and economically disadvantageous relationship, ie the current lowest profitability in large families. Apart from current, mainly profitable goals, improvement of the financial situation of families, this program also has an important long-term goal. The long-term strategic goal of the Family 500 Plus program is to change the demographic structure of society in Poland in the direction of increasing fertility, ie rejuvenating the society. Considering the public financial system of the state, this is a strategic goal of socio-economic policy to reduce the demographic scale of the aging process, ie limiting the potential for announcement in the next several decades of insolvency of the participatory pension system operated by the Social Insurance Institution. The second key program of social family policy in Poland launched in December 2016 is the Mieszkanie Plus program. This program, through the improvement of the housing situation, should fulfill important functions of housing policy in the scope of reducing the social stratification of families in Poland. The main objective of the Mieszkanie Plus program is to significantly increase the availability of flats, especially low-cost rental apartments, with the option of purchasing property after 20-30 years of use. In addition, both of the socio-economic policy programs mentioned above should also have a positive impact on the domestic economy, thus contributing to the reduction of income social stratification and to the activation of economic growth.

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32

Bontas, Ovidiu, Valentin Nedeff, Emilian Florin Mosnegutu, Mirela Panainte, and Oana Tirtoaca Irimia. "BEHAVIOUR OF SOLID PARTICLES ON A FLAT OSCILLATING SURFACE." Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 12, no. 1 (2013): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.30638/eemj.2013.003.

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33

van Delden, J. J. "Slippery slopes in flat countries--a response." Journal of Medical Ethics 25, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.25.1.22.

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34

Leyenaar, JoAnna K., Tara Lagu, and Peter K. Lindenauer. "Are Pediatric Readmission Reduction Efforts Falling Flat?" Journal of Hospital Medicine 14, no. 10 (October 1, 2019): 644–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.12788/jhm.3269.

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35

Alfonso, Y. Natalia, Jonathon P. Leider, Beth Resnick, J. Mac McCullough, and David Bishai. "US Public Health Neglected: Flat Or Declining Spending Left States Ill Equipped To Respond To COVID-19." Health Affairs 40, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 664–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01084.

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36

Dunfee, Thomas W. "The World is Flat in the Twenty-First Century: A Response to Hasnas." Business Ethics Quarterly 17, no. 03 (July 2007): 427–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/beq200717345.

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ABSTRACT: Hasnas is correct that ethicists should pay attention to law and be on guard for perverse effects from regulation and legal interpretations that may encourage or require unethical behavior. He is not correct that the business ethics literature assumes that law and ethics consistently pull in the same direction. Analysis of the relationship between law and ethics requires nuanced, in-depth treatment. An example is provided regarding the well-known case of United States v. Park. Ultimately, there is a need for more serious consideration of ethical principles and norms in legal policy making and practice.

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Randjelovic, Sasa, and Jelena Zarkovic-Rakic. "Addressing inequality and poverty with tax instruments." Ekonomski anali 56, no. 190 (2011): 7–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/eka1190007r.

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There is a consensus, in both academia and economic policy circles, that the reform of the personal income tax system in Serbia is necessary one. Two frequently discussed reform scenarios are East European style flat tax and the comprehensive income tax model of Western Europe. Most Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries have recently reformed their income tax systems by introducing some form of flat tax scheme, while in numerous countries of Western Europe the possibility of flat tax reform is also seriously considered. Opponents of the reform usually stress the adverse distributional effects of flat tax schemes. The aim of our paper is to contribute to the empirical literature on the distributional effects of alternative tax reform scenarios. The analysis is based on the tax and benefit micro-simulation model for Serbia (SRMOD). The results suggest that redesigning the existing income tax system so as to introduce a uniform tax rate and increase the basic allowance would somewhat reduce inequality and improve vertical inequity in taxation. On the other hand, in the case of the introduction of comprehensive income tax, considerably larger equalizing and progressivity effects would be achieved. At the same time, since in both cases redistribution will not affect the bottom decile group, no significant effects (in either cases) on poverty reduction will be achieved.

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Dahlke, Steve. "Short Run Effects of Carbon Policy on U.S. Electricity Markets." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 5, 2019): 2150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112150.

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This paper presents estimates of short run impacts of a carbon price on the electricity industry using a cost-minimizing mathematical model of the U.S. market. Prices of $25 and $50 per ton of carbon dioxide equivalent emissions cause electricity emissions reductions of 17% and 22% from present levels, respectively. This suggests significant electricity sector emissions reductions can be achieved quickly from a modest carbon tax, and diminishing reductions occur when increasing from $25 to $50. The model captures short run effects via operational changes at existing U.S. power plants, mostly by switching production from coal to natural gas. A state-level analysis yields the following conclusions: (1) states which reduce the most emissions are high coal-consumers in the Mid-Atlantic and Midwest regions, (2) 15 states increase emissions after carbon policy because they increase natural gas consumption to offset coal consumption decreases in neighboring states, and (3) a flat per-capita rebate of tax revenue leads to wealth transfers across states.

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Ollstein, Ronald N. "Skin Lesions in the Elderly: Precancer and Cancer." Care Management Journals 5, no. 2 (June 2004): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/cmaj.5.2.107.66279.

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Skin lesions, both precancers and cancers, are more common among the elderly White population, especially in exposed body parts such as head, face, neck, and hands. Earliest diagnosis is the key to treatment and survival. Awareness of a new skin lesion or change in a preexisting lesion, with or without pigmentation, flat or nodular, ulcerated or bleeding mandates prompt consultation followed by biopsy. For the cancer, surgical excision and repair remains the treatment of choice. Precancerous superficial lesions may be treated (after biopsy) with cryosurgery, topical chemotherapy, chemosurgery, or in cases of leukoplakia, electrodessication. Radiation may be considered for recurrent or metastatic disease.

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Spies-Butcher, Ben, and Adam Stebbing. "Population Ageing and Tax Reform in a Dual Welfare State." Economic and Labour Relations Review 22, no. 3 (November 2011): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/103530461102200304.

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Traditionally, older people have been the key targets of Australia's targeted welfare state. Flat rate pensions and widespread home ownership have ensured relative equality in older life. However, in response to perceived fiscal pressures generated by population ageing, Australia has increasingly shifted its policy settings, encouraging private savings over public risk pooling. Private savings are increasingly supported by public subsidy through tax policy. This has led to overlapping policy priorities, as public subsidies are used both as incentives to promote savings and as social policy instruments to promote adequate living standards in retirement. This conflict is evident in recent policy reviews of taxation, public spending and pension policy. This article explores the development of this conflict and how it manifests in proposals for reform. We argue that the conflation of welfare and taxation goals increasingly creates a dual welfare state that promotes private provision at the expense of both equity and efficiency. We suggest that more explicit identification of the roles of tax policy, and the welfare implications of tax changes, would help to improve policy design.

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SALPUTRA, G., F. CHANTREUIL, and K. HANRAHAN. "Policy harmonized approach for the EU agricultural sector modelling." Agricultural and Food Science 20, no. 2 (December 4, 2008): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960611797215655.

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Policy harmonized (PH) approach allows for the quantitative assessment of the impact of various elements of EU CAP direct support schemes, where the production effects of direct payments are accounted through reaction prices formed by producer price and policy price add-ons. Using the AGMEMOD model the impacts of two possible EU agricultural policy scenarios upon beef production have been analysed full decoupling with a switch from historical to regional Single Payment scheme or alternatively with re-distribution of country direct payment envelopes via introduction of EU-wide flat area payment. The PH approach, by systematizing and harmonizing the management and use of policy data, ensures that projected differential policy impacts arising from changes in common EU policies reflect the likely actual differential impact as opposed to differences in how common policies are implemented within analytical models. In the second section of the paper the AGMEMOD models structure is explained. The policy harmonized evaluation method is presented in the third section. Results from an application of the PH approach are presented and discussed in the papers penultimate section, while section 5 concludes.;

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Lalak, Iga. "LEGAL ASPECTS OF THE ACTIVITY OF SOCIAL BUILDING SOCIETIES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HOUSING POLICY." Review of European and Comparative Law 35, no. 4 (June 17, 2018): 113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.4812.

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Participation in the creation of a social housing association in its proper functioning is a very important part in the implementation of housing policy. In spite of this, the institution of the society is still insufficiently clarified, since determininga flat which in 30% is financed by a citizen as a social one seems to be a vague term. The aim of the publication is to analyze the issue of social housing associations, but first of all to show the advantages and disadvantages of this system andthe indeterminate scope of the state’s responsibilities in the area of supporting housing construction.

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Chakrabarti, Kamalendu, and Subhra Basu. "Management of Flat or Inverted Nipples with Simple Rubber Bands." Breastfeeding Medicine 6, no. 4 (August 2011): 215–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/bfm.2010.0028.

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Calvo, Guillermo A., and Allan Drazen. "UNCERTAIN DURATION OF REFORM." Macroeconomic Dynamics 2, no. 4 (December 1998): 443–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136510059800902x.

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We develop a framework to study the effects of policies of uncertain duration on consumption dynamics under both complete and incomplete markets. We focus on the dynamic implications of market incompleteness, specifically on the lack of state-contingent bonds. Two policies are considered: pure output-increasing and tariff-reducing (trade liberalization). With complete markets, the output-increasing policy leads to flat consumption, whereas with no contingent assets, consumption jumps upward on the announcement of the policy, continues rising as long as the policy is in effect, and collapses when it is abandoned. A similar consumption path obtains in a trade liberalization in the realistic case of low elasticity of substitution and no rebate of tariffs. Market incompleteness rationalizes the existence of gradual changes in consumption.

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Strub, Larissa, Manfred Stoll, and Simone Mueller Loose. "The effects of low-input training systems on viticultural costs on flat terrain and steep slope sites." OENO One 55, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4619.

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Low-input training systems, such as minimal pruning (MP) and the semi-minimal pruned hedge (SMPH), require less working hours as a result of fewer viticultural process steps and permit a higher degree of mechanisation. However, their effect on viticultural costs and per litre costs on both flat terrain and steep slopes has not yet been analysed. This study quantifies the viticultural costs of vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and low-input training systems for standard processes on different types of flat terrain and steep slope vineyards. The costs were obtained from a dataset of 1,519 working time records of labour and machine hours from 20 vineyards belonging to five German wine estates over three years. The costs for standard viticultural processes were compared across three pairs of VSP and low-input training site types with different mechanisation intensities. The comparison was carried out by univariate analysis of variance with fixed and random effects, and by descriptive analysis of mean values.On flat terrain, SMPH significantly decreased the costs for the viticultural steps of winter pruning, tying, shoot positioning and defoliation, but it increased the cost for pest control. Hence, the total cost on flat terrain decreased marginally, but still significantly, by 46 %. The cost effects on steep slopes were similar, decreasing by 34 % for SMPH in unsupported steep slope harvester sites and by 46 % for MP rope and winch-supported steep slope sites. The per-litre costs were calculated for different yield levels. Since the yield in low input systems is higher than in VSP, the production costs per litre further decreased.The study confirmed the high cost-saving potential for wine growers of the mechanisation of canopy management and the omission of winter pruning in low-input systems. Combined with higher yields, the cost savings from low-input systems are particularly suitable for producers of bulk wine and market entry and mid-level wine profiles. By converting to low-input systems, the costs associated with mechanisable steep slope vineyards can be reduced to amounts approximating VSP on flat terrain. For certain wine profiles, low-input systems should therefore constitute an integral part of strategies to increase the economic sustainability of steep slope viticulture. The estimated cost benchmarks provide critical input for the cost-based pricing policy of steep slope growers. These benchmarks also give agricultural policy reliable indicators of the subsidies required for preserving steep slope landscapes.

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Chen, T. J., and Y. H. Ku. "Indigenous innovation vs. teng-long huan-niao: policy conflicts in the development of China's flat panel industry." Industrial and Corporate Change 23, no. 6 (February 17, 2014): 1445–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtu004.

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Simão, Thiago D., and Matthijs T. J. Spaan. "Safe Policy Improvement with Baseline Bootstrapping in Factored Environments." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (July 17, 2019): 4967–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33014967.

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We present a novel safe reinforcement learning algorithm that exploits the factored dynamics of the environment to become less conservative. We focus on problem settings in which a policy is already running and the interaction with the environment is limited. In order to safely deploy an updated policy, it is necessary to provide a confidence level regarding its expected performance. However, algorithms for safe policy improvement might require a large number of past experiences to become confident enough to change the agent’s behavior. Factored reinforcement learning, on the other hand, is known to make good use of the data provided. It can achieve a better sample complexity by exploiting independence between features of the environment, but it lacks a confidence level. We study how to improve the sample efficiency of the safe policy improvement with baseline bootstrapping algorithm by exploiting the factored structure of the environment. Our main result is a theoretical bound that is linear in the number of parameters of the factored representation instead of the number of states. The empirical analysis shows that our method can improve the policy using a number of samples potentially one order of magnitude smaller than the flat algorithm.

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Grigg, Neil S. "Water Infrastructure: Does the US Need a National Policy?" Public Works Management & Policy 26, no. 3 (July 2021): 210–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1087724x211014654.

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Although its investment needs lag the dominant transportation category, water infrastructure addresses human needs at a foundational level because it plays public health and economic roles. Much of it is old and not likely to be replaced soon, so federal policy must focus on intergovernmental leadership to sustain vital dams, urban water systems, and natural systems. Fixing the federal responsibility requires attention to intergovernmental relations and the conflicting goals of investment and regulation. Regulatory reform is ongoing, and normally not amenable to political initiatives. Federal water policies for both investment and regulatory controls seem to be on a flat trajectory, which is expected because they have evolved over decades. These can be summarized as: maintain federal dams and levees, invest in small grants and leveraging funds for state and local governments, address water justice issues, and operate essential programs like flood insurance. Public health and safety concerns will continue to dominate, more than in other infrastructure sectors. The future of water investments will be to hold the course with occasional shifts to respond to emergencies and new opportunities, such as greater private sector involvement.

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Kim, Ju-Hee, Sin-Young Kim, and Seung-Hoon Yoo. "South Koreans’ willingness to pay for restoration of Gomsoman Tidal Flat." Ocean & Coastal Management 199 (January 2021): 105388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105388.

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Gősi, János. "Gazdasági és politikai elemek a II. Orbán-kormány gazdaságpolitikájában." Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 6, no. 1-2 (January 1, 2011): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2011.1-2.24-27.

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The economical and political elements of the economic policy of II. Orbán-governmentTaxes crisis: banking, commerce, etc.. The flat-rate personal income tax Compulsory membership of private pension funds nationalization of assetsThe retail price for repayment of residential foreign currency loans recorded a large loss for the banks II. Orbán government's economic policy for international confidence decreased. The hungarian government bonds and interest rates in November 2011 increased to 8.5% This category is higher than the trumpery of Romania To establish the permanent development it is necessary to employ more: the efficient reform of systems of budget, public administration, education, public health and social welfare.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Flat policy'

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