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Journal articles on the topic 'Flat roofs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Eksi-Akbulut, Dilek, and Enise Yasemin Gokyigit-Arpaci. "TYPES OF FLAT EARTHEN ROOFS USED IN VERNACULAR ANATOLIAN ARCHITECTURE AND THEIR PRESERVATION PROBLEMS." Journal of Green Building 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/jgb.17.1.89.

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ABSTRACT Earthen materials and rammed earth architecture concepts are becoming more and more popular among architects due to their applicability in various climates and low-cost construction technique. However, the use of flat earthen roofs in today’s architecture is rare, although there is historical evidence for the vernacular use of earthen materials in roof assemblies. The first examples for vernacular earthen flat roofs are found in Anatolia, Catalhoyuk. Flat earthen roofs used in vernacular, Anatolian buildings should be studied because a lack of maintenance has resulted in these vernacular Anatolian earthen buildings being on the verge of extinction today. There is a lack of literature research about the construction materials and techniques used in this traditional construction process. The aim of this study is to compile and present the knowledge behind this traditional flat earthen roof technique. In this study, initially, the flat earthen roofs used in vernacular Anatolian Architecture are analyzed via an extensive literature review. It has been found that in different districts of Anatolia, different types of vernacular flat earthen roofs together with different material layers and construction techniques exist. Site studies were carried out in Kemaliye.* During these site studies, six flat earthen roofs present in Kemaliye and in neighboring towns constructed via traditional construction techniques were analyzed and interviews were carried out with seven local foremen. Then, based on the information gathered, these traditional flat earthen roofs were classified into four types according to their material layers and construction techniques. Finally, preservation problems for flat earthen roofs are discussed.
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2

Eksi-Akbulut, Dilek, and Enise Yasemin Gokyigit-Arpaci. "TYPES OF FLAT EARTHEN ROOFS USED IN VERNACULAR ANATOLIAN ARCHITECTURE AND THEIR PRESERVATION PROBLEMS." Journal of Green Building 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.17.1.89.

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ABSTRACT Earthen materials and rammed earth architecture concepts are becoming more and more popular among architects due to their applicability in various climates and low-cost construction technique. However, the use of flat earthen roofs in today’s architecture is rare, although there is historical evidence for the vernacular use of earthen materials in roof assemblies. The first examples for vernacular earthen flat roofs are found in Anatolia, Catalhoyuk. Flat earthen roofs used in vernacular, Anatolian buildings should be studied because a lack of maintenance has resulted in these vernacular Anatolian earthen buildings being on the verge of extinction today. There is a lack of literature research about the construction materials and techniques used in this traditional construction process. The aim of this study is to compile and present the knowledge behind this traditional flat earthen roof technique. In this study, initially, the flat earthen roofs used in vernacular Anatolian Architecture are analyzed via an extensive literature review. It has been found that in different districts of Anatolia, different types of vernacular flat earthen roofs together with different material layers and construction techniques exist. Site studies were carried out in Kemaliye.* During these site studies, six flat earthen roofs present in Kemaliye and in neighboring towns constructed via traditional construction techniques were analyzed and interviews were carried out with seven local foremen. Then, based on the information gathered, these traditional flat earthen roofs were classified into four types according to their material layers and construction techniques. Finally, preservation problems for flat earthen roofs are discussed.
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3

Pushkar, Svetlana, and Oleg Verbitsky. "LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENTS OF WHITE FLAT AND RED OR WHITE PITCHED ROOFS FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN ISRAEL." Journal of Green Building 12, no. 2 (March 2017): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3992/1943-4618.12.2.95.

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Historically, white flat roofs have been used in Israel due to the intense solar radiation and long, hot, rainless summers. However, red pitched roofs have also been frequently used for aesthetic reasons. It has been recently observed that red pitched roofs have been recolored white by homeowners. The goal of this study was to compare the life cycle assessments (LCAs) of white flat roofs versus red or white pitched roofs through their production (P), operational energy (OE), and maintenance to disposal (MtoD) stages. EnergyPlus software was used to evaluate the OE stage. The ReCiPe method was used to evaluate the environmental damages in all the stages. A two-stage nested ANOVA was used to determine the significant differences between the ReCiPe result of a white flat roof and the ReCiPe result of a red/white pitched roof. It was found that (i) selection of the best roof technology (flat or pitched) requires consideration of the LCA, including the P, OE, and MtoD stages; (ii) the white (flat and pitched) roof was the best technology, while the red pitched roof was the worst technology; and (iii) the combination of the ReCiPe endpoint hierarchical six methodological options method with two-stage nested hierarchical mixed ANOVA is the best approach for assessing the differences related to the LCAs of roof technologies.
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4

Björk, Folke. "Single-ply roof coverings on flat roofs." Construction and Building Materials 7, no. 4 (December 1993): 249–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(93)90010-a.

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5

Fazio, Paul, and Krishnan Gowri. "Expert system ‐ flat roofs." Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 17, no. 5 (September 1989): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01823328908726990.

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6

Hunter Cairns, A. "High performance flat roofs." Structural Survey 14, no. 3 (September 1996): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02630809610129021.

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7

Van Renterghem, Timothy. "Improving the noise reduction by green roofs due to solar panels and substrate shaping." Building Acoustics 25, no. 3 (May 28, 2018): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1351010x18776804.

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The urban fabric largely consists of acoustically rigid materials. This not only affects sound pressure levels in streets, but also how sound propagates towards the back side of a building or to connected urban canyons. A green roof is a practical solution to have roof absorption, mitigating diffracting sound waves. Flat green roofs were shown to provide roughly 3 dBA urban road traffic noise reduction relative to a common flat rigid roof. Although already relevant, it has been numerically studied in this work how the green roof insertion loss of flat roofs can be further increased. Solar panels on green roofs were found to significantly decrease sound pressure levels at the shielded building facade, up to 5 dBA on top of the insertion loss of granular substrates. Polyurethane foam slabs as green roof substrates provide relevant shielding when placed on a series of hollow trapezium-like cores of sufficient height.
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8

Rogulj, Katarina, Nikša Jajac, and Katja Batinić. "Flat Roofs Renovation Planning on Public Buildings Using Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Analysis." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (April 6, 2023): 6280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15076280.

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Renovation of flat roofs typically involves repairing or replacing the existing roof to improve its performance and extend its lifespan. The renovation process may include a range of tasks depending on the condition of the roof, such as repairing leaks, replacing damaged or deteriorated materials, adding insulation, or upgrading drainage systems. This research aim was to establish the priority of renovation of flat roofs of the public building based on the principles of multi-criteria analysis and fuzzy set theory, using the multi-criteria method PROMETHEE II in fuzzy logic form (F-PROMETHEE II). The proposed approach is adequate due to its ability to transform the uncertain and vague information received from an expert into a fuzzy number. This way, the objective outcome can be obtained, the criteria conflict removed and the alternatives ranking and mutual comparison enabled. It was necessary to analyze the existing literature, the flat roofs of a public building in terms of their current condition, and define the main goals and criteria for the roof renovation project. Based on the defined goals and criteria, the roofs are evaluated and ranked according to the priority for renovation. The planning process of renovation of flat roofs was carried out specifically on the building of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Geodesy in Split.
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9

Campiotti, Carlo Alberto, Carlo Scibetta, Noemi Caltabellotta, Luciano Consorti, and Antanas Joustas. "Green roofs for the energy and environmental sustainability of buildings." RIVISTA DI STUDI SULLA SOSTENIBILITA', no. 2 (January 2020): 27–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/riss2019-002-s1003.

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Green roofs are considered structural components that act as an insulating layer for buildings. Among the factors that influence the choice of this type of horizontal green there are: the geographical location, the climate, and the need to improve the thermal insulation of the flat roof. Some types of layouts are proposed for the sustainable construction of green roofs. In addiction the structural and vegetation components suitable for the realization of green roofs are also described. The energy performance of an experimental green roof prototype located at the ENEA Casaccia Research Center shown that the horizontal green layer improves the thermal insulation of the flat roof by over 40%.
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10

Krauß, T. "DERIVATION OF BUILDING STRUCTURES FROM NOISY DIGITAL SURFACE MODELS." International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-1/W2-2023 (December 13, 2023): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-1-w2-2023-15-2023.

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Abstract. In this work we present a novel approach for segementation of a noisy DSM to building structures and other non-building structures – normally trees – and the modeling of them. Mostly Digital Surface Models (DSMs) from only a few aerial images or only from one pair of satellite images tend to be very noisy and lack good quality especially in shadow areas. Since actual methods for deriving roofs rely on a valid height information by joining areas of same slope to a roof-plane these fail regularly with such noisy DSMs. In our presented approach we use a slope map of the DSM only to detect flat regions. Since those regions on top of roofs are mostly good illuminated we can derive the ridges of roofs and flat roofs and also ground areas. All narrow, flat, elevated areas are ridges and may occur on roofs or on trees. After connecting ridges in ridge-directions there remain two types of ridges: long, straight ridges of roofs and mixed short ridges in many directions for the trees. Fitting symmetric planes through the roof-ridge-lines gives finally the roof-planes reducing the effects of noise on shadowed parts of the roof. Taking the other tree-ridges as seeds for a watershed transformation will give the trees. Finally the proposed method is applied to a noisy DSM and the results will be discussed.
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11

Liu, Hua Feng. "Status and Transformation Measures of the Roof of Existing Residential Buildings." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.436.

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Flat roof wildly exists in early built residential buildings in most of China cities. Flat roofs have many shortcomings such as sample function, large energy consumption and lacking features. Through researching of existing housing roofing, analysis the measures and advantages of transformation of flat roof to pitched, expounding the technology prospects of transformation of flat roof to pitched.
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12

You, Ki Pyo, Young Moon Kim, Jang Youl You, and Sun Young Paek. "A Study on the Snowdrift Patterns of Gable and Flat Roofs Using a Wind Tunnel." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.747.

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Snowdrift patterns exhibit various forms according to the architectural shapes and models. As snowdrift patterns largely influence the snow loads that buildings have to withstand, a number of studies have been conducted. This study examines snowdrift patterns and how the amount of snow comes to rest depends on the shape of a roof (for flat and gable roofs) using a wind tunnel test. An analysis of snowdrift patterns and accumulation coefficients, which are representative of the depth of snow cover, for flat and gable roofs showed that accumulation coefficient decreases in accordance with increases in wind speed. The gable roof exhibited a slightly higher accumulation coefficient than the flat roof.
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13

Stathopoulos, T., and H. D. Luchian. "Wind pressures on buildings with stepped roofs." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 17, no. 4 (August 1, 1990): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l90-065.

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The paper describes an experimental study for the evaluation of wind pressures on buildings with roofs of two different heights, such as one building with roofs at two levels or, more commonly, two flat-roofed buildings in a row. The study is experimental and consists of an extensive series of tests in a boundary layer wind tunnel simulating the flow over an open country terrain exposure. The basic model of the study has been designed and constructed in sections so that it can represent flat roofs in steps of different relative heights and widths. The maximum height of the model is variable and can represent a building up to 60 m high. The results of the study for buildings with a two-level flat roof are discussed in the paper. Data are presented in pressure coefficient form (both mean and peak values) measured locally on a number of pressure taps placed at strategic locations on the roof and wall sections of the model. The results of the study are compared with the flat-roof specifications described in the American National Standards Institute wind standard and the National Building Code of Canada. It has been found that some modifications of these standards are required to accommodate the wind loading of these building configurations. In particular, the inclusion of positive pressure coefficients must be considered for stepped roofs. Key words: building, code, design, loads, pressure, roof, wall, wind.
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14

Lipecki, Tomasz. "Wind action on flat roofs." Budownictwo i Architektura 13, no. 2 (June 11, 2014): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.1901.

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The paper deals with the wind action on flat roofs of rectangular shapes which can be considered for medium-rise and high-rise buildings. Distributions of mean pressure coefficient Cp on flat roofs were measured. All analyses were based on model measurements which had been performed in the boundary layer wind tunnel in Wind Engineering Laboratory of Cracow University of Technology. Vertical, fixed in the floor of the wind tunnel on the turn table rectangular prisms of the ratio of cross-section dimensions 1:2 and 1:4 were investigated. Measurements were carried out for the angle of wind attack in the range 0°-90°, every 15°. The influence of the wind structure on pressures was investigated in six different cases of the approaching wind.
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15

Urbano, Carlo A. "Ponding Effect on Flat Roofs." Structural Engineering International 10, no. 1 (February 2000): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/101686600780620946.

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16

Bogárová, Markéta, Jindřich Stodůlka, and Karel Šuhajda. "Polyurethane adhesives in flat roofs." MATEC Web of Conferences 93 (December 22, 2016): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201779302001.

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17

Bogárová, Markéta, Jindřich Stodůlka, and Karel Šuhajda. "Polyurethane adhesives in flat roofs." MATEC Web of Conferences 93 (December 22, 2016): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20179302001.

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18

Höglund, Ingemar, Rikard Espling, and Gunnar Hilding. "Flat roofs ‐ single‐ply membranes." Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 17, no. 5 (September 1989): 309–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01823328908726993.

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19

Korsgaard, Vagn, Georg Christensen, Knud Prebensen, and Tommy Bunch-Nielsen. "Ventilation of Timber Flat Roofs." Batiment International, Building Research and Practice 13, no. 4 (July 1985): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218508551212.

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20

Liu, Jun, Fang Zhi Lin, Zi Yan Huang, and Bin He. "Study on the Structure Design and Material Evaluation of Rural Residential Roof in Northeast China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 533 (February 2014): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.533.7.

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Base on current status of rural residential roofs in northeast China, in order to improve and ensure the qualities, safety and functions of flat roofs in this region, this paper first put forward the “rural secure flat roof”, then according to the weather characteristic and the needs of residents, proceeded the construction design of rural secure flat roof. Finally established the comprehensive evaluation system and used VRS model to evaluate several common roofing insulation materials. Results show that hydrophobic expanded perlite, rock wool and glass wool can be the ideal roofing insulation materials. The research on construction design and material evaluation is significant on promoting the functions and safety of rural residence.
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21

Rocha, Patrícia Fernandes, Nuno Oliveira Ferreira, Dóris Queiroz, and Nelson Bento Pereira. "Modular and Prefabricated System for Waterproofing and Insulation of Flat Roofs." Buildings 13, no. 6 (May 31, 2023): 1438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13061438.

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Recently, there has been an attempt to implement increasingly significant prefabrication in building construction, since this method is considered to represent an opportunity to reduce impacts in the construction sector. For pitched roofs, there have been relevant developments, such as sandwich panels, asphalt shingles, lightweight roof panels, among others. However, in relation to flat roofs, the advances have been of little relevance and are mainly limited to the improvement of technical characteristics and prefabrication of the construction materials used. The main goal of this article is to demonstrate the possibility of developing new solutions for more sustainable flat roofs in the carbon footprint, and for this purpose a system was developed called ADAPTIVE—Advanced Production System for Sustainable and Productive Roofing Retrofit, which consists of developing a composite solution for the rehabilitation of flat roofs, completely prefabricated and with zero waste, with the aim of increasing energy behaviour, collecting and storing rainwater, and using the roof as a garden leisure space. To obtain the validation results, computerised theoretical modelling was conducted with theoretical assessment of the components and the set of components developed, which allowed us to conclude that the system meets the high hygrothermal, acoustic, and structural requirements.
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22

Norsyahrizah Hashim, Md Azree Othuman Mydin, and Roshartini Omar. "Appraisal of Flat Roof Defects in Commercial Buildings and the Remediation Techniques." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Mechanics 119, no. 1 (July 10, 2024): 204–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/aram.119.1.204219.

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Recently, there has been a trend in Malaysia where many buildings have been built with a concrete flat roof instead of the usual pitch roof. Some buildings have a combination of sloped roofs and flat roofs, where the flat roof surface is used to house facility equipment. Roof constructions in equatorial climates often suffer from surface-related problems, damage to the waterproofing membrane, and fractures in the roof parapet wall. These issues are caused by the hot and humid conditions that persist throughout the year. As a result, periodic maintenance is necessary to address these typical faults. This study aims to examine the different types of flat roof defects, as well as recommendation of remediation techniques. The methods employed for data collection include case studies and formal interview sessions with the professionals in the built environment. Based on the findings, there were few types of flat roof defects such as water pounding, membrane damage, blistering, cracking, vegetation growth, sagging and material degradation. Several rectification procedures were suggested, including implementing an efficient drainage system, adhering to a regular maintenance plan, applying waterproofing coating or membrane, regularly removing debris, and utilizing epoxy injection. The identification of various varieties of flat roof defects and the proposed modifications will be of interest to designers and those responsible for the maintenance of flat-roofed buildings in Malaysia.
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23

Abuseif, Majed, and Zhonghua Gou. "A Review of Roofing Methods: Construction Features, Heat Reduction, Payback Period and Climatic Responsiveness." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2018): 3196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113196.

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The roofs of buildings play an essential role in energy efficiency because a significant amount of solar radiation is absorbed by roofs in hot weather and a significant amount of heat is lost through roofs in cold weather. This paper is a systematic literature review about roofing methods for flat roofs. Ten roofing methods are reviewed in this paper. They are concrete roof, cool roof, insulated roof, roof garden, photovoltaic panels’ roof, biosolar roof, double-skin roof, roof ponds, skylight roof, and wind catcher. The review covers each roof’s main features, heat flux reductions, payback periods, and the appropriate climate for its implementation. Furthermore, the basic principles for selecting appropriate roofing methods are discussed and future studies for integrating these roofing methods are suggested. Some of these methods can eliminate the need of installing HVAC (Heating Ventilation and Air-conditioning) systems and others can achieve a high percentage of heat reduction if they are the right choice and they are implemented in the right circumstances. An incorrect selection could result in mild to severe energy penalties. The review contributes to the increasing knowledge about sustainable roofing and helps designers to increase building energy efficiency by selecting the appropriate roofing method.
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24

Espinosa-Fernández, Almudena, Víctor Echarri-Iribarren, and Claudio A. Sáez. "Water-Covered Roof Versus Inverted Flat Roof on the Mediterranean Coast: A Comparative Study of Thermal and Energy Behavior." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 2288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072288.

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Reservoir, or water-collecting roofs present greater thermal inertia than inverted flat roofs due to the mass of water they contain. This feature gives them better thermal performance and leads to greater stability in the indoor air temperature Ti and the wall surface temperatures. In the summer, they can dampen the effect of solar radiation and regulate external thermal loads thanks to their greater effusivity and thermal capacity. This research compares the thermal behavior of the roofs of two buildings located in Alicante on the Spanish Mediterranean coast: a loft flat in the city center and a water-covered roof in the Museum of the University of Alicante (MUA). Values for effusivity, diffusivity, thermal capacity, decrement factor, time lag and internal, as well as external thermal admittance were obtained. After monitoring both roofs during 2014, behavior simulations were performed in Design Builder using 6 different scenarios reflecting different combinations in both buildings of water-covered, inverted and conventional roofs and marble or terrazzo paving. The water-covered roof led to a higher decrement factor and time lag, as well as to a reduction of annual energy demands between 8.86% and 9.03%.
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25

Melekhin, E. A. "Modular trihedral trusses of flat roofs." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel'nogo universiteta. JOURNAL of Construction and Architecture 23, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 65–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31675/1607-1859-2021-23-2-65-78.

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The paper considers modular trihedral trusses of flat roofs for buildings with transverse division into pre-fabricated elements. The use of modular system is oriented to the mass production. The modular system delivery is carried out by various cargo vehicles. The main geometry calculations are given for the transportation modules and vehicles equipped with a crane.Variable design models of the trihedral truss modules are presented herein as well as the results of their static analysis. The different spatial positions and element's own weight values.Based on the results of the deformability assessment, the installation of additional temporary and permanent elements is substantiated. The engineering solutions are suggested for mounting the flat roof structures. Technical solutions are considered to provide the structural rigidity, module safety during the installation, storage and safe transportation.
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26

Milton, B. "REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE OF FLAT ROOFS." Property Management 6, no. 1 (January 1988): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb006682.

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27

Tryggeson, Henrik, and Mats D. Lyberg. "Stationary vortices attached to flat roofs." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 98, no. 1 (January 2010): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2009.09.001.

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28

Bayod-Rújula, Angel A., Abel Ortego-Bielsa, and Amaya Martínez-Gracia. "Photovoltaics on flat roofs: Energy considerations." Energy 36, no. 4 (April 2011): 1996–2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2010.04.024.

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29

Taylor, Donald A. "Snow on two-level flat roofs — measured vs. 1990 NBC loads." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-006.

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Between 1967 and 1982, depths and specific gravities of snow were recorded on 44 single- and multi-level flat-roofed buildings between Halifax and Edmonton. The average density of snow in the drifts where the roofs change elevation was about 3.0 kN/m3, the value used consequently in the 1990 National Building Code of Canada (NBC). This is some 25% higher than the value used in the 1985 NBC. Data on drift geometry and maximum loads in the drifts are presented and compared with provisions in the 1990 NBC. As well, the paper presents measured values of average and maximum roof-to-ground load ratios for upper level roofs and for lower roofs away from the drifts. These compare favourably with those recommended in the 1985 and 1990 NBC. The statistical variabilities of snow loads and densities are given, since these are required to establish load factors used for limit states design in the NBC. Further research needs are identified. Key words: snow loads, snow drifts, uniform snow, flat roofs, snow density, snow load variability, snow load survey.
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30

Marchwiński, Janusz. "Architectural analysis of photovoltaic (PV) module applications on non-flat roofs." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Architectura 22 (July 24, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/aspa.2023.22.1.

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Due to the growing importance of renewable energy sources (RES) technology, a noticeable increase in interest in photovoltaics can be observed. Roofs most often provide the places where photovoltaic (PV) modules are installed. In many cases, ill-considered decisions concerning the selection of PV modules and their installation lead to unfavourable architectural effects. The article aims to examine the possibility of integrating PV modules installed on non-flat roofs with the broadly understood building architecture. An observational method based on case studies was applied to the study. Not only aesthetic aspects but also functional and technical aspects were considered while paying attention to energy issues. The conducted analysis indicates a good level of possibilities for integrating PV modules with architecture and these possibilities vary depending on the geometric features of the roof. Applications within full and glazed roofs are also rather distinctive.
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31

Zhang, Zhibo, Wenyong Ma, Qiang Li, and Sai Li. "Snow Load Shape Coefficients and Snow Prevention Method for Stepped Flat Roofs." Applied Sciences 13, no. 22 (November 7, 2023): 12109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app132212109.

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Excessive snow load and nonuniform snow deposition are the main factors leading to building collapses. The snow load shape coefficient represents the dimensionless snow load, and its value is related to the unbalanced distribution of snow. The snow load shape coefficients for stepped flat roofs vary greatly in the codes of different regions, which always leads to underestimation of snow loads. We need a widely used standard for snow load shape coefficients. Therefore, through a combination of field measurements and numerical simulations, this study probes the snow accumulation processes and snow load shape coefficients on stepped flat roofs and proposes an equation to calculate snow load shape coefficients and the optimal slope of snow protection for lower roofs. It is found that the maximum snow load shape coefficient emerges at the roof junction with a value of 3.44. The nonuniform length of the snow accumulation is equal to two times the level difference. Based on these, the equation of the snow load shape coefficients is summarized, which is combined with the discrepancies between different codes and the regularity of snow distributions. In this study, the dynamic grid technology under the Eulerian framework is used to successfully predict snow accumulation on stepped flat roofs, and it is noted that snow erosion and deposition are closely related to the location and size of vortexes. Finally, we consider that the ideal slope for the lower roof to prevent snow should be 11°.
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32

Maghsoudi Nia, Elham, Nordin Abd Rahman, and Mohd Yazid Mohd Yunus. "Roofs Functions in Vernacular Residential Buildings: Case Study in Kashan, Iran." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 8, no. 3 (December 1, 2014): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i3.289.

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The vernacular roofs in Iran served more than protective functions and were in response to the people’s behaviors. The case study has explored the different functions of the vernacular roofs regarding the people’s behaviors. It has focused on Kashan, as an ancient and historical city with hot and dry climate. The semi-structured interview has been conducted among the local master builders and experts, which respondents have answered to the open-ended questions. As the results show climate, religion, culture and economy affected people’s behaviors on the roofs and caused creating spatial, socio-cultural, spiritual, economic, recreational and passage functions of the roofs. In response to these functions, particular roofing strategies emerged, including aligned and connected roof, flat and double surface roof, staircase, partition walls around the roof, and some spaces on the roofs. Consequently, the vernacular roofs were in response to the people’s behaviors, improved physical and mental health, offered spiritual and intangible benefits. The study recommends professionals consider the people’s demands and behaviors during roofing in order to use all the potential of the roofs in residential buildings.
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Xiao, Qiubo, Yu Liu, Seigen Cho, Yong He, and Maoqing Cao. "Thermal Insulation Performance of Roof Forms in Rural Residential Houses in Western China." E3S Web of Conferences 490 (2024): 01007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202449001007.

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The thermal insulation performance of the roofs in rural residential buildings in western China was discussed in this paper. A type of residential building that had been extensively constructed in the southern Shaanxi region was selected as the basic model to compare and analyse the thermal insulation performance of different roof forms under natural and heating conditions. The flat roof, sloping roof and sloping roof combined with a flat roof (SF roof) were used by residents. The results showed that the SF roof had better energy-saving performance compared to the other two types of roofs. Further discussion showed that the air layer of the SF roof was the reason for its better thermal insulation performance. In natural conditions, the insulation performance of the air layer accounts for more than 50% of the overall effect. Increasing the height of the air layer will enhance the insulation performance of the SF roof, but it is necessary to balance the performance improvement and cost increase.
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34

Sadeghfar, Milad, and Sadra Sahebzadeh. "Impact of roof geometry on cross-ventilation in vaulted buildings: a CFD study." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012106.

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Abstract The roof geometry is an important parameter in determining the natural cross-ventilation in buildings. Although many studies have been performed on natural ventilation, the impact of the large set of vaulted roofs on the building cross-ventilation remains to be addressed. In this paper, high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, validated with experimental data, are performed on five naturally ventilated buildings with two opposing windows, each with a specific type of vaulted roof and otherwise identical, in 0° incident flow angle, to assess the impact of vaulted roof geometry on the building cross-ventilation performance. The following vault geometries are investigated and compared against a flat-roof building with the same specifications: (i) segmental, (ii) low-rise pointed, (iii) mid-rise catenary (iv) high-rise pointed and (v) high-rise catenary. The results show that compared to the flat-roof building, the vaulted roofs cause a <5% decrease in volume flow rate and 16-29% increase in the average mean velocity magnitude at the occupants’ level. In vaulted buildings, the low-velocity regions of the flow are moved further away from the occupied zone towards the ceiling, thus providing a fresher air to the occupants. The results clarify the high potential of vaulted roofs for natural ventilation and sustainable design.
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35

Dolzhenko, A., A. Naumov, and Valeria Strokova. "Intellectualization of construction and technical expertise of flat roofs as a tool for its life cycle managing." Construction and Architecture 11, no. 2 (June 27, 2023): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2308-0191-2023-11-2-5-5.

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The program "Digital Economy of the Russian Federation", approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, is being actively implemented in the building construction industry, mainly at the stages of engineering surveys and architectural and construction design. Building information modeling (BIM) technologies are used by most foreign and domestic CAD system vendors. At the other stages of the building's life cycle, digitalization has not been widely distributed, despite the fact that the operation stage is the longest and the trouble-free existence of building structures at this stage is the key to the economic and social efficiency of building ownership. Flat rolled roofs in our country are the most common type of roofs and at the same time the most susceptible to defect formation structural element of a building. The standard operation period of such roofs is 10 years, despite the fact that the actual period of trouble-free operation of flat rolled roofs rarely exceeds 7 years. The assessment of the technical condition of the roofs is carried out by a construction and technical expertise, performed, as a rule, after the occurrence of leaks. Assessment of the degree of damage, as well as the prevalence of defects, is carried out by an expert visually, often without the use of measuring equipment. Due to the fact that the assessment of damage by an expert is purely subjective, it is impossible to correctly assess the development of the defect over time. The proposed technology of automation of construction and technical expertise of flat rolled roofs of a building allows timely detection of defects, assess the degree of their danger and make forecasts of their development over time. This approach allows you to make a timely decision on the need to carry out current repairs or to plan their implementation in the future. This will increase the service life of a flat rolled roof without increasing the cost of the life cycle.
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36

Contarini, Antonio, and Arjen Meijer. "LCA comparison of roofing materials for flat roofs." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 4, no. 1 (May 18, 2015): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-05-2014-0031.

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Purpose – The environmental performance of several flat roof systems with different materials and insulation thicknesses is compared using life cycle assessment (LCA), with the aim to determine the roofing materials with the highest environmental performance. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The calculations were carried out for an existing apartment block with a 300 m² flat roof. Five insulation materials with three different heat resistances each, five types of waterproof layers, three covering layers, and a green roof are assessed using LCA. Foreground data including maintenance are obtained from roofing companies, and background data are taken from Ecoinvent. ReCiPe is used as impact method. Energy losses through the roof are calculated using the energy software EPA-W. Findings – Improving the insulation from 2.5 to 5 m²K/W leads to reductions of the damage scores from about 10 to 40 per cent. Polyisocyanurate and expanded polystyrene were found to have the lowest environmental damage, although the differences are small. Regarding the other layers, PVC mechanically fixed, ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) mechanically fixed, EPDM glued and PVC with gravel ballast were found to have the lowest environmental damage of the materials assessed. Practical implications – The outcomes of this study will aid building owners and construction and maintenance companies to choose renovation options for flat roofs with the lowest impact on the environment. Originality/value – A smart choice of materials for a roofing system, with enough consideration of other aspects such as practical applicability, can thus significantly improve the environmental performance of the roof of a building.
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KALIBATAS, Darius, and Vytautas KOVAITIS. "Selecting the most effective alternative of waterproofing membranes for multifunctional inverted flat roofs." JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 23, no. 5 (April 3, 2017): 650–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2016.1250808.

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There are many various methods, techniques and materials for constructing multifunctional inverted flat roofs now. However, in practice, the constructed roofs of this type often have various defects, whose elimination is rather costly. To solve this problem, the analysis of multifunctional inverted flat roofs has been performed and their advantages and disadvantages, as well as building defects and mistakes made in the course of construction, have been demonstrated. Damp-proofing materials available on the market for making waterproofing membranes for multifunctional inverted flat roofs have been evaluated. The problem of choosing the most effective membrane alternative for the investigated type of roofs is solved by analysing ten alternatives with the help of multi-criteria evaluation method, SAW and three game theory rules determined by Hurwicz, Laplace and Bayes, as well as LEVI 3.0 program. The analysis of the results has shown that the alternative No. 5 is the best membrane alternative among the ten considered options.
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38

Basuki, Kristina, I. Gusti Ngurah Antaryama, and FX Teddy Badai Samodra. "Simulation Modelling of Roof Design of Indonesian Airport Terminal For Optimal Utilization of Cooling Energy." International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology 08, no. 07 (2022): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijerat.2022.8.7.3.

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The airport terminal is one of buildings with complex energy needs. Most of the airport terminals in Indonesia are designed with regional architectural features, such as pitched or joglo roofs and exterior wall materials made of brick with paint finish. The new airport is designed with modern architectural characteristics with flat and curved roofs and outer walls made of Aluminum Composite Panel (ACP). The difference of shape, material, and the size of fenestration affects the thermal performance of the building and affects the cooling energy used. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of roof designs on airport terminals in Indonesia that have different characteristics on the use of cooling energy. The effect of roof design on cooling energy analyzed by using Design Builder simulation. The simulation results show that the combination of red tile pitched roof and flat concrete roof with insulation in airport terminal building with Indonesian characteristics has the lowest cooling energy performance.
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39

Irwin, P. A., S. L. Gamble, and D. A. Taylor. "Effects of roof size, heat transfer, and climate on snow loads: studies for the 1995 NBC." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 22, no. 4 (August 1, 1995): 770–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l95-087.

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As roof sizes increase, the ability of the wind to reduce the uniform snow loads is diminished, thus resulting in higher uniform loads. Results of recent research into this size effect and the influence of heat loss through roofs in four Canadian cities (St. John's, Montreal, Saskatoon, and Edmonton) using the finite area element method are described and snow load formulae for uniform loads on large roofs are proposed. Also, the drift loading on lower roofs adjacent to large area upper roofs has been studied using similar techniques, and revised formulae for the peak loading in the drift at the step are put forward taking into account the size of the upper roof and the presence of parapets. The snow load provisions developed in this paper have been proposed for the 1995 edition of the National Building Code. Key words: snow loads, drift loads, uniform loads, large flat roofs, size effect, heat loss, finite area element method, computational fluid dynamics.
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40

Schjøth Bunkholt, Nora, Lars Gullbrekken, Stig Geving, and Tore Kvande. "Compact wooden roofs with smart vapour barrier – Pilot project experiences." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 07010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017207010.

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Compact roofs are normally built without organic materials between the vapour barrier and the roof membrane due to moisture safety risks. However, laboratory measurements indicate that organic materials could be used provided that a smart vapour barrier (SVB) is applied at the warm face of the roof construction. The aim of this study is to investigate the moisture and temperature conditions in three full-scale flat compact wooden roofs with SVB. The roofs are part of two pilot projects located in Longyearbyen, Svalbard and Malvik, Norway. The paper presents the two projects including the premises for construction of the roofs and provides preliminary measurement results. The roofs are instrumented to measure moisture content and temperature in the wooden roof beams. The initial results from Longyearbyen show that the moisture content in the wooden beams is low and indicate that compact wooden roofs with SVB may be a solution with acceptable moisture risk in the arctic climate. The initial results from Malvik show that there might be a risk of mould growth in the roof as the built-in moisture in the wooden beams was up to 24 weight-%. In both projects, the moisture content in the beams in general was higher close to the roof underlay than close to the SVB.
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41

Andenæs, E., A. Engebø, T. Kvande, R. A. Bohne, and J. Lohne. "Flat Roofs Defects – Norwegian Building Sector Perspectives." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 290 (June 21, 2019): 012069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/290/1/012069.

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42

Stathopoulos, Theodore, and Appupillai Baskaran. "Wind Pressures on Flat Roofs with Parapets." Journal of Structural Engineering 113, no. 11 (November 1987): 2166–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1987)113:11(2166).

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43

Kareem, Ahsan, and P. C. Lu. "Pressure fluctuations on flat roofs with parapets." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 43, no. 1-3 (January 1992): 1775–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90590-7.

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44

Kareem, A., and P. C. Lu. "Pressure fluctuations on flat roofs with parapets." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 43, no. 1-3 (January 1992): 1814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(92)90596-3.

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45

Stathopoulos, Ted, Patrick Saathoff, and R. Bedair. "Wind Pressures on Parapets of Flat Roofs." Journal of Architectural Engineering 8, no. 2 (June 2002): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1076-0431(2002)8:2(49).

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46

Smolka, Radim, and Jindřich Sobotka. "Application of recycled plastic in flat roofs." MATEC Web of Conferences 146 (2018): 02009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814602009.

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The article describes and verifies the possibility of applying secondary plastic materials to construction details such as flat roofs. The created element is a placement considered both in the area and in the finishing detail. The secure connection of the embedded element with the waterproofing layer is an integral part of the detail functionality. This is verified by a peeling resistance test at joints. Peel resistance is the tensile force required to completely separate the prepared joints. During testing, the test piece is pulled at constant speed until complete separation.
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47

Šubrt, Roman, and Pavlína Charvátová. "Minimization of a point thermal bridge by a roof restraint system holder." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022001.

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Abstract Roof restraint systems are designed for flat roofs for safe maintenance and repairs. By anchoring them, considerable point thermal bridges are created, which can also lead to condensation in the roof cladding. We deal in this work with the design of minimization of these point thermal bridges.
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48

Morgado, João, Inês Flores-Colen, Jorge de Brito, and Ana Silva. "Maintenance programmes for flat roofs in existing buildings." Property Management 35, no. 3 (June 19, 2017): 339–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pm-08-2016-0040.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to propose a maintenance programme for flat roofs in existing buildings, based on the inspection of 26 buildings in-service conditions, located in the Lisbon region, in Portugal. A proactive maintenance of flat roofs in existing buildings allows reducing their pathology, thus improving their performance and service life. Design/methodology/approach The maintenance plan was established based on the degradation state of the maintenance source elements (MSEs) analysed, the aggressiveness of the surrounding environment and the age of the roofs and maintenance actions carried out during the roofing systems’ life cycle. Findings The maintenance plan proposed in this study includes the prioritization of the interventions, the definition of the required maintenance operations and the definition of the frequency of the intervention, considering the service lives of the MSEs. Research limitations/implications The study addresses only roofs located in the Lisbon area. Even though a relatively large sample of 26 roofs was used, the findings and conclusions can clearly be extrapolated for a much wider scope. Practical implications The maintenance plan proposed in this study considers a planning of proactive maintenance operations to continuously and effectively monitor all the relevant MSE. Originality/value This plan allows minimizing the incidence and spread of defects, thus enabling the optimization of resources, reducing the costs of the entire maintenance system and improving the quality of the built environment.
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49

Tang, Runsheng, I. A. Meir, and Y. Etzion. "Thermal behavior of buildings with curved roofs as compared with flat roofs." Solar Energy 74, no. 4 (April 2003): 273–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0038-092x(03)00193-2.

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50

Perovic, Zoran, Stanko Coric, Snezana Isakovic, and Dragoslav Sumarac. "Potential and Benefit of Green Roof Energy Renovation of Existing Residential Buildings with a Flat Roof in Belgrade." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (June 21, 2023): 7348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137348.

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Green roofs are considered to be one of the optimal tools for saving energy and protecting the environment in developed countries. In this paper, an analysis of the possible application of green roofs on existing residential buildings with flat roofs is presented. In the economic analysis, models of existing buildings in Belgrade, with two different types of green roofs, are studied. A key indicator of investment profitability in this investigation is the net present value (NPV) of the green roof project. Besides the private economic impact, other aspects of green roof applications, significant for sustainable development, have been highlighted. The values of the reductions in the annual energy needed for heating and cooling are compared for different scenarios. A maximum energy saving of 22% in the heating season is determined in the building energy simulation program for the model with an intensive green roof. Life cycle profit analysis was based on the probabilistic approach. The corresponding variance-based sensitivity analysis determined the impact of various parameters on the final result. In all models, the first order sensitivity index, which measures the impact of the number of residential units on the NPV, ranges from 12.2% to 63.6%. Sensitivity analysis showed that the benefit of property value increase has the highest influence on the calculated NPV in scenarios that account for this benefit. The obtained results in those scenarios indicate that the most probable NPV at the end of the life cycle is EUR 43/m2 and EUR 82/m2 for extensive and intensive green roofs, respectively.
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